Research Protocol for Assessing Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Strategies for Vulnerable Communities in Climate-Affected Khulna City of Southwest Coastal Bangladesh

Research Protocol for Assessing Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Strategies for Vulnerable Communities in Climate-Affected Khulna City of Southwest Coastal Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Study protocol Research Protocol for Assessing Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Strategies for Vulnerable Communities in Climate-Affected Khulna City of Southwest Coastal Bangladesh Md. Riad Hossain, Spyros Schismenos, Nick J Brown, Darryn McEvoy This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7673906/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Vulnerable populations in Khulna City, Bangladesh, are increasingly at risk from climate change due to their geographical context, socio-economic disparities, and insufficient urban resilience. Although there are initiatives aimed at climate adaptation, these efforts often lack equity and inclusivity, ignoring the specific vulnerabilities faced by women-led households, ethnic minorities, low-income groups, climate migrants, landless farmers and fisher s, and persons with disability. This protocol articulates a mixed-methods research design intended to evaluate these challenges and collaboratively develop climate adaptation strategies that prioritize justice and community engagement. Methods/Design: This study employs a mixed-methods approach that combines household interviews, expert consultations, and community focus groups discussions to investigate the lived experiences, adaptive capacities, and obstacles encountered by at-risk populations in Khulna. Additionally, a review of policy and governance will be conducted to pinpoint equity deficiencies in adaptation planning. Thematic analysis will be utilized to extract insights from qualitative data, while quantitative data will facilitate trend analysis. The integration of community knowledge with expert perspectives aims to generate context-specific priorities and inclusive adaptation strategies. Discussion: This protocol study seeks to bridge significant research gaps at the nexus of urban climate resilience and climate justice. By utilizing participatory and intersectional methodologies, it endeavours to uncover overlooked vulnerabilities and amplify the voices of marginalized communities. Ethical considerations, such as obtaining informed consent and ensuring respect for participants, are fundamental to the research design. Ultimately, the study aspires to inform equitable climate adaptation policies in Khulna and similar vulnerable urban delta regions, contributing to broader discussions surrounding global climate justice. Climate justice participatory adaptation urban vulnerability climate resilience Figures Figure 1 Introduction Climate change is increasingly perceived as the preeminent global challenge of our time, significantly threatening the well-being and livelihoods of communities worldwide. Bangladesh stands out as the most severely affected by climate change among the nations [1-3]. The impacts are manifested through phenomena such as rising sea levels, heightened flooding, and more severe storm surges. These challenges are particularly acute in the Southwestern coastal regions of Bangladesh, where socio-economic conditions and geographical factors such as low-lying topography and proximity to significant river systems and the Bay of Bengal exacerbate vulnerabilities [4]. Additionally, this area is home to vital wetland ecosystems, including the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world [1, 5]. The ongoing trends of urbanisation, population growth, and global warming have also emerged as pervasive environmental issues affecting the region [6, 7]. The people of this region bear the brunt of climate extremes and rapid urbanisation. To promote fairness, equity, and inclusivity in formulating and executing adaptation strategies, climate justice serves as a fundamental principle that acknowledges the disproportionate impacts of climate change [8]. In the context of the wet cities in Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh, climate justice underscores the importance of addressing the uneven vulnerabilities faced by marginalized groups, including women, landless individuals, and indigenous communities. It advocates for participatory approaches that empower these communities, recognize their knowledge and experiences, and ensure that their voices are incorporated into the decision-making processes [9]. Despite the substantial body of research on climate change in Bangladesh, five interconnected gaps remain at the intersection of urban vulnerability (particularly in wet cities [1] ) and climate justice. Theoretically, the absence of a justice framework in vulnerability assessments obscures historical marginalization and power imbalances that dictate outcomes of adaptation strategies [11]. Empirically, secondary coastal cities are anticipated to accommodate millions of new residents by 2050, yet they remain largely uncharted in global adaptation data [12]. Methodologically, the integration of spatial analysis with participatory techniques has the potential to reveal concealed vulnerabilities such as the unpaid care work undertaken by women during flooding events that quantitative indices may overlook [13]. As international climate funding increasingly directs attention toward urban initiatives, comprehensive evidence regarding beneficiaries is critical to prevent perpetuating inequities [14]. This study seeks to directly address these critical gaps by conceptualising and applying the wet city framework within the Global South, using Khulna City, a high-risk but under-researched urban delta, as a focal point. It will integrate an intersectional perspective to identify which social subgroups experience the most severe climate-related impacts. Through a mixed-methods design that combines quota-based household interviews, expert interviews, and community focus group discussions, the research will incorporate diverse community perspectives into spatial vulnerability assessments. Additionally, it will evaluate climate adaptation financing and governance structures through the lens of justice, with the goal of developing more equitable and effective urban adaptation interventions. By tackling these deficiencies, the study aims to advance theoretical understanding and offer practical, actionable guidance for fostering climate-resilient and equitable urban futures in Bangladesh and comparable coastal areas. [1] A wet city is an urban area situated in a geographical context characterised by significant water features such as wetlands, rivers, or coastlines, experiencing high levels of precipitation and humidity, and consequently facing a notable degree of vulnerability to water-related hazards like flooding, cyclones, storm surges, and sea-level rise. (10. Hossain MR, Schismenos S, Brown NJ, McEvoy D: Wet cities: definition, characteristics and examples in south-west coastal Bangladesh. Unpublished manuscript. RMIT University. In . ; 2025. Methods/Design 2.1 Research Aims and Objectives The proposed research is designed to enhance evidence-based decision-making, shape policy development, and improve implementation processes, ultimately fostering the creation of more equitable and sustainable adaptation strategies in the region. These strategies will prioritize fairness and inclusivity, particularly for marginalized and disadvantaged groups, by utilizing a climate justice framework. The study focuses on exploring the social aspects of vulnerability, the root causes of inequality, and the distinct adaptation requirements and priorities of marginalized communities. The main objectives of the research include: ￭ Evaluating Urban Climate Vulnerabilities: This research will analyse the unique climate change vulnerabilities that confront a Southwest Coastal city, dubbed a “wet city.” It will consider local socio-economic conditions, ecological environments, and infrastructure features. Important elements such as floodplain topography, instances of severe rainfall, and seawater intrusion will be assessed to determine their effects on urban systems. ￭ Examining Equitable Impacts: The study aims to investigate whether marginalized urban populations, such as low-income families, women, landless individuals, and indigenous communities, persons with disability, and climate migrants, are disproportionately affected by climate change. This examination aligns with global findings that highlight how poverty and inequality heighten the risks posed by climate change. ￭ Developing Equitable Adaptation Strategies: The research will recommend and design adaptation strategies that incorporate the principles of climate justice, ensuring fairness, active participation, and equitable distribution of resources for vulnerable urban communities. This component of the study seeks to aid evidence-based policymaking and planning, championing inclusive and just adaptation measures within these cities. These goals highlight the significance of both technical aspects, like vulnerability assessments, and social aspects concerning justice and equity, underscoring the necessity of inclusive and evidence-based decision-making as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [15]. 2.2 Research Questions (RQ) The study is guided by three fundamental research questions, each targeting a critical dimension of the urban climate justice paradigm: RQ 01: What specific climate change vulnerabilities do wet cities in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh face? This question will explore how geographical factors (e.g., river deltas and floodplains), infrastructure characteristics (such as drainage systems and embankments), and urban development influence vulnerability to sea-level rise, cyclones, flooding, and waterlogging. It aims to identify critical weaknesses such as consistent waterlogging in Khulna City’s infrastructure and services which will increase with climate stress. RQ 02: In what ways does climate change disproportionately impact marginalized and disadvantaged groups within these wet cities, and what are the mechanisms of this effect? This question focuses on the justice aspect by examining how climate impacts such as flooding, cyclones, and storm surge are unevenly distributed. Notably, informal settlements and low-income residents often occupy the most flood-prone areas and may lack adaptive resources. Existing global evidence demonstrates that inequity and poverty hinder adaptation efforts, resulting in heightened risks for the most vulnerable populations. This inquiry aims to identify specific urban groups (including women, economically disadvantaged individuals, and ethnic minorities) that are most affected and how? RQ 03: What adaptation strategies can effectively address these vulnerabilities through a lens of climate justice? This question shifts the focus toward identifying viable solutions and measures that would mitigate risks in a fair and inclusive manner. Participatory planning, targeted investments, and policy modifications that elevate marginalized voices will be explored. The objective is to formulate adaptation options that adhere to principles of distributional and procedural justice, reflecting the calls for inclusive governance in climate policy. Each inquiry interweaves empirical assessment with justice-oriented analysis, ultimately aiming to generate actionable insights for scholars and policymakers alike. 2.3 Selection of Study Area In this study, primary data will be collected through field investigations. Khulna City, Bangladesh, will be the study area. The city is situated at the confluence of the Rupsha and Bhairab rivers in Bangladesh’s Southwest coastal zone, faces acute climate‑driven hazards including cyclones, urban flooding, land subsidence, and saltwater intrusion, making it a critical locus for studying climate justice and adaptation in wet cities [16]. As the third-largest urban centre in the country, with a population approaching one million and an annual growth rate of 1.5%, Khulna’s demographic significance and economic importance highlight the need for research on equitable adaptation approaches [17]. Furthermore, its proximity to the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem renders its hydrology and ecology particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels and upstream river management practices [18]. The city’s low-lying topography, coupled with deteriorating embankments, means that many areas are susceptible to repeated waterlogging and storm-surge flooding, with informal settlements often experiencing the most severe impacts [19]. 