Prevalence of Aedes Mosquitoes During the Dengue Transmission Season in Haridwar City of Uttarakhand State, India

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K. Singh, Nasreen Akhtar, Nida Siddiqui, Sangeeta Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167285/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An entomological investigation was conducted in the dengue-affected regions of Haridwar city, Uttarakhand, during the dengue transmission season. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of Aedes mosquitoes and identify high-risk areas in Haridwar city for the control of dengue disease. Out of 1922 residential premises, commercial establishments, and public places only 244 localities were found positive for Aedes breeding. The House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI) in residential areas were 12.40, 8.08, and 20.68, respectively, while the CI in commercial and public places was 33.50. Aedes aegypti followed by Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus was the most dominating species and found in peri-domestic habitats. Larvae of Ae. aegypti was collected from junk materials, cemented tanks, pots, seepage water tanks, mud pots, discarded tires, tree holes, desert coolers, mani pots, plastic containers, tray of the domestic refrigerator, and flower pots. The average Man Hour Density (MHD) of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus , and Ae. vittatus in residential areas were 10.77, 6.81, and 0.52, while in commercial/official areas, they were 4.75, 7.95, and 1.68. Five species of Aedes mosquitoes, namely Ae. aegypti , Ae. albopictus , Ae. vittatus , Ae. pseudotaeniatus , and Ae. thomsoni , were recorded during the study. Dengue fever Aedes mosquito Breeding Entomological Transmission season Highlights Haridwar is an ancient city and important Hindu pilgrimage site in North India's Uttarakhand state, for outbreak of dengue disease Dengue virus transmitted by the biting of female Aedes mosquito and it is a day biter mosquito Aedes a egypti mosquito was found dominant species in domestic and peri-domestic breeding habitats, while Ae . albopictus and Ae . vittatus mosquitoes were also found in outdoor breeding habitats of the houses. Five species of Aedes mosquitoes i.e . Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni were recorded INTRODUCTION Dengue infection a viral disease is one of the most common arthropod borne viral diseases across the world and majorly occurred in tropical and sub-tropical areas 1 . Dengue virus have four serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) that cause infection in humans 2 , 3 . All four serotypes can activate a broad range of illness, from in apparent or mild febrile Dengue fever (DF) to severe and fatal haemorrhagic disease 1 , 4 , 5 . The transmission of the disease is primarily attributed to Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes 4 . Many studies stated that Dengue fever has been identified as a significant disease burden in endemic countries 6 . In 1943, Dengue Virus (DENV) was first isolated from inoculated patient's serum samples in suckling mice from Japan 7 and Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1944 from serum samples of US soldiers 8 . Epidemically, the first case of clinical dengue-like illness was documented in Madras (now Chennai) in 1780, while the initial virologically confirmed epidemic of DF occurred in Calcutta and the Eastern Coast of India during 1963–1964 9,10,11,12 . The first widespread epidemics of DHF occurred in India in 1996, specifically in areas surrounding Delhi and Lucknow 13 , 14 , and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) followed in 2004 in Mumbai and other areas 15 . Subsequently, the disease spread throughout the entire country, infiltrating new regions and populations, and its magnitude as an epidemic continues to increase. The challenge posed by dengue viral infection is multifaceted, as the pathogenesis of severe dengue disease remains unknown, there is currently no available vaccine for protection, and the existing vector control measures are inadequate and insufficient 16 , 17 . More than half of the world’s population is at risk of dengue viral infection. Each year, an estimated 390 million dengue infections occur around the world, resulting in up to 36,000 deaths 18 . Delhi is also endemic to DF/ Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and has experienced several outbreaks 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 . Presently, DF/DHF has been reported as a re-emerging disease in India 23 – 29 and in 2021 DF cases were reported from all over the country and all the states by the National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC) 30 . During COVID-19 pandemic situation, the total number of DF cases seemingly decreased during years 2020 and 2021 including deaths as reported 31 , 32 . In India in 2021, a total of 193245 DF/DHF cases with 306 deaths were reported while in Uttarakhand state, 738 DF/DHF cases with 2 deaths were also reported (NCVBDC 2022) 30 . Overall, the rising graph of DF/DHF, imposing a serious concern on the health of the country, including the state of Uttarakhand and in past few entomological studies were carried out on dengue surveillance in Uttarakhand state 27 , 33 , 34 . Dengue fever cases were regularly reported during the last decade, as 738 DF/DHF confirmed cases and 2 deaths were reported in 2021 and a few unreported DF/DHF cases also occurred during the study from the Uttarakhand state. The District Health Authority (DHA) made significant efforts to control the small dengue epidemic. National Institute Malaria Research (NIMR) field unit, Haridwar on request of the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) and District Malaria Officer (DMO) of Haridwar, to conduct an entomological investigation during the dengue transmission season. A study was conducted to gain insight into the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes, the distribution of adult mosquitoes, and the stratification of areas with Aedes mosquitoes. The study also aimed to identify high-risk areas in Haridwar city that are susceptible to dengue outbreaks. The results of this study are presented in this research article and a detailed report of the entomological survey was sent to the CMO and DMO, Haridwar to further follow-up and necessary action. MATERIALS & METHODS Study site and topography: Haridwar district, which came into existence on 28th December 1988, was formed by separating it from the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh state. It is surrounded by Saharanpur district in the west, Dehradun district in the north, Pauri Garhwal district in the east, and Muzaffar Nagar and Bijnor districts of Uttar Pradesh in the south. The district's population, according to the 2011 census, is 18,90,422 35 . Haridwar is located on the banks of the holy River Ganga and boasts abundant water resources. It is known for its agricultural productivity, with a wide variety of food grains being cultivated here. The weather in Haridwar is characterized by a temperature of 34°C, a wind wave of 13 km/h, and a humidity level of 33% 35 . This district holds great significance as a Hindu pilgrimage site and is an ancient city in Uttarakhand state, North India. It is where the River Ganges emerges from the Himalayan foothills, making it one of the first towns where the sacred river touches the plains. Haridwar district spans an area of approximately 2360 km 2 and is situated in the western part of Uttarakhand state, India. Its geographical coordinates are 29.58 degrees' north latitude and 78.13 degrees' east longitude. The district's elevation from sea level is 249.7 meters. Entomological surveys: The study site was selected based on the confirmed dengue cases reported over the past three years (2018–2020). From June 08, 2021, to December 23, 2021, an entomological study was conducted in 24 localities within Haridwar city and the BHEL complex area. In each selected site, a comprehensive survey was conducted in approximately 59–451 houses to collect larvae, employing the single larval technique simultaneously 36 . Both residential and commercial/official premises within the chosen localities were randomly screened to identify Aedes breeding sites in various types of containers found in and around the houses. A total of 1917 residential and 12 commercial/official premises were thoroughly screened in the dengue affected areas of Haridwar city to detect Aedes breeding within the houses and their surroundings. A door-to-door entomological survey was conducted to identify Ae. aegypti breeding habitats, including desert coolers, cemented tubs, cemented tanks, overhead tanks, iron/metal drums, junk materials, discarded tires, etc., in domestic and peridomestic areas of all selected localities, following the standard procedure outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) for entomological techniques 37 . Larvae were collected from each locality using dipping and pipetting methods, and subsequent emergence was observed in the laboratory. Larger containers were searched using a 300 ml capacity dipper. The reared adult mosquitoes were identified using standard keys 37 , 38 , 39 . Additionally, the House Index (HI), Breteau Index (BI), Container Index (CI), and Pupal Index (PI) were recorded for these localities. The data collected on the types and locations of breeding habitats were properly documented and analyzed, and various indices were calculated using larval techniques and the standard WHO procedure 2 , 40 . Containers found to have Aedes breeding during the survey were further examined, and the Breeding Preference Ratio (BPR) was calculated to determine the percentage of species composition of Aedes mosquitoes. Adult Mosquito collection and sampling: Adult mosquitoes were collected from both indoor and outdoor areas of the houses using a mouth aspirator and a torch (flashlight). This was done to determine the mosquito biting activity and identify the species up to the species level. The identification was carried out using standard identification keys 37 , 38 , 39 . The collection of adult mosquitoes took place during the early morning hours (0600–0900) by two insect collectors. These collectors visited two human dwellings, including cattle sheds, in dengue affected localities. The same field team was responsible for capturing the Aedes mosquitoes in each study locality. Once collected from all selected localities, the mosquitoes were placed in test tubes and separated based on the locality name, date, and time of collection. Subsequently, the adult mosquitoes were identified up to the species level and screened for infectivity. For each locality, container-wise data were pooled to calculate indices like container index, house index, breteau index and man hour density (MHD) using the following formulae; Container Index (CI)- i.e . percentage of water- holding containers infested with larvae or pupae. CI = Number of Aedes larvae positive containers x 100 / Number of containers with water inspected House Index (HI)- i.e. percentage of houses infested with larvae and/or pupae. HI = Number of houses positive for Aedes larvae x 100/ Number of houses inspected Breteau Index (BI)- i.e . number of positive containers per 100 houses inspected. BI = Number of positive containers x 100 / Number of houses inspected Man hour density (MHD) = Number of mosquitoes collected x 60/ Time spent in minute x Number of persons involved in collections RESULTS Entomological surveys were carried out by NIMR Field team in both residential and commercial (office) premises of Haridwar city during the month of June 2021 to December 2021 to find out the breeding sites where mosquito breeds and infects the peoples. During the surveys, a total of 1922 house premises were surveyed and out of which 1910 houses were screened from residential areas and 12 from commercial