In-Silico Discovery of Potential Dual Inhibitors Targeting Human Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase for Alzheimer's Disease: A Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking Approach

The concomitant inactivation of both human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE) is a significant factor in the therapeutic approach to AD. The objective of this research is to use in silico methodologies namely, pharmacophore-based virtual screening and molecular docking to find potential dual inhibitors targeting both hAChE and hBuChE. Six features’ pharmacophores were developed using structure-based drug design for AChE and BuChE enzymes and developed pharmacophores were validated using the Gunery-Henery (GH) Scoring method. The GH scores were found in the acceptable range; 0.779 for AChE and 0.833 for BuChE-based pharmacophore. Further validated pharmacophores were used for exploring the ZINC database to retrieve the novel hits employing various parameters viz fit value, Lipinski rule of five violation, and feature mapping. After the virtual screening process, 11 molecules were retrieved which were further subjected to molecular docking to determine the binding interactions with the AChE and BuChE enzyme's active binding sites using the LibDock module in DS 2.0 software. Based on binding energy and binding interactions three molecules were selected for the molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and in-silico pharmacokinetics. Finally, MD simulation and in-silico pharmacokinetics analysis exhibited that ZINC000329492445, ZINC000001693021, and ZINC000257331938 molecules can be potential dual inhibitors against hAChE and hBuChE.