Development and Identification of Four New Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Lines with Solid Stems

Development and Identification of Four New Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Lines with Solid Stems | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Development and Identification of Four New Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Lines with Solid Stems Dongyu Liang, Minghu Zhang, Xin Liu, Hui Li, Zhenjiao Jia, Dinghao Wang, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-729669/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Mar, 2022 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Stem solidness is an important agronomic trait for increasing the ability of wheat to resist lodging. In this study, four new synthetic hexaploid wheat with solid stems were developed from natural chromosome doubling of F 1 hybrids between a solid-stemmed durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum ssp. durum , 2n = 4x = 28, AABB) and four Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14, DD) accessions. The solid expression of the second internode at the base of the stem was stable for two synthetic hexalpoid wheat Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119 grown in both the greenhouse and field. The lodging resistance of four synthetic solid-stem wheats is stronger than that of CS, and Syn-SAU-116 has the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119. The paraffin sections of the second internode showed that four synthetic wheat lines had large outer diameters, well-developed mechanical tissues, large number of vascular bundles, and similar anatomical characteristics with solid-stemmed durum wheat. The chromosomal composition of four synthetic hexaploid wheat was identified by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) using Oligo-pSc119.2-1 and Oligo-pTa535-1. At adult stage, all four synthetic hexaploid wheat showed high resistance to mixed physiological races of stripe rust pathogen (CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, CYR34). These synthetic hexaploid wheat lines provide new materials for the improvement of common wheat. Agricultural Engineering Plant Physiology and Morphology Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics Solid stem Synthetic hexaploid wheat Durum wheat FISH Lodging resistance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Lodging, defined as the permanent displacement of stems from the vertical direction, is caused by a loss of balance within the body of the plant and can reduce the grain yield of wheat by 12–80% 1–4 . Wheat lodging includes stem lodging and root lodging 5 . Commonly, lodging in wheat occurs as a result of stem lodging rather than root lodging 6 . Stem lodging is the bending or breakage of the stem base caused by stem mechanical failure 5 . The lodging resistance of wheat stems is the result of the synergistic effect of the morphological characteristics and anatomical structures of wheat 7 . Previous efforts to reduce the occurrence of lodging in wheat have focused on reducing the height of plants and the use of plant growth regulators 8 . Another potential strategy is to breed wheat varieties with stems that have increased mechanical strength 9 – 11 . Therefore, improving the strength of wheat stems is an ideal way to increase the ability of wheat to resist lodging 12 . Previous studies have shown that the second internode at the base of the wheat stem plays a vital role in enhancing lodging resistance 13 , 14 . Increasing the outer diameter of the wheat stalk or thickening the stem wall at the base of the wheat could greatly improve lodging resistance 15 , 16 . A larger mechanical structure and thicker parenchyma, more vascular bundles and a larger vascular bundle area are also conducive to improving lodging resistance 12 , 17 . The ratio of the stem wall thickness to the outer stem diameter and the mechanical tissue contents of solid-stemmed wheat are significantly higher than those of common wheat 12 , 13 , 18 , 19 . Therefore, solid-stemmed wheat has higher stalk strength and stronger lodging resistance than common wheat 12 , 13 . There are three sources of stem solidness in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). (i) S-615: a solid-stemmed landrace from Portugal 18 , (ii) Conan: a semisolid-stemmed hard red spring wheat, developed by WestBred, LLC, USA 20 , and (iii) Janz: a solid-stemmed white spring wheat that derives its stem solidness from Agropyron elongatum 19 . The most common wheat cultivars in North America derived their stem solidness from the Portuguese landrace S-615 18 , with the genes influencing stem solidness localized to chromosomes 3B, 3D, 5A, 5B and 5D. The major QTL designated Qss.msub-3BL has been reported to be associated with the solid-stem trait, contributing up to 76% of the total genetic variation for stem solidness 21 . Under the influence of Qss.msub-3BL , early stem solidness was expressed during both jointing and booting, and late stem solidness was expressed after anthesis 22 . One differentially expressed gene, TraesCS3B01G608800 , was present as a single copy in IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 but showed copy number variation associated with stem solidness in a diverse panel of hexaploid cultivars 23 . Durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum , AABB, 2n = 4X = 28) includes an abundance of solid-stemmed varieties, landraces and old varieties 24 . Currently, there are at least two main sources of stem solidness in durum wheat: (i) Golden Ball: a solid-stemmed durum cultivar from South Africa 25 and (ii) Biodur (Valdur//Wascana/Durtal): a solid-stemmed durum cultivar from France 26 . Currently, the solid-stemmed durum cultivars registered for use in western Canada, CDC Fortitude, AAC Raymore, and AAC Cabri, all derive their stem solidness from the German cultivar Biodur 27 – 29 . In durum, a single dominant gene designated SSt1 confers the solid-stemmed phenotype and had been mapped to chromosome 3BL in the region of the Qss.msub-3BL locus 30 – 32 . The two sources of stem solidness in durum wheat (Golden Ball and Biodur) were different in haplotype around SSt1 , although this QTL had been mapped to 3B in both sources 32 . The synergistic two-way interaction between SSt1 and other secondary QTLs on the chromosome resulted in a higher rate of solid stems than when SSt1 was used alone 32 . The solidity of the stem was complementary to many factors 33 , and the additive effect of the SSt1 resistance allele in durum wheat produced stem solidness three times that of common wheat, with an additive effect 32 , 33 . TRITD3Bv1G280530 in solid-stemmed and hollow-stemmed durum wheat differed in copy number and was most likely to be a candidate gene in the SSt1 interval 34 . Durum wheat had greater stem solidness and was genetically more stable than common wheat cultivars 26 , 35 , 36 . Crossing with bread wheat directly or crossing with the diploid Ae. tauschii Coss. to develop synthetic hexaploid wheat are two alternative methods to utilize durum wheat genetic resources 37 . Efforts began in the 1940s to transfer solid stems from Golden Ball to hexaploid wheat by direct crossing, but solidness was suppressed, and only hollow-stemmed offspring were produced 18 , 35 , 38 , 39 . This suppression was overcome by crossing Golden Ball with Ae. squarrosa L. to create a synthetic hexaploid (P89-77-1F 4 ), which expressed pith in the culm lumen. The offspring of P89-77-1F 4 were backcrossed to the hollow-stemmed hexaploid wheat cultivar AC Elsa 40 , and then two solid-stemmed hexaploid spring wheat lines (PI 633737 and PI 633738) were developed and released 41 . However, both lines were still taller and matured later than AC Elsa, which averaged 95 cm in height and reached maturity in 104 d in the brown soil zones and in 107 d in the dark brown soil zones 40 , 41 . Given the consistent expression of solid stems in durum wheat, it is necessary to transfer solid stems from more durum wheat lines to common wheat lines. However, there are few reports on the transfer of stem solidness from durum wheat to common wheat 26 , 41 . Moreover, research on the expression of stem solidness of durum wheat in synthetic hexaploid wheat is limited. In this study, four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines were developed from the cross of semidwarf solid-stemmed durum wheat and four different Ae. tauschii accessions. Furthermore, these synthetic hexaploid wheat plants were identified by cytological identification, observation of the solidity and anatomical structure of the second internode at the base of the stem, and determination of lodging resistance. Materials And Methods Plant materials One solid-stemmed durum wheat ( T. turgidum ssp. durum , 2n=2x=28, AABB) Ma and four different Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii (2n=2x=14, DD) accessions AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96 were used in this study. The common wheat line SY95-71 was used as a susceptible control in stripe rust resistance analysis, and Chinese spring (CS) was used as a hollow-stemmed control. The durum wheat Ma is a semidwarf durum wheat with a plant height of approximately 80 cm that was kindly provided by George Fedak of the Ottawa Research and Development Centre in Canada. The lines with the code AS were kept in our institute. All germplasm materials generated from this research have been stored in the Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University. These materials can be shared with researchers for academic purposes upon request to the corresponding authors. Experimental research and field studies on the plants in our study, including the collection of plant material, comply with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Hybridization and natural chromosome doubling Crosses were made using T. turgidum ssp. durum Ma as the female parent and Ae. tauschii AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96 as the male parents in the field in the 2017-2018 wheat growing season. Emasculation and pollination were performed following Ref. 42 . No embryo rescue or hormone treatment was applied for the production of F 1 seeds. F 1 seeds were germinated in Petri dishes, and the root tips were analyzed cytologically. Then, F 1 hybrid plants were transplanted to the field (at Wenjiang Experimental Station of Sichuan Agricultural University, 30°36′N, 103°41′W) during the 2018-2019 wheat growing season. F 1 plants were self-fertilized through natural chromosome doubling, and the seed set ratios (percentage of selfed seed set per self-pollinated floret) for each plant were calculated. Agronomic trait comparisons The newly developed synthetic hexaploid wheat and its parents were sown in the field in October 2019. Individual plants were grown 10 cm apart within rows, with 30 cm between rows, which were 1.5 m long. Each line was planted in two rows. Plant height, the tiller number per plant, spike length, and seed setting were observed following Ref. 43 . Stripe rust resistance evaluation Field evaluation of stripe rust resistance was conducted at the adult stages during the 2019-2020 crop seasons. The lines were grown as individual plants spaced 10 cm apart within rows, with 30 cm between rows, which were 1 m in length. The highly susceptible stripe rust spreader variety of wheat SY95-71 was planted on both sides of each experimental row. Six weeks after planting, seedlings were inoculated