Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Campanian - Maastrichtian Sandstones of Enagi Formation, Bida Basin, Nigeria

Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Campanian - Maastrichtian Sandstones of Enagi Formation, Bida Basin, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Campanian - Maastrichtian Sandstones of Enagi Formation, Bida Basin, Nigeria James Adejimi Adeoye, Ishaq Yusuf, Nuhu George Obaje, Abubakar Alhaji Usman, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157244/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The provenance, paleoenvironments, and mineralogy studies of the sandstones of the Enagi Formation at Gulu and Kandi in the Bida Basin were investigated for preliminary reservoir quality assessment. The Gulu and Kandi samples are dominantly medium-grained with moderate sorting and fine to coarse-grained with poor sorting respectively. The quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments plots with average values of 76.2%, 8.7%, and 15.1% at Gulu and 59.3%, 24.6%, and 16.2% at Kandi suggest they are litharenitic and arkosic sandstones respectively. Bivariate plots of standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis indicate river sands with little input from tidal environments in the Gulu area. The Gulu samples are more of fluvial channel deposits and shoreface lithofacies while the Kandi samples resemble alluvial deposits of a high-energy system. Al 2 O 3 / TiO 2 , Zr/ TiO 2, and Y/Ni versus Cr/V of the samples suggest a felsic igneous origin with little contribution from a mafic source. K 2 O/Na 2 O against SiO 2 and TiO 2 against Fe 2 O 3 +MgO point to a passive margin continental environment for the sediment source. The cementation of moderately sorted, sub-mature texture and litharenitic sandstones in the Gulu area will be low compared with the Kandi poorly sorted and arkosic lithofacies at the deeper subsurface. This study for the first time reports the presence of favorable geological indices for good porosity and permeability development in the Campanian – Maastrichtian sandstone reservoir of Enagi Formation. These results will further drive exploration work in the Bida and other West African Cretaceous rift basins for prospective underground water and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Bida Basin Enagi sandstones paleoenvironment mineralogy provenance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 1.0 Introduction Sedimentary rocks are a product of the earth's surficial process from pre-existing older rocks such as igneous and metamorphic and cover about three-fourths of the earth's surface with abundant resources including water, minerals, and petroleum (Boggs, 2009 ). They are also good geological environment for agricultural activities. The understanding of the provenance, textural characteristics, mineral composition, process of formation, and depositional conditions of sandstones are very significant geological indices for all exploration efforts. These indices compliment log data in an established exploration field and very useful in de-risking a frontier basin for petroleum exploration. The geological parameters can be obtained from petrography, geochemistry, and grain size studies (Blatt, 1967 , Pettijohn et al., 1972 , Dickinson, 1985 ). The need for sustaining the increasing human population and demand for more energy in Nigeria and other developing countries in Africa and beyond have necessitated the drive for underground water and petroleum exploration development. Underground water and petroleum are hosted or accumulated in the same reservoir rocks which could be sandstones or carbonate rocks especially in a sedimentary environment of a frontier basin such as Bida Basin, north central Nigeria (Fig. 1 ). The reservoir quality of any rocks is measured by their porosity and permeability which are essentially controlled by geological indices including provenance, textural and mineralogy composition, and post-depositional changes during burial. Exploration data are scarce in the Bida Basin because of the poor interest of investors and low research funding for the frontier basins in Nigeria in the past decades. There is no exploratory well in the basin except the recent seismic and other geophysical data acquired by the Nigeria National Petroleum Exploration as a result of the nation’s need for more clean energy like shale gas. The newly acquired geophysical data in the Bida Basin reveals that the basin’s depth to the basement is about 7km. The outcropping sandstones at Kandi village and from the neighboring shallow borehole at Gulu village represent some of the siliciclastic rocks in the basin that could be easily accessed and which may be an important reservoir in the deep subsurface. The sandstones were investigated for the first time in this study through thin-section petrography, grain size, and geochemistry analyses to obtain some geological indices needed for preliminary evaluation of their potential as reservoirs. The results from these studies should suggest the quality of the sandstones in the shallow area as an aquifer for groundwater for the community and petroleum potentials reservoir in the deeper subsurface part of the basin. 2.0 Geology of Bida Basin Bida Basin (Fig. 2 ) belongs to the Central and West African rift-related basins which include Dahomey Basin and Benue Trough in Nigeria, Muglad and Melut basins of Sudan, and the Termit Basin of Niger and were formed as a result of the transcurrent movement of the South America and African continental plate in the late Jurassic – early Cretaceous time (Burke, et al 1972 , Petters, 1978 , Okereke, 1988 , Genik, 1992 , Keller et al., 1992 ). There are a lot of previous research works in the Bida basin covering the aspect of the stratigraphy (Adeleye and Dessauvagie, 1972 ; Adeleye, 1974 ), basin configuration and structures (Ojo, and Ajakaiye, 1989 , Udensi and Osazuwa, 2004 ), sedimentology (Adeleye, 1974 , Ojo and Akande, 2006 , 2020), and source rock characterization (Obaje et al 2010 , 2013 , Akande et al 2005 ). This intracratonic structured Bida Basin trends NW-SW and has its northern side beginning at Kontagora and ending at Lokoja in the southern part (Obaje, 2013) (Fig. 2 ). It is bounded by the crystalline basement to Sokoto Basin in the north and Anambra Basin in the south. Sedimentation began in the post-Santonian after the intense tectonic inversion in the Lower Benue Trough that led to the formation of the contiguous Campanian–Tertiary Anambra Basin. Bida Basin is subdivided into northern and southern parts without any clear boundary. Northern Bida Basin consists of Bida Formation succeeded by Sakpe Formation, Enagi Formation, and capped by the Batati Formation while Southern Bida Basin comprises of Lokoja Formation overlain by Patti Formation and capped by the Agbaja Formation (Fig. 3 ) (Obaje et al 2013 , Ojo and Akande, 2020). 