Biodiversity of predaceous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in jackfruit ecosystem from the Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, India

Biodiversity of predaceous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in jackfruit ecosystem from the Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biodiversity of predaceous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in jackfruit ecosystem from the Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, India TAMOGHNO MAJUMDER, Kusal Roy, Manish Kumar Naskar, Aloy Adak This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4852895/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A potentially profitable crop, jackfruit has a large market. Insect pests of jackfruit not only reduce the production but also affect their food quality. For the biocontrol of various insect pests, ladybird beetles are important group of insects having immense potential. That’s why an extensive survey was conducted in jackfruit fields in 2023 to determine the prevalence of common ladybird beetles. A total of 1301 specimens of ladybirds were collected from six different sites in the Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. Thirteen different ladybird species belonging to 12 genera of 5 tribes and 2 sub-families were recorded. The following 7 species belonged to sub-family Coccinellinae and tribe Coccinellini: Illeis confusa , Coccinella transversalis , Megalocaria dilatata , Anegleis cardoni , Micraspis discolor , Propylea dissecta , Cheilomenes sexmaculata . Only one species namely Novius pumilus represents tribe Noviini of the sub-family Coccinellinae. Three species from tribe Chilocorini of sub-family Coccinellinae: Chilocorus nigrita , Chilocorus circumdatus , Brumoides suturalis were documented. Only one species namely Jauravia pallidula represents tribe Sticholotidini of the sub-family Coccinellinae. One species Ortalia vietnamica belonged to sub-family Ortaliinae and tribe Ortaliini. Three species viz ., C. nigrita , A. cardoni and N. pumilus are maximally observed and illustrated here with diagnostic notes to facilitate their identification. Jackfruit Coleoptera Coccinellidae diagnostic notes diversity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Introduction The mulberry family (Moraceae), that also includes the jackfruit tree ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ), is believed to have originated from India's southwest rain forests (Boning 2006 ). Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher who was alive around 300 B.C., reported that the tree was enormous and produced large, delicious fruits that the Indian sages used for nourishment (Matin 2015 ). A large number of people consume tropical fruits on a regular basis. Throughout Asia and the Pacific Islands, jackfruit is one of the most important evergreen trees in tropical regions and nations. Jackfruit is a crop with significant economic value and a potential market, particularly for processed foods. India's native jackfruit crop has not yet received enough commercial attention. Numerous insect species have evolved to feed on a wide range of plants. Pest-related losses in modern agriculture have been rising despite all the advancements in crop protection systems. Jackfruit is susceptible to insect pest attacks, much like any other crop. There have been reports of approximately 250 insect species, 8 mite species, 7 nematode species, and more infesting jackfruit plants worldwide (Alam 1962). Biotic factors like insect pests on jackfruit not only lower yields but also have an impact on fruit quality. So, study of pest and their management is important. In the era of over exploitation of pesticides, resistance to systemic insecticides is quite common and thus techniques of biological controls are gaining attention For the biocontrol of various insect, ladybird beetles are important group of insects having immense potential. The ecology, prey predator interaction and food relationship of the ladybugs have been studied in great detail in the past (Hodek et al. 2012 ; Omkar and Pervez 2004). These insects also constitute important natural predatory or enemy complex of many horticultural crop pests (Khan et al. 2007 ). Because of their predatory behaviour, these beetles are considered as beneficial insects and are used as effective biological control agents against several insect pests (Obrycki and Kring 1998 ; Hodek and Honek 2009 ). The introduction of the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, from Australia to California in 1888 to combat the cottony-cushion scale, Icerya purchasi is a classic example of the effective utilisation of predatory coccinellid (Harmon et al. 2006 ). Coccinellidae is a speciose family of beetles with a worldwide distribution, currently including about 6000 species classified in 370 genera (Ślipiński 2007 ). The Indian subcontinent is enriched with ladybird diversity which house more than 400 reported species belonging to 79 genera and 22 tribes that prey upon a wide range of aphids, scale insects, mealy bugs, phytophagous mites, whiteflies, nymphs of pentatomid bugs etc. (Poorani 2002 a). Very little study has been done on the prevalence of ladybird beetles specifically in jackfruit ecosystem from West Bengal as well as India. The population dynamics study of lady bird beetle can comprehensively provide an in-depth idea regarding when to rely on bio-controls agents and when to apply some insecticides to safeguard economic output. Therefore, the current investigation was carried out to comprehend the phenomenon of common predaceous ladybird beetles in jackfruit ecosystem from Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. Materials and Methods Study area and duration Ladybird beetles were collected from six different sampling sites (Haringahta, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Santipur, Chapra and Tehatta) in the Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal (Fig. 1 ). The survey localities are situated in the geographic range of latitudes 22.71°N to 23.40ºN and longitudes 88.55°E to 88.71ºE. Year-round surveys were done in the year 2023 from January to December fortnight interval for systematic sampling of coccinellid species. Insect sampling method Visual contacts, such aspiration and hand picking, were used to sample the beetle specimens. Every ladybird beetle that had been collected was taken to the lab for dry preservation and identification. Preservation and identification of specimen The insects were immediately placed into killing jars containing cotton that had been soaked with ethyl acetate. After being killed, the insects were placed in a glass vial, properly marked, and sent to the lab. Beetles were then attached on the triangular card point by stretching and glueing. To preserve the card mounted specimens, they were placed in the wooden boxes and oven dried for 72 hours at roughly 60°C. Every specimen was given away with a location and host tag. Naphthalene balls were stored in the corner of the insect preservation box to prevent detritivorous insect infestations on the specimens. A stereoscopic trinocular microscope (Model: SZM-T, Make: OPTIKA, Italy) equipped with a camera was used to meticulously examine the beetle specimens of each species in order to study their morphological characteristics. Male voucher specimens of lady bird beetles from each locality were kept in 70% ethanol in properly labelled glass vials to study the male genitalia. The vials were sealed with parafilm strip to check the evaporation of ethanol. Macrophotographs and Microphotographs were taken using One plus 7 and Samsung S22 ultra smartphone fitted with skyvik macro lens. Later the images were edited in Adobe Photoshop 2020 and arranged in CorelDRAW 2018. Line Drawings were done by smart pen with the software ‘Concepts’ on Samsung S22 Ultra smartphone. Dissection of male genitalia Coccinellid specimen were kept in freshly prepared 10% KOH for overnight at room temperature to facilitate digestion of soft tissues. However, the specimen was kept in hot air oven at 50–60˚C for 10–15 minutes for better digestion whenever needed. In case of outdated sample, they were kept for 4–5 hours in the KOH solution. After that the specimen were gently placed on a clay block to facilitate the detachment of its abdomen from the thoracic region under microscope with the help of sharp micro needles by pressing at the junction of thorax and abdomen. The dissection of the male genitalia of the lady bird beetle were made under stereoscopic bionocular dissecting microscope, to be cleaned in 10% KOH and processed thereafter for making permanent slides so that key parts of taxonomic significance can be easily studied for identification under a microscope and for long term storage. Then with the help of a camel hair brush or tweezers, the detached abdomen was transferred carefully to the cavity block containing distilled water and to be pressed gently by blunt needles to remove the digested soft tissues. After repeated washings in distilled water the abdomen was transferred onto an acrylic glass slide containing one or two drops of glycerine for genitalia dissection. Terminology used for adult morphology, including the genitalia, largely follows Ślipiński ( 2007 ). Estimation of ladybird diversity Shannon-Weaver index (H) was calculated to estimate lady bird species diversity in the six locations in the