with a mixed population of Chinese Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ( PST ) races CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, CYR34. The stripe rust infection type was recorded three times at 10-day intervals. Disease notes were taken when the flag leaves of SY95-71 showed full susceptibility. For each plant, the infection type (IT) was recorded on a scale of 1-9 44 . The PST responses were recorded as resistant (1-2, highly resistant; 3, resistant; 4, moderately resistant), intermediate (5), or susceptible (6-7, moderately susceptible; 8, susceptible; 9, highly susceptible). Stem solidity identification The expression of solid-stemmed traits was evaluated in the four synthetic hexaploid wheat plants, Ma and CS, which were planted in the greenhouse in July 2020 and in the field in October 2020, respectively. The stems were sampled following Ref. 12 . More than ten stems from the main tiller were randomly selected after flowering and were cross-sectionally cut at the center of each internode. The level of stem solidity was rated as 1 to 5 (1 for hollow and 5 for solid) following Ref. 45 . Lodging resistance identification The breaking resistance and bending moment of the second internode of Ma, synthetic wheat and CS were measured in the field 46 , and the lodging index was calculated following Ref. 47 . At 30 days after heading, the main stems were selected, and the internodes were numbered 1-5 consecutively from the bottom to the top of the stem. The fresh weight from the base of every internode to the top of the spike and the length from the base of the internode to the top of the spike were measured. The bending moment = the length from the base of the internode to the top of the spike × the fresh weight from the base of this internode to the top of the spike. Then, the length of the second internode was measured, and the midpoint was determined. Then, 5 cm of stalk at both ends of the midpoint was retained, and the extra parts were removed. The second internodes were placed horizontally to fix their ends, a stalk strength measuring instrument (YYD-1A, China) was placed vertically at the midpoint, and force was slowly applied to break the stems. The magnitude of the force is the internode breaking resistance. Finally, the lodging index (bending moment/breaking resistance ×100) was calculated. Observation of the anatomical structures of stems The internodes were numbered consecutively from the base to the top of the stem. At the flowering stage, the main tiller was selected. The center of the second internode of the wheat stem base was cut into 1 cm pieces and then soaked in FAA fixative for more than 24 hours following Ref. 13 . The samples were sent to Wuhan Servicebio Biological Technology Co., Ltd. for preparation of paraffin sections. CaseViewer 2.3 was used to view the results of the paraffin section analysis. The diameters of the stem and medullary cavity and the thickness of the mechanical tissue were measured. The number of vascular bundles was calculated. Each sample was measured 25 times, and the average value was taken. Cytological observations Cytological observations were made for the number of chromosomes of root tip cells and chromosome pairing of pollen mother cells (PMCs) following Ref. 42 . Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on the root tip cells of the plants with 2n=42 using oligonucleotide probes Oligo-pSc119.2-1 and Oligo-pTa535-1 following Ref. 48 . For meiotic analysis, at least 30 PMCs were observed for each line. Univalents (I) and bivalents (II) were counted, and their average numbers were calculated. All probes were synthesized and labeled with FAM or Tamra (TSINGKE Biological Technology Company, Chengdu, China). Hybridization signals were observed using an Olympus BX-63 epifluorescence microscope, and the images were photographed using a Photometric SenSys Olympus DP70 CCD camera (Olympus, Tokyo). Raw images were processed using Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA, USA). Individual chromosomes of synthetic hexaploid wheat were compared with the karyotypes of the previously published FISH patterns of newly synthesized hexaploid wheat lines 49 . Results Development of four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines Four F 1 hybrid combinations were obtained from crosses between solid-stemmed Ma as the female parent and four different Ae. tauschii accessions AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96 as the male parents in 2018. The true F 1 hybrids were found cytologically to have a chromosome number of 21 (Fig. 1). The plant height and spike length of the F 1 hybrids were similar to those of their female parent, but the number of tillers reached 10 to 20, which was similar to that of their male parent. The selfed seed set rates of F 1 hybrid combinations were 16.71%, 16.48%, 20.36% and 25.77% for Ma/AS78, Ma/AS92, Ma/AS95, and Ma/AS96, respectively (Table 1). Then, four newly synthetic hexaploid wheat lines were developed from natural chromosome doubling of these true F 1 hybrids, coded by Syn-SAU-116, Syn-SAU-117, Syn-SAU-118, and Syn-SAU-119. Agronomic traits of the four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines grown in the field The agronomic traits of the four synthetic hexaploid wheat varieties and their parents were evaluated in the field (Fig. 2; Table 2). The plant heights of all four synthetic wheat plants were higher than those of their parents (Fig. 2a), and there were very significant differences from their male parents. The plant heights of Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119 were significantly different from those of their female parents. There was a very significant difference between Syn-SAU-116 and its female parent in the number of tillers. The spike lengths of the four synthetic wheat plants were longer than those of their parents, and there were very significant differences from those of their parents (Fig. 2b). The tiller number was between those of the parents. The seed length and width were similar to those of Ma but not as full as Ma (Fig. 2c). The synthetic wheat lines Syn-SAU-116, Syn-SAU-118 and Syn-SAU-119 had a higher self-seed setting rate, and Syn-SAU-117 had a lower self-seed setting rate. At the adult stage, all four newly synthetic hexaploid wheat lines were resistant (IT, 2-3) (Fig. 3), Ma was highly resistant (IT, 1) (Fig. 3), and all four Ae. tauschii accessions AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96 were susceptible (IT, 7-8) according to Ref. 50 . Observation of the stem solidity of synthetic hexaploid wheat lines grown in the greenhouse and field In the greenhouse, the second internode marrow cavity of the stem base of the durum wheat Ma was filled with pith and was considered a solid stem with grade 5.0 (Fig. 4a; Table 2), while that of the common wheat CS had no pith, indicating a hollow stem with grade 1.0 (Fig. 4b; Table 2). The stem solidity of the second internode at the stem base of the four synthetic hexaploid wheat plants was not completely the same. Compared with the common wheat CS, Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-117 had a marrow cavity and stem wall between the second internodes at the base and were obviously thicker, being considered semisolid stems with grades 4.2 and 3.2, respectively (Fig. 4c, Fig. 4d; Table 2), while Syn-SAU-118 and Syn-SAU-119 were filled with pith in the second internode medullary cavity at the base, exhibiting solid stems with grade 5.0 (Fig. 4e, Fig. 4f; Table 2). In the field, the marrow cavity at the base of the second internode of the durum wheat Ma was also filled with pith, indicating a solid stem with grade 5.0 (Fig. 5a; Table 2), while that of the common wheat CS had no pith, indicating a hollow stem with grade 1.0 (Fig. 5b; Table 2). The stem solidity of the second internode at the base of the four synthetic wheat lines was not completely the same. There was a very small marrow cavity between the second node at the base of Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-118, indicating semisolid stems with grades 4.1 and 4.5, respectively (Fig. 5d, Fig. 5e), and the stem wall is obviously thicker than that of CS. The medullary cavity of the second intersegment at the base of Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-119 was filled with pith, indicating a solid stem with grade 5.0 (Fig. 5c, Fig. 5f). Therefore, the second internode at the base of the stem of Syn-SAU-117 was semisolid with a grade 3.2-4.1, while that of Syn-SAU-119 was solid with grade of 5.0 in both the greenhouse and field. Determination of the lodging resistance of synthetic hexaploid wheat grown in the field The breaking resistance of the second internodes of the stem bases of all four synthetic wheat plants was weaker than that of Ma, and the bending moment was less than that of Ma (Table 3). Compared with Ma, the lodging indices of both Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-119 were smaller, while the lodging indices of Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-118 were slightly larger (Table 3). The bending moment and lodging index of the second internodes of the stem bases of the four synthetic wheat plants were lower than those of the CS plants (Table 3). The breaking resistance of the second internode at the base of the stem of Syn-SAU-116 was less than that of CS. The breaking resistance of the second internode at the base of Syn-SAU-117, Syn-SAU-118 and Syn-SAU-119 was greater than that of CS. Syn-SAU-116 had the smallest lodging index, followed by Syn-SAU-119 (Table 3). Lodging resistance was expressed by the lodging index. The smaller the lodging index, the more resistant the plant was. The breaking resistance of synthetic hexaploid wheat was negatively correlated with the lodging index, and the bending moment had a very significant positive correlation with the lodging index (Table 4). Therefore, the synthetic hexaploid wheat Syn-SAU-116 had the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119. The anatomical structure of stalks of synthetic hexaploid wheat grown in the field The outer diameter of the culm of Ma was the largest (Fig. 6a; Table 5). The outer diameters of culms of the Ae. tauschii accessions AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96 were significantly smaller than that of Ma, (Fig. 6c, Fig. 6e, Fig. 6 g and Fig. 6i; Table 5). The outer diameters of culms of the four synthetic wheat lines were smaller than that of Ma. Among them, Syn-SAU-116 had the largest outer culm diameter at 4209.18 μm (Fig. 6b; Table 5). However, the width of the pith cavity of Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-119 was 0 (Table 5), and the pith was full (Fig. 6b, Fig. 6 h), the same as that of Ma. Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-118 had very small widths of pith cavities (Fig. 6d, Fig. 6f), different from that of Ma. Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-119 had the largest ratio of wall thickness to outer culm diameter, reaching 50%, the same as that of Ma (Table 5). Syn-SAU-116, Syn-SAU-118 and Syn-SAU-119 had a larger percentage of mechanical tissue than Ma. Among them, Syn-SAU-119 had the largest percentage of mechanical tissue with 34.29%, and Syn-SAU-117 had a slightly smaller percentage of mechanical tissue than Ma with 21.48% (Table 5). Ma had a large number of vascular bundles, as many as 64, while that of four Ae. tauschii accessions was 27~40, much less than that of Ma (Table 5). The number of vascular bundles of the four synthetic wheat plants was 52~62.5, less than that of Ma (Table 5), but much larger than that of the corresponding male parents, which were Ae. tauschii . In this study, it was indicated that the width of the pith cavity had a very significant positive correlation with the lodging index for synthetic hexaploid wheat (Table 6). The percentage of mechanical tissue had a negative correlation with the lodging index. The outer diameter of the culm of the second internode at the base of the stem had a significant negative correlation with the lodging index. The ratio of wall thickness to the outer culm diameter had a very significant negative correlation with the lodging index. There was no correlation between the number of vascular bundles and the lodging index. Chromosomal observations of four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines Analysis of root tip chromosome numbers showed that of 47 plants from four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, 32 had 42 chromosomes, while 15 had 41 chromosomes (Table 7). Multicolor FISH was performed on the plants of four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines with 42 chromosomes using probes Oligo-pTa535-1 and Oligo-pSc119.2-1 (Fig. 7, Supplementary Information). The A-, B-, and D-genome chromosomes were distinguished according to Tang et al. (2014). The green-labeled Oligo-pTa535-1 probe mainly hybridized to the A- and D-genome chromosomes (Fig. 7, Supplementary Information). The red-labeled Oligo-pSc119.2-1 probe mainly hybridized to the B-genome chromosome, along with the signals at the end of the long arm of 4A and the end of the short arm of 2D, 3D and 4D (Fig. 7, Supplementary Information). Plants with 42 chromosomes were selected for the observation of chromosome pairing of PMCs in meiotic metaphase I. Most of the 42 chromosomes paired as bivalents (Fig. 8; Table 7), while a low number of univalent PMCs were also observed, indicating relative cytological stability. Discussion Lodging remains a problem in wheat-growing regions worldwide, although scientists have made great efforts over many years. The selection of elite accessions with alternative semidwarfing alleles or high stem mechanical strength may be a powerful approach to reducing this problem 11 . Durum has an abundance of solid-stemmed varieties, landraces and old varieties 24 . Although the solid stem of one durum wheat line, Golden Ball, has been transferred into a common wheat AC Elsa background through one synthetic hexaploid wheat, P89-77-1F 4 41 , two solid-stemmed derivatives of P89-77-1F 4 were still taller and later maturing than AC Elsa, which averaged 95 cm and reached maturity in 104 d in the brown soil zones and in 107 d in the dark brown soil zones 40 . Thus, it is important to transfer solid stems from more durum wheat lines to hexaploid wheat. In this study, four new synthetic hexaploid wheat lines with solid stems were developed and identified, which were different from the reported synthetic hexaploid wheat P89-77-1F 4 based on their different pedigrees. Moreover, these new synthetic hexaploid wheat lines are shorter than some reported synthetic hexaploid wheat lines 51 , 52 . The four solid-stem synthetic wheat plants simultaneously carry both the genetic material of T. durum and Ae. tauschii , which is different from solid-stem wheat such as Xiaoyan 81, 86–741, XSXS, WYSG, etc. 12 , 13 , 53 , 54 . In this study, the expression of a solid second internode at the base of the stem was stable for two synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119, grown in both the greenhouse and field. The second internode at the base of the stem of Syn-SAU-117 was semisolid, while that of Syn-SAU-119 was solid in both the greenhouse and field. This difference may have been caused by the different male parents, which were all Ae. tauschii . There may be suppressor genes on the chromosomes of the D genome in Ae. tauschii AS92 to suppress the solid expression of stems in Syn-SAU-117, but this needs to be further studied. Previous studies have shown that crop lodging resistance is closely related to plant height, internode length, internode thickness, internode wall thickness, and internode fullness 12 , 17 . More vascular bundles, larger vascular bundle areas, and thicker mechanical tissue and parenchyma are all conducive to the improvement of lodging resistance 7 , 17 . In this study, all four synthetic wheat samples had large outer diameters, very small or no pith cavity, well-developed mechanical tissues, thick stalk walls and a large number of vascular bundles in the second internodes of the base. These lines showed strong lodging resistance, which was in agreement with the selection characteristics of modern cereal crops for lodging resistance breeding 16 . The lodging resistance of the four synthetic solid-stem wheat samples was stronger than that of CS, and Syn-SAU-116 had the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119. Stripe rust is one of the most serious biological stresses in global wheat production. In this study, these four synthetic hexaploid wheat varieties had high resistance to stripe rust, which will provide new resistant sources for wheat improvement. These synthetic hexaploid wheat lines can be used as "bridges" to introduce solid-stemmed traits into common wheat for lodging resistance improvement. The work is ongoing to transfer solid stems to common wheat cultivars by crossing these solid-stemmed synthetic hexaploid wheat lines with elite common wheat varieties following Ref. 52 . Conclusions Four new synthetic hexaploid wheat lines with solid stems were developed and identified by molecular cytogenetic method. The solid expression of the second internode at the base of the stem was stable for two synthetic hexalpoid wheats Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119 grown in both the greenhouse and field. Syn-SAU-116 has the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119. Four synthetic wheat lines had large outer diameters, well-developed mechanical tissues, a large number of vascular bundles, and anatomical characteristics. At the adult stage, all four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines showed high resistance to mixed physiological races of the stripe rust pathogen (CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, CYR34). These synthetic hexaploid wheat lines provide new materials for the improvement of common wheat. Declarations Acknowledgments This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31661143007, 91935303, 31671682, 31671689). Author contributions L.Q.Z. supervised the project. D.Y.L., M.H.Z., X.L., Z.J.J., and T.P. carried out the experiments. B.J., L.H., S.Z.N., Z.W.Y., C.X.J., and C.X. analyzed the data, D.Y.L., M.H., D.C.L., and L.Q.Z. wrote the paper. All the authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Stapper, M. & Fischer, R. 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(In Chinese with English abstract). Tables Table 1 Self seed setting rate of hybrid F 1 between Ma and different Ae. tauschii accessions Hybrid combination No. selfed florets No. self-setting seeds Seed setting (%) Ma/AS78 F 1 700 117 16.71 Ma/AS92 F 1 910 150 16.48 Ma/AS95 F 1 722 147 20.36 Ma/AS96 F 1 1230 317 25.77 Table 2 Agronomical trait comparison of synthetic hexalpoid wheat and their parents Plant materials Plant height (cm) No. Tiller Spike length (cm) Seed setting (%) Solidness (field/greenhouse) Adult ITs a Ma 82.3 8.6 10.46 54.6 5.0 / 5.0 1 Syn-SAU-116 90.2 ## 29 ** 14.4 **## 81.87 **## 5.0 / 4.2 3 AS78 50 -- 8.06 70.69 1.3 / - b 7 Syn-SAU-117 92 *## 12.3 13.6 **## 47.37 # 4.1 / 3.2 2 AS92 61.7 -- 9.39 78.13 1.2 / - b 8 Syn-SAU-118 88.25 ## 13.5 14.5 **## 76.77 * 4.5 / 5.0 2 AS95 50.4 -- 8.54 68.32 1.0 / - b 7 Syn-SAU-119 91.5 *## 12.5 14.28 **## 70.51 5.0 / 5.0 2 AS96 48.4 -- 8.01 73.16 2.0 / - b 7 a the infection type to stripe rust; b no data. *Significantly different from T. durum Ma at the 0.05 level, **at the 0.01 level; # significantly different from Ae. tauschii at the 0.05 level, ## at the 0.01 level. Table 3 Investigation of lodging resistance of synthetic hexalpoid wheat in the field Plant materials Breaking resistance(N) Bending moment (cm∙g) Lodging index Chinese Spring 9.068 785.8865 8666.4003 Ma 16.510 890.7525 5395.2302 Syn-SAU-116 7.136 165.6736 2321.6590 Syn-SAU-117 9.939 672.5422 6766.4266 Syn-SAU-118 11.523 700.7850 6081.6190 Syn-SAU-119 9.379 474.5922 5060.2655 Table 4 Correlation coefficients between lodging index and mechanical traits in synthetic hexalpoid wheat in the field. Mechanical traits Bending moment Lodging index Breaking resistance 0.460* -0.129 Bending moment 0.798** * and ** indicate significant at the P <0.05 and P <0.01 levels, respectively. Table 5 Comparisons of stem character of synthetic hexalpoid wheat and their parents in the field. Plant materials Outer diameter of culm (μm) Width of pith cavity (μm) Ratio of wall thickness to outer diameter of culm (%) Percentage of mechanical tissues (%) No. vascular bundles in transverse section Ma 4669.54 0.00 50.00 25.99 64 Syn-SAU-116 4209.18 0.00 50.00 28.27 59 AS78 1471.58 580.93 30.26 14.25 27 Syn-SAU-117 3563.52 709.27 40.05 21.48 62.33 AS92 1509.86 287.95 40.46 21.39 40 Syn-SAU-118 3380.75 324.76 45.2 26.38 52 AS95 1692.28 721.06 28.70 13.52 30 Syn-SAU-119 3557.54 0.00 50.00 34.29 62.5 AS96 1726.55 523.32 34.85 31.67 38 Table 6 Correlation coefficients between lodging index and traits in synthetic hexalpoid wheat in the field. Traits Width of pith Ratio of wall thickness to outer diameter of culm Percentage of mechanical tissues Number of vascular bundles in transverse section Lodging index Outer diameter of culm -0.28 0.306 -0.119 0.402 -0.539* Width of pith cavity -0.998** -0.699** 0.129 0.677** Ratio of wall thickness to outer diameter of culm 0.694** -0.09 -0.686** Percentage of mechanical tissues -0.018 -0.326 No. vascular bundles in transverse section 0.078 * and ** indicate significant at the P <0.05 and P <0.01 levels, respectively. Table 7 Chromosome observation of synthetic hexalpoid wheat Code No. of plants observed Chromosome pairing configuration of synthetic hexaploid wheat n=41 n=42 Syn-SAU-116 6 6 5.92Ⅰ+10.56 rodⅡ+7.48 ringⅡ Syn-SAU-117 5 11 5.38Ⅰ+12.67 rodⅡ+5.64 ringⅡ Syn-SAU-118 2 9 4.32Ⅰ+10.06 rodⅡ+8.78 ringⅡ Syn-SAU-119 2 6 6.08Ⅰ+8.61 rodⅡ+9.35 ringⅡ Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial.docx FigureS1.jpg FigureS2.jpg FigureS3.jpg Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Mar, 2022 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 27 Feb, 2022 Reviews received at journal 14 Nov, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Nov, 2021 Reviews received at journal 20 Oct, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Sep, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Sep, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 19 Aug, 2021 Editor invited by journal 22 Jul, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Jul, 2021 First submitted to journal 18 Jul, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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F1.","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/1d0ff36b5c2a43e736144265.jpg"},{"id":11861838,"identity":"2b3400a0-ccd6-4dae-a7df-6b6a682e76fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:22:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2125493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Morphology of synthetic