3.0 Materials and Methods This work began with mapping the exposed or outcropping successions of the Enagi Formation at the Gulu and Kandi areas of Lapai Local Government, Niger State within the northern Bida Basin. Ditch cuttings from a borehole located at Gulu were described and logged, and fresh samples were collected. A total of fifty (50) samples of sandstones from both the outcrop and borehole were collected and subjected to laboratory analyses including grain size, X-ray fluorescence, major oxides and trace elements, and thin section petrography. A grain size study was carried out on thirty (30) unconsolidated samples. Each weight of 100g of the sample was obtained and put in a set of sieves as follows; 4.00mm, 2.360mm, 1.180mm, 0.600mm, 0.300mm, 0.150mm, 0.106mm, 0.075mm, < 0.075mm arranged in an ascending order of sizes on shaker. The set of sieves was then agitated for about 5 minutes to leave a fraction of samples in each sieve and pan according to their sizes. The individual weight percentage and cumulative percentage were obtained and a graph of phi sizes against cumulative weight percentage was plotted to extract percentiles to calculate statistical parameters for the Graphic Mean (M), Standard Deviation (sorting) (SD), Graphic Kurtosis (K) and Graphic Skewness (SK) based on Folk and Ward ( 1957 ). Thirty-three (33) sandstone samples across the study areas were also selected and impregnated, mounted on a glass plate with Canada balsam, and then ground to a certain thickness with increasingly finer and finer degrees of abrasion. The glass slip was removed during the process, as well as a small amount of Canadian balsam, which acts as an adhesive, which was placed in the center and gently heated until the bubbles were driven out. After that, the sample chip was placed on the slide with the flattering side towards the balsam and glass. The last grinding action expands the slide on the opposing side. The sample slice was then heated after being covered in fresh balsam. Finally, the rock slice was carefully covered with an air bubble-free cover slip or slide, and pressed down. A thin sample is cut, then placed on a glass slide, and honed smoothly with finer abrasive grit until the sample is just 30 microns (0.03mm) thick. Mentholated spirit is useful for removing workout cementing substances. These procedures take place with the use of a microscope, which can be a polarizing petrographic microscope, an electron microscope, or an electron microprobe. A total number of twenty (20) sandstones were subjected to X-Ray fluorescence analysis and eleven (11) major oxides and forty-seven (47) trace elements were obtained. 4.0 Results 4.1 Lithofacies Description Sandstones encountered at the depth of 45 m in the borehole drilled at Gulu on the coordinate of latitude N08 o 36’ 38’’and longitude E006 o 34’ 48’’ are overlain by beds of claystone and shale (Fig. 4). The sandstones are whitish with grain ranging from fine, coarse, and medium-grained sizes. The fine-grained lithofacies occurred at the basal part of the section. Sedimentary structures were not recorded from the Gulu sandstones because they are all cuttings. The outcropping sandstone lithofacies at Kandi about 20 km to Gulu on the coordinate of latitude N08°36'38" and longitude E006°34'48". The average thickness of the outcrop is about 3.5 m thick (Fig. 5 This outcrop has very interesting textural characteristics and sedimentary structures. Their textural features show fine, medium, coarse to very coarse texture and poorly sorted to well-sorted grains. Sedimentary structures observed are through cross-stratification, planar cross-stratification, herringbone structures, and bioturbation. They are greyish, brownish to reddish colors. Some of the coarse-grained beds have a lot of clay drapes. 4.2 Grain Size Results The grain size distribution of siliciclastic sedimentary rock largely functions in the processes of transportation resulting from the movement of bed loads, saltation, and minor subsurface loads (Folk and Ward, 1957 ). The grain size data are presented in Table 1 in a statistical format of mean size, standard deviation (sorting), skewness, and kurtosis. Gulu sandstones have mean size varying from 1.06 to 2.78 mm, with an average of 1.7 mm, standard deviation (sorting) ranges from 0.60 to 1.50 mm with an average of 1.0 mm, skewness values range from − 0.45 to 0.37 mm with the average of 0.1 mm, and kurtosis from 0.66 to 1.76 mm with an average of 1.0 mm. Kandi sandstones have mean size ranges from − 0.30 to 1.37 mm with an average of 0.5 mm, standard deviation (sorting) value ranges from 0.78 to 1.26 mm with an average of 1.0 mm, skewness value ranges from 0.03 to 1.55 mm with an average of 0.6 mm, and kurtosis ranges from 0.02 and 1.02 with the average of 0.3 mm (Table 1 ). Table 1 Grain size results and interpretations of sandstone in Gulu and Kandi, Enagi Formation, Bida Basin Sample No M SD SK K Mean Standard Deviation Skewness Kurtosis GU41 1.60 1.50 0.08 0.70 Medium grained Poorly Sorted Symmetrical Platykurtic GU45 2.40 1.12 0.30 1.50 Fine-grained Poorly Sorted Positive Leptokurtic GU48 2.50 0.60 0.08 0.90 Fine-grained Moderately Well Sorted Symmetrical Mesokurtic GU51 1.60 0.80 0.00 1.00 Medium grained Moderately Sorted Symmetrical Mesokurtic GU52 1.06 0.98 0.28 1.21 Medium grained Moderately Sorted Positive Leptokurtic GU53 2.75 0.79 -0.45 1.76 Fine-grained Moderately Sorted Very Negative Very Leptokurtic GU54 2.70 0.90 0.37 1.10 Fine-grained Moderately Sorted Very Positive Mesokurtic GU55 2.78 0.70 -0.18 0.99 Fine-grained Moderately Sorted Negatively Mesokurtic GU56 1.55 1.21 0.22 0.68 Medium grained Poorly Sorted Positively Platykurtic GU57 1.31 0.76 0.16 1.38 Medium grained Moderately Sorted Positively Leptokurtic GU58 1.47 0.96 0.09 0.95 Medium grained Moderately Sorted Symmetrical Mesokurtic GU60 1.68 1.03 0.13 0.82 Medium grained Poorly