areas. In Residential areas out of 1910 houses, 237 houses were found to be positive with Aedes breeding while out of 12 commercial areas, only 7 were found to be positive with Aedes breeding. Inside both the premises, a total of 5081 water containers were screened for larval presence and out of 5081 water containers, 4884 water containers were found positive from residential areas and 197 water containers from commercial area with Aedes breeding (Tables 1 & 2). During survey, in residential areas (4884 water containers), only 395 water containers were found positive with breeding of Aedes mosquito. When calculated its overall House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI), it was observed that the HI (12.40), CI (8.08) and BI (20.68) of water containers were observed (Table 1). While in commercial areas (197 water containers), only 66 water conatiners were witnessed with Aedes breeding and their CI (33.50) were calculated during the survey (Table 2). During investigation in both study areas (Haridwar city and BHEL complex), different stages of larvae and adult of Aedes mosquito were detected and their stage vary localities wise in dengue affected areas. We also recorded the positivity rate of Aedes larvae irrespective of the number of dengue cases recorded in these localities. The distribution of Aedes larvae and Breeding Preference Ratio (BPR) in different types of breeding habitats was also recorded, and their results are depicted in Table 3. Among all the Aedes mosquito breeding habitats, the highest positivity of Ae. aegypti larvae were found in junk materials (4.46) followed by cemented tanks, pots & seepage water tanks (3.96), mud pots (3.58), discarded tyres (3.72), tree holes (2.95), desert coolers (1.97), money plant pots (1.86), plastic containers (1.02), tray of the domestic refrigerator (0.72) and flower pots (0.22) (Table 3). During the entomological survey, few localities were found to be positive with the breeding of Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus breeding were also observed in outdoor open spaces of the houses in a few localities. Aedes mosquitoes breeding were also found in intra-domestic water storage containers from the same areas where dengue cases were also reported. During indoor mosquito collections, only 3 Aedes mosquito species were collected and out of which Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found to be the most abundant species and other Ae. vittatus species was found in small numbers (Table 4 &5). Average Man Hour Density (MHD) of dengue vector was calculated and found to vary locality to locality from the dengue-affected localities (Table 4 &5). Entomological surveys were carried out by NIMR Field team in both residential and commercial (office) premises of Haridwar city during the month of June 2021 to December 2021 to find out the breeding sites where mosquito breeds and infects the peoples. During the survey, a total of 1922 house premises were surveyed and out of which 1910 houses were screened from residential areas and 12 from commercial areas. In Residential areas out of 1910 houses, 237 houses were screened to be positive with Aedes breeding while out of 12 commercial areas, 7 were tagged positive with Aedes breeding. Inside the both premises, a total of 5081 water containers were screened for larval presence and found out that out of 5081 water containers, 4884 water containers from residential areas and 197 water containers from commercial area were found positive with Aedes breeding (Tables 1 & 2). In residential areas (4884 water containers), only 395 water containers were positive with Aedes breeding during survey. When we compute its overall House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI), it was observed that the HI (12.40), CI (8.08) and BI (20.68) of water containers were calculated (Table 1). While in commercial areas (197 water containers), only 66 water containers were witnessed with Aedes breeding and their CI (33.50) were calculated during the survey (Table 2). In study areas (Haridwar city and BHEL complex) during investigation, different stages of both larvae and adult of Aedes mosquito were detected and their stage vary localities wise in dengue affected areas. We also recorded the positivity rate of Aedes larvae irrespective of the number of dengue cases recorded in these localities. The distribution and existence of Aedes larvae and Breeding Preference Ratio (BPR) in different types of breeding habitats was also examined, and their results are depicted in Table 3. Of all the Aedes mosquito breeding habitats, the highest positivity of Ae. aegypti larvae were found in junk materials (4.46) followed by cemented tanks, pots & seepage water tanks (3.96), mud pots (3.58), discarded tyres (3.72), tree holes (2.95), desert coolers (1.97), money plant pots (1.86), plastic containers (1.02), tray of the domestic refrigerator (0.72) and flower pots (0.22) (Table 3). At the time of entomological survey, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus breeding was also observed in outdoor open spaces of the houses in a few localities. Aedes mosquitoes breeding were also found in intra-domestic water storage containers from the same areas where dengue cases were also reported. During indoor mosquito collections, only 3 Aedes mosquito species were collected and out of which Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were tagged to be the most abundant species and other Ae. vittatus species was found in small numbers (Table 4 &5). Average Man Hour Density (MHD) of dengue vector was calculated and found to vary from locality to locality in dengue-affected areas (Table 4 &5). During the indoor adult mosquitoes collections, area wise Aedes mosquitoes of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus were collected from different localities and no. of mosquitoes for each locality ranged between in residential area 18–86, 11–91 and 0–12 and 5–32, 22–44 and 0–14 in commercial/ official area respectively. The average MHD of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus were in residential area 10.77, 6.81 and 0.52 (Table 4 ) and in commercial/ official area 4.75, 7.95 and 1.68 (Table 5). Percent species composition of Aedes mosquitoes larvae were isolated and collected from different localities of Haridwar City and BHEL complex (Table 6 ). A total of 637 larvae emerged into adults in the insectary/ laboratory condition and among all five species of Aedes mosquitoes i.e . Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni were properly identified. In Haridwar city, Ae. aegypti was widespread mostly and % species composition was 89.1% while in BHEL complex Ae. albopictus was most prevalent and its % species composition was 73.3% and very low breeding of Ae. aegypti 23.9% was recorded. High prevalence Ae. aegypti was recorded in Haridwar city which was as dengue affected area. Overall, percent species composition of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni 56.5, 41.45, 1.05, 0.4 and 0.6 respectively. Table 1: Prevalence of Aedes mosquito larvae in different localities of Residential areas in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season Sr. No. Name of the study area No. of House surveyed No. of House positive No. of Water containers surveyed No. of positive containers H. I. (%) C. I. (%) B. I. (%) 1 Hajari Bagh, Kankhal 188 8 156 11 4.25 7.05 5.85 2 Bhagwant Vatika, Kankhal 91 5 76 6 5.49 7.89 6.59 3 Indira Basti, Kankhal 88 9 196 16 10.2 8.16 18.2 4 Phari Bazaar, Kankhal 229 7 526 9 3.05 1.71 3.93 5 Miyan Mohalla, Kankhal 114 6 241 11 5.26 4.56 9.64 6 Sector-1, 2, 3 & 5 BHEL 221 64 1144 116 29 10.1 52.5 7 Bairagi Camp Bajariwala, Kankhal 451 28 1044 62 6.2 5.93 13.7 8 Devpura, Project Bairaj Colony & Vichitra Vatika 188 39 398 59 20.7 14.8 31.4 9 Canal Colony Mayapur 74 27 360 46 36.5 12.8 62.2 10 Shiv Murti Chowak 133 10 469 15 7.51 3.19 11.3 11 Bairaj Colony 74 31 241 41 41.9 17 55.4 12 Kashipura, Mansa Devi Area 59 3 33 3 5.08 9.09 5.08 Total 1910 237 4884 395 12.4 8.08 20.7 *H.I.= House Index, C.I.= Container Index, B.I.= Breteau Index Table 2: Prevalence of Aedes mosquito larvae in different localities of Commercial areas in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season Sr. No. Name of the study area No. of House surveyed No. of House positive No. of Water containers surveyed No. of positive containers C. I. (%) 1 Civil Maintenance Office, Sec-3, BHEL 1 1 23 13 56.52 2 Civil Maintenance Office Sec-5, BHEL 1 1 28 5 17.85 3 Civil Maintenance Office Sec-12, BHEL 1 1 23 5 21.73 4 CIVIL Maintenance Main Building, BHEL 1 0 9 0 0 5 Vidhut Sub Station Sec-3, BHEL 1 1 3 1 33.33 6 Vidhut Sub Station Sec-5, BHEL 1 0 3 0 0 7 Vidhut Sub Station Sec-1, BHEL 1 1 11 1 9.09 8 Jal Sansthan Sec-3, BHEL 1 0 19 0 0 9 Kotwali Police Station Ranipur Sec-5, BHEL 1 0 11 0 0 10 SOG, Office Police Station Sec-5, BHEL 1 0 4 0 0 11 State Office, BHEL 1 1 12 12 100 12 Trishul Guest House, BHEL 1 1 51 29 56.86 Total 12 7 197 66 33.5 * C.I.= Container Index Table 3. Breeding preference ratio (BPR) of Aedes larvae in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season Sr. No. Type of breeding habitats Number of containers with water Breeding Preference Ratio Examined (X %) With larvae (Y %) BPR (Y/X) 1 Flower Pots 2750 54.12 55 11.93 0.22 2 Desert Coolers 1155 22.73 207 44.9 1.97 3 Plastic Containers (Tubs, Bowls, Tanks, Buckets, Drums, Kens) 793 15.60. 74 16.05 1.02 4 Refrigerator Trays 15 0.29 1 0.21 0.72 5 Mud Pots /Pitchers 71 1.39 23 4.98 3.58 6 Discarded Tyres 55 1.08 15 3.25 3 7 Air Conditioner’s Trays 11 0.21 0 0 0 8 Cemented Tanks, Pots & Seepage Water Tanks 67 1.31 24 5.2 3.96 9 Tree Holes 11 0.22 3 0.65 2.95 10 Mani Plants 12 0.23 2 0.43 1.86 11 Junk Materials (Iron Drum, Containers, Steel Pots, Steel Wastes, Lids, Drums, Aluminium Sodium Light Fitting Covers, Discarded Toilet Seat, Cistern Lid, Discarded Helmet, Waste Crocary) 141 2.77 57 12.36 4.46 Total 5081 461 *B.P.R = Breeding Preference Ratio Table 4 Man hour density (MHD) of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus mosquito species in Commercial areas of Haridwar City during dengue transmission season Sr. No. Name of the study area No. of Ae. aegypti MHD of Ae. aegypti No. of Ae. albopictus MHD of Ae. albopictus No. of Ae. vittatus MHD of Ae. vittatus Ratio of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus 1 Hajari Bagh, Kankhal 37 9.25 21 5.25 0 0 1.8:1 2 Bhagwant Vatika, Kankhal 21 5.25 11 2.75 0 0 1.9:1 3 Indira Basti, Kankhal 30 7.5 18 4.5 2 0.5 15:09:01 4 Phari Bazaar, Kankhal 34 8.5 26 6.5 0 0 1.4:1 5 Miyan Mohalla, Kankhal 18 4.5 10 2.5 0 0 1.8:1 6 Sector-1,2,3&5, BHEL 56 14 91 22.75 12 3 4.7:7.6:1 7 Bairagi Camp Bajariwala, Kankhal 35 8.75 40 10 8 2 4.4:5:1 8 Devpura, Project Bairaj Colony & Vichitra Vatika 86 21.5 18 4.5 0 0 4.8:1 9 Canal Colony Mayapur 44 11 23 5.75 0 0 1.9:1 10 Shiv Murti Chowak 31 7.75 13 3.25 0 0 2.4:1 11 Bairaj Colony 83 20.75 34 8.5 3 0.75 27.7:11.3:1 12 Kashipura, Mansa Devi Area 42 10.5 22 5.5 0 0 1.91:1 Average MHD 10.77 6.81 0.52 *MHD = Man Hour Density Table 5: Man hour density (MHD) of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus mosquito species in Residential area of Haridwar City during dengue transmission season Sr. No. Name of the study area No. of Ae. aegypti MHD of Ae. aegypti No. of Ae. albopictus MHD of Ae. albopictus No. of Ae. vittatus MHD of Ae. vittatus Ratio of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus 1 Civil Maintenance Office, Sec-3, BHEL 16 4 23 5.75 8 2 02:09.9 2 Civil Maintenance Office Sec-5, BHEL 12 3 22 5.5 4 1 06:05.5 3 Civil Maintenance Office Sec-12, BHEL 11 2.75 27 6.75 4 1 2.8:6.8:1 4 CIVIL Maintenance Main Building, BHEL 28 7 35 8.75 13 3.25 2.2:2.7:1 5 Vidhut Sub Station Sec-3, BHEL 32 8 44 11 9 2.25 3.6:4.9:1 6 Vidhut Sub Station Sec-5, BHEL 26 6.5 35 8.75 10 2.5 2.7:3.5:1 7 Vidhut Sub Station Sec-1, BHEL 20 5 29 7.25 6 1.5 3.3:4.8:1 8 Jal Sansthan Sec-3, BHEL 22 5.5 40 10 6 1.5 