hexaploid wheat and its parents. a: Ma (left), Syn-SAU-119 (middle) and AS96 (right); b, c: Ma (top), Syn-SAU-119 (middle) and AS96 (bottom).","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/9e5755ea104bb629e15c7212.jpg"},{"id":11862099,"identity":"9da507c1-6e92-43e7-b87c-fc4607493f06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:25:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1356985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Stripe rust resistance of synthetic wheat at the adult stage. a: SY95-71; b: Ma; c: Syn-SAU-116; d: Syn-SAU-117; e: Syn-SAU-118; f: Syn-SAU-119","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/198ae285391d65ea3a95565f.jpg"},{"id":11861839,"identity":"5a61e392-0a85-426f-a5e0-864f8b505218","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:22:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1235326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Stalk solidity of synthetic hexaploid wheat grown in the greenhouse. a: Ma; b: CS; c: Syn-SAU-116; d: Syn-SAU-117; e: Syn-SAU-118 and f: Syn-SAU-119. Numbers 1-5 indicate the first to fifth stem internodes (from the base to the top), respectively.","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/5a292a3c2965df3fdd9e4c11.jpg"},{"id":11861698,"identity":"238271a4-3c77-4fe8-b8dc-55364a58cf17","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:19:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1222676,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Stalk solidity of synthetic hexaploid wheat grown in the field. a: Ma; b: CS; c: Syn-SAU-116; d: Syn-SAU-117; e: Syn-SAU-118 and f: Syn-SAU-119. Numbers 1-5 indicate the first to fifth stem internodes (from the base to the top), respectively.","description":"","filename":"Figure5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/6933653cf22b32881e625e5d.jpg"},{"id":11861699,"identity":"584f5ae4-25bb-44ea-ae21-001a2c27a28c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:19:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1818389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Anatomical structure of the second internode of synthetic hexaploid wheat and its parents in the field. a: Ma; b: Syn-SAU-116; c: AS78; d: Syn-SAU-117; e: AS92; f: Syn-SAU-118; g: AS95; h: Syn-SAU-119; i: AS96.","description":"","filename":"Figure6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/3f4dac974d8e525fcd29bcbf.jpg"},{"id":11861700,"identity":"6e68be2f-602a-448b-8e26-0c87da6c5d93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:19:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3287854,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"FISH identification of Syn-SAU-116 and its parent. a: FISH karyotypes of the A, B, and D genomes in Syn-SAU-116 and its parents; b: Ma; c: Syn-SAU-116; d: AS78.","description":"","filename":"Figure7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/098ab185b45a3b627d5d3f0b.jpg"},{"id":11861697,"identity":"6a1456dc-3718-41dd-b267-41cdcde80a41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:19:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":455813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Chromosome pairings of pollen mother cells at meiotic metaphase I in synthetic hexaploid wheat. a: Syn-SAU-116 (6I+18II); b: Syn-SAU-117 (4I+19II); c: Syn-SAU-118 (2I+20II); d: Syn-SAU-119 (21II). Arrows indicate univalents.","description":"","filename":"Figure8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/059883d1604f9bbabbb33269.jpg"},{"id":19494310,"identity":"af6121de-0885-4341-b154-ee7a6349057f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-22 17:45:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1166410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/51d91af2-985e-4d4b-8b9d-49c1e811cb79.pdf"},{"id":11861837,"identity":"493ee60d-7e02-4d26-9cc8-b49d6a228951","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:22:40","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":736272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/80b24e93ca784d5c646ceb2c.docx"},{"id":11861690,"identity":"a35a240f-f95c-41ed-b929-cf74137c8952","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:19:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1238059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FigureS1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/12bf416f6c66525bbe0bc4be.jpg"},{"id":11861689,"identity":"9a33cb63-0690-40d9-abed-2e15957bdf7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:19:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1317553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FigureS2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/82ea2caa94e57c4b39fe76e8.jpg"},{"id":11861695,"identity":"18b73315-5c83-40b2-877f-228869b96816","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-27 22:19:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2126222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FigureS3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-729669/v1/fa0ba7065b266a8d7ea9076f.jpg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eDevelopment and Identification of Four New Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Lines with Solid Stems\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLodging, defined as the permanent displacement of stems from the vertical direction, is caused by a loss of balance within the body of the plant and can reduce the grain yield of wheat by 12\u0026ndash;80%\u003csup\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/sup\u003e. Wheat lodging includes stem lodging and root lodging\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Commonly, lodging in wheat occurs as a result of stem lodging rather than root lodging\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Stem lodging is the bending or breakage of the stem base caused by stem mechanical failure\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The lodging resistance of wheat stems is the result of the synergistic effect of the morphological characteristics and anatomical structures of wheat\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous efforts to reduce the occurrence of lodging in wheat have focused on reducing the height of plants and the use of plant growth regulators\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Another potential strategy is to breed wheat varieties with stems that have increased mechanical strength\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, improving the strength of wheat stems is an ideal way to increase the ability of wheat to resist lodging\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have shown that the second internode at the base of the wheat stem plays a vital role in enhancing lodging resistance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Increasing the outer diameter of the wheat stalk or thickening the stem wall at the base of the wheat could greatly improve lodging resistance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A larger mechanical structure and thicker parenchyma, more vascular bundles and a larger vascular bundle area are also conducive to improving lodging resistance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The ratio of the stem wall thickness to the outer stem diameter and the mechanical tissue contents of solid-stemmed wheat are significantly higher than those of common wheat\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, solid-stemmed wheat has higher stalk strength and stronger lodging resistance than common wheat\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are three sources of stem solidness in common wheat (\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.). (i) S-615: a solid-stemmed landrace from Portugal\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, (ii) Conan: a semisolid-stemmed hard red spring wheat, developed by WestBred, LLC, USA\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and (iii) Janz: a solid-stemmed white spring wheat that derives its stem solidness from \u003cem\u003eAgropyron elongatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The most common wheat cultivars in North America derived their stem solidness from the Portuguese landrace S-615\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e, with the genes influencing stem solidness localized to chromosomes 3B, 3D, 5A, 5B and 5D. The major QTL designated \u003cem\u003eQss.msub-3BL\u003c/em\u003e has been reported to be associated with the solid-stem trait, contributing up to 76% of the total genetic variation for stem solidness\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Under the influence of \u003cem\u003eQss.msub-3BL\u003c/em\u003e, early stem solidness was expressed during both jointing and booting, and late stem solidness was expressed after anthesis\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. One differentially expressed gene, \u003cem\u003eTraesCS3B01G608800\u003c/em\u003e, was present as a single copy in IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 but showed copy number variation associated with stem solidness in a diverse panel of hexaploid cultivars\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurum wheat (\u003cem\u003eTriticum turgidum\u003c/em\u003e L. ssp. \u003cem\u003edurum\u003c/em\u003e, AABB, 2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28) includes an abundance of solid-stemmed varieties, landraces and old varieties\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Currently, there are at least two main sources of stem solidness in durum wheat: (i) Golden Ball: a solid-stemmed durum cultivar from South Africa\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and (ii) Biodur (Valdur//Wascana/Durtal): a solid-stemmed durum cultivar from France\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Currently, the solid-stemmed durum cultivars registered for use in western Canada, CDC Fortitude, AAC Raymore, and AAC Cabri, all derive their stem solidness from the German cultivar Biodur\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In durum, a single dominant gene designated \u003cem\u003eSSt1\u003c/em\u003e confers the solid-stemmed phenotype and had been mapped to chromosome 3BL in the region of the \u003cem\u003eQss.msub-3BL\u003c/em\u003e locus\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The two sources of stem solidness in durum wheat (Golden Ball and Biodur) were different in haplotype around \u003cem\u003eSSt1\u003c/em\u003e, although this QTL had been mapped to 3B in both sources\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The synergistic two-way interaction between \u003cem\u003eSSt1\u003c/em\u003e and other secondary QTLs on the chromosome resulted in a higher rate of solid stems than when \u003cem\u003eSSt1\u003c/em\u003e was used alone\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The solidity of the stem was complementary to many factors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and the additive effect of the \u003cem\u003eSSt1\u003c/em\u003e resistance allele in durum wheat produced stem solidness three times that of common wheat, with an additive effect\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eTRITD3Bv1G280530\u003c/em\u003e in solid-stemmed and hollow-stemmed durum wheat differed in copy number and was most likely to be a candidate gene in the \u003cem\u003eSSt1\u003c/em\u003e interval\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurum wheat had greater stem solidness and