study region. The index formula can be expressed as: H= \(\:-\sum\:{P}_{i}\times\:\text{log}{P}_{i}\) , here P i =N i /N, N i = total number of counts in an individual species, N = total number of lady bird count. Another diversity index namely Simpson index (D) has been formulated in the study, represented by D = \(\:\sum\:{P}_{i}^{2}\) . However, evenness was deduced using Pielou’s Evenness index (J), J = H/ln(S), H is the Shannon diversity index and S is the number of species present. The operations were carried out with the help of “vegan” package in Rv3.2. Statistical analysis To identify location and season wise variation in lady bird species, one way ANOVA were performed. Duncan multiple range test was performed subsequently and depicted in bar plots prepared in Rv3.2. Species wise variability was presented in form of box-whisker plot prepared with help of “ggplot2”, “ggpubr” and “ggsci” in Rv3.2. Results Population dynamics The present study confirmed the occurrence of 1301 specimens of ladybird beetle which belongs to 12 genera of 5 tribes and 2 sub-families and 13 species were collected throughout the sampling period (Fig 2; Fig 3). Of these 320, 246, 224, 187,124 and 200 ladybird specimens were collected from six respective sites Haringhata, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Santipur, Chapra, Tehatta (Table 3). Shannon Wiener index (H) was 2.36, 2.21, 2.22, 1.97, 2.13, and 2.04 for the Haringhata, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Santipur, Chapra and Tehatta, respectively (Table 1). The maximum Shannon Wiener index was estimated to be 2.36 in Haringhata indicating the maximum species diversity of the predatory coccinellids. Simpson’s index is used to measure the dominance of individual species in the sampling unit or sampling area. This index could be understood by deciphering the values from 0 to 1, as 0 indicates low dominance and 1 means high dominance. This shows precisely that dominance of a particular ladybird species influences the dominance of other species in a community. The calculated values of Simpson’s diversity index (D) of ladybird species were 0.8925, 0.8662, 0.8713, 0.8028, 0.8621 and 0.8466 for Haringhata, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Santipur, Chapra and Tehatta respectively (Table 1). The high values of this index in the current study revealed that Haringhata had the high dominance of coccinellids. Pielou’s evenness index is a measure of equitability which suggests how evenly the individuals are distributed among different species. The values of this index were 0.9207, 0.8632, 0.8689, 0.7702, 0.8305 and 0.7986 for the six respective sites of the present study. C. nigrita was the maximally observed species (23.36 %) followed by N. pumilus (13.45%) and A. cardoni (12.99%) (Table 2; Figure 4). Figure 5 indicated location wise variation in lady bird count in the study region. Haringhata indicated highest lady bird (median count-20) incidence whereas lowest incidence was recorded in Chapra (median count-15). All the other locations indicated similar kind of ladybird incidence. Similarly, there was seasonal variation in lady bird incidence (Figure 7). The seasonal incidence of lady bird in the region can be summarised as Winter (~40) >Summer (~30) >Post Monsoon (~20) >Monsoon (~10) which indicates that the presence of lady bird is highly influenced by rainfall. Drier months are the golden period for ladybirds. From this figure we can deduce that except B. suturalis , C. circumdatus and M. dilatata all the species were present in winter season. C. circumdatus was the least abundant species with 0.61% frequency percentage. Majorly noticed three coccinellid predators are illustrated here with diagnostic notes to facilitate their identification and remain others are provided with short description. Family Coccinellidae Subfamily Coccinellinae Tribe Noviini Novius pumilus Kapur (Figures 3 m1-m4, 8, 9, 10, 11) Rodolia pumila Weise, 1892: 26. Rodolia okinawensis Miyatake, 1959: 127.-Nakane 1963: 207.-Sasaji 1971: 239. Novius pumilus : Pang et al. 2020: 20. Diagnosis : Form is subrounded, with a moderately convex dorsum and a distal half which constricts substantially towards the apex (Figure 9 a). Head and pronotum with brownish red or orange in colour without any markings in clypeaus and frons (Figure 9 b, d). Eyes small, oval shaped, moderately separated, interocular distance about 1.25-1.5x as wide as an eye (Figure 9 d). Ventral side of the body orange in colour (Figure 9 c). Antennae 9 segmented, broadly clubbed and terminal antennomere U-shaped (Figure 9 e; 11 b). Elytra completely orange in colour (Figure 9 f). Elytral epipleuron broad and thick (Figure 9 g; 11 c) Mouthparts (maxilla, labium, labrum and mandible) as illustrated (Figure 9 h-k) Abdominal postcoxal line complete with semicircular shape (Figure 9 l; 11 a). Male genitalia (Figure 10 a-e) as illustrated, tegmen stout, penis guide in dorsal view and ventral view as long as parameres, paramere gently curved on basal portion in latero-ventral view and strongly curved on basal portion in dorsal view with dense seate inner on the inner side and distal end; penis guide in dorsal view mostly wider at base, gradually narrowed towards apex and form a little stem; penis guide in lateral view as same as dorsal view only the little stem slightly curved on the apex (Figure 10 a, b; 11 d, e). Penis stout (Figure 10 c, d; 11 f), greatly curved with a well-defined penis capsule, penis capsule slightly curved outer arm and typical looking inner arm, penis apex (Figure 10 e; 11 g) not modified gradually narrowed towards tip and form a thread like structure at the end. Immature stages: Larvae (Figure 8 c, d) pinkish red in colour. Pupae (Figure 8 e) reddish orange in colour. Reflex bleeding can be seen from eclosing adult most in case (Figure 8 f). Tribe Chilocorini Chilocorus nigrita Fabricius (Figures 2 c1-c4, 12, 13, 14, 15) Coccinella nigrita Fabricius, 1798: 79. Chilocorus nigritus : Mulsant 1850: 463; Crotch, 1874: 184; Korschefsky 1932: 240; Greathead & Pope 1977: 264. Chilocorus nigrita : Bielawski 1957: 86; Samways 1989: 345; Booth et al. 1990: 90; Booth 1998: 362; Poorani 2002: 312; Kovář 2007: 593; Li et al. 2018: 9. Diagnosis: Body nearly hemispherical, strongly convex, shiny and glabrous (Figure 12 d; 13 a). Head dull orange to brownish in colour (Figure 13 d). Pronotum blackish in middle, slightly light tone in the sides and brownish-yellow colour on the frontal-lateral side (Figure 13 b). Eyes approximately oval, moderately separated, interocular distance 1.5x as wide as an eye (Figure 13 d). Ventral side of the body brownish-yellow in colour (Figure 13 c). Antennae 8 segmented, stout and terminal antennomere U-shaped (Figure 13 e; 15 b). Dorsal side of the elytra black in colour (Figure 13 f). Elytral epipleuron greatly broad, thick, inner half of elytral epipleuron neutral-yellow in colour and outer margin brownish to black in colour (Figure 13 g; 15 c). Mouthparts (maxilla, mandible, labrum, labium) as illustrated (Figure 13 h-k). Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, reaching posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1 and running along posterior margin, then almost reaching lateral margin (Figure 13 l). Male genitalia (Figure 14 a-e) as illustrated, tegmen stout and bulky (Figure 14 a-c; 15 d, e), Penis guide in dorsal view and ventral view longer than pararmeres, parameres in dorsal view strongly tapering at base then gradually broadened up with a dense short setae on the inner sides and distal end and in lateral view parameres slightly curved at basal ½ then widen with a group of long setae; penis guide in dorsal view slightly narrow at base, gradually broadened up to basal ½, narrowing from apical ¼ to apex and form a needle like shape; penis guide in lateral view mostly wider at base, slightly narrow at basal ½ then broadened up apical ¼ and gradually tapering towards apex to form a sharp Knife-like structure . Penis slender (Figure 14 d; 15 f), penis capsule with long outer and short inner arm, apex of penis (Figure 14 e; 5 g) truncate with membranous appendages. Immature stages: Larvae (Figure 12 a) have a nearly cylindrical body with the dorsal and lateral surfaces covered with spine like projections. Pupae (Figure 12 b, c, e) are exarate and enclosed in longitudinally and medially split open larval exuvium. Tribe Coccinellini Anegleis cardoni Weise (Figures 2 d1-d4, 16, 17, 18, 19) Verania cardoni Weise, 1892: 19 (Holotype, ZMB; Type locality: ‘Chota-Nagpore’-Mandar). Coelophora cardoni : Gorham 1894a: 202; 1894b: 209. Micraspis cardoni : Timberlake 1943: 27. Anegleis cardoni : Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 295; Poorani 2002a: 321 Diagnosis: Form round and strongly convex (Figure 16 e, f; 17 a). Head oyster yellow colour, posteriorly blackish (Figure 17 d). Pronotum creamy yellow colour with a pair of triangular dots (sometimes fused with each other) in the middle and a pair of triangular markings on the posterior margin (Figure 17 b). Eyes semicircular, fairly separated, interocular distance 2x wide as an eye (Figure 17 d). Ventral portion of body brown to yellowish-orange in colour (Figure 17 c). Antennae long, 11 segmented, densely clubbed and terminal antennomere U shaped (Figure 17 e; 19 b). Elytra creamy yellow in colour, each elytron has two thin black stripes: an inner stripe that is curved posteriorly towards the lateral border and an outer stripe that is bent anteriorly towards the suture, a tiny round spot close to the apex (Figure 17 f). Medial black suture line present (Figure 17 a). Elytral epipleura broad and thick (Figure 17 g; Figure 19 c). Mouthparts (labium, labrum, mandible and maxilla) as illustrated (Figure 17 h-k). Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, reaching posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1 and running along posterior margin (Figure 17 l; 19 a). Male genitalia (Figure 18 a-e) as illustrated, tegmen stout (Figure 18 a-c; 19 d-f) penis guide dorsally or ventrally almost same as long as parameres, parameres in dorsal view thick, strongly tapering at base then gradually broadened up with a dense short setae on inner side and distal end and in lateral view parameres slightly curved at base; penis guide in dorsal view extremely narrow at base, gradually broadened towards apex and form a distinct inverted Y-shaped structure; penis guide in lateral view immensely narrower at base, greatly wider at basal ½, then tapering towards apex and form a curved tweezer shape. Penis stout (Figure 18 d, e; 19 g, h) moderately curved with well-defined penis capsule, penis capsule with moderately long outer and short inner arm, inner arm forms a hooklike shape, apex of penis (Figure 18 e; 19 h) distinct and wrench shaped. Immature stages: Larva purplish brown to dark brown with creamy white to light yellow in colour (Figure 16 a, b, c). Pupa reddish brown with light shade of pink colour (Figure 16 d). Species account Illeis confusa Timberlake(Figure 2 a1-a4) Description: Body is elongated oval with a glabrous, mildly convex dorsum. Elytra yellow in colour, head and pronotum creamy white colour. Pronotum always with a pair of black dots. Chilocorus circumdatus Gyllenhal (Figure 2 b1- b4) Description:Body is broadly oval to nearly circular, with a hemispherical, highly convex, and smooth dorsal surface. The elytra are reddish-brown with a narrow black border along the lateral edges, approximately 1/10th of the elytral width. Micraspis discolor Fabricius (Figure 2 e1-e4) Description: Body is semicircular to oval with moderately convex dorsum. Elytra reddish brown in colour. Cheilomenes sexmaculata Fabricius (Figure 2 f1-f4) Description:Form oval to subrounded. Dorsal side of the body mostly convex, glabrous and shiny. Ground colour is orange or yellowish orange. Pronotum with T shaped median marking. Elytra have two zigzag black lines, a posterior subapical black spot and black suture line. Jauravia pallidula Motschulsky (Figure 3 g1-g4) Description:The shape is generally semicircular, with a moderately convex back that is densely covered in silvery white hairs, and the colour is orange to reddish brown. Coccinella transversalis Fabricius(Figure 3 h1-h4) Description: The body is elongated, oval, and convex. The head is black with two creamy yellow, subtriangular spots near the inner edges of the eyes. The pronotum is black with light cream at the anterolateral corners. The scutellar shield is black. The elytra are bright orange featuring an oval spot near the scutellum, a large trilobed spot on the humeral region, a transverse band at the apical third that doesn’t reach the lateral margin, and three smaller apical spots—one sutural and two lateral, often fused into a transverse marking. Propylea dissecta Mulsant(Figure 3 i1-i4) Description: The body is oval with moderately convex dorsum. Anchor-shaped black markings are present on each elytron on the humeral region. A transverse band with circular endings like a dumbbell shape formation present on the apical third. Black suture line is present. Pronotum with large transverse black marking. Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius)(Figure 3 j1-j4) Description: The body is oval with a convex dorsum. The head and pronotum are orange. The elytra are gleaming white, featuring three black stripes: one on each elytron in a mid-dorsal position that doesn’t reach the apex, and one sutural stripe that also doesn’t extend to the apex. Ortalia vietnamica Hoang(Figure 3 k1-k4) Description: Body is elongated oval with convex dorsum. Elytra orange in colour with densely covered silvery white hairs. Pronotum and head is creamy yellow in colour. Megalocaria dilatata (Fabricius)(Figure 3 l1-l4) Description: Body is round with greatly convex dorsum and glabrous. Elytra reddish brown in colour, five black spots on each elytron arranged in 1-2-2 pattern. Pronotum with two black oval spots on the posterior margin. Discussion Considered as the "poor man's fruit," jackfruit is currently regarded as a miracle meal in South and Southeast Asia because it can save millions of people from going hungry if important staple crops like wheat, maize and rice fail due to unfavorable weather conditions (Matin 2015 ). According to Tandon ( 1998 ), 38 species of insects are known to attack jack fruit in India. Butani ( 1979 ) recorded 39 different insect pest species on jackfruit belonging to six orders viz., Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. The general knowledge of both newly emerged and existing pests is still lacking, which makes it difficult to handle them effectively. The application of pesticides is rising consistently, yet this isn't a panacea. In our opinion, the best way to manage all of these pests, will be to research the relationships that exist between the pest and its natural enemies as well as their bio-ecology and seasonality. Based on the available literature, no authentic documentation of predacious ladybird beetles on jackfruit ecosystem from West Bengal state as well as India is available. Our study provided the first-time obvious information related to prevalent ladybird beetles in jackfruit ecosystem of West Bengal. This primary information can be utilized in developing effective pest management strategies. During this exploration, 13 species under 12 genera in subfamilies Coccinellinae and Ortaliinae were identified. Subfamily Coccinellinae is represented by 4 tribes (Coccinellini, Noviini, Chilocorini, Sticholotidini), 12 species under 11 genera. Subfamily Ortaliinae is represented by 1 species. Among the collected ladybird beetles C. nigrita , N. pumilus and A. cardoni were the most abundant species. C. nigrita count was highest in year-round survey indicating a dominant presence in this region specially in Winter and Summer, however N. pumilus was observed highest in the winter season (Fig. 6 ). Larvae of N. pumilus was observed feeding on Icerya seychellarum in jackfruit (Fig. 8 a, b). Adults and larvae of N. pumilus mainly prey on Icerya spp ., including I. purchasi , I. seychellarum , and I. aegyptiaca (Tang et al. 2022 ). N. pumilus has been widely used in the biocontrol of I. aegyptiaca and I. seychellarum in Spain, Peru and the islands of Micronesia, etc. (Beardsley 1955 ; Schmaedick 2007 ). Larvae of A. cardoni was observed to be preyed upon whitefly pupa in jackfruit (Fig. 16 b, c). It is one of the most common species in South India with a propensity to feed on various whiteflies, which is unusual in Coccinellini (Poorani 2023 ). Declarations Conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest, according to the authors. Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude to previous professionals who have contributed to the field of coccinellids and produced an array of information. We are indebted to the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya for providing laboratory facilities. References Bielawski R (1957) Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) von Ceylon. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Basel 68:72–96 Boning CR (2006) Florida’s Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs and Vines. 1st edition, Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p 220 Booth RG (1998) A review of the species resembling Chilocorus nigrita (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): potential agents for biological control. Bull Entomol Res 88(4):361–367. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300042115 Booth RG, Cox ML, Madge RB (1990) IIE Guides to Insects of Importance to Man. 3. Coleoptera. 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Orient Insects 36:307–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2002.10417335 Samways MJ (1989) Climate diagram and biological control: an example from the areography of the ladybird Chilocorus nigritus (Fabricius, 1798) (Insecta, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). J Biogeogr 16:345–351 Sasaji H (1971) Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna Japonica. Academic Press of Japan, Keigaku Publishing, Tokyo, ix + 344 pp Ślipiński A (2007) Australian ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, xviii + 286 pp Tandon PL (1998) Management of Insect pests in tropical fruit crops in: Arora RK, Rao RV Eds. Proceeding of the IPGRI-ICAR-UIFANET regional training course on the conservation and use of germplasm of tropical fruits in Asia held at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India, pp 237–244 Timberlake PH (1943) The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection–Part I. Hawaii Planters’ Record 47:1–67 Weise J (1892) Les Coccinellides du Chota–Nagpore. Ann de la Société Entomologique du Belgique 36:16–30 Harmon JP, Stephens E, Losey J (2006) The decline of native coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the United States and Canada. In: Beetle conservation, Springer, Netherlands, pp, 85 94. ISBN, 978-1-4020-5987-2 Obrycki JJ, Kring TJ (1998) Predaceous Coccinellidae in biological control. Annu Rev Entomol 43:295–321. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. ento.43.1.295 Hodek I, Honek A (2009) Scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies and psyllids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) as prey of ladybirds. Biol Control 51:232–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.018 Tang XF, Huang YH, Li HS, Chen PT, Yang HY, Liang YS, Du XY, Liu ZH, Li EF, Yang YC, Pang H (2022) Genomic insight into the scale specialization of the biological control agent Novius pumilus (Weise, 1892). BMC Genom 23(1):90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08299-w Beardsley J (1955) Fluted scales and their biological control in United States administered Micronesia. Proc. Hawaii 15:391–399 Schmaedick MA (2007) Background on Seychelles scale in American Samoa and a possible introduction of the lady beetle Rodolia pumila from Tutuila Island to control the scale on Tau island: Land Grant Program. American Samoa Community College, Malaeimi, p 8 Tables Table 1. Calculated value of each diversity indices for the six respective sites Diversity indices Haringhata Chakdah Ranaghat Santipur Chapra Tehatta Shanon_H 2.36 2.21 2.22 1.97 2.13 2.04 Simpson_1-D 0.8925 0.8662 0.8713 0.8028 0.8621 0.8466 Pielou_ e^H/S 0.9207 0.8632 0.8689 0.7702 0.8305 0.7986 Table 2. Subfamilies, Tribes, Number and Frequency of ladybird species collected from jackfruit ecosystem of six different sites of Nadia District S.N. Subfamily Tribe Species Number Frequency (%) 1. Coccinellinae Coccinellini I. confusa 43 3.3 2. C. transversalis 112 8.6 3. M. dilatata 41 3.15 4. A. cardoni 169 12.99 5. M. discolor 73 5.61 6. P. dissecta 81 6.22 7. C. sexmaculata 160 12.29 8. Noviini N. pumilus 175 13.45 9. Chilocorini C. nigrita 304 23.36 10. C. circumdatus 8 0.61 11. B. suturalis 18 1.38 12. Sticholotidini J. pallidula 63 4.84 13. Ortaliinae Ortaliini O. vietnamica 54 4.15 Total 1301 100 Table 3. Number of individuals of different ladybird species recorded from jackfruit ecosystem of six different sites of Nadia district Ladybird species Haringhata Chakdah Ranaghat Santipur Chapra Tehatta Total Illeis confusa 15 5 8 11 1 3 43 Anegleis cardoni 35 48 27 32 16 11 169 Chilocorus nigrita 60 55 46 69 27 47 304 Coccinella transversalis 25 20 16 5 16 30 112 Megalocaria dilatate 10 6 3 7 14 1 41 Novius pumilus 40 23 44 11 21 36 175 Micraspis discolor 20 9 23 10 4 7 73 Propylea dissecta 20 17 15 14 10 5 81 Chilocorus circumdatus 2 1 2 1 1 1 8 Brumoides suturalis 10 3 1 1 1 2 18 Ortalia vietnamica 30 12 8 1 1 2 54 Cheilomenes sexmaculata 41 32 20 22 11 34 160 Jauravia pallidula 12 15 11 3 1 21 63 Total 320 246 224 187 124 200 1301 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 01 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 05 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 03 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":294423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figuredocx18.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4852895/v1/8f55dcebadffdc8226663d0e.jpg"},{"id":63918440,"identity":"ab2616db-c24b-492a-9402-ec327ad87761","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-03 18:26:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":378953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figuredocx19.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4852895/v1/51d6be203bfca519661e1b17.jpg"},{"id":88506077,"identity":"a159f436-8f86-46e2-9c2b-c0ea6df341b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 07:30:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":9062735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4852895/v1/0713ba4f-6718-4b4c-8e0e-6424e42b15cf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Biodiversity of predaceous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in jackfruit ecosystem from the Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mulberry family (Moraceae), that also includes the jackfruit tree (\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\u003c/em\u003e), is believed to have originated from India's southwest rain forests (Boning \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher who was alive around 300 B.C., reported that the tree was enormous and produced large, delicious fruits that the Indian sages used for nourishment (Matin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). A large number of people consume tropical fruits on a regular basis. Throughout Asia and the Pacific Islands, jackfruit is one of the most important evergreen trees in tropical regions and nations. Jackfruit is a crop with significant economic value and a potential market, particularly for processed foods. India's native jackfruit crop has not yet received enough commercial attention. Numerous insect species have evolved to feed on a wide range of plants. Pest-related losses in modern agriculture have been rising despite all the advancements in crop protection systems. Jackfruit is susceptible to insect pest attacks, much like any other crop. There have been reports of approximately 250 insect species, 8 mite species, 7 nematode species, and more infesting jackfruit plants worldwide (Alam 1962). Biotic factors like insect pests on jackfruit not only lower yields but also have an impact on fruit quality. So, study of pest and their management is important. In the era of over exploitation of pesticides, resistance to systemic insecticides is quite common and thus techniques of biological controls are gaining attention\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the biocontrol of various insect, ladybird beetles are important group of insects having immense potential. The ecology, prey predator interaction and food relationship of the ladybugs have been studied in great detail in the past (Hodek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Omkar and Pervez 2004). These insects also constitute important natural predatory or enemy complex of many horticultural crop pests (Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Because of their predatory behaviour, these beetles are considered as beneficial insects and are used as effective biological control agents against several insect pests (Obrycki and Kring \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Hodek and Honek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The introduction of the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, from Australia to California in 1888 to combat the cottony-cushion scale, \u003cem\u003eIcerya purchasi\u003c/em\u003e is a classic example of the effective utilisation of predatory coccinellid (Harmon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoccinellidae is a speciose family of beetles with a worldwide distribution, currently including about 6000 species classified in 370 genera (Ślipiński \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The Indian subcontinent is enriched with ladybird diversity which house more than 400 reported species belonging to 79 genera and 22 tribes that prey upon a wide range of aphids, scale insects, mealy bugs, phytophagous mites, whiteflies, nymphs of pentatomid bugs etc. (Poorani \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003ea). Very little study has been done on the prevalence of ladybird beetles specifically in jackfruit ecosystem from West Bengal as well as India. The population dynamics study of lady bird beetle can comprehensively provide an in-depth idea regarding when to rely on bio-controls agents and when to apply some insecticides to safeguard economic output. Therefore, the current investigation was carried out to comprehend the phenomenon of common predaceous ladybird beetles in jackfruit ecosystem from Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area and duration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLadybird beetles were collected from six different sampling sites (Haringahta, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Santipur, Chapra and Tehatta) in the \u003cem\u003eGangetic\u003c/em\u003e Alluvial Zone of West Bengal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The survey localities are situated in the geographic range of latitudes 22.71\u0026deg;N to 23.40\u0026ordm;N and longitudes 88.55\u0026deg;E to 88.71\u0026ordm;E. Year-round surveys were done in the year 2023 from January to December fortnight interval for systematic sampling of coccinellid species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInsect sampling method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual contacts, such aspiration and hand picking, were used to sample the beetle specimens. Every ladybird beetle that had been collected was taken to the lab for dry preservation and identification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreservation and identification of specimen\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe insects were immediately placed into killing jars containing cotton that had been soaked with ethyl acetate. After being killed, the insects were placed in a glass vial, properly marked, and sent to the lab. Beetles were then attached on the triangular card point by stretching and glueing. To preserve the card mounted specimens, they were