3.7:6.7:1 9 Kotwali Police Station Ranipur Sec-5, BHEL 5 1.25 24 6 0 0 01:04.8 10 SOG, Office Police Station Sec-5, BHEL 8 2 31 7.75 0 0 01:03.9 11 State Office, BHEL 28 7 33 8.25 7 1.75 05:11.7 12 Trishul Guest House, BHEL 20 5 39 9.75 14 3.5 1.4:2.8:1 Average MHD 4.75 7.95 1.68 *M.H.D = Man Hour Density Table 6 Percent species composition of Aedes mosquitoes from Haridwar City and BHEL complex during dengue transmission season Sr. No. Area No. of emerged adults identified Species composition Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus Ae. vittatus Ae. pseudotaeniatus Ae. thomsoni 1 Haridwar City 380 89.1 9.6 0.5 0.8 0 2 BHEL complex 257 23.9 73.3 1.6 0 1.2 Total 637 56.5 41.45 1.05 0.4 0.6 *Adults mosquitoes were identified from larvae emerged DISCUSSION Since the MHD more than one depicts critical level, it necessitates the adequate vector control measures to eliminate mosquito breeding habitats in the houses and surroundings to avoid contamination of the disease in the localities. Vector Control (VC) is the only way to disease control and can be achieve by the enhance Integrated Vector Management (IVM) for early detection of mosquito breeding, so that, VC measures could be taken into action to eliminate mosquito breeding 40 . Environment Management Method (EMM) are used to control of Aedes mosquito larvae and adult also. In our study, overall percent species composition of Ae. aegypti , and their high entomological indices was recorded in Haridwar city; and water storing habits in the water holding containers were also observed in some of the localities due to scarcity of the tap water, and the house holders were not aware of the factors exacerbating breeding of mosquitogenic conditions, the larval indices have been also observed above the critical levels by the earlier workers from the state 28 , 34 . Additional steps can be taken to eliminate the potential mosquito breeding habitats in the houses and in localities by covering all water holding containers to prevent fresh egg laying by the dengue vector 40 . For control of Vector Borne Diseases (VBDs) and its prevention depends on reduction of mosquito density through breeding source and contact between mosquito and people, this ultimately enhanced the surveillance of Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) at the community level in dengue case detection and keeping a watch on people returning from dengue affected areas and suffering from febrile illness 22 , 31 . To know the percentage of species composition of Aedes mosquitoes, larvae were collected from different localities of Haridwar City and BHEL complex (Table 4 ). After emergence of larvae into adults, they were properly examined and five species were recorded. Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni mosquito species were recorded during the study. Aedes aegypti was found as dominant and most prevailing species in residential area, which were inhabitants of domestic and peri-domestic water holding containers and this data was recorded earlier also 3 , 20 , 22 – 24 , 27 . Most of Ae. aegypti was found as dominant species inside the houses in dengue affected areas during dengue epidemic in the most of areas showing larval indices may be the most probable reason for the persistence of dengue. Ae. albopictus species was found in the wet containers, mostly outside the house which were left in the open space around the house premises 21 , 34 . Similarly, previous researchers recorded these type of water holding containers, left outside the houses that were rarely cleaned, and mostly remain undisturbed for long time, which further became the site for Aedes mosquito breeding. Water storing habits determined as one of the reasons responsible for Aedes mosquito breeding 25 . Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti were also found to co-breed in the same type of mosquito breeding habitats in several localities. In addition, mixed breeding of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus were also recorded in some manmade breeding habitats 41 . This may be due to fast urbanization in the last three-four decades and destruction of natural breeding habitat conditions, these conditions forced to Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus to acquire and adapt to breed in manmade habitats besides restriction of natural habitats. Similar, observations were recorded by the previous researchers on the adaptation of both the mosquito species in Malaysia 42 . There may be intra-species competition for food and their existence, which increases its epidemiological potential and risk to the population. Pant et al. 1973 43 recorded that “ Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are feed outdoor as compared with Ae. aegypti . Aedes albopictus mosquitoes may play the role in amplifying dengue transmission”. Both the Aedes species should be checked before the transmission season in Haridwar City as observed by Joshi et al., 2003 44 which may play an important role in maintenance of urban cycle of dengue in Jodhpur and more attention should be paid in clarifying the involvement and transmission dynamics of dengue of Ae. albopictus in Haridwar City. In earlier study, high entomological indices were observed in some of the villages of Haridwar due to water storing habits in the domestic containers. The highest positivity number of Ae. aegypti larvae was found in the domestic refrigerator tray (4.55), most of the people/ villagers were not aware of these factors exacerbating mosquito breeding conditions, suggesting its potential for future outbreaks (unpublished data) 45 . Similar observations were observed by the previous researchers on environment and highlight these factors 46 . The present situation of mosquito breeding indices might be attributed to changes in the ecology and social behaviour of resident's/ house holders, changes in the living lifestyle, and non-availability of tap water supply properly enforcing water storage practices 47 . Therefore, continuous entomological surveillance should be undertaken in Haridwar City area to control the repeated occurrence of dengue disease and the information should be utilized to forecast dengue future outbreak, so that necessary VC efforts could be taken before possible dengue outbreak by the DHA to cease the epidemic and stop resurgence in future. Special efforts can be used to emptying, drying water holding containers, desert coolers, bird baths, flower pots etc. at least once a week. Gambusia larvivorous fishes can be introduce in ornamental water tanks, similarly, Bacillus thuringiensis (BTi) and Temephos larvicides can be applied in stagnant water more than one week. Temephos larvicides, which is not dangerous to humans and non-targeted organism, or environment when use as per the WHO/ National guidelines 30 , 40 . Synthetic Pyrethroids (SP) insecticide can used for Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) in areas where dengue cases are reported 28 . Pyrethrum spray/ malathion fogging can be applied for the control of adult Aedes mosquitoes. Personal protective prevention (PPP) measures can be used as an insect repellent and wearing light-colored clothes for the more coverage of the body; closed the doors and windows properly, and should use mosquito bed nets/ insecticide-treated bed nets for sleeping to protection for mosquitoes biting 28 . Legislative measures and byelaws should be implemented for avoidance of situations which favor mosquito breeding. Health education for community mobilization and community participation to eliminate Aedes mosquitoes breeding with the involvement of other sectors/ departments should be encouraged as per National guidelines for dengue prevention (NCVBDC). CONCLUSION The field study showed that Aedes mosquito breeding were detected in all the dengue-affected areas during transmission season in Haridwar City. Most of the areas showing high larval indices may be the probable reason for the persistence of dengue in the City. Focal and small outbreak of dengue was reported in Hardwar district of Uttrakhand state during 2021. Dengue infection was also observed in the rural area of the district Haridwar but the infection was low. The vector control and all the preventive measures need to be directed to eliminate the Aedes mosquitoes breeding by adopting a bottom-up vector born disease control program, the water management practice by the house holders along with the implementation of IEC activities are suggested to contain dengue epidemics in the future, which was hitherto free, for further containment. Declarations Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they don’t have any conflict of interest Author Contribution R.K.S. did field surveillance and wrote the main manuscript supervisionN.A. did methodology writing and manuscript editing and prepared tablesN.S. manuscript writingSS. manuscript writing ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The authors are thankful to the technical staff of ICMR-NIMR Field Unit, Haridwar Mr. Mohan Dobhal, Mangat Ram, Rajesh Kumar Mittal, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Dayal Chandra, Bhagwan Das, Shiv Raj Singh, and Shri M. B. Sharma Driver, for their active involvement and assistance during the field survey. References Gubler DJ. The global pandemic of dengue ⁄ dengue hemorrhagic fever: current status and prospects for the future. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1998; 27: 227-234. World Health Organization. Prevention and control of fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever: comprehensive guide lines. WHO Regional Publication SEARO No. 29, New Delhi: WHO -SEARO 1999. Nandi J, Sharma RS, PK Datta, Dhillon GPS. Dengue in the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi (India): epidemiological and entomological profile for the period 2003-2008. Dengue Bulletin 2008; 32: 156-161. Whitehorn J, Farrar J (2010). "Dengue". British Medical Bulletin, 95: 161- 73. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldq019. PMID 20616106. Innis, BL (1995). Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In: Porterfield, J.S. Ed., Exotic Viral Infections, Chapman Hall, London, 103-146. Gubler, DJ, Martin Meltzer. Impact of Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever on The Developing World. Advan Virus Res, 1999; 53: 35-70 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60342-5 Kimura R and Hotta S (1943) Experimental inoculation of dengue virus into mice. Nippon Igaku, 3344: 1378- 379. Sabin AB, Schlesinger MC. Production of immunity to dengue with virus modified by propagation in mice. Science 1945;101: 640- 2. Ramakrisnan SP, Gelfand HM, Bose PN, Sehgal PN, Mukerjee RN et al. The Epidemic of Acute Hemorrhagic fever in Calcutta, in 1963. Ind Jour Med Res 1964; 52: 633-650. Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Chakravarty SK. Haemorrhagic fever in Calcutta: some epidemiological observations. Ind Jour Med Res 1964; 52: 651-9. Chatterjee SN, Chakravarti SK, Mitra AC, Sarkar JK. Virological investigation of cases with neurological complications during the outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in Calcutta. Jour Ind Med Assoc 1965; 45: 314-6. Carey DE, Myers RM, Reuben R, Rodrigues FM. Studies on dengue in Vellore, South India. Am Jour Trop Med Hyg 1966;15: 580- 7. Dar L, Broor S, Sengupta S, Xess I, Seth P. The first major outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Delhi, India. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5 : 589-90. Agarwal R, Kapoor S, Nagar R, Misra A, Tandon R, Mathur A, et al. A clinical study of the patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever during the epidemic of 1996 at Lucknow, India. Southeast Asian Jour Trop Med Public Health 1999; 30: 735-40. Shah I, Deshpande GC, Tardeja PN. Outbreak of dengue in Mumbai and predictive markers for dengue shock syndrome. Jour Trop Pediatr 2004; 50: 301 Gupta Ekta, Dar Lalit, Kapoor Geetanjali, Broor Shobha. The changing epidemiology of dengue in Delhi, India. Virology Journal 2006; 3: 92 doi:10.1186/1743-422X-3-92 Gupta Nivedita, Srivastava Sakshi, Jain Amita, Chaturvedi Umesh C. Dengue in India Indian Jour Med Res 136, September 2012; 373: 390 World Mosquito Programme (WMP). Dengue Fact Sheet (2022). https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/learn/mosquito-borne-diseases/dengue. (Accessed on 21 February 2023). Kalra NL, Kaul SM, Rastogi RM. Prevalence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus vectors of DF/DHF in North, North-east and central India. Dengue Bulletin 1997; 21: 84-92. Kaul SM, Sharma RS, Sharma SN, Panigrahi N, Phukan PK, Shiv Lal. Preventing dengue and DHF - the role of entomological surveillance. Jour Commun Dis 1998; 30: 187-92. Singh RK, Mittal PK, Yadav NK, Gehlot OP, Dhiman RC. Aedes aegypti indices and KAP study in Sangam Vihar, south Delhi, during the XIX Commonwealth Games, New Delhi. Dengue Bulletin 2010; 35: 131-140. Singh RK, Mittal PK, Kumar Gaurav, Dhiman RC. Prevalence of Aedes mosquitoes in various localities of Delhi during dengue transmission season. Entomol and Appl Sci Let 2014; 1(4): 16-21. Sharma SN, Raina VK, Kumar A. Dengue/DHF: an emerging disease in India. Jour Commun Dis 2000; 32(3): 175-179. Sharma R S, Kaul S M, Sokhay J. Seasonal fluctuation of dengue fever vector. Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Delhi, India. Southeast Asian Jour Trop Med Pub Health 2005; 36: 186-190. Balakrishnan N, Venkatesh S, Lal S. An entomological study on the dengue vectors during outbreak of dengue in Tiruppur town and its surrounding, Tamil Nadu, India. Jour Commun Dis 2006; 38: 164-8. Singh RK, Das MK, Dhiman, RC, Mittal PK, Sinha ATS. Preliminary investigation of Dengue vectors in Ranchi, India. Jour Vec Born Dis 2008; 45(2): 171-173. Singh RK, Dhiman RC and Dua VK. Prevalence of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Aedes albopitus Skuse in Koderma, Jharkhand. Jour Commun Dis 2011; 43(3): 223-223. Singh, RK, Dhiman, RC, Dua VK, BC Joshi. Entomological investigations during an outbreak of Dengue fever in Lal Kuan town, Nainital district of Uttarakhand, India. Jour Vec Born Dis 2010; 47(3):189-192. Singh RK, MittalPK, Gaurav Kumar, Karlekar Rajesh R, Dhole Ravindra B, Dhiman RC. Prevalence of Aedes mosquitoes in various localities of Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra state, India. Internat Jour Mosq Res 2015; 2 (2): 38-41. National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. http://nvbdcp.gov.in/ accessed 02 Feb, 2023. Tuli NR, Singh K, Singh P, Bisht B, Singh H. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on prevention and control of dengue in Delhi, India. Dengue Bulletin, 2020; 41: 166-18. Sharma H, Ilyas A, Chowdhury A. et al. Does COVID-19 lockdowns have impacted on global dengue burden? A special focus to India. BMC Public Health 22, 1402 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13720. Kumar A, Sharma SK, Padbidri VS, Takare JP, Jain DC, Datta KK. An outbreak of dengue fever in rural areas of northern India. Jour Commun Dis 2001; 33(4): 274-81. Kumar S, Singh US, Katyal R. Preliminary observation on Aedes aegypti survey during lean transmission season in sub-Himalayan town of India. Jour Commun Dis 2008; 40(4): 167-8. Census 2011. Available from: https://haridwar.nic.in/about-district/ 02 Feb, 2023. Sheppard PM, Macdonald WW, Tonn RJ. A new method of measuring the relative prevalence of Aedes aegytpti . Bull WHO 1969; 40: 467. World Health Organization. Manual on practical entomology in malaria. WHO (1975), Geneva Switzerland. 160 pp. Das BP, Kaul SM. Pictorial key to the common Indian species of Aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes. Jour Commun Dis 1998; 30: 123-127. Barraud P. The fauna of British India, including Celon and Burma, Diptera. Vol. 5, Family-Culielale. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicine, 1934, pp-28, 463 pp. World Health, Organization. Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control, Geneva: World Health Organization 2009; 1-147. Kumari R, Kumar K, Chauhan LS. First dengue virus detection in Aedes albopictus from Delhi, India: Its breeding ecology and role in dengue transmission. Trop Med Int Health 2011; 6(8): 949- 954. Lee HL. A nationwide resurvey of the factors affecting the breeding of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban town of peninsular Malaysia 1988-1989. Trop Biomed 1991; 8: 157-160. Pant CP, Jatanasen S, Yasuno M. Prevalence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus and observations on the ecology of dengue haemorrhagic fever in several areas of Thailand. Southeast Asian Jour Trop Med Pub Healt 1973; 4: 113-121. Joshi V, Singh M, Mourya DT. Studies on determination of possible role of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in maintenance of urban cycle of dengue. Desert Medicine Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research) Jodhpur, Annual Report 2003; 3: 58-65. Singh RK, Nasreen Akhtar, Pooja Prasad, Gurnam Singh and Singh H. An entomological investigation in dengue affected areas during transmission season in district Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. communicated in Jour Vec Born Dis 2023. Tewari SC, Thenmozhi V, Katholi CR, Manavalan R, Munirathinam A, Gajanana A. Dengue vector prevalence and virus infection in a rural area in South India. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 4: 499-507. Joshi Vinod, Sharma RC, Sharma Yogesh, Adha Sandeep, Sharma Keerti, Singh H, Purohit Anil, Singhi Manju. Importance of socioeconomic status and tree holes in distribution of Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Jour Med Entomol 2014; 43 (2): 330-3. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4167285","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":284863859,"identity":"aeaa18dd-d5f4-4639-9204-2cead0c1a75f","order_by":0,"name":"R. K. Singh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIie2RsWrDMBCGZQTyIupVJuk7XPHQzaZvInPgyZBCp5AhhkL7EH0PlW4uGrL4AQzJ4NSQPUOKCx0i5QFkj4HoQ/yc4D644wjxeK4TJATMC6u8Mz9+N13hdQ9WYRMUekkQTwdhi1Hl8b3uH4bnXfopaLE8lemcEbr/aR3KvJGIHA749fFWbO8VmsFYkpQORRCJmoBG2DXFNlbUKJzNnErU4fdglXbx+xKr9QRFSJQcdAqtLIKj0lOUDhOjSGhqnAVqwxkd2yUqMR7+dQabKj/+qVUWha/73qWY20mbeWWCcltSZ7slrG1mNoJhtNvj8XhukTO2tEo0Z1jXIwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, BHEL Campus","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"R.","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":284863860,"identity":"1567c6f5-3649-4d0c-aa0f-3e15d5142d80","order_by":1,"name":"Nasreen Akhtar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Malaria Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nasreen","middleName":"","lastName":"Akhtar","suffix":""},{"id":284863861,"identity":"a58fc533-bd30-43a1-b8f5-1ec99ea8041f","order_by":2,"name":"Nida Siddiqui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Malaria Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nida","middleName":"","lastName":"Siddiqui","suffix":""},{"id":284863862,"identity":"9b79ae1c-2164-4470-aa1f-a7838082fe9e","order_by":3,"name":"Sangeeta Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Malaria Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sangeeta","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-26 06:02:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167285/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167285/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53888337,"identity":"635575e1-838f-4d50-8e7e-198450b2d70d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 20:22:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":562007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4167285/v1/8840c165-be1d-48b2-a7a7-3f30f5fa4dfe.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence of Aedes Mosquitoes During the Dengue Transmission Season in Haridwar City of Uttarakhand State, India","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHaridwar is an ancient city and important Hindu pilgrimage site in North India\u0026apos;s Uttarakhand state, for outbreak of dengue disease\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDengue virus transmitted by the biting of female \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito and it is a day biter mosquito\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes a\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eegypti\u003c/em\u003e mosquito was found dominant species in domestic and peri-domestic breeding habitats, while \u003cem\u003eAe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;vittatus\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes\u0026nbsp;were also found in outdoor breeding habitats of the houses.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFive species of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emosquitoes\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ei.e\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ealbopictus, Ae.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003evittatus, Ae.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epseudotaeniatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ae. thomsoni\u003c/em\u003e were recorded\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDengue infection a viral disease is one of the most common arthropod borne viral diseases across the world and majorly occurred in tropical and sub-tropical areas\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Dengue virus have four serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) that cause infection in humans\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. All four serotypes can activate a broad range of illness, from in apparent or mild febrile Dengue fever (DF) to severe and fatal haemorrhagic disease\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The transmission of the disease is primarily attributed to \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Many studies stated that Dengue fever has been identified as a significant disease burden in endemic countries\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In 1943, Dengue Virus (DENV) was first isolated from inoculated patient's serum samples in suckling mice from Japan\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1944 from serum samples of US soldiers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Epidemically, the first case of clinical dengue-like illness was documented in Madras (now Chennai) in 1780, while the initial virologically confirmed epidemic of DF occurred in Calcutta and the Eastern Coast of India during 1963\u0026ndash;1964\u003csup\u003e9,10,11,12\u003c/sup\u003e. The first widespread epidemics of DHF occurred in India in 1996, specifically in areas surrounding Delhi and Lucknow\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) followed in 2004 in Mumbai and other areas\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Subsequently, the disease spread throughout the entire country, infiltrating new regions and populations, and its magnitude as an epidemic continues to increase. The challenge posed by dengue viral infection is multifaceted, as the pathogenesis of severe dengue disease remains unknown, there is currently no available vaccine for protection, and the existing vector control measures are inadequate and insufficient\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. More than half of the world\u0026rsquo;s population is at risk of dengue viral infection. Each year, an estimated 390\u0026nbsp;million dengue infections occur around the world, resulting in up to 36,000 deaths\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Delhi is also endemic to DF/ Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and has experienced several outbreaks\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Presently, DF/DHF has been reported as a re-emerging disease in\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and