2.4 Selection of the Vulnerable Community An individual’s vulnerability to climate change effects is shaped by a variety of factors such as geographic location, race, gender, age, cultural context, ethnicity, and other socioeconomic indicators [20]. Typically, the most vulnerable individuals are those living in insecure areas, facing economic difficulties, lacking awareness of their rights, or experiencing geographic disadvantages [21-23]. CHA Kuran, C Morsut, BI Kruke, M Krüger, L Segnestam, K Orru, TO Nævestad, M Airola, J Keränen, F Gabel, et al. [24] describe vulnerable populations as groups that have specific characteristics that place them at a higher risk of needing humanitarian aid compared to others and often suffer from exclusion from social and financial services. Furthermore, the experiences of marginalization within these groups vary regarding the impacts and risks they face, influenced by factors such as age, gender, resource access disparities, socioeconomic status, and educational opportunities [25, 26]. Existing literatures indicate that in numerous communities, women and non-binary individuals experience heightened disadvantages and limited protective measures, primarily due to insufficient livelihoods and coping mechanisms in the face of disasters. In the context of coastal Khulna City, Bangladesh, research identifies the most vulnerable and marginalized groups as i) women, particularly those leading households [20, 27-33] ii) ethnic minorities specifically Indigenous populations such as the Munda and Dalits [20, 28, 34, 35] iii) landless farmers and fishers [20, 28] iv) low-income households [28] v) climate migrants [23, 32] and vi) persons with disabilities [29, 32, 34, 36] Although climate change poses risks to all individuals, its impacts are neither uniform nor equally borne. Vulnerable and marginalised groups often face a disproportionate share of the burden, primarily due to entrenched socio-economic, cultural, and political inequalities as indicated by [20]. These systemic disparities underscore the need for a climate justice framework, one that not only promotes equitable adaptation and mitigation strategies but also actively involves affected communities in shaping the responses that influence their lives. This research seeks to examine the distinct vulnerabilities experienced by these populations, investigate the structural drivers that deepen their marginalisation, and highlight the critical importance of integrating climate justice principles into policy and practice to ensure inclusive and fair climate action. 2.5 Selection of Methods A mixed methods approach will be adopted for this study. JD Rivera [37] describes mixed methods research as the integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches encompassing diverse perspectives, data collection techniques, analytic methods, and inferential strategies to achieve both comprehensive breadth and profound depth of understanding while corroborating findings. This integrative strategy leverages the statistical rigor of quantitative methods alongside the contextual richness of qualitative data, thereby enhancing insights into complex social phenomena. By combining various data sources and methodologies, this study aims to achieve robust triangulation, improved validity, and a capture of multifaceted perspectives, facilitating a nuanced exploration of the research questions, contexts, and participant experiences [38]. In the realm of social science, where human behaviour and societal dynamics are highly intricate, the mixed methods framework offers a powerful means to encapsulate the complexity of phenomena, ultimately leading to deeper insights and more meaningful conclusions [39]. Participatory Appraisal tools will be employed to ensure effective data triangulation in this study including semi-structured interviews for the household survey, expert interviews, and community focus group discussions. Quota Sampling A non-probabilistic sampling technique, quota sampling, will be used in this research since it will allow the researcher to purposively select individuals that meet specific criteria, in this case it’s the people from marginalized and disadvantaged communities [40]. This method is particularly advantageous given the lack of reliable population lists, as well as the constraints of limited time and resources within a qualitative inquiry framework [41]. The choice of quota sampling is justified by the contextual complexity and diversity of the Southwest Coastal communities. These heterogeneous populations often have outdated or incomplete population data, making non-probability sampling an effective way to ensure that the most affected groups by climate-related extremes, such as flooding, storm surge, and salinity impacts, are included. It is an effective approach for ensuring that diverse and context-specific subgroups in the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh, such as female-headed households, small-holder farmers, ethnic minorities, persons with disability, low-income communities are intentionally represented in the research focused on climate justice and wet cities. According to existing research, there isn’t a definitive guideline for the number of participants required in quota sampling, as it varies based on different perspectives [42-44]. JW Creswell and JD Creswell [38] suggest that the appropriate sample size is influenced by the qualitative research design employed, such as ethnography or case studies. After reviewing various qualitative studies, the authors estimate that narrative research typically includes one to two participants, phenomenological studies involve 3-10 participants, grounded theory research requires 20-30 participants, ethnographic research focuses on a single cultural group with multiple artifacts, interviews, and observations, and case studies generally consist of around four to five cases [38]. This is just one perspective on determining sample size. An alternative approach, as noted by K Charmaz [45], suggests that data collection should continue until the categories or themes reach saturation, meaning no new insights or characteristics emerge from additional data. This indicates that an adequate sample size has been achieved. The quota sampling method has been used by many scholars in disaster studies [46-49], in epidemiology [50], in educational research [51], in consumer behaviour and marketing [52]; and other studies [53] in developed and global south countries. For the convenience of the researcher and to ensure representation from vulnerable groups this study will include 8 primary participants from each vulnerable group and 2 participants as substitutes. This will yield a sample size of 48 in total. Household heads will be the primary respondents, yet women from female-headed households and any person with disability will be the respondent of household interviews. Each interview will take approximately 35 to 45 minutes to complete. Each survey will take approximately 35 to 45 minutes to complete. The questionnaire will include both structured and semi-structured questions to collect both quantitative data and detailed qualitative narratives on livelihood impacts, coping strategies, adaptation measures, and barriers to accessing innovative technologies. The questionnaire will be translated in Bengali since most the participants speak only local language. Expert Interview Additionally, the study will conduct 10 Expert Interviews (EIs) with representatives from various formal, quasi-formal, and informal regional and local institutions including, but not limited to, community leaders, local government officials, NGOs, policymakers, urban planners, and climate experts. Focus of KIIs will be on the barriers to adaptation, governance challenges, and equitable distribution of resources. Each KII will last between 30 to 40 minutes, using guided interview protocols. Community Focus Group Discussion Furthermore, 2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) will be carried out with community members to explore their experiences of climate extremes, local adaptation efforts, and policy recommendations. These sessions will provide insights into institutional roles and adaptation strategies. Each FGD session will include 8-12 participants and will last approximately 45 to 60 minutes. Two breakout sessions with women and persons with disability will be conducted separately to understand their opinions. With participants’ consent, all interviews will be audio-recorded in Bengali and later transcribed into English for analysis. Thematic Analysis The thematic analysis method will be used for qualitative data, allowing for an in-depth exploration of subjective experiences and perspectives. V Braun and V Clarke [54] method will be considered for thematic analysis. This method facilitates a comprehensive examination of the views held by both community and professional stakeholders. Additionally, it is particularly appropriate for investigating topics that lack a robust theoretical and empirical foundation. Meanwhile, quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, providing numerical indicators for broader trends. A triangulation technique will be utilized to cross-verify findings from different data sources, ensuring the reliability and validity of results. This method will enable the integration of qualitative narratives and quantitative metrics into a unified analytical framework [38]. The study area has long been subjected to climate-related stresses and shocks, exacerbated by its coastal location, limited socioeconomic resources, and weak infrastructure [20, 55-60]. Since the 1990s, several national and international NGOs have initiated adaptation and development programs to mitigate these challenges [55, 61-63]. To comprehensively assess vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies, multiple reconnaissance surveys and a census of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the population will be conducted before data collection. This will help in identifying households with diverse occupations and economic backgrounds, as well as the involvement of various development and climate risk reduction actors. A cross-checking process will be followed, initially with Experts and later with Community Focus Group participants, to validate the Household Interview findings. Furthermore, secondary data will be collected from research papers, journals, reports, and document reviews to complement the primary data. 2.6 Study Design The study will integrate both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It will utilize quota sampling, a non-probabilistic technique, to intentionally select individuals from vulnerable communities. This approach is particularly useful due to the lack of reliable population lists and the constraints of time and resources in qualitative research [41]. Thematic analysis will be used to analyse the interview data. Figure 1 visualizes my study design. 2.6.1 Risk During Data Collection The proposed research project will employ different methodologies including Household Interviews, Community Focus Groups, Expert Interviews, and policy analysis. These methods might present several potential risks for participants, researchers, and the overall integrity of the study. Participants may face various psychological and emotional risks when discussing distressing topics like climate-induced displacement, environmental degradation and loss of their livelihoods. Survivors of floods or cyclones, in particular, may experience emotional distress when recalling traumatic events. Social and cultural risks also exist, particularly concerning power imbalances in focus groups that may silence certain voices like those of women, ethnic minorities, and low-income participants especially while discussing climate justice issues (e.g., government negligence, corruption, and land disputes). Additionally, political and legal risks are associated with potential backlash for participants discussing sensitive topics about government policies and resource allocation. Researchers may also face physical and environmental risks when conducting fieldwork, especially in flood-prone areas where extreme weather and health concerns pose significant threats. Political and security risks are present as investigators may be perceived as politically sensitive by local authorities, potentially leading to resistance from government agencies or corporate entities whose interests may be challenged by the research findings. Furthermore, risks to research integrity and data security pose concerns, including potential misinformation and response bias, where participants may self-censor their answers. To mitigate psychological and emotional risks for participants, the research will include preliminary briefings, referrals for counselling or psychosocial support, and a voluntary participation framework with the option to withdraw at any time. For social and cultural risks, anonymous data collection methods and culturally sensitive facilitators will be employed, along with separate discussions for vulnerable groups. Regarding political and legal risks, anonymizing sensitive responses, securing data storage, and informing participants about the limits of confidentiality will be the vital strategies. For researchers, risk assessments prior to field visits will help identify potential hazards. Safety training and risk assessments will be ensured, along with scheduling field visits during safe weather condition. The project will partner with a local NGO that will reduce suspicion and help navigate political risks, while regular risk assessments can prepare researchers for any security concerns. Moreover, the student researcher has a long-term relationship with the local authorities from his past role as a research officer and faculty who had visited the research field many times for data collection purpose. To uphold research integrity, the research team will employ anonymous questioning techniques and cross-validate responses through triangulation. The research team will be trained to detect bias and inconsistencies in participants' responses. Furthermore, by using secure data storage systems and providing clear explanations of how participant data will be used, the research aims to maintain trust and uphold ethical standards throughout the study. 