placed in the wooden boxes and oven dried for 72 hours at roughly 60\u0026deg;C. Every specimen was given away with a location and host tag. Naphthalene balls were stored in the corner of the insect preservation box to prevent detritivorous insect infestations on the specimens. A stereoscopic trinocular microscope (Model: SZM-T, Make: OPTIKA, Italy) equipped with a camera was used to meticulously examine the beetle specimens of each species in order to study their morphological characteristics. Male voucher specimens of lady bird beetles from each locality were kept in 70% ethanol in properly labelled glass vials to study the male genitalia. The vials were sealed with parafilm strip to check the evaporation of ethanol. Macrophotographs and Microphotographs were taken using One plus 7 and Samsung S22 ultra smartphone fitted with skyvik macro lens. Later the images were edited in Adobe Photoshop 2020 and arranged in CorelDRAW 2018. Line Drawings were done by smart pen with the software \u0026lsquo;Concepts\u0026rsquo; on Samsung S22 Ultra smartphone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDissection of male genitalia\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoccinellid specimen were kept in freshly prepared 10% KOH for overnight at room temperature to facilitate digestion of soft tissues. However, the specimen was kept in hot air oven at 50\u0026ndash;60˚C for 10\u0026ndash;15 minutes for better digestion whenever needed. In case of outdated sample, they were kept for 4\u0026ndash;5 hours in the KOH solution. After that the specimen were gently placed on a clay block to facilitate the detachment of its abdomen from the thoracic region under microscope with the help of sharp micro needles by pressing at the junction of thorax and abdomen. The dissection of the male genitalia of the lady bird beetle were made under stereoscopic bionocular dissecting microscope, to be cleaned in 10% KOH and processed thereafter for making permanent slides so that key parts of taxonomic significance can be easily studied for identification under a microscope and for long term storage. Then with the help of a camel hair brush or tweezers, the detached abdomen was transferred carefully to the cavity block containing distilled water and to be pressed gently by blunt needles to remove the digested soft tissues. After repeated washings in distilled water the abdomen was transferred onto an acrylic glass slide containing one or two drops of glycerine for genitalia dissection. Terminology used for adult morphology, including the genitalia, largely follows Ślipiński (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of ladybird diversity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eShannon-Weaver index (H) was calculated to estimate lady bird species diversity in the six locations in the study region. The index formula can be expressed as: H=\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:-\\sum\\:{P}_{i}\\times\\:\\text{log}{P}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, here \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=N\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e/N, N\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e= total number of counts in an individual species, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total number of lady bird count. Another diversity index namely Simpson index (D) has been formulated in the study, represented by D = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sum\\:{P}_{i}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. However, evenness was deduced using Pielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness index (J), J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;H/ln(S), H is the Shannon diversity index and S is the number of species present. The operations were carried out with the help of \u0026ldquo;vegan\u0026rdquo; package in Rv3.2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify location and season wise variation in lady bird species, one way ANOVA were performed. Duncan multiple range test was performed subsequently and depicted in bar plots prepared in Rv3.2. Species wise variability was presented in form of box-whisker plot prepared with help of \u0026ldquo;ggplot2\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ggpubr\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;ggsci\u0026rdquo; in Rv3.2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation dynamics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study confirmed the occurrence of 1301 specimens of ladybird beetle which belongs to 12 genera of 5 tribes and 2 sub-families and 13 species were collected throughout the sampling period (Fig 2; Fig 3). Of these 320, 246, 224, 187,124 and 200 ladybird specimens were collected from six respective sites Haringhata, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Santipur, Chapra, Tehatta (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShannon Wiener index (H) was 2.36, 2.21, 2.22, 1.97, 2.13, and 2.04 for the Haringhata, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Santipur, Chapra and Tehatta, respectively (Table 1). The maximum Shannon Wiener index was estimated to be 2.36 in Haringhata indicating the maximum species diversity of the predatory coccinellids.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimpson\u0026rsquo;s index is used to measure the dominance of individual species in the sampling unit or sampling area. This index could be understood by deciphering the values from 0 to 1, as 0 indicates low dominance and 1 means high dominance. This shows precisely that dominance of a particular ladybird species influences the dominance of other species in a community. The calculated values of Simpson\u0026rsquo;s diversity index (D) of ladybird species were 0.8925, 0.8662, 0.8713, 0.8028, 0.8621 and 0.8466 for Haringhata, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Santipur, Chapra and Tehatta respectively (Table 1). The high values of this index in the current study revealed that Haringhata had the high dominance of coccinellids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePielou\u0026rsquo;s evenness index is a measure of equitability which suggests how evenly the individuals are distributed among different species. The values of this index were 0.9207, 0.8632, 0.8689, 0.7702, 0.8305 and 0.7986 for the six respective sites of the present study. \u003cem\u003eC. nigrita\u003c/em\u003e was the maximally observed species (23.36 %) followed by \u003cem\u003eN. pumilus\u003c/em\u003e (13.45%) and \u003cem\u003eA. cardoni\u003c/em\u003e (12.99%) (Table 2; Figure 4).\u0026nbsp;Figure 5 indicated location wise variation in lady bird count in the study region. Haringhata indicated highest lady bird (median count-20) incidence whereas lowest incidence was recorded in Chapra (median count-15). All the other locations indicated similar kind of ladybird incidence. Similarly, there was seasonal variation in lady bird incidence (Figure 7). The seasonal incidence of lady bird in the region can be summarised as Winter (~40) \u0026gt;Summer (~30) \u0026gt;Post Monsoon (~20) \u0026gt;Monsoon (~10) which indicates that the presence of lady bird is highly influenced by rainfall. Drier months are the golden period for ladybirds. From this figure we can deduce that except \u003cem\u003eB. suturalis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. circumdatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. dilatata\u003c/em\u003e all the species were present in winter season. \u003cem\u003eC. circumdatus\u003c/em\u003e was the least abundant species with 0.61% frequency percentage.\u0026nbsp;Majorly noticed three coccinellid predators are illustrated here with diagnostic notes to facilitate their identification and remain others are provided with short description.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily Coccinellidae\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubfamily Coccinellinae\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribe Noviini\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNovius pumilus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKapur\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Figures 3 m1-m4, 8, 9, 10, 11)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRodolia pumila\u003c/em\u003e Weise, 1892: 26.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRodolia okinawensis\u003c/em\u003e Miyatake, 1959: 127.-Nakane 1963: 207.-Sasaji 1971: 239.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNovius pumilus\u003c/em\u003e: Pang et al. 2020: 20.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Form is subrounded, with a moderately convex dorsum and a distal half which constricts substantially towards the apex (Figure 9 a). Head and pronotum with brownish red or orange in colour without any markings in clypeaus and frons (Figure 9 b, d). Eyes small, oval shaped, moderately separated, interocular distance about 1.25-1.5x as wide as an eye (Figure 9 d). Ventral side of the body orange in colour (Figure 9 c). Antennae 9 segmented, broadly clubbed and terminal antennomere U-shaped (Figure 9 e; 11 b). Elytra completely orange in colour (Figure 9 f). Elytral epipleuron broad and thick (Figure 9 g; 11 c) Mouthparts (maxilla, labium, labrum and mandible) as illustrated (Figure 9 h-k) Abdominal postcoxal line complete with semicircular shape (Figure 9 l; 11 a).