was genetically more stable than common wheat cultivars\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Crossing with bread wheat directly or crossing with the diploid \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e Coss. to develop synthetic hexaploid wheat are two alternative methods to utilize durum wheat genetic resources\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Efforts began in the 1940s to transfer solid stems from Golden Ball to hexaploid wheat by direct crossing, but solidness was suppressed, and only hollow-stemmed offspring were produced\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This suppression was overcome by crossing Golden Ball with \u003cem\u003eAe. squarrosa\u003c/em\u003e L. to create a synthetic hexaploid (P89-77-1F\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), which expressed pith in the culm lumen. The offspring of P89-77-1F\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e were backcrossed to the hollow-stemmed hexaploid wheat cultivar AC Elsa\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and then two solid-stemmed hexaploid spring wheat lines (PI 633737 and PI 633738) were developed and released\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, both lines were still taller and matured later than AC Elsa, which averaged 95 cm in height and reached maturity in 104 d in the brown soil zones and in 107 d in the dark brown soil zones\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the consistent expression of solid stems in durum wheat, it is necessary to transfer solid stems from more durum wheat lines to common wheat lines. However, there are few reports on the transfer of stem solidness from durum wheat to common wheat\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, research on the expression of stem solidness of durum wheat in synthetic hexaploid wheat is limited. In this study, four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines were developed from the cross of semidwarf solid-stemmed durum wheat and four different \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e accessions. Furthermore, these synthetic hexaploid wheat plants were identified by cytological identification, observation of the solidity and anatomical structure of the second internode at the base of the stem, and determination of lodging resistance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003ePlant materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne solid-stemmed durum wheat (\u003cem\u003eT. turgidum\u003c/em\u003e ssp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;durum\u003c/em\u003e, 2n=2x=28, AABB) Ma and four different\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003essp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;tauschii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(2n=2x=14, DD) accessions AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96 were used in this study. The common wheat line SY95-71 was used as a susceptible control in stripe rust resistance analysis, and Chinese spring (CS) was used as a hollow-stemmed control. The durum wheat Ma is a semidwarf durum wheat with a plant height of approximately 80 cm that was kindly provided by George Fedak of the Ottawa Research and Development Centre in Canada. The lines with the code AS were kept in our institute. All germplasm materials generated from this research have been stored in the Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University. These materials can be shared with researchers for academic purposes upon request to the corresponding authors. Experimental research and field studies on the plants in our study, including the collection of plant material, comply with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHybridization and natural chromosome doubling\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrosses were made using\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eT. turgidum\u003c/em\u003e ssp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;durum\u003c/em\u003e Ma as the female parent and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96\u0026nbsp;as the male parents in the field in\u0026nbsp;the 2017-2018 wheat growing season. Emasculation and pollination were performed following Ref.\u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e. No embryo rescue or hormone treatment was applied for the production of F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e seeds. F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e seeds were germinated in Petri dishes, and the root tips were analyzed cytologically. Then, F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrid plants were transplanted to the field (at Wenjiang Experimental Station of Sichuan Agricultural University, 30\u0026deg;36\u0026prime;N, 103\u0026deg;41\u0026prime;W) during the 2018-2019 wheat growing season. F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e plants were self-fertilized through natural chromosome doubling, and the seed set ratios (percentage of selfed seed set per self-pollinated floret) for each plant were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAgronomic trait comparisons\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed synthetic hexaploid wheat and its parents were sown in the field in October 2019. Individual plants were grown 10 cm apart within rows, with 30 cm between rows, which were 1.5 m long. Each line was planted in two rows. Plant height, the tiller number per plant, spike length, and seed setting were observed\u0026nbsp;following Ref.\u003csup\u003e43\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStripe rust resistance evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eField evaluation of stripe rust resistance was conducted at the adult stages during the 2019-2020 crop seasons. The lines were grown as individual plants spaced 10 cm apart within rows, with 30 cm between rows, which were 1 m in length. The highly susceptible stripe rust spreader variety of wheat SY95-71 was planted on both sides of each experimental row. Six weeks after planting, seedlings were inoculated with a mixed population of Chinese \u003cem\u003ePuccinia striiformis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ef. sp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;tritici\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePST\u003c/em\u003e) races CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, CYR34. The stripe rust infection type was recorded three times at 10-day intervals. Disease notes were taken when the flag leaves of SY95-71 showed full susceptibility. For each plant, the infection type (IT) was recorded on a scale of 1-9\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e. The \u003cem\u003ePST\u003c/em\u003e responses were recorded as resistant (1-2, highly resistant; 3, resistant; 4, moderately resistant), intermediate (5), or susceptible (6-7, moderately susceptible; 8, susceptible; 9, highly susceptible).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStem solidity identification\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe expression of solid-stemmed traits was evaluated in the four\u0026nbsp;synthetic hexaploid wheat plants, Ma and CS, which were planted in the greenhouse in July 2020 and in the field in October 2020, respectively. The stems were sampled\u0026nbsp;following Ref.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. More than ten stems from the main tiller were randomly selected after flowering and were cross-sectionally cut at the center of each internode. The level of stem solidity was rated as 1 to 5 (1 for hollow and 5 for solid)\u0026nbsp;following Ref.\u003csup\u003e45\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLodging resistance identification\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;breaking resistance\u0026nbsp;and bending moment of the second internode of Ma, synthetic wheat and CS were measured in the field\u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e, and the lodging index was calculated\u0026nbsp;following Ref.\u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e. At 30 days after heading, the main stems were selected, and the internodes were numbered 1-5 consecutively from the bottom to the top of the stem. The fresh weight from the base of every internode to the top of the spike and the length from the base of the internode to the top of the spike were measured. The bending moment = the length from the base of the internode to the top of the spike \u0026times; the fresh weight from the base of this internode to the top of the spike. Then, the length of the second internode was measured, and the midpoint was determined. Then, 5 cm of stalk at both ends of the midpoint was retained, and the extra parts were removed. The second internodes were placed horizontally to fix their ends, a stalk strength measuring instrument (YYD-1A, China) was placed vertically at the midpoint, and force was slowly applied to break the stems. The magnitude of the force is the internode breaking resistance. Finally, the lodging index (bending moment/breaking resistance\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;100) was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObservation of the anatomical structures of stems\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe internodes were numbered consecutively from the base to the top of the stem. At the flowering stage, the main tiller was selected. The center of the second internode of the wheat stem base\u0026nbsp;was cut into 1 cm pieces and then soaked in FAA fixative for more than 24 hours\u0026nbsp;following Ref.\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. The samples were sent to Wuhan Servicebio Biological Technology Co., Ltd. for preparation of paraffin sections. CaseViewer 2.3 was used to view the results of the paraffin section analysis. The diameters of the stem and medullary cavity and the thickness of the mechanical tissue were measured. The number of vascular bundles was calculated. Each sample was measured 25 times, and the average value was taken.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCytological observations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCytological observations were made for the number of chromosomes of root tip cells and chromosome pairing of pollen mother cells (PMCs)\u0026nbsp;following Ref.\u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on the root tip cells of the plants with 2n=42 using oligonucleotide probes Oligo-pSc119.2-1 and Oligo-pTa535-1\u0026nbsp;following Ref.