in 2021 DF cases were reported from all over the country and all the states by the National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. During COVID-19 pandemic situation, the total number of DF cases seemingly decreased during years 2020 and 2021 including deaths as reported\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In India in 2021, a total of 193245 DF/DHF cases with 306 deaths were reported while in Uttarakhand state, 738 DF/DHF cases with 2 deaths were also reported (NCVBDC 2022) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Overall, the rising graph of DF/DHF, imposing a serious concern on the health of the country, including the state of Uttarakhand and in past few entomological studies were carried out on dengue surveillance in Uttarakhand state\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDengue fever cases were regularly reported during the last decade, as 738 DF/DHF confirmed cases and 2 deaths were reported in 2021 and a few unreported DF/DHF cases also occurred during the study from the Uttarakhand state. The District Health Authority (DHA) made significant efforts to control the small dengue epidemic. National Institute Malaria Research (NIMR) field unit, Haridwar on request of the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) and District Malaria Officer (DMO) of Haridwar, to conduct an entomological investigation during the dengue transmission season. A study was conducted to gain insight into the breeding of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes, the distribution of adult mosquitoes, and the stratification of areas with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes. The study also aimed to identify high-risk areas in Haridwar city that are susceptible to dengue outbreaks. The results of this study are presented in this research article and a detailed report of the entomological survey was sent to the CMO and DMO, Haridwar to further follow-up and necessary action.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS \u0026 METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy site and topography:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaridwar district, which came into existence on 28th December 1988, was formed by separating it from the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh state. It is surrounded by Saharanpur district in the west, Dehradun district in the north, Pauri Garhwal district in the east, and Muzaffar Nagar and Bijnor districts of Uttar Pradesh in the south. The district's population, according to the 2011 census, is 18,90,422\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e. Haridwar is located on the banks of the holy River Ganga and boasts abundant water resources. It is known for its agricultural productivity, with a wide variety of food grains being cultivated here. The weather in Haridwar is characterized by a temperature of 34\u0026deg;C, a wind wave of 13 km/h, and a humidity level of 33%\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e. This district holds great significance as a Hindu pilgrimage site and is an ancient city in Uttarakhand state, North India. It is where the River Ganges emerges from the Himalayan foothills, making it one of the first towns where the sacred river touches the plains. Haridwar district spans an area of approximately 2360 km\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and is situated in the western part of Uttarakhand state, India. Its geographical coordinates are 29.58 degrees' north latitude and 78.13 degrees' east longitude. The district's elevation from sea level is 249.7 meters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEntomological surveys:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study site was selected based on the confirmed dengue cases reported over the past three years (2018\u0026ndash;2020). From June 08, 2021, to December 23, 2021, an entomological study was conducted in 24 localities within Haridwar city and the BHEL complex area. In each selected site, a comprehensive survey was conducted in approximately 59\u0026ndash;451 houses to collect larvae, employing the single larval technique simultaneously\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Both residential and commercial/official premises within the chosen localities were randomly screened to identify \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding sites in various types of containers found in and around the houses. A total of 1917 residential and 12 commercial/official premises were thoroughly screened in the dengue affected areas of Haridwar city to detect \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding within the houses and their surroundings. A door-to-door entomological survey was conducted to identify \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e breeding habitats, including desert coolers, cemented tubs, cemented tanks, overhead tanks, iron/metal drums, junk materials, discarded tires, etc., in domestic and peridomestic areas of all selected localities, following the standard procedure outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) for entomological techniques\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Larvae were collected from each locality using dipping and pipetting methods, and subsequent emergence was observed in the laboratory. Larger containers were searched using a 300 ml capacity dipper. The reared adult mosquitoes were identified using standard keys\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, the House Index (HI), Breteau Index (BI), Container Index (CI), and Pupal Index (PI) were recorded for these localities. The data collected on the types and locations of breeding habitats were properly documented and analyzed, and various indices were calculated using larval techniques and the standard WHO procedure\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Containers found to have \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding during the survey were further examined, and the Breeding Preference Ratio (BPR) was calculated to determine the percentage of species composition of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAdult Mosquito collection and sampling:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult mosquitoes were collected from both indoor and outdoor areas of the houses using a mouth aspirator and a torch (flashlight). This was done to determine the mosquito biting activity and identify the species up to the species level. The identification was carried out using standard identification keys\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The collection of adult mosquitoes took place during the early morning hours (0600\u0026ndash;0900) by two insect collectors. These collectors visited two human dwellings, including cattle sheds, in dengue affected localities. The same field team was responsible for capturing the \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes in each study locality. Once collected from all selected localities, the mosquitoes were placed in test tubes and separated based on the locality name, date, and time of collection. Subsequently, the adult mosquitoes were identified up to the species level and screened for infectivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each locality, container-wise data were pooled to calculate indices like container index, house index, breteau index and man hour density (MHD) using the following formulae;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eContainer Index (CI)-\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003ei.e\u003c/em\u003e. percentage of water- holding containers infested with larvae or pupae.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e larvae positive containers x 100 / Number of containers with water inspected\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHouse Index (HI)-\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e percentage of houses infested with larvae and/or pupae.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of houses positive for \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e larvae x 100/ Number of houses inspected\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBreteau Index (BI)-\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003ei.e\u003c/em\u003e. number of positive containers per 100 houses inspected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of positive containers x 100 / Number of houses inspected\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMan hour density (MHD)\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of mosquitoes collected x 60/ Time spent in minute x Number of persons involved in collections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eEntomological surveys were carried out by NIMR Field team in both residential and commercial (office) premises of Haridwar city during the month of June 2021 to December 2021 to find out the breeding sites where mosquito breeds and infects the peoples. During the surveys, a total of 1922 house premises were surveyed and out of which 1910 houses were screened from residential areas and 12 from commercial areas. In Residential areas out of 1910 houses, 237 houses were found to be positive with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding while out of 12 commercial areas, only 7 were found to be positive with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding. Inside both the premises, a total of 5081 water containers were screened for larval presence and out of 5081 water containers, 4884 water containers were found positive from residential areas and 197 water containers from commercial area with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding (Tables 1 \u0026amp; 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring survey, in residential areas (4884 water containers), only 395 water containers were found positive with breeding of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito. When calculated its overall House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI), it was observed that the HI (12.40), CI (8.08) and BI (20.68) of water containers were observed (Table 1). While in commercial areas (197 water containers), only 66 water conatiners were witnessed with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding and their CI (33.50) were calculated during the survey (Table 2). During investigation in both study areas (Haridwar city and BHEL complex), different stages of larvae and adult of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito were detected and their stage vary localities wise in dengue affected areas. We also recorded the positivity rate of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e larvae irrespective of the number of dengue cases recorded in these localities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e larvae and Breeding Preference Ratio (BPR) in different types of breeding habitats was also recorded, and their results are depicted in Table 3. Among all the \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito breeding habitats, the highest positivity of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e larvae were found in junk materials (4.46) followed by cemented tanks, pots \u0026amp; seepage water tanks (3.96), mud pots (3.58), discarded tyres (3.72), tree holes (2.95), desert coolers (1.97), money plant pots (1.86), plastic containers (1.02), tray of the domestic refrigerator (0.72) and flower pots (0.22) (Table 3). During the entomological survey, few localities were found to be positive with the breeding of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e breeding were also observed in outdoor open spaces of the houses in a few localities. \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes breeding were also found in intra-domestic water storage containers from the same areas where dengue cases were also reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring indoor mosquito collections, only 3 \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito species were collected and out of which \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e were found to be the most abundant species and other \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e species was found in small numbers (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp;5). Average Man Hour Density (MHD) of dengue vector was calculated and found to vary locality to locality from the dengue-affected localities (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp;5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEntomological surveys were carried out by NIMR Field team in both residential and commercial (office) premises of Haridwar city during the month of June 2021 to December 2021 to find out the breeding sites where mosquito breeds and infects the peoples. During the survey, a total of 1922 house premises were surveyed and out of which 1910 houses were screened from residential areas and 12 from commercial areas. In Residential areas out of 1910 houses, 237 houses were screened to be positive with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding while out of 12 commercial areas, 7 were tagged positive with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding. Inside the both premises, a total of 5081 water containers were screened for larval presence and found out that out of 5081 water containers, 4884 water containers from residential areas and 197 water containers from commercial area were found positive with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding (Tables 1 \u0026amp; 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn residential areas (4884 water containers), only 395 water containers were positive with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding during survey. When we compute its overall House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI), it was observed that the HI (12.40), CI (8.08) and BI (20.68) of water containers were calculated (Table 1). While in commercial areas (197 water containers), only 66 water containers were witnessed with \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e breeding and their CI (33.50) were calculated during the survey (Table 2). In study areas (Haridwar city and BHEL complex) during investigation, different stages of both larvae and adult of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito were detected and their stage vary localities wise in dengue affected areas. We also recorded the positivity rate of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e larvae irrespective of the number of dengue cases recorded in these localities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution and existence of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e larvae and Breeding Preference Ratio (BPR) in different types of breeding habitats was also examined, and their results are depicted in Table 3. Of all the \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito breeding habitats, the highest positivity of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e larvae were found in junk materials (4.46) followed by cemented tanks, pots \u0026amp; seepage water tanks (3.96), mud pots (3.58), discarded tyres (3.72), tree holes (2.95), desert coolers (1.97), money plant pots (1.86), plastic containers (1.02), tray of the domestic refrigerator (0.72) and flower pots (0.22) (Table 3). At the time of entomological survey, \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e breeding was also observed in outdoor open spaces of the houses in a few localities. \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes breeding were also found in intra-domestic water storage containers from the same areas where dengue cases were also reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring indoor mosquito collections, only 3 \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito species were collected and out of which \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e were tagged to be the most abundant species and other \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e species was found in small numbers (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp;5). Average Man Hour Density (MHD) of dengue vector was calculated and found to vary from locality to locality in dengue-affected areas (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp;5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the indoor adult mosquitoes collections, area wise \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e were collected from different localities and no. of mosquitoes for each locality ranged between in residential area 18\u0026ndash;86, 11\u0026ndash;91 and 0\u0026ndash;12 and 5\u0026ndash;32, 22\u0026ndash;44 and 0\u0026ndash;14 in commercial/ official area respectively. The average MHD of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e were in residential area 10.77, 6.81 and 0.52 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and in commercial/ official area 4.75, 7.95 and 1.68 (Table\u0026nbsp;5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercent species composition of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes larvae were isolated and collected from different localities of Haridwar City and BHEL complex (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). A total of 637 larvae emerged into adults in the insectary/ laboratory condition and among all five species of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes \u003cem\u003ei.e\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni\u003c/em\u003e were properly identified. In Haridwar city, \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e was widespread mostly and % species composition was 89.1% while in BHEL complex \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e was most prevalent and its % species composition was 73.3% and very low breeding of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e 23.9% was recorded. High prevalence \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e was recorded in Haridwar city which was as dengue affected area. Overall, percent species composition of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni\u003c/em\u003e 56.5, 41.45, 1.05, 0.4 and 0.6 respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito larvae in different localities of Residential areas in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of the study area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of House surveyed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of House positive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of Water containers surveyed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of positive containers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH. I. (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC. I. (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB. I. (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHajari Bagh, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhagwant Vatika, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndira Basti, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhari Bazaar, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiyan Mohalla, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSector-1, 2, 3 \u0026amp; 5 BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBairagi Camp Bajariwala, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevpura, Project Bairaj Colony \u0026amp; Vichitra Vatika\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanal Colony Mayapur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShiv Murti Chowak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBairaj Colony\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKashipura, Mansa Devi Area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1910\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e237\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4884\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e395\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*H.I.= House Index, C.I.= Container Index, B.I.= Breteau Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito larvae in different localities of Commercial areas in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of the study area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of House surveyed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of House positive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of Water containers surveyed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of positive containers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC. I. (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil Maintenance Office, Sec-3, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil Maintenance Office Sec-5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil Maintenance Office Sec-12, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCIVIL Maintenance Main Building, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVidhut Sub Station Sec-3, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVidhut Sub Station Sec-5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVidhut Sub Station Sec-1, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJal Sansthan Sec-3, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKotwali Police Station Ranipur Sec-5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOG, Office Police Station Sec-5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eState Office, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrishul Guest House, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e197\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*\u003cstrong\u003eC.I.= Container Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. Breeding preference ratio (BPR) of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e larvae in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabf\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of breeding habitats\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of containers with water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreeding Preference Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExamined\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(X %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith larvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Y %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBPR (Y/X)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlower Pots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesert Coolers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlastic Containers (Tubs, Bowls, Tanks, Buckets, Drums, Kens)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.60.