2.7 Recruitment and Data Collection 2.7.1 Participants Inclusion Criteria The study will focus on residents from the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh, particularly in Khulna City. Attention will be given to those living in areas prone to cyclone, flooding and storm surges. Demographically, the research aims to include vulnerable groups that are disproportionately affected by climate challenges. This includes women and female-headed households, ethnic minorities specifically Indigenous groups like the Munda and Dalits, landless farmers and fisherfolk, low-income households, climate migrants, and persons with disability. Participants will be adults aged 18 and over who have direct experiences with the impacts of climate extremes, such as displacement or loss of livelihood. Experience-based inclusion will be essential, drawing on participants who have faced climate-induced migration or changes in their livelihoods, as well as those who have engaged in various adaptation programs like saline-tolerant agriculture and embankment initiatives. The study will seek a diverse range of stakeholders for Expert Interviews including local community leaders who has vast experience of the area, local governance officials, NGO representatives, and experts such as researchers, academics and hydrologists with a focus on coastal ecosystems. Exclusion Criteria Individuals living outside Khulna City of the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh will be excluded from the study, as will urban populations that do not depend directly on wetland ecosystems for their livelihoods. Participants who lack relevant experiences regarding climate vulnerabilities or adaptation strategies in these wet cities will also be disregarded. Moreover, individuals unable to provide informed consent, such as minors or those with cognitive impairments, will not be included. Representatives from industries, both workers and owners, that exacerbate environmental degradation, such as unregulated shrimp farming, will be excluded unless their involvement is vital for addressing systemic inequities. Government representatives with potential conflicts of interest will also be excluded. Communities that have not encountered significant climate events, such as cyclones or floods, within the last 5 to 10 years will also be excluded if the research is concentrated on recent adaptation strategies. Informed consent will be a cornerstone of the study, ensuring that all participants clearly understand the purpose of the project, possible risks, and their right to withdraw at any time. Communication will be conducted in local languages, including Bangla and dialects from the Khulna, to enhance understanding. Attention will be paid to power dynamics within the research process to avoid tokenism. The research will collaborate with local Non-government Organisations (NGOs) and community leaders that will help to establish trust within the participant community. 2.7.2 Recruitment Snowball sampling will be employed to reach participants. This method is particularly useful when studying marginalised or hard-to-reach populations, as initial participants can help identify others within their social networks who meet the study’s inclusion criteria [64, 65]. Recruitment will primarily occur through targeted researcher’s professional networks, personal networks, and public records. Initially, the researcher will contact the relevant local authorities to find the list of vulnerable groups in the government records. Then the partner NGO will recommend a list of individuals who would be appropriate members for the household survey since they already have prior knowledge and the social and economic conditions of the participants in those localities. After that, the research assistant will call each person under the guidance of student researcher and provide them with information about the research. This will entail an overview of the research, focusing on climate justice, the vulnerabilities associated with wet cities, and the efforts to develop equitable adaptation strategies for the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh. The goals and objectives of the research will be clearly articulated, emphasising its interdisciplinary nature and the crucial role of the participants’ insights in shaping effective adaptation strategies. Participants will also receive detailed instructions on their potential role, including an outline of the expected time commitment, types of activities involved and the privacy safeguards in place, as well as the voluntary nature of their participation. The invitation will encourage expressions of interest, pointing out the structured consent process that ensures comprehensive understanding before data collection begins. Ethical considerations surrounding confidentiality, data security, potential risks and benefits, and the right to withdraw will also be communicated. Potential participants will be given a two-week period to deliberate on their willingness to engage in the research study. Once a potential participant expresses interest, the student researcher and the research assistant will conduct a screening process via telephone prior to obtaining informed consent. The decision regarding their eligibility (either acceptance or rejection) will be communicated to the participant by the research assistant within two weeks following their expression of interest. If deemed eligible, informed consent will be obtained from them before the commencement of the interviews. 2.7.3 Consent To ensure that informed consent is obtained from participants, a series of thorough procedures will be implemented. First and foremost, information provided to participants will be communicated clearly and in accessible language. Consent form will be written in straightforward terms, outlining the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, benefits, and the voluntary nature of participation. Consent form will be translated into local language to ensure that all participants fully grasp the details of the research. To ensure that participation is voluntary, the recruitment and consent discussions will be led by the local contact of the researcher, independent from any authority over the potential participant. Throughout the consent process, it will be emphasised that participation is entirely voluntary, and individuals can choose not to participate or withdraw at any time. Even after consent is granted, researchers will remind participants of their rights to help them feel comfortable with their decision. 2.7.4 Reimbursements and/or tokens policy This study does not offer reimbursements or incentives, as the emphasis is on fostering voluntary participation that contributes to community well-being. However, for community focus groups, conveyance bill will be provided to enable participation, along with costs for refreshments and a meal. Moreover, every participant of the study will be provided with a souvenir from RMIT University as a token of appreciation for their participation. 2.7.5 Privacy Protection During recruitment and at the time of obtaining consent, the study will collect basic identifying and demographic information such as age, gender, occupation, and participants’ familiarity with the study site and their experience in adaptation activities. This information is essential for analysis, as it informs our understanding of participants’ vulnerabilities and concerns. Data collection will involve anonymisation using codes instead of names. For example, instead of mentioning names or specific job titles or locations, a broader category (e.g., “community member 1” rather than a participant name or “a community leader” rather than “the mayor of X town”) will be employed. All subsequent data outputs and reporting will rely on these de-identified codes, ensuring no personal information is disclosed. 2.7.5 Data Collection The data collection will involve expert interviews, household interviews, and community focus groups discussion. The participants will receive orientation before starting of the session about the nature of the research, purpose of the research, what does participation in the research involves, possible benefits and risks, and the ways information will be used. Table 1 represents the purpose of the sessions and the questions to be asked during interviews and discussion. Table 1 Description of the activities Expert Interview Purpose of the session Questions to be asked The purpose of the session is to collect information on experts’ ￭ insights on the issues of climate extremes ￭ organisation’s role in coping and adaptation ￭ effectiveness of adaptation strategies ￭ barriers of accessing in innovative technologies The experts will be asked to ￭ identify the most critical and frequent climate-related events Khulna City facing ￭ assess the effectiveness of current urban infrastructures in Khulna in coping with these extreme weather events ￭ identify which community group/ groups are the most affected ￭ recognise specific barriers or vulnerabilities those groups face during and after climate-related events ￭ categorise whether the current climate adaptation strategies and supporting infrastructure in Khulna are adequate ￭ pinpoint policy reform needed to address the climate related challenges of vulnerable groups Household Interview Purpose of the session Questions to be asked The purpose of the session is to collect information on respondents’ ￭ perceptions on the impact of climate extremes ￭ coping mechanisms with those events ￭ adaptation measures followed ￭ barriers to access innovative technologies The respondents will be asked about ￭ experience with recent climate events ￭ challenges faced and most immediate needs after an event ￭ opinion on which group/groups are most affected ￭ factors affecting vulnerability ￭ satisfaction on supports received from the local government ￭ inclusion in decision making process in adaptation interventions ￭ typical coping mechanism Community Focus Group Discussion Purpose of the session Questions to be asked The purpose of the session is to collect information on community’s ￭ observation on which areas or groups are most affected by a changing climate ￭ challenges during climate events ￭ adaptation mechanisms ￭ fairness in receiving support from government ￭ participation in decision-making process in climate adaptation projects The groups will be asked about their ￭ perception on climate change ￭ how community being affected ￭ examples of existing community adaptation strategies ￭ recommendation to improve current adaptation practices ￭ opportunity to voice their opinion and participation in decision making processes on climate adaptation projects 2.7.6 Follow-up Participant follow-up after the data collection phase will involve two main strategies. In first phase, once recording is transcribed, participants of the household interviews will be given an opportunity to review their responses and edit as appropriate. The participants will be contacted via email and will be given two weeks to act and change their response. If participants have no internet access and/or no email accounts, their