Sorted Positively Platykurtic GU63 1.31 0.76 0.19 1.25 Medium grained Moderately Sorted Positively Leptokurtic GU66 1.14 0.76 0.00 1.51 Medium grained Moderately Sorted Symmetrical Very Leptokurtic GU68 1.18 0.98 0.30 1.11 Medium grained Moderately Sorted Very Positive Mesokurtic GU69 1.42 0.98 0.22 0.66 Medium grained Moderately Sorted Positive Very platykurtic GU70 1.68 1.02 -0.01 0.84 Medium grained Poorly Sorted Symmetrical Platykurtic GU72 1.74 1.27 0.16 0.78 Medium grained Poorly Sorted Positive Platykurtic GU74 1.72 1.01 0.22 1.05 Medium grained Poorly Sorted Positive Mesokurtic GU76 1.34 1.04 0.07 0.74 Medium grained Poorly Sorted Symmetrical Platykurtic KD3E 0.00 0.94 1.38 0.81 Coarse-grained Moderately sorted Very positive Platykurtic KD3F 0.13 1.02 0.93 0.25 Coarse-grained Poorly sorted Very Positive Mesokurtic KD3G 0.60 1.04 1.55 0.22 Coarse-grained Poorly sorted Very Positive Very Platykurtic KD4A 0.53 0.85 1.12 0.61 Coarse-grained Moderately sorted Very positive Leptokurtic KD4C 1.17 1.07 0.77 1.02 Medium grained Poorly sorted Very positive Mesokurtic KD-5A 0.43 0.91 0.08 0.05 Coarse-grained Moderately sorted Symmetrical Very platykurtic KD-6A 0.77 1.07 0.03 0.06 Coarse sand Poorly sorted Symmetrical Very platykurtic KD-6C 1.37 0.81 0.08 0.02 Medium sand Moderately sorted Symmetrical Very platykurtic KD-7A 0.33 0.78 0.13 0.09 Coarse sand Moderately sorted Positive Very platykurtic KD-7C -0.30 1.26 0.37 0.19 Very Coarse sand Poorly sorted Very Positive Very platykurtic M-Mean, SD- Standard Deviation, SK-Skewness, and K- Kurtosis 4.3 Thin Section Petrography Results The mineral identified in the Gulu sandstones is quartz which ranges from 59–89.0% with an average of 76.2, feldspar ranges from 4.0–18% with an average of 8.7 and the rock fragments range from 5.1–27% with an average of 15.1 (Table 3 ). There are more mono-crystalline mineral grains than polycrystalline grains (Fig. 6 ). The mineral constituents of Kandi sandstones show that quartz is the predominant mineral in the samples ranging from 47.1–73.3%, with an average of about 59.2% feldspar ranging from 13.2–34.8%, with an average of 24.6% and rock fragments ranging from 5.2–27.1%, with the average of 16.2% (Fig. 7 and Table 2 ). The mineral grains are mostly sub-angular to sub-rounded in shape in all the sandstones. Kandi sandstones have more angular mineral grains. Some grains are polycrystalline while the majority are essentially mono-crystalline. The main mineral constituents in thin sections are quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments or lithoclast. Table 2 Percentage modal results of the abundance of framework components of Gulu and Kandi sandstones. SN SAMPLE NO QUARTZ FELDSPAR ROCK FRAGMENTS 1 GU41 75.0 11.0 14.0 2 GU45 80.4 14.5 5.1 3 GU48 81.4 11.6 7.0 4 GU51 76.4 10.4 13.2 5 GU54 78.6 13.8 7.6 6 GU52 73.0 6.0 21.0 7 GU54 80.0 4.0 16.0 8 GU56 78.0 5.0 17.0 9 GU58 83.0 4.0 13.0 10 GU60 69.0 4.0 27.0 11 GU62 59.0 18.0 23.0 12 GU64 75.0 6.0 19.0 13 GU68 79.0 6.0 15.0 14 GU70 66.0 8.0 26.0 15 GU72 76.0 9.0 15.0 16 GU74 67.0 17.0 16.0 17 GU76 86.0 4.0 10.0 18 GU78 89.0 4.0 7.0 19 KD 1A 73.7 13.2 13.2 20 KD 1B 56.3 25.0 18.8 21 KD 1C 75.9 19.0 5.2 22 KD 2A 68.8 20.8 10.4 23 KD 2B 56.1 29.8 14.0 24 KD5A 55.2 31.3 13.5 25 KD6A 55.8 25.0 19.2 26 KD6C 50.0 34.8 15.2 27 KD7A 49.1 32.7 18.2 28 KD7C 57.8 27.7 14.5 29 KD3A 68.0 17.3 14.7 30 KD3E 49.0 27.1 24.0 31 KD3F 65.1 16.9 18.1 32 KD4A 60.9 22.7 16.4 33 KD4C 47.1 25.7 27.1 4.4 Major Oxides and Trace Elements The major oxides in the sandstones show enrichment of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3, and TiO 2 above the significantly low P 2 O 5 , K 2 O, CaO, Na 2 O, MgO, and MnO. The values of the most enriched oxides of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and TiO 2, in Gulu and Kandi sandstones, range from 62.07 to 93.18% (mean 83.47%), 4.91 to 27.37% (mean 12.49%), 0.20 to 2.78% (mean 1.05%), and 0.13 to 0.88% with (mean 0.38%) and 45.74 to 74.86% (mean 61.43%), 15.78 to 31.20% (mean26.05%), 1.36 to 15.27% (mean 5.04%), and 0.13 to 0.50% with (mean 0.35%) respectively (Table 3 ). Zirconium, strontium, zinc, nickel, rubidium, barium, chromium, vanadium, etc. are the most enriched trace elements in the Gulu and Kandi sandstones (Table 3 ). Table 3 Major Oxide (%) of Gulu and Kandi sandstones Sample No SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 CaO Fe 2 O 3 TiO 2 P 2 O 5 K 2 O Na 2 O MgO MnO V Cr Cu Sr Zr Ba Zn Ni Rb GU-45 62.07 27.37 0.18 2.78 0.88 0.52 0.31 0.04 0.08 0.01 87 719 2 367 89 4 255 62 144 GU-48 93.18 4.91 0.14 0.29 0.24 0.49 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.00 45 158 13 455 84 0 114 8 96 GU-54 88.99 7.19 0.12 1.11 0.42 0.44 0.07 0.00 0.04 0.01 9 1 18 147 339 507 58 10 186 GU-57 84.56 9.97 0.18 1.77 0.53 0.50 0.17 0.07 0.03 0.01 201 183 0 266 198 114 37 10 219 GU-60 91.28 6.21 0.13 0.80 0.17 0.49 0.08 0.00 0.07 0.00 9 11 28 53 256 151 220 0 0 GU-66 84.02 13.61 0.15 0.20 0.13 0.53 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.00 2 13 5 128 19 336 10 10 129 GU-69 87.80 9.76 0.11 0.41 0.23 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 3 35 10 137 244 575 206 75 210 GU-72 84.61 12.06 0.12 0.97 0.30 0.46 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.00 38 54 84 278 1,016 304 155 0 166 GU-76 76.41 19.86 0.14 0.81 0.30 0.56 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.00 51 96 17 99 408 32 29 17 36 GU-80 81.76 13.99 0.13 1.34 0.63 0.50 0.11 0.01 0.06 0.00 275 257 71 294 135 656 108 43 303 KD 1A 61.99 28.94 0.26 2.89 0.41 0.51 0.27 0.09 0.10 0.00 103 52 14 179 270 68 17 49 227 KD 1B 64.24 23.57 0.23 2.98 0.50 0.48 0.22 0.04 0.07 0.00 93 174 26 207 327 70 93 20 393 KD 1C 55.62 31.20 0.24 3.84 0.40 0.48 0.21 0.03 0.12 0.01 8 26 22 247 992 1,350 102 1 175 KD 2A 66.53 24.21 0.22 1.36 0.30 0.50 0.24 0.05 0.09 0.00 127 140 38 660 293 90 83 48 288 KD 2A-GC 59.18 28.33 0.26 2.13 0.33 0.37 0.25 0.03 0.08 0.00 47 11 38 975 124 1,350 102 14 175 KD 5A 61.88 25.85 0.21 6.23 0.31 0.53 0.17 0.01 0.10 0.01 43 27 25 561 199 21 15 8 195 KD 6A 60.00 28.08 0.17 5.99 0.39 0.43 0.22 0.01 0.05 0.01 128 1040 6 294 103 12 46 17 196 KD 6C 64.25 26.61 0.18 3.64 0.27 0.56 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.00 352 68 165 181 271 126 82 27 308 KD 7A 45.74 27.96 0.28 15.37 0.46 0.54 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.01 87 719 2 367 89 4 255 62 144 KD 7C 74.86 15.78 0.23 