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRefrigerator Trays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMud Pots /Pitchers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscarded Tyres\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAir Conditioner\u0026rsquo;s Trays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCemented Tanks, Pots \u0026amp; Seepage Water Tanks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTree Holes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMani Plants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunk Materials (Iron Drum, Containers, Steel Pots, Steel Wastes, Lids, Drums, Aluminium Sodium Light Fitting Covers, Discarded Toilet Seat, Cistern Lid, Discarded Helmet, Waste Crocary)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5081\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e461\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*B.P.R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Breeding Preference Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabg\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMan hour density (MHD) of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus mosquito species in Commercial areas of Haridwar City during dengue transmission season\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of the study area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMHD of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMHD of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMHD of \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatio of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHajari Bagh, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhagwant Vatika, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndira Basti, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15:09:01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhari Bazaar, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiyan Mohalla, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSector-1,2,3\u0026amp;5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7:7.6:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBairagi Camp Bajariwala, Kankhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4:5:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevpura, Project Bairaj Colony \u0026amp; Vichitra Vatika\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanal Colony Mayapur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShiv Murti Chowak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBairaj Colony\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.7:11.3:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKashipura, Mansa Devi Area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.91:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage MHD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*MHD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Man Hour Density\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Man hour density (MHD) of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e mosquito species in Residential area of Haridwar City during dengue transmission season\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabh\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of the study area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMHD of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMHD of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMHD of \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatio of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil Maintenance Office, Sec-3, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02:09.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil Maintenance Office Sec-5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:05.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil Maintenance Office Sec-12, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8:6.8:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCIVIL Maintenance Main Building, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2:2.7:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVidhut Sub Station Sec-3, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6:4.9:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVidhut Sub Station Sec-5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7:3.5:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVidhut Sub Station Sec-1, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3:4.8:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJal Sansthan Sec-3, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7:6.7:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKotwali Police Station Ranipur Sec-5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:04.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOG, Office Police Station Sec-5, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:03.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eState Office, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05:11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrishul Guest House, BHEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4:2.8:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage MHD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*M.H.D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Man Hour Density\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabi\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent species composition of Aedes mosquitoes from Haridwar City and BHEL complex during dengue transmission season\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of emerged adults identified\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies composition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. pseudotaeniatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. thomsoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaridwar City\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBHEL complex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e637\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Adults mosquitoes were identified from larvae emerged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSince the MHD more than one depicts critical level, it necessitates the adequate vector control measures to eliminate mosquito breeding habitats in the houses and surroundings to avoid contamination of the disease in the localities. Vector Control (VC) is the only way to disease control and can be achieve by the enhance Integrated Vector Management (IVM) for early detection of mosquito breeding, so that, VC measures could be taken into action to eliminate mosquito breeding\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Environment Management Method (EMM) are used to control of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito larvae and adult also. In our study, overall percent species composition of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, and their high entomological indices was recorded in Haridwar city; and water storing habits in the water holding containers were also observed in some of the localities due to scarcity of the tap water, and the house holders were not aware of the factors exacerbating breeding of mosquitogenic conditions, the larval indices have been also observed above the critical levels by the earlier workers from the state\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additional steps can be taken to eliminate the potential mosquito breeding habitats in the houses and in localities by covering all water holding containers to prevent fresh egg laying by the dengue vector\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For control of Vector Borne Diseases (VBDs) and its prevention depends on reduction of mosquito density through breeding source and contact between mosquito and people, this ultimately enhanced the surveillance of Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) at the community level in dengue case detection and keeping a watch on people returning from dengue affected areas and suffering from febrile illness\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo know the percentage of species composition of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes, larvae were collected from different localities of Haridwar City and BHEL complex (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). After emergence of larvae into adults, they were properly examined and five species were recorded. \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni\u003c/em\u003e mosquito species were recorded during the study. \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e was found as dominant and most prevailing species in residential area, which were inhabitants of domestic and peri-domestic water holding containers and this data was recorded earlier also\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Most of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e was found as dominant species inside the houses in dengue affected areas during dengue epidemic in the most of areas showing larval indices may be the most probable reason for the persistence of dengue. \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e species was found in the wet containers, mostly outside the house which were left in the open space around the house premises\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, previous researchers recorded these type of water holding containers, left outside the houses that were rarely cleaned, and mostly remain undisturbed for long time, which further became the site for \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito breeding. Water storing habits determined as one of the reasons responsible for \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito breeding\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e were also found to co-breed in the same type of mosquito breeding habitats in several localities. In addition, mixed breeding of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti, Ae. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e were also recorded in some manmade breeding habitats\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This may be due to fast urbanization in the last three-four decades and destruction of natural breeding habitat conditions, these conditions forced to \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e to acquire and adapt to breed in manmade habitats besides restriction of natural habitats. Similar, observations were recorded by the previous researchers on the adaptation of both the mosquito species in Malaysia\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. There may be intra-species competition for food and their existence, which increases its epidemiological potential and risk to the population. Pant et al. 1973\u003csup\u003e43\u003c/sup\u003e recorded that \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes are feed outdoor as compared with \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes may play the role in amplifying dengue transmission\u0026rdquo;. Both the \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e species should be checked before the transmission season in Haridwar City as observed by Joshi et al., 2003\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e which may play an important role in maintenance of urban cycle of dengue in Jodhpur and more attention should be paid in clarifying the involvement and transmission dynamics of dengue of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e in Haridwar City.