response could be sent electronically to a trusted person they nominate (i.e. family member, friend) who owns an email account. This action will be done once the participants confirm this action with the researcher (over phone). If participants have no internet access, and no email access, and cannot nominate a trusted person of their trust with an email account, their response will be sent to them through the NGO representative. If a participant is illiterate, the NGO representative will explain the written response. If anyone wishes to change their response, they will contact the researcher or the local NGO representative. Email addresses of the experts will be collected and their responses will be sent to them for comments. They will have two weeks to provide comments on their feedback. Changes and modifications will be recorded and incorporated in the research accordingly. In second phase, a newsletter will be distributed to all participants, providing an overview of the study, sharing information about any related publications, conference presentations, or other relevant dissemination activities. Discussion This study presents a structured research protocol designed to assess the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities of communities in the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh, with particular attention to equitable climate resilience strategies in Khulna City. The investigation prioritizes the lived experiences and voices of both professional and community stakeholders, bridging scientific and community knowledge to inform policy recommendations. Drawing on household interviews, focus groups, and expert consultations, this research aims to elucidate the barriers to equitable adaptation, the differentiated vulnerabilities across social groups, and the capacity of existing adaptation practices to address these complex challenges. A key strength of this research lies in its inclusive, mixed-methods design that emphasizes participatory and context-sensitive approaches. By engaging both expert stakeholders and community members, the study seeks to capture a broad spectrum of perceptions and experiences, fostering a nuanced understanding of climate risks and adaptive practices within Khulna. Furthermore, the use of thematic analysis supports a comprehensive exploration of participants’ narratives, ensuring that the resulting insights are grounded in real-world lived experiences. This analytical approach enhances the ecological validity of the findings, offering rich, contextualized insights that can inform more socially just and sustainable adaptation strategies. Notably, the research has also considered the ethical implications of conducting studies within climate vulnerable communities, adhering to principles of respect, justice, and beneficence as outlined in the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007, updated 2018), Australia. Such ethical rigor strengthens the credibility and impact of the study outcomes. Finally, the flexible and scalable methodological approach adopted in this protocol provides a foundation that can be adapted by other researchers working in similar contexts, thereby contributing to broader knowledge exchange and cross-context learning. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical authorization for this study has been obtained from the RMIT Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (Review Reference: 2025-28910-29418). This research adheres to the necessary ethical standards. All participants will provide written informed consent prior to data collection using Participants Information and Consent Form (PICF). Consent for publication This study utilized data from publicly available databases, which do not contain identifiable personal information. Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable. Availability of data and materials No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research has been supported by the School of Engineering of RMIT University, Australia and funding provided by Author 4. Authors' contributions MRH: Conceptualisation, writing original manuscript, review; SS: supervision, review; NJB: supervision, review; DM: supervision, review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Librarian, RMIT University for assisting with databases. Authors' details 1 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia 2 Institute of Disaster Management, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh References Hossain MA, Reza MI, Rahman S, Kayes I: Climate Change and its Impacts on the Livelihoods of the Vulnerable People in the Southwestern Coastal Zone in Bangladesh. In . , edn.: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012: 237-259. Islam MN, van Amstel A: Bangladesh II: Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries, 1st Edition 2021 edn. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. 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Alam K, Rahman MH: Women in natural disasters: A case study from southern coastal region of Bangladesh. International journal of disaster risk reduction 2014, 8:68-82. Garai J, Ku H-B, Zhan Y: Climate change and cultural responses of indigenous people: A case from Bangladesh. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 2022, 4:100130. Rahman MM, Tasnim F, Uddin A, Chayan MSI, Arif MSI, Asikunnaby, Hossain MT: Assessing vulnerability in ethnic Munda community: A study on a cyclone-prone area of Bangladesh. International journal of disaster risk reduction 2023, 95:103884. Ngcamu BS: Climate change effects on vulnerable populations in the Global South: a systematic review. Natural Hazards 2023, 118(2):977-991. Rivera JD: Disaster and emergency management methods: Social science approaches in application: Taylor & Francis; 2021. Creswell JW, Creswell JD: Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 5th Edition edn: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2018. Sutton J, Austin Z: Qualitative Research: Data Collection, Analysis, and Management. Canadian journal of hospital pharmacy 2015, 68(3):226-231. Etikan I, Musa SA, Alkassim RS: Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics 2016. Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K: Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 2015, 42(5):533-544. Creswell JW, Poth CN: Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches, 5th edn: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2023. Australian Bureau of Statistics: Quota sampling guidance. In . : Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2017. Campbell S, Greenwood M, Prior S, Shearer T, Walkem K, Young S, Bywaters D, Walker K: Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of research in nursing 2020, 25(8):652-661. Charmaz K: Constructing grounded theory, 2nd edn: SAGE; 2014. Jocson MD, Magallon Jr SV: Coastal vulnerability assessment: The case of Davao del Norte, Philippines. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology 2018, 16(1). D. Perez J, Batisla-ong SN: Disaster Risk Reduction Management Capabilities of State Universities and Colleges and Local Government Units in Ilolo: Basis of Development Program. Polaris Global Journal of Scholarly Research and Trends 2022, 1(3):1-18. Sultana N, Tan S: Landslide mitigation strategies in southeast Bangladesh: Lessons learned from the institutional responses. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2021, 62:102402. Entorf H, Jensen A: Willingness-to-pay for hazard safety–A case study on the valuation of flood risk reduction in Germany. Safety science 2020, 128:104657. Guignard R, Wilquin J-L, Richard J-B, Beck F: Tobacco smoking surveillance: is quota sampling an efficient tool for monitoring national trends? A comparison with a random cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2013, 8(10):e78372. Singh S, Kumar S, Singh RK: A study of attitude of teachers towards inclusive education. Shanlax International Journal of Education 2020, 9(1):189-197. Pu L, Radics R, Umar M, Jeremiah F, Quan Z: The potential of AI tools in shaping digital consumers’ behavior: investigating e-commerce engagement of Chinese Generation Z. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 2025. Andersch H, Arnold C, Seemann AK, Lindenmeier J: Understanding ethical purchasing behavior: Validation of an enhanced stage model of ethical behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2019, 48:50-59. Braun V, Clarke V: What can "thematic analysis" offer health and wellbeing researchers? International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being 2014, 9(1):26152-26152. Bari ABMM, Intesar A, Mamun AA, Debnath B, Islam ARMT, Alam GMM, Parvez MS: Gender-based vulnerability and adaptive capacity in the disaster-prone coastal areas from an intersectionality perspective. Climate Risk Management 2024, 43:100581. Jerin T, Azad MAK, Khan MN: Climate change-triggered vulnerability assessment of the flood-prone communities in Bangladesh: A gender perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2023, 95:103851. Tasnuva A, Bari QH, Islam ARMT, Hassan KM: Developing a disaster risk index for coastal communities in southwest Bangladesh: Shifting from data-driven models to holistic approaches. Ecological Indicators 2024, 166:112381. Murshed S, Griffin AL, Islam MA, Wang XH, Paull D: Assessing multi-climate-hazard threat in the coastal region of Bangladesh by combining influential environmental and anthropogenic factors. Progress in Disaster Science 2022, 16:100261. Sony MAAM, Hasan MK, Roy T: Coping with disasters: changing patterns of disaster risk reduction activities in the southwestern coastal areas of Bangladesh. SN Social Sciences 2023, 3(12):202. Sarker S, Hossain S, Islam MA, Dolon MR, Datta A, Sarker A, Farukh MA: Climate Change Tempted Disaster Instigated Human Migration in the Coastal Districts of Bangladesh. Journal of Agroforestry and Environment 2023, 16(2):54-62. Azad MJ, Pritchard B: The importance of women's roles in adaptive capacity and resilience to flooding in rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2023, 90:103660. Leal W, Alam GMM, Nagy GJ, Rahman MM, Roy S, Wolf F, Kovaleva M, Saroar M, Li CL: Climate change adaptation responses among riparian settlements: A case study from Bangladesh. Plos One 2022, 17(12). Alam A, Du AM, Rahman M, Yazdifar H, Abbasi K: SMEs respond to climate change: Evidence from developing countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2022, 185:122087. Noy C: Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of social research methodology 2008, 11(4):327-344. Goodman LA: Snowball sampling. The annals of mathematical statistics 1961:148-170. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files PICFCommunityFocusGroup.pdf PICFExpertInterview.pdf PICFHouseholdInterview.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Bangladesh stands out as the most severely affected by climate change among the nations\u0026nbsp;[1-3]. The impacts are manifested through phenomena such as rising sea levels, heightened flooding, and more severe storm surges. These challenges are particularly acute in the Southwestern coastal regions of Bangladesh, where socio-economic conditions and geographical factors such as low-lying topography and proximity to significant river systems and the Bay of Bengal exacerbate vulnerabilities [4]. Additionally, this area is home to vital wetland ecosystems, including the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world\u0026nbsp;[1, 5]. The ongoing trends of urbanisation, population growth, and global warming have also emerged as pervasive environmental issues affecting the region [6, 7].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe people of this region bear the brunt of climate extremes and rapid urbanisation. To promote fairness, equity, and inclusivity in formulating and executing adaptation strategies, climate justice serves as a fundamental principle that acknowledges the disproportionate impacts of climate change [8]. In the context of the wet cities in Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh, climate justice underscores the importance of addressing the uneven vulnerabilities faced by marginalized groups, including women, landless individuals, and indigenous communities. It advocates for participatory approaches that empower these communities, recognize their knowledge and experiences, and ensure that their voices are incorporated into the decision-making processes [9].