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale genitalia (Figure 10 a-e) as illustrated, tegmen stout, penis guide in dorsal view and ventral view as long as parameres, paramere gently curved on basal portion in latero-ventral view and strongly curved on basal portion in dorsal view with dense seate inner on the inner side and distal end; penis guide in dorsal view mostly wider at base, gradually narrowed towards apex and form a little stem; penis guide in lateral view as same as dorsal view only the little stem slightly curved on the apex (Figure 10 a, b; 11 d, e). Penis stout (Figure 10 c, d; 11 f), greatly curved with a well-defined penis capsule, penis capsule slightly curved outer arm and typical looking inner arm, penis apex (Figure 10 e; 11 g) not modified gradually narrowed towards tip and form a thread like structure at the end.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmature stages:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLarvae (Figure 8 c, d) pinkish red in colour. \u0026nbsp;Pupae (Figure 8 e) reddish orange in colour. Reflex bleeding can be seen from eclosing adult most in case (Figure 8 f).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribe Chilocorini\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eChilocorus nigrita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Fabricius\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Figures 2 c1-c4, 12, 13, 14, 15)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccinella nigrita\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius, 1798: 79.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChilocorus nigritus\u003c/em\u003e: Mulsant 1850: 463; Crotch, 1874: 184; Korschefsky 1932: 240; Greathead \u0026amp; Pope 1977: 264.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChilocorus nigrita\u003c/em\u003e: Bielawski 1957: 86; Samways 1989: 345; Booth et al. 1990: 90; Booth 1998: 362; Poorani 2002: 312; Kov\u0026aacute;ř 2007: 593; Li et al. 2018: 9.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBody nearly hemispherical, strongly convex, shiny and glabrous (Figure 12 d; 13 a). Head dull orange to brownish in colour (Figure 13 d). Pronotum blackish in middle, slightly light tone in the sides and brownish-yellow colour on the frontal-lateral side (Figure 13 b). Eyes approximately oval, moderately separated, interocular distance 1.5x as wide as an eye (Figure 13 d). Ventral side of the body brownish-yellow in colour (Figure 13 c). Antennae 8 segmented, stout and terminal antennomere U-shaped (Figure 13 e; 15 b). Dorsal side of the elytra black in colour (Figure 13 f). Elytral epipleuron greatly broad, thick, inner half of elytral epipleuron neutral-yellow in colour and outer margin brownish to black in colour (Figure 13 g; 15 c). Mouthparts (maxilla, mandible, labrum, labium) as illustrated (Figure 13 h-k). \u0026nbsp; Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, reaching posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1 and running along posterior margin, then almost reaching lateral margin (Figure 13 l).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale genitalia (Figure 14 a-e) as illustrated, tegmen stout and bulky (Figure 14 a-c; 15 d, e), Penis guide in dorsal view and ventral view longer than pararmeres, parameres in dorsal view strongly tapering at base then gradually broadened up with a dense short setae on the inner sides and distal end and in lateral view parameres slightly curved at basal \u0026frac12; then widen with a group of long setae; penis guide in dorsal view slightly narrow at base, gradually broadened up to basal \u0026frac12;, narrowing from apical \u0026frac14; to apex and form a needle like shape; penis guide in lateral view mostly wider at base, slightly narrow at basal \u0026frac12; then broadened up apical \u0026frac14; and gradually tapering towards apex to form a sharp Knife-like structure . Penis slender (Figure 14 d; 15 f), penis capsule with long outer and short inner arm, apex of penis (Figure 14 e; 5 g) truncate with membranous appendages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmature stages:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLarvae (Figure 12 a) have a nearly cylindrical body with the dorsal and lateral surfaces covered with spine like projections. Pupae (Figure 12 b, c, e) are exarate and enclosed in longitudinally and medially split open larval exuvium.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribe Coccinellini\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnegleis cardoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Weise\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Figures 2 d1-d4, 16, 17, 18, 19)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVerania cardoni\u003c/em\u003e Weise, 1892: 19 (Holotype, ZMB; Type locality: \u0026lsquo;Chota-Nagpore\u0026rsquo;-Mandar).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelophora cardoni\u003c/em\u003e: Gorham 1894a: 202; 1894b: 209.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicraspis cardoni\u003c/em\u003e: Timberlake 1943: 27.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnegleis cardoni\u003c/em\u003e: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 295; Poorani 2002a: 321\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eForm round and strongly convex (Figure 16 e, f; 17 a). Head oyster yellow colour, posteriorly blackish (Figure 17 d). Pronotum creamy yellow colour with a pair of triangular dots (sometimes fused with each other) in the middle and a pair of triangular markings on the posterior margin (Figure 17 b). Eyes semicircular, fairly separated, interocular distance 2x wide as an eye (Figure 17 d). Ventral portion of body brown to yellowish-orange in colour (Figure 17 c). Antennae long, 11 segmented, densely clubbed and terminal antennomere U shaped (Figure 17 e; 19 b). Elytra creamy yellow in colour, each elytron has two thin black stripes: an inner stripe that is curved posteriorly towards the lateral border and an outer stripe that is bent anteriorly towards the suture, a tiny round spot close to the apex (Figure 17 f). Medial black suture line present (Figure 17 a). Elytral epipleura broad and thick (Figure 17 g; Figure 19 c). Mouthparts (labium, labrum, mandible and maxilla) as illustrated (Figure 17 h-k). Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, reaching posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1 and running along posterior margin (Figure 17 l; 19 a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale genitalia (Figure 18 a-e) as illustrated, tegmen stout (Figure 18 a-c; 19 d-f) penis guide dorsally or ventrally almost same as long as parameres, parameres in dorsal view thick, strongly tapering at base then gradually broadened up with a dense short setae on inner side and distal end and in lateral view parameres slightly curved at base; penis guide in dorsal view extremely narrow at base, gradually broadened towards apex and form a distinct inverted Y-shaped structure; penis guide in lateral view immensely narrower at base, greatly wider at basal \u0026frac12;, then tapering towards apex and form a curved tweezer shape. Penis stout (Figure 18 d, e; 19 g, h) moderately curved with well-defined penis capsule, penis capsule with moderately long outer and short inner arm, inner arm forms a hooklike shape, apex of penis (Figure 18 e; 19 h) distinct and wrench shaped.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmature stages:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLarva purplish brown to dark brown with creamy white to light yellow in colour (Figure 16 a, b, c). Pupa reddish brown with light shade of pink colour (Figure 16 d).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies account\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIlleis confusa\u003c/em\u003e Timberlake(Figure 2 a1-a4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Body is elongated oval with a glabrous, mildly convex dorsum. Elytra yellow in colour, head and pronotum creamy white colour. Pronotum always with a pair of black dots.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChilocorus circumdatus\u003c/em\u003e Gyllenhal (Figure 2 b1- b4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription:Body is broadly oval to nearly circular, with a hemispherical, highly convex, and smooth dorsal surface. The elytra are reddish-brown with a narrow black border along the lateral edges, approximately 1/10th of the elytral width.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicraspis discolor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eFabricius (Figure 2 e1-e4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Body is semicircular to oval with moderately convex dorsum. Elytra reddish brown in colour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheilomenes sexmaculata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eFabricius (Figure 2 f1-f4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription:Form oval to subrounded. Dorsal side of the body mostly convex, glabrous and shiny. Ground colour is orange or yellowish orange. Pronotum with T shaped median marking. Elytra have two zigzag black lines, a posterior subapical black spot and black suture line.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJauravia pallidula\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eMotschulsky (Figure 3 g1-g4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription:The shape is generally semicircular, with a moderately convex back that is densely covered in silvery white hairs, and the colour is orange to reddish brown.