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn earlier study, high entomological indices were observed in some of the villages of Haridwar due to water storing habits in the domestic containers. The highest positivity number of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e larvae was found in the domestic refrigerator tray (4.55), most of the people/ villagers were not aware of these factors exacerbating mosquito breeding conditions, suggesting its potential for future outbreaks (unpublished data)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similar observations were observed by the previous researchers on environment and highlight these factors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The present situation of mosquito breeding indices might be attributed to changes in the ecology and social behaviour of resident's/ house holders, changes in the living lifestyle, and non-availability of tap water supply properly enforcing water storage practices\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, continuous entomological surveillance should be undertaken in Haridwar City area to control the repeated occurrence of dengue disease and the information should be utilized to forecast dengue future outbreak, so that necessary VC efforts could be taken before possible dengue outbreak by the DHA to cease the epidemic and stop resurgence in future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial efforts can be used to emptying, drying water holding containers, desert coolers, bird baths, flower pots etc. at least once a week. \u003cem\u003eGambusia\u003c/em\u003e larvivorous fishes can be introduce in ornamental water tanks, similarly, \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e (BTi) and Temephos larvicides can be applied in stagnant water more than one week. Temephos larvicides, which is not dangerous to humans and non-targeted organism, or environment when use as per the WHO/ National guidelines\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Synthetic Pyrethroids (SP) insecticide can used for Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) in areas where dengue cases are reported\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Pyrethrum spray/ malathion fogging can be applied for the control of adult \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes. Personal protective prevention (PPP) measures can be used as an insect repellent and wearing light-colored clothes for the more coverage of the body; closed the doors and windows properly, and should use mosquito bed nets/ insecticide-treated bed nets for sleeping to protection for mosquitoes biting\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Legislative measures and byelaws should be implemented for avoidance of situations which favor mosquito breeding. Health education for community mobilization and community participation to eliminate \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes breeding with the involvement of other sectors/ departments should be encouraged as per National guidelines for dengue prevention (NCVBDC).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field study showed that \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquito breeding were detected in all the dengue-affected areas during transmission season in Haridwar City. Most of the areas showing high larval indices may be the probable reason for the persistence of dengue in the City. Focal and small outbreak of dengue was reported in Hardwar district of Uttrakhand state during 2021. Dengue infection was also observed in the rural area of the district Haridwar but the infection was low. The vector control and all the preventive measures need to be directed to eliminate the \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes breeding by adopting a bottom-up vector born disease control program, the water management practice by the house holders along with the implementation of IEC activities are suggested to contain dengue epidemics in the future, which was hitherto free, for further containment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they don\u0026rsquo;t have any conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eR.K.S. did field surveillance and wrote the main manuscript supervisionN.A. did methodology writing and manuscript editing and prepared tablesN.S. manuscript writingSS. manuscript writing\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENT:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the technical staff of ICMR-NIMR Field Unit, Haridwar Mr. Mohan Dobhal, Mangat Ram, Rajesh Kumar Mittal, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Dayal Chandra, Bhagwan Das, Shiv Raj Singh, and Shri M. B. Sharma Driver, for their active involvement and assistance during the field survey.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGubler DJ. The global pandemic of dengue \u0026frasl; dengue hemorrhagic fever: current status and prospects for the future. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1998; 27: 227-234.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. Prevention and control of fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever: comprehensive guide lines. WHO Regional Publication SEARO No. 29, New Delhi: WHO -SEARO 1999. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNandi J, Sharma RS, PK Datta, Dhillon GPS. Dengue in the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi (India): epidemiological and entomological profile for the period 2003-2008. Dengue Bulletin 2008; 32: 156-161.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhitehorn J, Farrar J (2010). \u0026quot;Dengue\u0026quot;. British Medical Bulletin, 95: 161- 73. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldq019. 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Jour Commun Dis 2011; 43(3): 223-223.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh, RK, Dhiman, RC, Dua VK, BC Joshi. Entomological investigations during an outbreak of Dengue fever in Lal Kuan town, Nainital district of Uttarakhand, India. Jour Vec Born Dis 2010; 47(3):189-192. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh RK, MittalPK, Gaurav Kumar, Karlekar Rajesh R, Dhole Ravindra B, Dhiman RC. Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes in various localities of Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra state, India. Internat Jour Mosq Res 2015; 2 (2): 38-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. http://nvbdcp.gov.in/ accessed 02 Feb, 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTuli NR, Singh K, Singh P, Bisht B, Singh H. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on prevention and control of dengue in Delhi, India. Dengue Bulletin, 2020; 41: 166-18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma H, Ilyas A, Chowdhury A. et al. Does COVID-19 lockdowns have impacted on global dengue burden? A special focus to India. BMC Public Health 22, 1402 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13720.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar A, Sharma SK, Padbidri VS, Takare JP, Jain DC, Datta KK. An outbreak of dengue fever in rural areas of northern India. Jour Commun Dis 2001; 33(4): 274-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar S, Singh US, Katyal R. Preliminary observation on \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e survey during lean transmission season in sub-Himalayan town of India. Jour Commun Dis 2008; 40(4): 167-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCensus 2011. Available from: https://haridwar.nic.in/about-district/ 02 Feb, 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheppard PM, Macdonald WW, Tonn RJ. A new method of measuring the relative prevalence of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegytpti\u003c/em\u003e. Bull WHO 1969; 40: 467. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. Manual on practical entomology in malaria. WHO (1975), Geneva Switzerland. 160 pp. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDas BP, Kaul SM. Pictorial key to the common Indian species of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e (stegomyia) mosquitoes. Jour Commun Dis 1998; 30: 123-127. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarraud P. The fauna of British India, including Celon and Burma, Diptera. Vol. 5, Family-Culielale. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicine, 1934, pp-28, 463 pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health, Organization. Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control, Geneva: World Health Organization 2009; 1-147.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumari R, Kumar K, Chauhan LS. First dengue virus detection in \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e from Delhi, India: Its breeding ecology and role in dengue transmission. Trop Med Int Health 2011; 6(8): 949- 954.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee HL. A nationwide resurvey of the factors affecting the breeding of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e (L.) and \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban town of peninsular Malaysia 1988-1989. Trop Biomed 1991; 8: 157-160.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePant CP, Jatanasen S, Yasuno M. Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and observations on the ecology of dengue haemorrhagic fever in several areas of Thailand. Southeast Asian Jour Trop Med Pub Healt 1973; 4: 113-121.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoshi V, Singh M, Mourya DT. Studies on determination of possible role of \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes in maintenance of urban cycle of dengue. Desert Medicine Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research) Jodhpur, Annual Report 2003; 3: 58-65. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh RK, Nasreen Akhtar, Pooja Prasad, Gurnam Singh and Singh H. An entomological investigation in dengue affected areas during transmission season in district Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. communicated in Jour Vec Born Dis 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTewari SC, Thenmozhi V, Katholi CR, Manavalan R, Munirathinam A, Gajanana A. Dengue vector prevalence and virus infection in a rural area in South India. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 4: 499-507.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoshi Vinod, Sharma RC, Sharma Yogesh, Adha Sandeep, Sharma Keerti, Singh H, Purohit Anil, Singhi Manju. Importance of socioeconomic status and tree holes in distribution of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Jour Med Entomol 2014; 43 (2): 330-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Dengue fever, Aedes mosquito, Breeding, Entomological, Transmission season","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167285/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167285/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn entomological investigation was conducted in the dengue-affected regions of Haridwar city, Uttarakhand, during the dengue transmission season. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003emosquitoes and identify high-risk areas in Haridwar city for the control of dengue disease. Out of 1922 residential premises, commercial establishments, and public places only 244 localities were found positive for \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003ebreeding. The House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI) in residential areas were 12.40, 8.08, and 20.68, respectively, while the CI in commercial and public places was 33.50. \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e followed by \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e was the most dominating species and found in peri-domestic habitats. Larvae of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e was collected from junk materials, cemented tanks, pots, seepage water tanks, mud pots, discarded tires, tree holes, desert coolers, mani pots, plastic containers, tray of the domestic refrigerator, and flower pots. The average Man Hour Density (MHD) of \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003ein residential areas were 10.77, 6.81, and 0.52, while in commercial/official areas, they were 4.75, 7.95, and 1.68. Five species of \u003cem\u003eAedes \u003c/em\u003emosquitoes, namely \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAe. vittatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAe. pseudotaeniatus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAe. thomsoni\u003c/em\u003e, were recorded during the study.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence of Aedes Mosquitoes During the Dengue Transmission Season in Haridwar City of Uttarakhand State, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-01 07:17:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167285/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fef380c6-d61e-4d4d-a7f9-4f67993dc9c4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 1st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-01T20:14:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-01 07:17:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4167285","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4167285","identity":"rs-4167285","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}