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the substantial body of research on climate change in Bangladesh, five interconnected gaps remain at the intersection of urban vulnerability (particularly in wet cities\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e) and climate justice. Theoretically, the absence of a justice framework in vulnerability assessments obscures historical marginalization and power imbalances that dictate outcomes of adaptation strategies [11]. Empirically, secondary coastal cities are anticipated to accommodate millions of new residents by 2050, yet they remain largely uncharted in global adaptation data [12]. Methodologically, the integration of spatial analysis with participatory techniques has the potential to reveal concealed vulnerabilities such as the unpaid care work undertaken by women during flooding events that quantitative indices may overlook [13]. As international climate funding increasingly directs attention toward urban initiatives, comprehensive evidence regarding beneficiaries is critical to prevent perpetuating inequities [14].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study seeks to directly address these critical gaps by conceptualising and applying the wet city framework within the Global South, using Khulna City, a high-risk but under-researched urban delta, as a focal point. It will integrate an intersectional perspective to identify which social subgroups experience the most severe climate-related impacts. Through a mixed-methods design that combines quota-based household interviews, expert interviews, and community focus group discussions, the research will incorporate diverse community perspectives into spatial vulnerability assessments. Additionally, it will evaluate climate adaptation financing and governance structures through the lens of justice, with the goal of developing more equitable and effective urban adaptation interventions. By tackling these deficiencies, the study aims to advance theoretical understanding and offer practical, actionable guidance for fostering climate-resilient and equitable urban futures in Bangladesh and comparable coastal areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"ftn1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e A wet city is an urban area situated in a geographical context characterised by significant water features such as wetlands, rivers, or coastlines, experiencing high levels of precipitation and humidity, and consequently facing a notable degree of vulnerability to water-related hazards like flooding, cyclones, storm surges, and sea-level rise. (10.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Hossain MR, Schismenos S, Brown NJ, McEvoy D: Wet cities: definition, characteristics and examples in south-west coastal Bangladesh. Unpublished manuscript. RMIT University. In\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e; 2025.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods/Design","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Research Aims and Objectives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proposed research is designed to enhance evidence-based decision-making, shape policy development, and improve implementation processes, ultimately fostering the creation of more equitable and sustainable adaptation strategies in the region. These strategies will prioritize fairness and inclusivity, particularly for marginalized and disadvantaged groups, by utilizing a climate justice framework. The study focuses on exploring the social aspects of vulnerability, the root causes of inequality, and the distinct adaptation requirements and priorities of marginalized communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main objectives of the research include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e￭ \u003cstrong\u003eEvaluating Urban Climate Vulnerabilities:\u003c/strong\u003e This research will analyse the unique climate change vulnerabilities that confront a Southwest Coastal city, dubbed a \u0026ldquo;wet city.\u0026rdquo; It will consider local socio-economic conditions, ecological environments, and infrastructure features. Important elements such as floodplain topography, instances of severe rainfall, and seawater intrusion will be assessed to determine their effects on urban systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e￭ \u003cstrong\u003eExamining Equitable Impacts:\u003c/strong\u003e The study aims to investigate whether marginalized urban populations, such as low-income families, women, landless individuals, and indigenous communities, persons with disability, and climate migrants, are disproportionately affected by climate change. This examination aligns with global findings that highlight how poverty and inequality heighten the risks posed by climate change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e￭ \u003cstrong\u003eDeveloping Equitable Adaptation Strategies:\u003c/strong\u003e The research will recommend and design adaptation strategies that incorporate the principles of climate justice, ensuring fairness, active participation, and equitable distribution of resources for vulnerable urban communities. This component of the study seeks to aid evidence-based policymaking and planning, championing inclusive and just adaptation measures within these cities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese goals highlight the significance of both technical aspects, like vulnerability assessments, and social aspects concerning justice and equity, underscoring the necessity of inclusive and evidence-based decision-making as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Research Questions (RQ)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study is guided by three fundamental research questions, each targeting a critical dimension of the urban climate justice paradigm:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRQ 01: \u0026nbsp; What specific climate change vulnerabilities do wet cities in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh face?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis question will explore how geographical factors (e.g., river deltas and floodplains), infrastructure characteristics (such as drainage systems and embankments), and urban development influence vulnerability to sea-level rise, cyclones, flooding, and waterlogging. It aims to identify critical weaknesses such as consistent waterlogging in Khulna City\u0026rsquo;s infrastructure and services which will increase with climate stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRQ 02: \u0026nbsp; In what ways does climate change disproportionately impact marginalized and disadvantaged groups within these wet cities, and what are the mechanisms of this effect? \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis question focuses on the justice aspect by examining how climate impacts such as flooding, cyclones, and storm surge are unevenly distributed. Notably, informal settlements and low-income residents often occupy the most flood-prone areas and may lack adaptive resources. Existing global evidence demonstrates that inequity and poverty hinder adaptation efforts, resulting in heightened risks for the most vulnerable populations. This inquiry aims to identify specific urban groups (including women, economically disadvantaged individuals, and ethnic minorities) that are most affected and how?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRQ 03: What adaptation strategies can effectively address these vulnerabilities through a lens of climate justice?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis question shifts the focus toward identifying viable solutions and measures that would mitigate risks in a fair and inclusive manner. Participatory planning, targeted investments, and policy modifications that elevate marginalized voices will be explored. The objective is to formulate adaptation options that adhere to principles of distributional and procedural justice, reflecting the calls for inclusive governance in climate policy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach inquiry interweaves empirical assessment with justice-oriented analysis, ultimately aiming to generate actionable insights for scholars and policymakers alike.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Selection of Study Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, primary data will be collected through field investigations. Khulna City, Bangladesh, will be the study area. The city is situated at the confluence of the Rupsha and Bhairab rivers in Bangladesh\u0026rsquo;s Southwest coastal zone, faces acute climate‑driven hazards including cyclones, urban flooding, land subsidence, and saltwater intrusion, making it a critical locus for studying climate justice and adaptation in wet cities [16]. As the third-largest urban centre in the country, with a population approaching one million and an annual growth rate of 1.5%, Khulna\u0026rsquo;s demographic significance and economic importance highlight the need for research on equitable adaptation approaches [17]. Furthermore, its proximity to the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem renders its hydrology and ecology particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels and upstream river management practices [18]. The city\u0026rsquo;s low-lying topography, coupled with deteriorating embankments, means that many areas are susceptible to repeated waterlogging and storm-surge flooding, with informal settlements often experiencing the most severe impacts [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Selection of the Vulnerable Community\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn individual\u0026rsquo;s vulnerability to climate change effects is shaped by a variety of factors such as geographic location, race, gender, age, cultural context, ethnicity, and other socioeconomic indicators [20]. Typically, the most vulnerable individuals are those living in insecure areas, facing economic difficulties, lacking awareness of their rights, or experiencing geographic disadvantages [21-23]. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCHA Kuran, C Morsut, BI Kruke, M Kr\u0026uuml;ger, L Segnestam, K Orru, TO N\u0026aelig;vestad, M Airola, J Ker\u0026auml;nen, F Gabel, et al. [24] describe vulnerable populations as groups that have specific characteristics that place them at a higher risk of needing humanitarian aid compared to others and often suffer from exclusion from social and financial services. Furthermore, the experiences of marginalization within these groups vary regarding the impacts and risks they face, influenced by factors such as age, gender, resource access disparities, socioeconomic status, and educational opportunities [25, 26]. Existing literatures indicate that in numerous communities, women and non-binary individuals experience heightened disadvantages and limited protective measures, primarily due to insufficient livelihoods and coping mechanisms in the face of disasters.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the context of coastal Khulna City, Bangladesh, research identifies the most vulnerable and marginalized groups as\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ei) women, particularly those leading households [20, 27-33]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eii) ethnic minorities specifically Indigenous populations such as the Munda and Dalits [20, 28, 34, 35]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eiii) landless farmers and fishers [20, 28]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eiv) low-income households [28]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ev) climate migrants [23, 32] and\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003evi) \u0026nbsp; persons with disabilities [29, 32, 34, 36]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough climate change poses risks to all individuals, its impacts are neither uniform nor equally borne. Vulnerable and marginalised groups often face a disproportionate share of the burden, primarily due to entrenched socio-economic, cultural, and political inequalities as indicated by [20]. These systemic disparities underscore the need for a climate justice framework, one that not only promotes equitable adaptation and mitigation strategies but also actively involves affected communities in shaping the responses that influence their lives. This research seeks to examine the distinct vulnerabilities experienced by these populations, investigate the structural drivers that deepen their marginalisation, and highlight the critical importance of integrating climate justice principles into policy and practice to ensure inclusive and fair climate action.