\u003csup\u003e48\u003c/sup\u003e. For meiotic analysis, at least 30 PMCs were observed for each line. Univalents (I) and bivalents (II) were counted, and their average numbers were calculated. All probes were synthesized and labeled with FAM or Tamra (TSINGKE Biological Technology Company, Chengdu, China). Hybridization signals were observed using an Olympus BX-63 epifluorescence microscope, and the images were photographed using a Photometric SenSys Olympus DP70 CCD camera (Olympus, Tokyo). Raw images were processed using Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA, USA). Individual chromosomes of synthetic hexaploid wheat were compared with the karyotypes of the previously published FISH patterns of newly synthesized hexaploid wheat lines\u003csup\u003e49\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eDevelopment of four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrid combinations were obtained from crosses between\u0026nbsp;solid-stemmed Ma\u0026nbsp;as the female parent and four different\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e accessions\u0026nbsp;AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96\u0026nbsp;as the male parents in 2018. The true F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrids were found cytologically to have a chromosome number of 21 (Fig. 1). The\u0026nbsp;plant height and spike length\u0026nbsp;of the F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrids\u0026nbsp;were similar to those of their female parent, but the number of tillers reached 10 to 20, which was similar to that of their male parent. The selfed seed set rates of F\u003csub\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ehybrid combinations were 16.71%, 16.48%, 20.36% and 25.77% for Ma/AS78, Ma/AS92, Ma/AS95, and Ma/AS96, respectively\u0026nbsp;(Table 1). Then, four newly synthetic hexaploid\u0026nbsp;wheat lines were\u0026nbsp;developed from natural chromosome doubling of these true F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrids,\u0026nbsp;coded by Syn-SAU-116, Syn-SAU-117, Syn-SAU-118, and Syn-SAU-119.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAgronomic traits\u0026nbsp;of the four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines grown in the field\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe agronomic traits of the four synthetic hexaploid wheat varieties and their parents were evaluated in the field (Fig. 2; Table 2). The plant heights of all four synthetic wheat plants were higher than those of their parents (Fig. 2a), and there were very significant differences from their male parents. The plant heights of Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119 were significantly different from those of their female parents. There was a very significant difference between Syn-SAU-116 and its female parent in the number of tillers. The spike lengths of the four synthetic wheat plants were longer than those of their parents, and there were very significant differences from those of their parents (Fig. 2b). The tiller number was between those of the parents. The seed length and width were similar to those of Ma but not as full as Ma (Fig. 2c). The synthetic wheat lines Syn-SAU-116, Syn-SAU-118 and Syn-SAU-119 had a higher self-seed setting rate, and Syn-SAU-117 had a lower self-seed setting rate. At the adult stage, all four newly\u0026nbsp;synthetic hexaploid\u0026nbsp;wheat lines\u0026nbsp;were resistant (IT, 2-3) (Fig. 3), Ma was highly resistant (IT, 1) (Fig. 3), and all four\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e accessions AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96 were susceptible (IT, 7-8) according to Ref.\u003csup\u003e50\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObservation of the stem solidity of synthetic hexaploid wheat lines grown in the greenhouse and field\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the greenhouse, the second internode marrow cavity of the stem base of the durum wheat Ma was filled with pith and was considered a solid stem with grade 5.0 (Fig. 4a; Table 2), while that of the common wheat CS had no pith, indicating a hollow stem with grade 1.0 (Fig. 4b; Table 2). The stem solidity of the second internode at the stem base of the four synthetic hexaploid wheat plants was not completely the same. Compared with the common wheat CS, Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-117 had a marrow cavity and stem wall between the second internodes at the base and were obviously thicker, being considered semisolid stems with grades 4.2 and 3.2, respectively (Fig. 4c, Fig. 4d; Table 2), while Syn-SAU-118 and Syn-SAU-119 were filled with pith in the second internode medullary cavity at the base, exhibiting solid stems with grade 5.0 (Fig. 4e, Fig. 4f; Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the field, the marrow cavity at the base of the second internode of the durum wheat Ma was also filled with pith, indicating a solid stem with grade 5.0 (Fig. 5a; Table 2), while that of the common wheat CS had no pith, indicating a hollow stem with grade 1.0 (Fig. 5b; Table 2). The stem solidity of the second internode at the base of the four synthetic wheat lines was not completely the same. There was a very small marrow cavity between the second node at the base of Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-118, indicating semisolid stems with grades 4.1 and 4.5, respectively (Fig. 5d, Fig. 5e), and the stem wall is obviously thicker than that of CS. The medullary cavity of the second intersegment at the base of Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-119 was filled with pith, indicating a solid stem with grade 5.0 (Fig. 5c, Fig. 5f).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the second internode at the base of the stem of Syn-SAU-117 was semisolid with a grade 3.2-4.1, while that of Syn-SAU-119 was solid with grade of 5.0 in both the greenhouse and field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of the lodging resistance of synthetic hexaploid wheat grown in the field\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe breaking resistance\u0026nbsp;of the second internodes of the stem bases of all four synthetic wheat plants was weaker than that of Ma, and the bending moment was less than that of Ma (Table 3). Compared with Ma, the lodging indices of both Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-119 were smaller, while the lodging indices of Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-118 were slightly larger (Table 3). The bending moment and lodging index of the second internodes of the stem bases of the four synthetic wheat plants were lower than those of the CS plants (Table 3). The breaking resistance\u0026nbsp;of the second internode at the base of the stem of Syn-SAU-116 was less than that of CS. The breaking resistance\u0026nbsp;of the second internode at the base of Syn-SAU-117, Syn-SAU-118 and Syn-SAU-119 was greater than that of CS. Syn-SAU-116 had the smallest lodging index, followed by Syn-SAU-119 (Table 3). Lodging resistance was expressed by the lodging index. The smaller the lodging index, the more resistant the plant was. The breaking resistance of synthetic hexaploid wheat was negatively correlated with the lodging index, and the bending moment had a very significant positive correlation with the lodging index (Table 4). Therefore, the synthetic hexaploid wheat Syn-SAU-116 had the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe anatomical structure of stalks of synthetic hexaploid wheat grown in the field\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe outer diameter of the culm of Ma was the largest (Fig. 6a; Table 5). The outer diameters of culms of the \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e accessions AS78, AS92, AS95, and AS96 were significantly smaller than that of Ma, (Fig. 6c, Fig. 6e, Fig. 6 g and Fig. 6i; Table 5). The outer diameters of culms of the four synthetic wheat lines were smaller than that of Ma. Among them, Syn-SAU-116 had the largest outer culm diameter at 4209.18\u0026nbsp;\u0026mu;m\u0026nbsp;(Fig. 6b; Table 5). However, the width of the pith cavity of Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-119 was 0 (Table 5), and the pith was full (Fig. 6b, Fig. 6 h), the same as that of Ma. Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-118 had very small widths of pith cavities (Fig. 6d, Fig. 6f), different from that of Ma. Syn-SAU-116 and Syn-SAU-119 had the largest ratio of wall thickness to outer culm diameter, reaching 50%, the same as that of Ma (Table 5). Syn-SAU-116, Syn-SAU-118 and Syn-SAU-119 had a larger percentage of mechanical tissue than Ma. Among them, Syn-SAU-119 had the largest percentage of mechanical tissue with 34.29%, and Syn-SAU-117 had a slightly smaller percentage of mechanical tissue than Ma with 21.48% (Table 5). Ma had a large number of vascular bundles, as many as 64, while that of four \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e accessions was 27~40, much less than that of Ma (Table 5). The number of vascular bundles of the four synthetic wheat plants was 52~62.5, less than that of Ma (Table 5), but much larger than that of the corresponding male parents, which were \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was indicated that the width\u0026nbsp;of the pith cavity had a very significant positive correlation with the lodging index for synthetic hexaploid wheat (Table 6). The percentage of mechanical tissue had a negative correlation with the lodging index. The outer diameter of the culm of the second internode at the base of the stem had a significant negative correlation with the lodging index. The ratio of wall thickness to the outer culm diameter\u0026nbsp;had a very significant negative correlation with the lodging index. There was no correlation between the number of vascular bundles and the lodging index.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eChromosomal observations\u0026nbsp;of four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of root tip chromosome numbers showed that of 47 plants from four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, 32 had 42 chromosomes, while 15 had 41 chromosomes (Table 7). Multicolor FISH was performed on the plants of four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines with 42 chromosomes using probes Oligo-pTa535-1 and Oligo-pSc119.2-1 (Fig. 7, Supplementary Information). The A-, B-, and D-genome chromosomes were distinguished according to Tang et al. (2014). The green-labeled Oligo-pTa535-1 probe mainly hybridized to the A- and D-genome chromosomes (Fig. 7, Supplementary Information). The red-labeled Oligo-pSc119.2-1 probe mainly hybridized to the B-genome chromosome, along with the signals at the end of the long arm of 4A and the end of the short arm of 2D, 3D and 4D (Fig. 7, Supplementary Information). Plants with 42 chromosomes were selected for the observation of chromosome pairing of PMCs in meiotic metaphase I. Most of the 42 chromosomes paired as bivalents (Fig. 8; Table 7), while a low number of univalent PMCs were also observed, indicating relative cytological stability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eLodging remains a problem in wheat-growing regions worldwide, although scientists have made great efforts over many years. The selection of elite accessions with alternative semidwarfing alleles or high stem mechanical strength may be a powerful approach to reducing this problem\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Durum has an abundance of solid-stemmed varieties, landraces and old varieties\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Although the solid stem of one durum wheat line, Golden Ball, has been transferred into a common wheat AC Elsa background through one synthetic hexaploid wheat, P89-77-1F\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e41\u003c/sup\u003e, two solid-stemmed derivatives of P89-77-1F\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e were still taller and later maturing than AC Elsa, which averaged 95 cm and reached maturity in 104 d in the brown soil zones and in 107 d in the dark brown soil zones\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Thus, it is important to transfer solid stems from more durum wheat lines to hexaploid wheat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, four new synthetic hexaploid wheat lines with solid stems were developed and identified, which were different from the reported synthetic hexaploid wheat P89-77-1F\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e based on their different pedigrees. Moreover, these new synthetic hexaploid wheat lines are shorter than some reported synthetic hexaploid wheat lines\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The four solid-stem synthetic wheat plants simultaneously carry both the genetic material of \u003cem\u003eT. durum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e, which is different from solid-stem wheat such as Xiaoyan 81, 86\u0026ndash;741, XSXS, WYSG, etc.