5.96 0.13 0.55 0.15 0.08 0.07 0.01 45 158 13 455 84 0 114 8 96 5.0 Discussion 5.1 Provenance The composition and maturity of sandstones in terms of texture and mineralogy are largely influenced by the parent rock, weathering, and transportation (Hayashi, et al., 1997 ). Mono-crystalline mineral grain that has been attributed to igneous or some recycled sedimentary is more than the polycrystalline in all the sandstones (Al-Harbi and Khan, 2008 ). There are some strains or micro-fractures on the polycrystalline grains which could be pointers to the fact that some of the mineral grains are of metamorphic origin (Chima et al., 2018 ) (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 ). Major and trace elements are also very useful in constraining the sediments origin (Garver, 1996, Ngueutchoua et al., 2017 , Adeoye et al., 2022 ). The Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 ratio in mafic igneous rock is always low because TiO 2 is not associated with phyllosilicate minerals and ranges from 3 to 8 when compared with 8 to 21 in an intermediate rock, and a high value of 21 to 70 in felsic igneous rock (Hayashi, et al., 1997 , Nagarajan et al., 2015 ) (Table 3 ). Therefore, sediment generated from granitic to mixed granitic/basaltic rocks has a chemical composition that can be described by the ratio of Al 2 O 3 to TiO 2 ratio (Fig.) (Amajor, 1987 ). Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 ratios of Gulu samples show that the felsic igneous source dominates the provenance of the basal sandstone bed and the intermediate igneous source contributed more i.e. 18.7–20.1 to the uppermost beds. All the lithofacies from Kandi have ratio values above 21 implying that they are all sourced from felsic igneous rock (Fig. 8 ). Furthermore, the sandstones within the field of Fe-shale and Fe-sand suggest that these rocks originate from a Fe-bearing bedrock (Abu and Sunkari, 2020a ). The Kandi sandstones plot within the Fe-shale rich region probably because of their high contents of Al 2 O 3 compared with those of Gulu. The plate tectonic of a provenance does have considerable control on the chemical compositions of the resulting siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. So the chemical signatures are traceable to depict different tectonic settings of the parent rocks of siliciclastic rocks (Bhatia, 1983 , Roser and Korsch, 1988 , Baiyegunhi et al., 2017 ). The paleotectonic discrimination plot of bivariate SiO 2 against K 2 O/Na 2 O (Roser and Korsch, 1988 ) (Fig. 9 ) Fe 2 O 3 + MgO against TiO 2 (Fig. 10 ) suggests active continental margin and passive margin as the tectonic region of the parent rock of sandstones of Enagi Formation. Active continental margins are basins within the subduction zone, continental basins, and pull-apart basins associated with strike-slip fault zones. Whereas, passive continental margins are basins on the continental crust and basins associated with ocean floor spreading failed rifts and Atlantic-type continental margins. 5.2 Depositional Environment The environment of deposition ranges from continental through transitional and then to marine settings. These environments cover the fluvial, eolian, delta, and beach settings where sandstones are often found. The signatures that are commonly recorded on sandstones are not only the imprint of the depositional environments but also that of their provenance and transportation processes. They all impact on the grain sizes of the clastic sedimentary rocks (Folk and Ward, 1957 , Friedman, 1979 Bui et al., 1990 ). This makes grain size data a very important and useful tool in the reconstruction of paleoenvironments when integrated with other sedimentary features such as sedimentary structures and associated rock types (Folk and Ward, 1957 , Pettijohn, 1975 , Friedman, 1979, Bui et al., 1990 ). Grain size data reveals that the texture of the sandstones from Gulu is predominantly fine to medium-grained. These textures result from suspension and saltation processes of transportation which are later deposited under low energy flow or calm water settings (Ikhane et al., 2013 , Warrier et al., 2016 ). The majority of the sandstones at Gulu are moderately sorted suggesting typical braided and channel deposits with a few poorly sorted ones at the upper and lower part of the well which are similar to floodplain deposits (Ojo and Akande 2012 ). Kandi sandstones are medium-grained to very coarse-grained which may represent saltation and bed load materials commonly deposited at the upper and middle regime or mature stage of the river (Warrier et al., 2016 ). Kandi outcrops are bioturbated and also reveal alternating poor and moderate sorted lithofacies possibly due to the periodic changes in the energy suggesting tidal channels and shoreface deposits (Ojo and Akande, 2012 ). The coarse-grained and conglomeratic sandstones deposited on the eroded surface of the underlying medium-grained lithofacies (Fig. 11 ) show typical braided or channel fluvial deposits similar to Maastrichtian Enagi Formation exposed across the Agbona ridge at Share and Shonga (Ojo and Akande, 2012 ). Predominant moderately sorted and positive skewness are typical of river sediments common to constant low to moderate energy or consistency of the ocean current (Friedman, 1979, Selly, 1985, Tucker, 1988 ). Poor to moderate sorted and very platykurtic features may suggest that the environment is influenced by low and high energy conditions. The poor sorting texture of the sandstones suggests the influence of a high-energy environment or deposition in a flood plain or fluvial environment (Nton, and Bankole, 2013 ). The sandstones across the study areas exhibit textural characteristics of symmetrical to very positively skewed and very platykurtic indicating a wide range of grain size distributions dominantly from river to beach or tidal environments. The scattered bivariate plots of standard deviation versus skewness, and Kurtosis versus skewness (Fig. 12 ) have helped further constrain the paleo-environment (Friedman, 1967 and 1979; Ojo and Akande, 2012 , Ojo, 201). These plots indicate that the Kandi and Gulu sandstones plotted majorly within the river sands and very few within the marine and tidal environments. Bivariate plot of standard deviation against mean and Standard deviation against skewness by Friedman, ( 1967 ) suggest that all the sandstones were deposited