Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Tropospheric NO₂ over Dhaka Division (2019–2024), Bangladesh

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Tropospheric NO₂ over Dhaka Division (2019–2024), Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Tropospheric NO₂ over Dhaka Division (2019–2024), Bangladesh Mahbuba Hasnat Swa, Tanzim Hayat, Md. Zillur Rahman, Md. Shakhawat Hossain, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7869738/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Air pollution poses a significant public health and environmental challenge in Bangladesh, particularly in Dhaka Division, where limited monitoring infrastructure highlights a critical research gap in understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). This study addresses this gap by analyzing daily NO₂ concentrations in Dhaka Division from 2019 to 2024 using high-resolution Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite data, validated with ground-based observations from the Department of Environment's Continuous Air Monitoring Stations (CAMS), and integrated with meteorological data via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results reveal a distinct weekly cycle, with NO₂ levels peaking on Sundays (up to 2.38 × 10¹⁵ molecules/cm²) and declining on Fridays (2.15 × 10¹⁵ molecules/cm²), alongside seasonal variations with winter maxima (up to 10.60 × 10¹⁵ molecules/cm² in January) and monsoon minima (0.32 × 10¹⁵ molecules/cm² in July), driven by meteorological conditions. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator indicate significant upward trends (up to 0.32 × 10¹⁵ molecules/cm² per year) in urban-industrial areas, such as Narayanganj, with peak annual concentrations reaching nearly 7 × 10¹⁵ molecules/cm² during 2021–2022, likely due to post-COVID activity surges. Validation yields moderate Pearson correlations (R = 0.20–0.32) between satellite and ground data, effectively capturing seasonal trends. Meanwhile, PCA explains 89.23% of the variance, highlighting the influence of temperature and surface pressure on NO₂ dynamics. Compared to prior studies that were limited to the COVID-19 period or relied on single data sources, this research provides a comprehensive and integrated analysis. These findings underscore the need for enhanced monitoring and informing policies to mitigate urban air pollution in vulnerable regions, such as Dhaka Division. Air Pollution Mann-Kendall Test NO2 Trends Seasonal Dynamics Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7869738","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":530691539,"identity":"fd808fe8-f3f0-4e4b-90d4-cf6094797311","order_by":0,"name":"Mahbuba Hasnat Swa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dhaka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahbuba","middleName":"Hasnat","lastName":"Swa","suffix":""},{"id":530691540,"identity":"97dde2d3-d136-49d2-a6ab-ef51c21687d5","order_by":1,"name":"Tanzim Hayat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dhaka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tanzim","middleName":"","lastName":"Hayat","suffix":""},{"id":530691541,"identity":"f094f89b-25ae-42fe-b446-74ec41674c46","order_by":2,"name":"Md. 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Bangladesh","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Air Pollution, Mann-Kendall Test, NO2 Trends, Seasonal Dynamics, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7869738/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7869738/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAir pollution poses a significant public health and environmental challenge in Bangladesh, particularly in Dhaka Division, where limited monitoring infrastructure highlights a critical research gap in understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). This study addresses this gap by analyzing daily NO₂ concentrations in Dhaka Division from 2019 to 2024 using high-resolution Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite data, validated with ground-based observations from the Department of Environment's Continuous Air Monitoring Stations (CAMS), and integrated with meteorological data via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results reveal a distinct weekly cycle, with NO₂ levels peaking on Sundays (up to 2.38 \u0026times; 10\u0026sup1;⁵ molecules/cm\u0026sup2;) and declining on Fridays (2.15 \u0026times; 10\u0026sup1;⁵ molecules/cm\u0026sup2;), alongside seasonal variations with winter maxima (up to 10.60 \u0026times; 10\u0026sup1;⁵ molecules/cm\u0026sup2; in January) and monsoon minima (0.32 \u0026times; 10\u0026sup1;⁵ molecules/cm\u0026sup2; in July), driven by meteorological conditions. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator indicate significant upward trends (up to 0.32 \u0026times; 10\u0026sup1;⁵ molecules/cm\u0026sup2; per year) in urban-industrial areas, such as Narayanganj, with peak annual concentrations reaching nearly 7 \u0026times; 10\u0026sup1;⁵ molecules/cm\u0026sup2; during 2021\u0026ndash;2022, likely due to post-COVID activity surges. Validation yields moderate Pearson correlations (R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.20\u0026ndash;0.32) between satellite and ground data, effectively capturing seasonal trends. Meanwhile, PCA explains 89.23% of the variance, highlighting the influence of temperature and surface pressure on NO₂ dynamics. Compared to prior studies that were limited to the COVID-19 period or relied on single data sources, this research provides a comprehensive and integrated analysis. These findings underscore the need for enhanced monitoring and informing policies to mitigate urban air pollution in vulnerable regions, such as Dhaka Division.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Tropospheric NO₂ over Dhaka Division (2019–2024), Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-17 18:00:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7869738/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7cffb70e-2266-49f8-80f1-120b31328865","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-06T13:53:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-17 18:00:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7869738","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7869738","identity":"rs-7869738","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}