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, the expression of a solid second internode at the base of the stem was stable for two synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119, grown in both the greenhouse and field. The second internode at the base of the stem of Syn-SAU-117 was semisolid, while that of Syn-SAU-119 was solid in both the greenhouse and field. This difference may have been caused by the different male parents, which were all \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e. There may be suppressor genes on the chromosomes of the D genome in \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e AS92 to suppress the solid expression of stems in Syn-SAU-117, but this needs to be further studied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have shown that crop lodging resistance is closely related to plant height, internode length, internode thickness, internode wall thickness, and internode fullness\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. More vascular bundles, larger vascular bundle areas, and thicker mechanical tissue and parenchyma are all conducive to the improvement of lodging resistance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, all four synthetic wheat samples had large outer diameters, very small or no pith cavity, well-developed mechanical tissues, thick stalk walls and a large number of vascular bundles in the second internodes of the base. These lines showed strong lodging resistance, which was in agreement with the selection characteristics of modern cereal crops for lodging resistance breeding\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The lodging resistance of the four synthetic solid-stem wheat samples was stronger than that of CS, and Syn-SAU-116 had the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStripe rust is one of the most serious biological stresses in global wheat production. In this study, these four synthetic hexaploid wheat varieties had high resistance to stripe rust, which will provide new resistant sources for wheat improvement. These synthetic hexaploid wheat lines can be used as \"bridges\" to introduce solid-stemmed traits into common wheat for lodging resistance improvement. The work is ongoing to transfer solid stems to common wheat cultivars by crossing these solid-stemmed synthetic hexaploid wheat lines with elite common wheat varieties following Ref.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eFour new synthetic hexaploid wheat lines with solid stems were developed and identified by molecular cytogenetic method. The solid expression of the second internode at the base of the stem was stable for two synthetic hexalpoid wheats Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119 grown in both the greenhouse and field. Syn-SAU-116 has the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119. Four synthetic wheat lines had large outer diameters, well-developed mechanical tissues, a large number of vascular bundles, and anatomical characteristics. At the adult stage, all four synthetic hexaploid wheat lines showed high resistance to mixed physiological races of the stripe rust pathogen (CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, CYR34). These synthetic hexaploid wheat lines provide new materials for the improvement of common wheat.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31661143007,\u0026nbsp;91935303,\u0026nbsp;31671682, 31671689).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eL.Q.Z. supervised the project. D.Y.L., M.H.Z., X.L., Z.J.J., and T.P. carried out the experiments. B.J., L.H., S.Z.N., Z.W.Y., C.X.J., and C.X. analyzed the data, D.Y.L., M.H., D.C.L., and L.Q.Z. wrote the paper. All the authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStapper, M. \u0026amp; Fischer, R. Genotype, sowing date and plant spacing influence on high-yielding irrigated wheat in southern New South Wales. II. Growth, yield and nitrogen use. \u003cem\u003eAust. J. Agr. Res\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003e41\u003c/b\u003e, 1021\u0026ndash;1041 (1990).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMart\u0026iacute;n, M. A. \u0026amp; Gustavo, A. S. Lodging yield penalties as affected by breeding in Mediterranean wheats. \u003cem\u003eField Crops Res\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003e122\u003c/b\u003e, 40\u0026ndash;48 (2011).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohn, F. 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Sin\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e, 565\u0026ndash;572 (2004).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePan, T. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Influence of stem solidness on stem strength and stem solidness associated QTLs in bread wheat. \u003cem\u003eActa Agron. Sin\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003e43\u003c/b\u003e, 9\u0026ndash;18 (2017). (In Chinese with English abstract).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eSelf seed setting rate of hybrid F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e between Ma and different \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e accessions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.124567474048444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHybrid combination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u0026nbsp;selfed florets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.81660899653979%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u0026nbsp;self-setting seeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed\u0026nbsp;setting\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.124567474048444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa/AS78 F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.81660899653979%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.124567474048444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa/AS92 F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.81660899653979%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.124567474048444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa/AS95 F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.81660899653979%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.124567474048444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa/AS96 F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.81660899653979%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u0026nbsp;\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eAgronomical trait comparison of synthetic hexalpoid wheat and their parents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u0026nbsp;materials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u0026nbsp;height\u0026nbsp;(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u0026nbsp;Tiller\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpike\u0026nbsp;length\u0026nbsp;(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed\u0026nbsp;setting\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolidness \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(field/greenhouse)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Adult ITs\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026nbsp;/\u0026nbsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.2\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003csup\u003e**##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.87\u003csup\u003e**##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026nbsp;/ 4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAS78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;/\u0026nbsp;-\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003csup\u003e*##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003csup\u003e**##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.37\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026nbsp;/\u0026nbsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAS92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026nbsp;/\u0026nbsp;-\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.25\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003csup\u003e**##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.77\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026nbsp;/\u0026nbsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAS95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026nbsp;/ -\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.5\u003csup\u003e*##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.28\u003csup\u003e**##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026nbsp;/\u0026nbsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.50381679389313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAS96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.485278080697928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.394765539803707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.68266085059978%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026nbsp;/ -\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.269356597600872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 99.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003ethe infection type to stripe rust; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eno data.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Significantly different from \u003cem\u003eT. durum\u003c/em\u003e Ma at the 0.05 level, **at the 0.01 level; \u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e significantly different from \u003cem\u003eAe. tauschii\u003c/em\u003e at the 0.05 level, \u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003eat the 0.01 level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eInvestigation of lodging resistance of synthetic hexalpoid wheat in the field\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px auto;\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u0026nbsp;materials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreaking resistance(N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBending moment (cm∙g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLodging index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChinese Spring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e785.8865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8666.4003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e890.7525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5395.2302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.6736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2321.6590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.939\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e672.5422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6766.4266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700.7850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6081.6190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e474.5922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5060.2655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eCorrelation coefficients between lodging index and mechanical traits in synthetic hexalpoid wheat in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMechanical traits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBending moment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLodging index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreaking resistance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.460*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBending moment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e* and ** indicate significant at the P \u0026lt;0.05 and P \u0026lt;0.01 levels, respectively.