mainly in a fluvial depositional environment with little contribution from tidal processes. The plot of Fe 2 O 3 (%) against MgO (%) and triplot of MgO, Fe 2 O 3, and SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 further confirms that the sandstones are deposited in deltaic and fluvial environments (Fig. 13 ). Cross stratification is a syn-depositional structure of the sediments which is useful for understanding the behavior of modern bed forms and for interpreting environments of ancient deposits (Allen, 1982 ). The cross-stratification structures in the Kandi bed (Fig. 14 a) form are unidirectional indicating fluvial settings while the bidirectional herringbone structures (Fig. 14 b) and worm burrow are indicative of tidal or shallow marine environments. Planar cross-stratification is commonly observed in fluvial (river), aeolian (wind), and tidal environments. Trough cross-stratification is the stratification that is usually formed by the action of currents or waves (Allen, 1982 ,). 5.3 Mineralogy of the Sandstones The mineral constituents of the eighteen Gulu sandstones reveal that 77.8% of the samples have quartz minerals dominance ranging from 73–89% and the remaining 22.2% have fairly low quartz of about 59–69%. This indicates a tendency of dominant arenitic lithofacies. The feldspar contents are relatively low, ranging from 4.0–18.0%, and rock fragments from 5.1–26.0%. At the Kandi study area, only 13% of the fifteen (15) sandstones have quartz minerals constituents ranging from 73.7–75.9% while about 87% of the sandstone samples range as low as 47.1–68.8% quartz mineral. However, those with feldspar above 25% are 73.3% suggesting a dominance of feldspathic or arkosic lithofacies for Kandi sandstones. The rock fragments generally range between 5.2 to 27.1% in the whole sandstone samples. In summary, the mineral ratios in the study sandstones suggest that the Kandi lithofacies are feldspathic or arkosic while those of Gulu are litharenite. The Pettijohn, ( 1975 ) triplot of quartz, feldspar, and lithic (Fig. 15 ) further confirms that the sandstones from Gulu are more litharenite while Kandi lithofacies are sub-arkose and arkosic. The classification was further supported by the Quartz-Feldspar-Rock Fragments of Folk, ( 1968 ) (Fig. 16 ) confirming Gulu samples as mainly sub-litharenite with very few lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite whereas Kandi samples as essentially lithic arkose. The sub-litharenite nature, moderate sorting, and sub-angular to sub-rounded mineral grains of Gulu sandstones suggest that the rocks have been transported moderately far from the source, subjected to intense weathering that reduces the feldspar contents, and probably formed from parent rock rich in quartz and low in feldspar content such as granite (Hussain et al., 2006 , Akinlua et al., 2016 , Chima et al., 2018 ). The dominance of quartz minerals with 70% and above composition in Gulu sandstone suggests they are more mineralogically mature. The low clay mineral contents in Gulu sandstones will help reduce the clogging of pore space and lower the cementation rate during lithification. The Kandi sandstones are texturally and mineralogically immature to sub-mature suggesting a short transportation history and relatively less potential for reservoir (Ogungbesan and Akaegbobi, 2011 , Ojo, 2012 ). The concentration of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, and Fe 2 O 3 are useful in classifying sandstones into quartz arenites, greywacke, arkose, or lithic arenite (Pettijohn et al., 1972 ; Herron, 1988 ). Chemical classification of sandstones has been carried out through their ratio (Lindsey, 1999 ). If log (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ) ≥ 1.5, the sandstone is classified as quartz arenite. None of the sandstones have values of log (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ) to be greater than 1.5 but the Gulu sandstones range mainly from 0.8 to 1.3 while Kandi sandstones range from 0.2 to 0.7. This shows that the sandstones from the Gulu area tend closer to being arenitic than those in the Kandi area. If log (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ) is < 1, log (K 2 O/Na 2 O) < 0, it is a Greywacke; and when log (SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 ) is less than 1.5, log (K 2 O/Na 2 O) ≥ 0 and log ((Fe 2 O 3 + MgO)/(K 2 O + Na 2 O)) < 0, the sandstone is classified as Arkose; and lastly when log (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ) < 1.5, log (K 2 O/Na 2 O) < 0 or log ((Fe 2 O 3 + MgO)/(K 2 O + Na 2 O)) ≥ 0, then the sandstone is classified as lithic arenite (Sub greywacke) (Lindsey, 1999 ). These guidelines suggest that the sandstones of Kandi and Gulu are mixed ranging from being arkosic at Kandi and lithic arenite in Gulu. This is consistent with their mineralogy from petrography (Table 2 ). The chemically less stable minerals such as plagioclase feldspar during weathering and transportation are very few in Gulu samples but slightly sustained in Kandi sandstones as also reflected in the plot of Zr against TiO 2 which confirms the dominance of felsic minerals in Gulu sandstones. The majority of Kandi sandstone plots are close to and within the intermediate minerals. So sandstones in Gulu are more mature in texture and mineralogy than Gulu sandstones. The sub-mature to mature textural characteristics, coarse grain, dominance quartz mineral (litharenite), and dominant moderate sorting of the sandstones from Gulu are geological indices for a good porosity and permeability which will enhance the rock’s reservoir potentials for underground water and hydrocarbon exploration. This is because cementation at the deeper subsurface will be less compared with the arkosic samples at the Kandi area. 6.0 Conclusions This study integrated geology, grain size, thin section, and geochemistry studies to evaluate the provenance, textures, mineralogy, and depositional environments and predict the preliminary reservoir quality of the Campanian-Maastrichtian sandstones of Enagi Formation in the northern Bida Basin, Nigeria. The following conclusions were reached. The sandstones of Gulu are fine to medium-grained, moderately to well sorted, and sub-angular to sub-rounded grain indicating exposure to moderate distance of transportation away from the source. They have mineralogical and textural sub-mature features and are