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Selection of Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA mixed methods approach will be adopted for this study. JD Rivera [37] describes mixed methods research as the integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches encompassing diverse perspectives, data collection techniques, analytic methods, and inferential strategies to achieve both comprehensive breadth and profound depth of understanding while corroborating findings. This integrative strategy leverages the statistical rigor of quantitative methods alongside the contextual richness of qualitative data, thereby enhancing insights into complex social phenomena. By combining various data sources and methodologies, this study aims to achieve robust triangulation, improved validity, and a capture of multifaceted perspectives, facilitating a nuanced exploration of the research questions, contexts, and participant experiences [38]. In the realm of social science, where human behaviour and societal dynamics are highly intricate, the mixed methods framework offers a powerful means to encapsulate the complexity of phenomena, ultimately leading to deeper insights and more meaningful conclusions [39]. Participatory Appraisal tools will be employed to ensure effective data triangulation in this study including semi-structured interviews for the household survey, expert interviews, and community focus group discussions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuota Sampling\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA non-probabilistic sampling technique, quota sampling, will be used in this research since it will allow the researcher to purposively select individuals that meet specific criteria, in this case it\u0026rsquo;s the people from marginalized and disadvantaged communities [40]. This method is particularly advantageous given the lack of reliable population lists, as well as the constraints of limited time and resources within a qualitative inquiry framework [41]. The choice of quota sampling is justified by the contextual complexity and diversity of the Southwest Coastal communities. These heterogeneous populations often have outdated or incomplete population data, making non-probability sampling an effective way to ensure that the most affected groups by climate-related extremes, such as flooding, storm surge, and salinity impacts, are included. It is an effective approach for ensuring that diverse and context-specific subgroups in the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh, such as female-headed households, small-holder farmers, ethnic minorities, persons with disability, low-income communities are intentionally represented in the research focused on climate justice and wet cities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to existing research, there isn\u0026rsquo;t a definitive guideline for the number of participants required in quota sampling, as it varies based on different perspectives [42-44]. JW Creswell and JD Creswell [38] suggest that the appropriate sample size is influenced by the qualitative research design employed, such as ethnography or case studies. After reviewing various qualitative studies, the authors estimate that narrative research typically includes one to two participants, phenomenological studies involve 3-10 participants, grounded theory research requires 20-30 participants, ethnographic research focuses on a single cultural group with multiple artifacts, interviews, and observations, and case studies generally consist of around four to five cases [38]. This is just one perspective on determining sample size. An alternative approach, as noted by K Charmaz [45], suggests that data collection should continue until the categories or themes reach saturation, meaning no new insights or characteristics emerge from additional data. This indicates that an adequate sample size has been achieved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe quota sampling method has been used by many scholars in disaster studies [46-49], in epidemiology [50], in educational research [51], in consumer behaviour and marketing [52]; and other studies [53] in developed and global south countries. For the convenience of the researcher and to ensure representation from vulnerable groups this study will include 8 primary participants from each vulnerable group and 2 participants as substitutes. This will yield a sample size of 48 in total. Household heads will be the primary respondents, yet women from female-headed households and any person with disability will be the respondent of household interviews. Each interview will take approximately 35 to 45 minutes to complete. Each survey will take approximately 35 to 45 minutes to complete. The questionnaire will include both structured and semi-structured questions to collect both quantitative data and detailed qualitative narratives on livelihood impacts, coping strategies, adaptation measures, and barriers to accessing innovative technologies. The questionnaire will be translated in Bengali since most the participants speak only local language.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eExpert Interview\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the study will conduct 10 Expert Interviews (EIs) with representatives from various formal, quasi-formal, and informal regional and local institutions including, but not limited to, community leaders, local government officials, NGOs, policymakers, urban planners, and climate experts. Focus of KIIs will be on the barriers to adaptation, governance challenges, and equitable distribution of resources. Each KII will last between 30 to 40 minutes, using guided interview protocols.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommunity Focus Group Discussion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, 2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) will be carried out with community members to explore their experiences of climate extremes, local adaptation efforts, and policy recommendations. These sessions will provide insights into institutional roles and adaptation strategies. Each FGD session will include 8-12 participants and will last approximately 45 to 60 minutes. Two breakout sessions with women and persons with disability will be conducted separately to understand their opinions. With participants\u0026rsquo; consent, all interviews will be audio-recorded in Bengali and later transcribed into English for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eThematic Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe thematic analysis method will be used for qualitative data, allowing for an in-depth exploration of subjective experiences and perspectives. V Braun and V Clarke [54] method will be considered for thematic analysis. This method facilitates a comprehensive examination of the views held by both community and professional stakeholders. Additionally, it is particularly appropriate for investigating topics that lack a robust theoretical and empirical foundation. Meanwhile, quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, providing numerical indicators for broader trends. A triangulation technique will be utilized to cross-verify findings from different data sources, ensuring the reliability and validity of results. This method will enable the integration of qualitative narratives and quantitative metrics into a unified analytical framework [38].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study area has long been subjected to climate-related stresses and shocks, exacerbated by its coastal location, limited socioeconomic resources, and weak infrastructure [20, 55-60]. Since the 1990s, several national and international NGOs have initiated adaptation and development programs to mitigate these challenges [55, 61-63]. To comprehensively assess vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies, multiple reconnaissance surveys and a census of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the population will be conducted before data collection. This will help in identifying households with diverse occupations and economic backgrounds, as well as the involvement of various development and climate risk reduction actors. A cross-checking process will be followed, initially with Experts and later with Community Focus Group participants, to validate the Household Interview findings. Furthermore, secondary data will be collected from research papers, journals, reports, and document reviews to complement the primary data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Study Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study will integrate both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It will utilize quota sampling, a non-probabilistic technique, to intentionally select individuals from vulnerable communities. This approach is particularly useful due to the lack of reliable population lists and the constraints of time and resources in qualitative research [41]. Thematic analysis will be used to analyse the interview data. Figure 1 visualizes my study design.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6.1 Risk During Data Collection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proposed research project will employ different methodologies including Household Interviews, Community Focus Groups, Expert Interviews, and policy analysis. These methods might present several potential risks for participants, researchers, and the overall integrity of the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants may face various psychological and emotional risks when discussing distressing topics like climate-induced displacement, environmental degradation and loss of their livelihoods. Survivors of floods or cyclones, in particular, may experience emotional distress when recalling traumatic events. Social and cultural risks also exist, particularly concerning power imbalances in focus groups that may silence certain voices like those of women, ethnic minorities, and low-income participants especially while discussing climate justice issues (e.g., government negligence, corruption, and land disputes). Additionally, political and legal risks are associated with potential backlash for participants discussing sensitive topics about government policies and resource allocation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers may also face physical and environmental risks when conducting fieldwork, especially in flood-prone areas where extreme weather and health concerns pose significant threats. Political and security risks are present as investigators may be perceived as politically sensitive by local authorities, potentially leading to resistance from government agencies or corporate entities whose interests may be challenged by the research findings. Furthermore, risks to research integrity and data security pose concerns, including potential misinformation and response bias, where participants may self-censor their answers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo mitigate psychological and emotional risks for participants, the research will include preliminary briefings, referrals for counselling or psychosocial support, and a voluntary participation framework with the option to withdraw at any time. For social and cultural risks, anonymous data collection methods and culturally sensitive facilitators will be employed, along with separate discussions for vulnerable groups. Regarding political and legal risks, anonymizing sensitive responses, securing data storage, and informing participants about the limits of confidentiality will be the vital strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor researchers, risk assessments prior to field visits will help identify potential hazards. Safety training and risk assessments will be ensured, along with scheduling field visits during safe weather condition. The project will partner with a local NGO that will reduce suspicion and help navigate political risks, while regular risk assessments can prepare researchers for any security concerns. Moreover, the student researcher has a long-term relationship with the local authorities from his past role as a research officer and faculty who had visited the research field many times for data collection purpose.