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccinella transversalis\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius(Figure 3 h1-h4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: The body is elongated, oval, and convex. The head is black with two creamy yellow, subtriangular spots near the inner edges of the eyes. The pronotum is black with light cream at the anterolateral corners. The scutellar shield is black. The elytra are bright orange featuring an oval spot near the scutellum, a large trilobed spot on the humeral region, a transverse band at the apical third that doesn\u0026rsquo;t reach the lateral margin, and three smaller apical spots\u0026mdash;one sutural and two lateral, often fused into a transverse marking.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePropylea dissecta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eMulsant(Figure 3 i1-i4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: The body is oval with moderately convex dorsum. Anchor-shaped black markings are present on each elytron on the humeral region. A transverse band with circular endings like a dumbbell shape formation present on the apical third. Black suture line is present. Pronotum with large transverse black marking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrumoides suturalis\u003c/em\u003e (Fabricius)(Figure 3 j1-j4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: The body is oval with a convex dorsum. The head and pronotum are orange. The elytra are gleaming white, featuring three black stripes: one on each elytron in a mid-dorsal position that doesn\u0026rsquo;t reach the apex, and one sutural stripe that also doesn\u0026rsquo;t extend to the apex.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrtalia vietnamica\u003c/em\u003e Hoang(Figure 3 k1-k4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Body is elongated oval with convex dorsum. Elytra orange in colour with densely covered silvery white hairs. Pronotum and head is creamy yellow in colour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMegalocaria dilatata\u003c/em\u003e (Fabricius)(Figure 3 l1-l4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Body is round with greatly convex dorsum and glabrous. Elytra reddish brown in colour, five black spots on each elytron arranged in 1-2-2 pattern. Pronotum with two black oval spots on the posterior margin.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eConsidered as the \"poor man's fruit,\" jackfruit is currently regarded as a miracle meal in South and Southeast Asia because it can save millions of people from going hungry if important staple crops like wheat, maize and rice fail due to unfavorable weather conditions (Matin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). According to Tandon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), 38 species of insects are known to attack jack fruit in India. Butani (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e) recorded 39 different insect pest species on jackfruit belonging to six orders viz., Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. The general knowledge of both newly emerged and existing pests is still lacking, which makes it difficult to handle them effectively. The application of pesticides is rising consistently, yet this isn't a panacea. In our opinion, the best way to manage all of these pests, will be to research the relationships that exist between the pest and its natural enemies as well as their bio-ecology and seasonality. Based on the available literature, no authentic documentation of predacious ladybird beetles on jackfruit ecosystem from West Bengal state as well as India is available. Our study provided the first-time obvious information related to prevalent ladybird beetles in jackfruit ecosystem of West Bengal. This primary information can be utilized in developing effective pest management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring this exploration, 13 species under 12 genera in subfamilies Coccinellinae and Ortaliinae were identified. Subfamily Coccinellinae is represented by 4 tribes (Coccinellini, Noviini, Chilocorini, Sticholotidini), 12 species under 11 genera. Subfamily Ortaliinae is represented by 1 species. Among the collected ladybird beetles \u003cem\u003eC. nigrita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eN. pumilus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. cardoni\u003c/em\u003e were the most abundant species. \u003cem\u003eC. nigrita\u003c/em\u003e count was highest in year-round survey indicating a dominant presence in this region specially in Winter and Summer, however \u003cem\u003eN. pumilus\u003c/em\u003e was observed highest in the winter season (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Larvae of \u003cem\u003eN. pumilus\u003c/em\u003e was observed feeding on \u003cem\u003eIcerya seychellarum\u003c/em\u003e in jackfruit (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea, b). Adults and larvae of \u003cem\u003eN. pumilus\u003c/em\u003e mainly prey on \u003cem\u003eIcerya spp\u003c/em\u003e., including \u003cem\u003eI. purchasi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eI. seychellarum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eI. aegyptiaca\u003c/em\u003e (Tang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eN. pumilus\u003c/em\u003e has been widely used in the biocontrol of \u003cem\u003eI. aegyptiaca\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eI. seychellarum\u003c/em\u003e in Spain, Peru and the islands of Micronesia, etc. (Beardsley \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e; Schmaedick \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Larvae of \u003cem\u003eA. cardoni\u003c/em\u003e was observed to be preyed upon whitefly pupa in jackfruit (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003eb, c). It is one of the most common species in South India with a propensity to feed on various whiteflies, which is unusual in Coccinellini (Poorani \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is no conflict of interest, according to the authors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our sincere gratitude to previous professionals who have contributed to the field of coccinellids and produced an array of information. We are indebted to the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya for providing laboratory facilities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBielawski R (1957) Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) von Ceylon. 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Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, xviii\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;286 pp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTandon PL (1998) Management of Insect pests in tropical fruit crops in: Arora RK, Rao RV Eds. Proceeding of the IPGRI-ICAR-UIFANET regional training course on the conservation and use of germplasm of tropical fruits in Asia held at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India, pp 237\u0026ndash;244\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTimberlake PH (1943) The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection\u0026ndash;Part I. Hawaii Planters\u0026rsquo; Record 47:1\u0026ndash;67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWeise J (1892) Les Coccinellides du Chota\u0026ndash;Nagpore. Ann de la Soci\u0026eacute;t\u0026eacute; Entomologique du Belgique 36:16\u0026ndash;30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarmon JP, Stephens E, Losey J (2006) The decline of native coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the United States and Canada. In: Beetle conservation, Springer, Netherlands, pp, 85 94. ISBN, 978-1-4020-5987-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eObrycki JJ, Kring TJ (1998) Predaceous Coccinellidae in biological control. Annu Rev Entomol 43:295\u0026ndash;321. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. ento.43.1.295\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1146/annurev. ento.43.1.295\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHodek I, Honek A (2009) Scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies and psyllids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) as prey of ladybirds. Biol Control 51:232\u0026ndash;243. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.018\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.018\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTang XF, Huang YH, Li HS, Chen PT, Yang HY, Liang YS, Du XY, Liu ZH, Li EF, Yang YC, Pang H (2022) Genomic insight into the scale specialization of the biological control agent \u003cem\u003eNovius pumilus\u003c/em\u003e (Weise, 1892). BMC Genom 23(1):90. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08299-w\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12864-022-08299-w\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeardsley J (1955) Fluted scales and their biological control in United States administered Micronesia. Proc. Hawaii 15:391\u0026ndash;399\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchmaedick MA (2007) Background on Seychelles scale in American Samoa and a possible introduction of the lady beetle Rodolia pumila from Tutuila Island to control the scale on Tau island: Land Grant Program. American Samoa Community College, Malaeimi, p 8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Calculated value of each diversity indices for the six respective sites\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiversity indices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaringhata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChakdah\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ranaghat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Santipur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Chapra\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Tehatta\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShanon_H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSimpson_1-D\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePielou_ e^H/S\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8632\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7702\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Subfamilies, Tribes, Number and Frequency of ladybird species collected from jackfruit ecosystem of six different sites of Nadia District\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.N.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubfamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCoccinellinae\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCoccinellini\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI. confusa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.682539682539684%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. transversalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.682539682539684%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. dilatata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.682539682539684%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. cardoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.682539682539684%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. discolor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.682539682539684%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. dissecta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.682539682539684%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. sexmaculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.25%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNoviini\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN. pumilus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.25%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChilocorini\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. nigrita\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.682539682539684%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. circumdatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.682539682539684%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. suturalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.047619047619047%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.25%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSticholotidini\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ. pallidula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOrtaliinae\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrtaliini\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. vietnamica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"73.46938775510205%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1301\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Number of individuals of different ladybird species recorded from jackfruit ecosystem of six different sites of Nadia district\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"626\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLadybird species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaringhata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChakdah\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRanaghat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSantipur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChapra\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTehatta\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eIlleis confusa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnegleis cardoni\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e169\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eChilocorus nigrita\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e304\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccinella transversalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e112\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eMegalocaria dilatate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eNovius pumilus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e175\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicraspis discolor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003ePropylea dissecta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eChilocorus circumdatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrumoides suturalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrtalia vietnamica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.751196172248804%\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheilomenes sexmaculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.961722488038278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1301\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Jackfruit, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, diagnostic notes, diversity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4852895/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4852895/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA potentially profitable crop, jackfruit has a large market. Insect pests of jackfruit not only reduce the production but also affect their food quality. For the biocontrol of various insect pests, ladybird beetles are important group of insects having immense potential. That\u0026rsquo;s why an extensive survey was conducted in jackfruit fields in 2023 to determine the prevalence of common ladybird beetles. A total of 1301 specimens of ladybirds were collected from six different sites in the \u003cem\u003eGangetic\u003c/em\u003e Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. Thirteen different ladybird species belonging to 12 genera of 5 tribes and 2 sub-families were recorded. The following 7 species belonged to sub-family Coccinellinae and tribe Coccinellini: \u003cem\u003eIlleis confusa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCoccinella transversalis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMegalocaria dilatata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAnegleis cardoni\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMicraspis discolor\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePropylea dissecta\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCheilomenes sexmaculata\u003c/em\u003e. Only one species namely \u003cem\u003eNovius pumilus\u003c/em\u003e represents tribe Noviini of the sub-family Coccinellinae. Three species from tribe Chilocorini of sub-family Coccinellinae: \u003cem\u003eChilocorus nigrita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChilocorus circumdatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBrumoides suturalis\u003c/em\u003e were documented. Only one species namely \u003cem\u003eJauravia pallidula\u003c/em\u003e represents tribe Sticholotidini of the sub-family Coccinellinae. One species \u003cem\u003eOrtalia vietnamica\u003c/em\u003e belonged to sub-family Ortaliinae and tribe Ortaliini. Three species \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., \u003cem\u003eC. nigrita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. cardoni\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eN. pumilus\u003c/em\u003e are maximally observed and illustrated here with diagnostic notes to facilitate their identification.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Biodiversity of predaceous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in jackfruit ecosystem from the Gangetic Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-03 18:26:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4852895/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-05-01T05:22:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-08-08T06:25:24+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-07T17:32:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-05T21:40:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","date":"2024-08-03T06:41:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ecc859b5-9cfc-4408-a69b-178364682b78","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-07T07:13:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4852895","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01571-y","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-17 15:57:16","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 17th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-03 18:26:51","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s42690-025-01571-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01571-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4852895","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4852895","identity":"rs-4852895","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}