Fully Tunable On-Chip Meta-Generator for Multidimensional Poincaré Sphere mapping

Fully Tunable On-Chip Meta-Generator for Multidimensional Poincaré Sphere mapping | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Fully Tunable On-Chip Meta-Generator for Multidimensional Poincaré Sphere mapping Minming Zhang, jing Luan, Tiange Wu, Shuang Zheng, Zhenyu Wan, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6860837/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The angular momentum of light can be elegantly mapped onto high-order Poincaré spheres, providing a powerful framework for describing structured light beams. While various methods exist for generating structured light beams, the dynamic synthesis and flexible control of arbitrary vectorial states on diverse, multidimensional Poincaré spheres still rely on bulky free-space optical components, posing significant challenges for scalability and integration. To date, a fully tunable solution implemented on a single photonic chip has yet to be realized. Here, we present the first fully tunable on-chip meta-generator capable of dynamically mapping arbitrary scalar, vectorial, and hybrid modes onto the full hierarchy of Poincaré spheres, and even extending to a high-dimensional Poincaré hypersphere within a four-dimensional Hilbert space. Our device is implemented on an eight-channel space-multiplexed multimode silicon photonic integrated circuit, where densely integrated mode multiplexers, amplitude–phase modulators, and an inverse-designed multimode meta-waveguide together enable compact, precise, and programmable control of structured light. The multimode meta-waveguide directly maps eight on-chip guided modes to orbital angular momentum (OAM), supporting broadband generation of high-purity OAM modes with diverse polarization states and topological charges. By simultaneously engineering amplitude, phase, polarization, and topological charge, we achieve full-field control over OAM mode bases, enabling fully tunable access to arbitrary scalar and vectorial states across more than eight distinct Poincaré spheres. This work represents a significant step toward reconfigurable on-chip manipulation of multidimensional Poincaré spheres, paving the way for advanced applications in optical communications, quantum photonics, and beyond. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Silicon photonics Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical physics/Sub-wavelength optics Full Text Additional Declarations There is no conflict of interest Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterials0523.pdf Fully Tunable On-Chip Meta-Generator for Multidimensional Poincaré Sphere mapping Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6860837","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":496965256,"identity":"1a31bead-51a2-4271-bf10-e72bf7d332bc","order_by":0,"name":"Minming Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAApklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxsdQhgHRWpiNgYQESVrYpEnTojvt+LPqwra6Ogb25m0SDDV3CGsxu52Qdntm22EJBp5jZRIMx54RpeXYbd62AxIMEjlmEowNh4nRkthWzNtWJ8Eg/4ZoLclszLxtzEBbeIjWksYszXPusGQbT1qxRcIxorSkP/zMU1bHz89+eOONDzVEaIEDNhCRQIKGUTAKRsEoGAV4AAAvIzIQOkfHZgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-1445","institution":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Minming","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":496965257,"identity":"071e9076-b1fa-47d2-b2fe-60699bc9e8b7","order_by":1,"name":"jing Luan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Luan","suffix":""},{"id":496965258,"identity":"f14f8bad-2c07-42f4-9028-153088d42ede","order_by":2,"name":"Tiange Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tiange","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":496965259,"identity":"bee1de3b-f19e-4283-bbe1-d5dffcb37c1d","order_by":3,"name":"Shuang Zheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuang","middleName":"","lastName":"Zheng","suffix":""},{"id":496965260,"identity":"b0cea143-9e4b-4e6c-9431-f2b9ac940e28","order_by":4,"name":"Zhenyu Wan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhenyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wan","suffix":""},{"id":496965261,"identity":"26212e47-a33d-4f3c-a560-c906d025c3b5","order_by":5,"name":"Yuan Meng","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5409-5610","institution":"Washington University in St. Louis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Meng","suffix":""},{"id":496965262,"identity":"f76c5e46-6702-42de-b7a2-28b023fb8c60","order_by":6,"name":"Yijie Shen","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-9902","institution":"Nanyang Technological University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Shen","suffix":""},{"id":496965263,"identity":"2d0c2ae9-056d-4652-a800-58619569ebee","order_by":7,"name":"Kaiyuan Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Optical and Electronic Information","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaiyuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":496965264,"identity":"d09c25fa-fb62-4aef-bbcb-3048668cf71f","order_by":8,"name":"Liu Deming","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liu","middleName":"","lastName":"Deming","suffix":""},{"id":496965265,"identity":"575f3028-a275-4393-b76d-66132c9f3727","order_by":9,"name":"Jian Wang","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-3041","institution":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jian","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-10 08:26:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6860837/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6860837/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91495387,"identity":"4a2bd5b7-61c7-4aaa-a422-c3a454688dd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 06:14:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1727103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"PSgenerator20250523.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6860837/v1_covered_9202f495-62fe-4abc-95f0-43601c048c49.pdf"},{"id":88845158,"identity":"73571e51-351a-43c1-a877-0bef4dc90a85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 03:46:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1942992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Fully Tunable On-Chip Meta-Generator for Multidimensional Poincar\u0026#x00E9; Sphere mapping","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterials0523.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6860837/v1/5f0bbd45f6f5713462c1770b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is no conflict of interest","formattedTitle":"Fully Tunable On-Chip Meta-Generator for Multidimensional Poincaré Sphere mapping","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6860837/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6860837/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The angular momentum of light can be elegantly mapped onto high-order Poincaré spheres, providing a powerful framework for describing structured light beams. While various methods exist for generating structured light beams, the dynamic synthesis and flexible control of arbitrary vectorial states on diverse, multidimensional Poincaré spheres still rely on bulky free-space optical components, posing significant challenges for scalability and integration. To date, a fully tunable solution implemented on a single photonic chip has yet to be realized. Here, we present the first fully tunable on-chip meta-generator capable of dynamically mapping arbitrary scalar, vectorial, and hybrid modes onto the full hierarchy of Poincaré spheres, and even extending to a high-dimensional Poincaré hypersphere within a four-dimensional Hilbert space. Our device is implemented on an eight-channel space-multiplexed multimode silicon photonic integrated circuit, where densely integrated mode multiplexers, amplitude–phase modulators, and an inverse-designed multimode meta-waveguide together enable compact, precise, and programmable control of structured light. The multimode meta-waveguide directly maps eight on-chip guided modes to orbital angular momentum (OAM), supporting broadband generation of high-purity OAM modes with diverse polarization states and topological charges. By simultaneously engineering amplitude, phase, polarization, and topological charge, we achieve full-field control over OAM mode bases, enabling fully tunable access to arbitrary scalar and vectorial states across more than eight distinct Poincaré spheres. This work represents a significant step toward reconfigurable on-chip manipulation of multidimensional Poincaré spheres, paving the way for advanced applications in optical communications, quantum photonics, and beyond.","manuscriptTitle":"Fully Tunable On-Chip Meta-Generator for Multidimensional Poincaré Sphere mapping","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-12 03:38:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6860837/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7b806146-4108-44e6-940b-64d47211ef16","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":52789658,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Silicon photonics"},{"id":52789659,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical physics/Sub-wavelength optics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-16T15:20:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-12 03:38:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6860837","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6860837","identity":"rs-6860837","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}