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo uphold research integrity, the research team will employ anonymous questioning techniques and cross-validate responses through triangulation. The research team will be trained to detect bias and inconsistencies in participants\u0026apos; responses. Furthermore, by using secure data storage systems and providing clear explanations of how participant data will be used, the research aims to maintain trust and uphold ethical standards throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7 Recruitment and Data Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.1 Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study will focus on residents from the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh, particularly in Khulna City. Attention will be given to those living in areas prone to cyclone, flooding and storm surges. Demographically, the research aims to include vulnerable groups that are disproportionately affected by climate challenges. This includes women and female-headed households, ethnic minorities specifically Indigenous groups like the Munda and Dalits, landless farmers and fisherfolk, low-income households, climate migrants, and persons with disability. Participants will be adults aged 18 and over who have direct experiences with the impacts of climate extremes, such as displacement or loss of livelihood. Experience-based inclusion will be essential, drawing on participants who have faced climate-induced migration or changes in their livelihoods, as well as those who have engaged in various adaptation programs like saline-tolerant agriculture and embankment initiatives. The study will seek a diverse range of stakeholders for Expert Interviews including local community leaders who has vast experience of the area, local governance officials, NGO representatives, and experts such as researchers, academics and hydrologists with a focus on coastal ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals living outside Khulna City of the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh will be excluded from the study, as will urban populations that do not depend directly on wetland ecosystems for their livelihoods. Participants who lack relevant experiences regarding climate vulnerabilities or adaptation strategies in these wet cities will also be disregarded. Moreover, individuals unable to provide informed consent, such as minors or those with cognitive impairments, will not be included. Representatives from industries, both workers and owners, that exacerbate environmental degradation, such as unregulated shrimp farming, will be excluded unless their involvement is vital for addressing systemic inequities. Government representatives with potential conflicts of interest will also be excluded. Communities that have not encountered significant climate events, such as cyclones or floods, within the last 5 to 10 years will also be excluded if the research is concentrated on recent adaptation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent will be a cornerstone of the study, ensuring that all participants clearly understand the purpose of the project, possible risks, and their right to withdraw at any time. Communication will be conducted in local languages, including Bangla and dialects from the Khulna, to enhance understanding. Attention will be paid to power dynamics within the research process to avoid tokenism. The research will collaborate with local Non-government Organisations (NGOs) and community leaders that will help to establish trust within the participant community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.2 Recruitment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSnowball sampling will be employed to reach participants. This method is particularly useful when studying marginalised or hard-to-reach populations, as initial participants can help identify others within their social networks who meet the study\u0026rsquo;s inclusion criteria [64, 65]. Recruitment will primarily occur through targeted researcher\u0026rsquo;s professional networks, personal networks, and public records. Initially, the researcher will contact the relevant local authorities to find the list of vulnerable groups in the government records. Then the partner NGO will recommend a list of individuals who would be appropriate members for the household survey since they already have prior knowledge and the social and economic conditions of the participants in those localities. After that, the research assistant will call each person under the guidance of student researcher and provide them with information about the research. This will entail an overview of the research, focusing on climate justice, the vulnerabilities associated with wet cities, and the efforts to develop equitable adaptation strategies for the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh. The goals and objectives of the research will be clearly articulated, emphasising its interdisciplinary nature and the crucial role of the participants\u0026rsquo; insights in shaping effective adaptation strategies. Participants will also receive detailed instructions on their potential role, including an outline of the expected time commitment, types of activities involved and the privacy safeguards in place, as well as the voluntary nature of their participation. The invitation will encourage expressions of interest, pointing out the structured consent process that ensures comprehensive understanding before data collection begins. Ethical considerations surrounding confidentiality, data security, potential risks and benefits, and the right to withdraw will also be communicated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePotential participants will be given a two-week period to deliberate on their willingness to engage in the research study. Once a potential participant expresses interest, the student researcher and the research assistant will conduct a screening process via telephone prior to obtaining informed consent. The decision regarding their eligibility (either acceptance or rejection) will be communicated to the participant by the research assistant within two weeks following their expression of interest. If deemed eligible, informed consent will be obtained from them before the commencement of the interviews.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.3 Consent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure that informed consent is obtained from participants, a series of thorough procedures will be implemented. First and foremost, information provided to participants will be communicated clearly and in accessible language. Consent form will be written in straightforward terms, outlining the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose, procedures, potential risks, benefits, and the voluntary nature of participation. Consent form will be translated into local language to ensure that all participants fully grasp the details of the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure that participation is voluntary, the recruitment and consent discussions will be led by the local contact of the researcher, independent from any authority over the potential participant. Throughout the consent process, it will be emphasised that participation is entirely voluntary, and individuals can choose not to participate or withdraw at any time. Even after consent is granted, researchers will remind participants of their rights to help them feel comfortable with their decision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.4 Reimbursements and/or tokens policy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study does not offer reimbursements or incentives, as the emphasis is on fostering voluntary participation that contributes to community well-being. However, for community focus groups, conveyance bill will be provided to enable participation, along with costs for refreshments and a meal. Moreover, every participant of the study will be provided with a souvenir from RMIT University as a token of appreciation for their participation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.5 Privacy Protection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring recruitment and at the time of obtaining consent, the study will collect basic identifying and demographic information such as age, gender, occupation, and participants\u0026rsquo; familiarity with the study site and their experience in adaptation activities. This information is essential for analysis, as it informs our understanding of participants\u0026rsquo; vulnerabilities and concerns. Data collection will involve anonymisation using codes instead of names. For example, instead of mentioning names or specific job titles or locations, a broader category (e.g., \u0026ldquo;community member 1\u0026rdquo; rather than a participant name or \u0026ldquo;a community leader\u0026rdquo; rather than \u0026ldquo;the mayor of X town\u0026rdquo;) will be employed. All subsequent data outputs and reporting will rely on these de-identified codes, ensuring no personal information is disclosed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.5 Data Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collection will involve expert interviews, household interviews, and community focus groups discussion. The participants will receive orientation before starting of the session about the nature of the research, purpose of the research, what does participation in the research involves, possible benefits and risks, and the ways information will be used. Table 1 represents the purpose of the sessions and the questions to be asked during interviews and discussion.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 Description of the activities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpert Interview\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose of the session\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestions to be asked\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of the session is to collect information on experts\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ \u0026nbsp;insights on the issues of climate extremes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ organisation\u0026rsquo;s role in coping and adaptation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ effectiveness of adaptation strategies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ barriers of accessing in innovative technologies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe experts will be asked to\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ identify the most critical and frequent climate-related events Khulna City facing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ assess the effectiveness of current urban infrastructures in Khulna in coping with these extreme weather events\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ identify which community group/ groups are the most affected\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ recognise specific barriers or vulnerabilities those groups face during and after climate-related events\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ categorise whether the current climate adaptation strategies and supporting infrastructure in Khulna are adequate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ pinpoint policy reform needed to address the climate related challenges of vulnerable groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold Interview\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose of the session\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestions to be asked\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of the session is to collect information on respondents\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ perceptions on the impact of climate extremes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ coping mechanisms with those events\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ adaptation measures followed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ barriers to access innovative technologies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe respondents will be asked about\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ experience with recent climate events\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ challenges faced and most immediate needs after an event\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ opinion on which group/groups are most affected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ factors affecting vulnerability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ satisfaction on supports received from the local government\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ inclusion in decision making process in adaptation interventions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ typical coping mechanism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunity Focus Group Discussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose of the session\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestions to be asked\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of the session is to collect information on community\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ observation on which areas or groups are most affected by a changing climate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ challenges during climate events\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ adaptation mechanisms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ fairness in receiving support from government\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ participation in decision-making process in climate adaptation projects\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe groups will be asked about their\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ perception on climate change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ how community being affected\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ examples of existing community adaptation strategies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ recommendation to improve current adaptation practices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e￭ opportunity to voice their opinion and participation in decision making processes on climate adaptation projects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.6 Follow-up\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant follow-up after the data collection phase will involve two main strategies. In first phase, once recording is transcribed, participants of the household interviews will be given an opportunity to review their responses and edit as appropriate. The participants will be contacted via email and will be given two weeks to act and change their response. If participants have no internet access and/or no email accounts, their response could be sent electronically to a trusted person they nominate (i.e. family member, friend) who owns an email account. This action will be done once the participants confirm this action with the researcher (over phone). If participants have no internet access, and no email access, and cannot nominate a trusted person of their trust with an email account, their response will be sent to them through the NGO representative. If a participant is illiterate, the NGO representative will explain the written response. If anyone wishes to change their response, they will contact the researcher or the local NGO representative. Email addresses of the experts will be collected and their responses will be sent to them for comments. They will have two weeks to provide comments on their feedback. Changes and modifications will be recorded and incorporated in the research accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn second phase, a newsletter will be distributed to all participants, providing an overview of the study, sharing information about any related publications, conference presentations, or other relevant dissemination activities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents a structured research protocol designed to assess the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities of communities in the Southwest Coastal region of Bangladesh, with particular attention to equitable climate resilience strategies in Khulna City. The investigation prioritizes the lived experiences and voices of both professional and community stakeholders, bridging scientific and community knowledge to inform policy recommendations. Drawing on household interviews, focus groups, and expert consultations, this research aims to elucidate the barriers to equitable adaptation, the differentiated vulnerabilities across social groups, and the capacity of existing adaptation practices to address these complex challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA key strength of this research lies in its inclusive, mixed-methods design that emphasizes participatory and context-sensitive approaches. By engaging both expert stakeholders and community members, the study seeks to capture a broad spectrum of perceptions and experiences, fostering a nuanced understanding of climate risks and adaptive practices within Khulna. Furthermore, the use of thematic analysis supports a comprehensive exploration of participants’ narratives, ensuring that the resulting insights are grounded in real-world lived experiences. This analytical approach enhances the ecological validity of the findings, offering rich, contextualized insights that can inform more socially just and sustainable adaptation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, the research has also considered the ethical implications of conducting studies within climate vulnerable communities, adhering to principles of respect, justice, and beneficence as outlined in the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007, updated 2018), Australia. Such ethical rigor strengthens the credibility and impact of the study outcomes. Finally, the flexible and scalable methodological approach adopted in this protocol provides a foundation that can be adapted by other researchers working in similar contexts, thereby contributing to broader knowledge exchange and cross-context learning.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical authorization for this study has been obtained from the RMIT Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (Review Reference: 2025-28910-29418). This research adheres to the necessary ethical standards. All participants will provide written informed consent prior to data collection using Participants Information and Consent Form (PICF).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study utilized data from publicly available databases, which do not contain identifiable personal information. Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo datasets were generated or analysed during the current study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research has been supported by the School of Engineering of RMIT University, Australia and funding provided by Author 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRH:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualisation, writing original manuscript, review; \u003cstrong\u003eSS:\u003c/strong\u003e supervision, review; \u003cstrong\u003eNJB:\u003c/strong\u003e supervision, review; DM: supervision, review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Librarian, RMIT University for assisting with databases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eInstitute of Disaster Management, Khulna University of Engineering \u0026amp; Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHossain MA, Reza MI, Rahman S, Kayes I: Climate Change and its Impacts on the Livelihoods of the Vulnerable People in the Southwestern Coastal Zone in Bangladesh. 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\u003cem\u003eInternational journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being \u003c/em\u003e2014, 9(1):26152-26152.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBari ABMM, Intesar A, Mamun AA, Debnath B, Islam ARMT, Alam GMM, Parvez MS: Gender-based vulnerability and adaptive capacity in the disaster-prone coastal areas from an intersectionality perspective. \u003cem\u003eClimate Risk Management \u003c/em\u003e2024, 43:100581.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJerin T, Azad MAK, Khan MN: Climate change-triggered vulnerability assessment of the flood-prone communities in Bangladesh: A gender perspective. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction \u003c/em\u003e2023, 95:103851.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTasnuva A, Bari QH, Islam ARMT, Hassan KM: Developing a disaster risk index for coastal communities in southwest Bangladesh: Shifting from data-driven models to holistic approaches. \u003cem\u003eEcological Indicators \u003c/em\u003e2024, 166:112381.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurshed S, Griffin AL, Islam MA, Wang XH, Paull D: Assessing multi-climate-hazard threat in the coastal region of Bangladesh by combining influential environmental and anthropogenic factors. \u003cem\u003eProgress in Disaster Science \u003c/em\u003e2022, 16:100261.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSony MAAM, Hasan MK, Roy T: Coping with disasters: changing patterns of disaster risk reduction activities in the southwestern coastal areas of Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eSN Social Sciences \u003c/em\u003e2023, 3(12):202.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSarker S, Hossain S, Islam MA, Dolon MR, Datta A, Sarker A, Farukh MA: Climate Change Tempted Disaster Instigated Human Migration in the Coastal Districts of Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agroforestry and Environment \u003c/em\u003e2023, 16(2):54-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzad MJ, Pritchard B: The importance of women's roles in adaptive capacity and resilience to flooding in rural Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction \u003c/em\u003e2023, 90:103660.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeal W, Alam GMM, Nagy GJ, Rahman MM, Roy S, Wolf F, Kovaleva M, Saroar M, Li CL: Climate change adaptation responses among riparian settlements: A case study from Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003ePlos One \u003c/em\u003e2022, 17(12).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlam A, Du AM, Rahman M, Yazdifar H, Abbasi K: SMEs respond to climate change: Evidence from developing countries. \u003cem\u003eTechnological Forecasting and Social Change \u003c/em\u003e2022, 185:122087.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNoy C: Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of social research methodology \u003c/em\u003e2008, 11(4):327-344.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoodman LA: Snowball sampling. \u003cem\u003eThe annals of mathematical statistics \u003c/em\u003e1961:148-170.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Climate justice, participatory adaptation, urban vulnerability, climate resilience ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7673906/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7673906/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Vulnerable populations in Khulna City, Bangladesh, are increasingly at risk from climate change due to their geographical context, socio-economic disparities, and insufficient urban resilience. Although there are initiatives aimed at climate adaptation, these efforts often lack equity and inclusivity, ignoring the specific vulnerabilities faced by women-led households, ethnic minorities, low-income groups, climate migrants, landless farmers and fisher s, and persons with disability. This protocol articulates a mixed-methods research design intended to evaluate these challenges and collaboratively develop climate adaptation strategies that prioritize justice and community engagement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods/Design:\u003c/strong\u003e This study employs a mixed-methods approach that combines household interviews, expert consultations, and community focus groups discussions to investigate the lived experiences, adaptive capacities, and obstacles encountered by at-risk populations in Khulna. Additionally, a review of policy and governance will be conducted to pinpoint equity deficiencies in adaptation planning. Thematic analysis will be utilized to extract insights from qualitative data, while quantitative data will facilitate trend analysis. The integration of community knowledge with expert perspectives aims to generate context-specific priorities and inclusive adaptation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion:\u003c/strong\u003e This protocol study seeks to bridge significant research gaps at the nexus of urban climate resilience and climate justice. By utilizing participatory and intersectional methodologies, it endeavours to uncover overlooked vulnerabilities and amplify the voices of marginalized communities. Ethical considerations, such as obtaining informed consent and ensuring respect for participants, are fundamental to the research design. Ultimately, the study aspires to inform equitable climate adaptation policies in Khulna and similar vulnerable urban delta regions, contributing to broader discussions surrounding global climate justice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Research Protocol for Assessing Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Strategies for Vulnerable Communities in Climate-Affected Khulna City of Southwest Coastal Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-30 07:40:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7673906/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"54a11661-b0c6-4eef-900c-d45bcac3cf69","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-06T04:53:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-30 07:40:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7673906","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7673906","identity":"rs-7673906","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}