classified as lithic arenite. Kandi sandstones are medium to coarse-grained, poorly to moderately sorted, and sub-angular to sub-rounded grain shapes suggesting mineralogically and texturally immature to sub-mature features. They are essentially arkosic sandstones The sandstones are deposited mainly in a fluvial depositional environment with little contribution from tidal environments. The sandstones are largely from the felsic to intermediate rocks from a passive margin paleo-tectonics. The candidate sandstones with the best reservoir potential are those of the Gulu area because they are moderately sorted, texturally, and mineralogically more mature, with lesser clay or feldspar constituents that can enhance cementation at the deeper subsurface. These sandstones should be suitable for underground water aquifers at the shallow subsurface and hydrocarbon reservoirs at the deeper subsurface. Declarations The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Author Contribution James Adejim Adeoye- Conceptualized, Analyzed data, prepared the figures and Tables, Wrote, and reviewed part of the manuscriptIshaq Yusuf - Conceptualized the researchNuhu George Obaje - Conceptualized and supervised the researchAbubakar Alhaji Usman- Analyzed data, Wrote and reviewed part of the manuscriptUgochukwu Charles Okoro - Analyzed data, Wrote and reviewed part of the manuscript Acknowledgement The authors thank the Tertiary Education Fund (Tetfund) Nigeria for the research support grant and the Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University for creating the enabling environment given for this study. The authors however take full responsibility for the ideas and interpretations presented in the paper. Data Availability The datasets generated during and / or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Abu, M., Sunkari, E. D., (2020a). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5157244","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":371551932,"identity":"0cc80601-ee41-4c96-9068-189e663422a8","order_by":0,"name":"James Adejimi Adeoye","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYwxczA2MzAcOADkMnGToqWgzNAWpiJswyijJkHwcajtv104sMfNdZyzO3ciYdtfm2T5wPa+OFjDh6H9eRuNuY5lm7M2My74XBu323DNmYGZsmZ2/D5JXebNAPb4cRGsJae24xALWzMvPi09L/d/vPHv8P1YC2WPbftCWuZkbuNgbftcALYYQw/bicSoeXtZmnevnRDkC0HextuJ7cxMzbj9Ythf+7Gjz++Wcsb9p/d/OHHn9u289ubD374iE9LAzKDsQ1scwMOxRAgj8r4g1fxKBgFo2AUjFAAAGfVVYvZSBSaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"James","middleName":"Adejimi","lastName":"Adeoye","suffix":""},{"id":371551935,"identity":"f1237934-58fd-4f7f-a173-376991e8f7c5","order_by":1,"name":"Ishaq Yusuf","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ishaq","middleName":"","lastName":"Yusuf","suffix":""},{"id":371551937,"identity":"c2b07b22-6cb8-4174-972e-fe26974a204e","order_by":2,"name":"Nuhu George Obaje","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nuhu","middleName":"George","lastName":"Obaje","suffix":""},{"id":371551939,"identity":"ea7d4566-21ca-4a30-9630-4bf0ce90c34f","order_by":3,"name":"Abubakar Alhaji Usman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abubakar","middleName":"Alhaji","lastName":"Usman","suffix":""},{"id":371551940,"identity":"f5bf475f-0bf1-4dc9-bfa2-63e2a84e8985","order_by":4,"name":"Ugochukwu Charles Okoro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ugochukwu","middleName":"Charles","lastName":"Okoro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-26 08:53:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157244/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157244/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70747363,"identity":"1a92dbe3-ee17-4c59-8eb8-d0311a2aa6e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:49:13","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":188554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeological map of Nigeria showing Bida Basin (White Letter) in the North Central (Modified after Obaje et al 2020)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/542e04df138d701256680189.png"},{"id":70747367,"identity":"118535ca-2dc1-42fc-9f51-d22b43d69d72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:49:13","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeological map of Nigeria showing Bida Basin (White Letter) in the North Central (Modified after Adeleye, 1976 and Obaje et al. 2013)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/ad88c9b769f323c00dfe886b.png"},{"id":70747369,"identity":"a956920b-f3fa-4f23-85cd-8390f222a8f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:49:13","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88490,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Stratigraphic successions in the northern and southern parts of Bida Basin (Modified after Akande et al., 2005)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/21102dd2f1d759f987f9866a.png"},{"id":70750331,"identity":"3ad7b70b-2f64-4212-ad68-769307fa2908","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 09:13:13","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Lithologic section of a borehole that penetrated the Enagi Formation at Gulu, Northern Bida Basin. Photograph of (b) the dark shale and (c and d) the brownish to greyish sandstones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/805880ddb494dc0cdee5fc60.png"},{"id":70747202,"identity":"2285280b-0916-42a9-8e4b-b3f1dc98b695","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:41:12","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":486315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eField photograph of the laterally extensive outcrop of sandstones at Kandi Northern Bida Basin\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/38efcc553bc7daec8aa937a1.png"},{"id":70748835,"identity":"84d8d56e-863b-424e-9b0e-fa0c428c9727","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 09:05:13","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":545395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepresentative photomicrograph of Gulu sandstones shown in cross-polar (a. and c.) and plane-polar (b. and d.). (Mono-crystalline (MC), polycrystalline (PC), sub-angular (SA), sub-rounded (SR), quartz grains (Q), feldspar (F) and rock fragment (RF), Red arrow= micro-fracture)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/6a57412ef0ddc7715d5c2627.png"},{"id":70748634,"identity":"a9226d15-039c-4746-8da5-246a781c3576","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:57:13","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":629650,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCross-polar (a. and c.) and plane-polar (b. and d.) representative photomicrograph of the sandstones from Kandi. \u0026nbsp;(Mono-crystalline (MC), polycrystalline (PC), angular (A), sub-angular (SA), and sub-rounded (SR) quartz grains, Red arrow= micro-fracture).