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eTable 5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eComparisons of stem character of synthetic hexalpoid wheat and their parents in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u0026nbsp;materials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOuter\u0026nbsp;diameter of\u0026nbsp;culm (\u0026mu;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Width of pith cavity (\u0026mu;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatio\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;wall\u0026nbsp;thickness\u0026nbsp;to outer\u0026nbsp;diameter\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;culm (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Percentage of mechanical tissues (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. vascular bundles in transverse section\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4669.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4209.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAS78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1471.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e580.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3563.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e709.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAS92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1509.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3380.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e324.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAS95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1692.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e721.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3557.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAS96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1726.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e523.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u0026nbsp;\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eTable 6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eCorrelation coefficients between lodging index and traits in synthetic hexalpoid wheat in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.804232804232804%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth\u0026nbsp;of pith\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatio\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;wall\u0026nbsp;thickness\u0026nbsp;to outer\u0026nbsp;diameter\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;culm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u0026nbsp;of mechanical\u0026nbsp;tissues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u0026nbsp;of vascular bundles in transverse section\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLodging index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOuter\u0026nbsp;diameter of\u0026nbsp;culm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.804232804232804%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.539*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth\u0026nbsp;of pith cavity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.804232804232804%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.998**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.699**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.677**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatio\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;wall\u0026nbsp;thickness\u0026nbsp;to outer\u0026nbsp;diameter\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;culm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.804232804232804%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.694**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.686**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u0026nbsp;of mechanical\u0026nbsp;tissues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.804232804232804%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. vascular bundles in transverse section\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.804232804232804%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15343915343915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e* and ** indicate significant at the P \u0026lt;0.05 and P \u0026lt;0.01 levels, respectively.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eTable 7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eChromosome observation of synthetic hexalpoid wheat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"18.80108991825613%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"21.934604904632153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;plants observed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"59.264305177111716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChromosome\u0026nbsp;pairing\u0026nbsp;configuration\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;synthetic hexaploid wheat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.993788819875775%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"59.006211180124225%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.80108991825613%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.991825613079019%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.942779291553133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"59.264305177111716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.92Ⅰ+10.56 rodⅡ+7.48 ringⅡ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.80108991825613%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.991825613079019%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.942779291553133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"59.264305177111716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.38Ⅰ+12.67 rodⅡ+5.64 ringⅡ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.80108991825613%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.991825613079019%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.942779291553133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"59.264305177111716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32Ⅰ+10.06 rodⅡ+8.78 ringⅡ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.80108991825613%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyn-SAU-119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.991825613079019%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.942779291553133%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"59.264305177111716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.08Ⅰ+8.61 rodⅡ+9.35 ringⅡ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Solid stem, Synthetic hexaploid wheat, Durum wheat, FISH, Lodging resistance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-729669/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-729669/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eStem solidness is an important agronomic trait for increasing the ability of wheat to resist lodging. In this study, four new synthetic hexaploid wheat with solid stems were developed from natural chromosome doubling of F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrids between a solid-stemmed durum wheat (\u003cem\u003eTriticum turgidum\u003c/em\u003e ssp. \u003cem\u003edurum\u003c/em\u003e, 2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28, AABB) and four \u003cem\u003eAegilops tauschii\u003c/em\u003e (2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14, DD) accessions. The solid expression of the second internode at the base of the stem was stable for two synthetic hexalpoid wheat Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119 grown in both the greenhouse and field. The lodging resistance of four synthetic solid-stem wheats is stronger than that of CS, and Syn-SAU-116 has the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119. The paraffin sections of the second internode showed that four synthetic wheat lines had large outer diameters, well-developed mechanical tissues, large number of vascular bundles, and similar anatomical characteristics with solid-stemmed durum wheat. The chromosomal composition of four synthetic hexaploid wheat was identified by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) using Oligo-pSc119.2-1 and Oligo-pTa535-1. At adult stage, all four synthetic hexaploid wheat showed high resistance to mixed physiological races of stripe rust pathogen (CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, CYR34). These synthetic hexaploid wheat lines provide new materials for the improvement of common wheat.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Development and Identification of Four New Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Lines with Solid Stems","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-07-27 22:19:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-729669/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-02-28T04:15:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-11-14T15:12:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"e3c714ff-7576-408d-a1f5-62273b4499a0","date":"2021-11-03T17:06:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-10-21T02:19:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"74a615c8-a79e-4ce4-9d1d-07e17c5188d2","date":"2021-10-01T00:23:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-09-30T22:15:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-08-19T09:06:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-07-22T10:03:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-07-22T09:58:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-07-18T09:19:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"745b8c20-b2e9-40b5-a4d1-c412bb481ea2","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 27th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":6015959,"name":"Agricultural Engineering"},{"id":6015960,"name":"Plant Physiology and Morphology"},{"id":6015961,"name":"Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-03-22T17:45:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-729669","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08866-x","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2022-03-22 17:45:05","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 22nd, 2022"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-07-27 22:19:38","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-022-08866-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08866-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-729669","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-729669","identity":"rs-729669","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}