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/03d61235a605815238fecd67.png"},{"id":70747361,"identity":"1590dcfe-e21a-4974-ade6-4cf55b9b81c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:49:13","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105597,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plots of (a) Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3 \u003c/sub\u003e(%) vs TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (%) (b) Y/Ni vs. Cr/V and (c) TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (%) vs Zr (ppm), and (d) Log (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO) vs Log (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) diagram showing the Basalt, Basalt + Granite, Granite + Basalt, and Granite suggest that the parent rock of Kandi sandstones is granite while Gulu sandstones are from granite + basalt (Herron, 1988, Hayashi et al., 1997, Cullers, 2002, Adeoye et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/5f327a0da16ba002f4ed71f9.png"},{"id":70748631,"identity":"fe20c0bd-0e40-4a96-b790-40aaa60ca6b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:57:13","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66741,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e against K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO showing palaeotectonic discrimination within passive island arc and Active continental margins, the Kandi sandstones fall within (Roser and Korsch, 1988)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/af1ce8ef9dd0de4d4f41814b.png"},{"id":70747209,"identity":"021a188e-c3ae-4c42-918c-0dda19f5c0a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:41:13","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBivariate plots of (a) TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (wt.%) versus (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e + MgO) (wt.%), of the Gulu and Kandi sandstones, Enagi\u0026nbsp; Formation, Bida Basin on the tectonic setting discrimination diagram \u0026nbsp;(Bhatia, 1983).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/d659af636e76f524ac865a1e.png"},{"id":70747212,"identity":"05dd989d-7aa8-4520-8e68-d37a7722fdbe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:41:13","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":242071,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotograph of conglomeratic sandstones (CgSST) deposited in a scoured erosional surface (red line) above the medium-grained (MG) and coarse-grained (CG) sandstone lithofacies at Kandi, northern Bida Basin.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/b22d67940ea7aa372f0db789.png"},{"id":70748636,"identity":"2cc3da78-6ef1-4bf3-b7ff-963de84cd8bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:57:13","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plots of (a) Standard deviation against skewness, and (b) Kurtosis against Skewness showing the depositional environment of Gulu and Kandi sandstones are influenced mainly by the river and few tidal and beach contributions (modified after Friedman, 1967).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/0f093ef66f3d74ffa333b680.png"},{"id":70748837,"identity":"b9df60ec-92b5-49e7-a697-8225c81044c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 09:05:15","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45535,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBinary (a) and triplot (b) diagrams showing characterization and differentiation of marine from non-marine sandstones. All the sandstones were plotted in the non-marine and deltaic fields (after Ratcliffe et al., 2007)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/b551e0a926fe57b3c08816ce.png"},{"id":70747359,"identity":"fe22f3d6-3e40-4aa2-a0e4-6dac4258518f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:49:13","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":288634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotograph of (A) cross-stratification and (B) herringbone structures on coarse-grained sandstones at Kandi, northern Bida Basin.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/5256615295ff1ce8a9cb5f76.png"},{"id":70747218,"identity":"e5cffa38-03fb-4c49-a549-4d940ba1965c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:41:13","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47155,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eQuartz, feldspar, and lithic ternary plot of sandstone classification suggesting sub-lithic arenite for Gulu and sub-arkose to arkosic arenite for Kandi (Pettijohn, et al 1975).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/556e3013721f94ee7e5b39fc.png"},{"id":70747204,"identity":"30664991-e8e8-42f8-a6ca-a6645fb32fbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 08:41:13","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":78611,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eQuartz-feldspar-rock fragments ternary plot of Kandi sandstone classification (Folk, 1968).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/824f5d9807cca1280780a983.png"},{"id":70750335,"identity":"33a3fe57-03aa-4353-b5f2-35a054b4c4e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-06 09:13:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4569150,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157244/v1/230e0e86-5c4c-466d-8068-1308ac771765.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSedimentology and Geochemistry of Campanian - Maastrichtian Sandstones of Enagi Formation, Bida Basin, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSedimentary rocks are a product of the earth's surficial process from pre-existing older rocks such as igneous and metamorphic and cover about three-fourths of the earth's surface with abundant resources including water, minerals, and petroleum (Boggs, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). They are also good geological environment for agricultural activities. The understanding of the provenance, textural characteristics, mineral composition, process of formation, and depositional conditions of sandstones are very significant geological indices for all exploration efforts. These indices compliment log data in an established exploration field and very useful in de-risking a frontier basin for petroleum exploration. The geological parameters can be obtained from petrography, geochemistry, and grain size studies (Blatt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e, Pettijohn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e, Dickinson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). The need for sustaining the increasing human population and demand for more energy in Nigeria and other developing countries in Africa and beyond have necessitated the drive for underground water and petroleum exploration development. Underground water and petroleum are hosted or accumulated in the same reservoir rocks which could be sandstones or carbonate rocks especially in a sedimentary environment of a frontier basin such as Bida Basin, north central Nigeria (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reservoir quality of any rocks is measured by their porosity and permeability which are essentially controlled by geological indices including provenance, textural and mineralogy composition, and post-depositional changes during burial. Exploration data are scarce in the Bida Basin because of the poor interest of investors and low research funding for the frontier basins in Nigeria in the past decades. There is no exploratory well in the basin except the recent seismic and other geophysical data acquired by the Nigeria National Petroleum Exploration as a result of the nation\u0026rsquo;s need for more clean energy like shale gas. The newly acquired geophysical data in the Bida Basin reveals that the basin\u0026rsquo;s depth to the basement is about 7km. The outcropping sandstones at Kandi village and from the neighboring shallow borehole at Gulu village represent some of the siliciclastic rocks in the basin that could be easily accessed and which may be an important reservoir in the deep subsurface. The sandstones were investigated for the first time in this study through thin-section petrography, grain size, and geochemistry analyses to obtain some geological indices needed for preliminary evaluation of their potential as reservoirs. The results from these studies should suggest the quality of the sandstones in the shallow area as an aquifer for groundwater for the community and petroleum potentials reservoir in the deeper subsurface part of the basin.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Geology of Bida Basin","content":"\u003cp\u003eBida Basin (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) belongs to the Central and West African rift-related basins which include Dahomey Basin and Benue Trough in Nigeria, Muglad and Melut basins of Sudan, and the Termit Basin of Niger and were formed as a result of the transcurrent movement of the South America and African continental plate in the late Jurassic \u0026ndash; early Cretaceous time (Burke, et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e, Petters, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e, Okereke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e, Genik, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, Keller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). There are a lot of previous research works in the Bida basin covering the aspect of the stratigraphy (Adeleye and Dessauvagie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e; Adeleye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e), basin configuration and structures (Ojo, and Ajakaiye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e, Udensi and Osazuwa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), sedimentology (Adeleye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e, Ojo and Akande, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, 2020), and source rock characterization (Obaje et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Akande et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis intracratonic structured Bida Basin trends NW-SW and has its northern side beginning at Kontagora and ending at Lokoja in the southern part (Obaje, 2013) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is bounded by the crystalline basement to Sokoto Basin in the north and Anambra Basin in the south. Sedimentation began in the post-Santonian after the intense tectonic inversion in the Lower Benue Trough that led to the formation of the contiguous Campanian\u0026ndash;Tertiary Anambra Basin. Bida Basin is subdivided into northern and southern parts without any clear boundary. Northern Bida Basin consists of Bida Formation succeeded by Sakpe Formation, Enagi Formation, and capped by the Batati Formation while Southern Bida Basin comprises of Lokoja Formation overlain by Patti Formation and capped by the Agbaja Formation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) (Obaje et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Ojo and Akande, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis work began with mapping the exposed or outcropping successions of the Enagi Formation at the Gulu and Kandi areas of Lapai Local Government, Niger State within the northern Bida Basin. Ditch cuttings from a borehole located at Gulu were described and logged, and fresh samples were collected. A total of fifty (50) samples of sandstones from both the outcrop and borehole were collected and subjected to laboratory analyses including grain size, X-ray fluorescence, major oxides and trace elements, and thin section petrography.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA grain size study was carried out on thirty (30) unconsolidated samples. Each weight of 100g of the sample was obtained and put in a set of sieves as follows; 4.00mm, 2.360mm, 1.180mm, 0.600mm, 0.300mm, 0.150mm, 0.106mm, 0.075mm, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.075mm arranged in an ascending order of sizes on shaker. The set of sieves was then agitated for about 5 minutes to leave a fraction of samples in each sieve and pan according to their sizes. The individual weight percentage and cumulative percentage were obtained and a graph of phi sizes against cumulative weight percentage was plotted to extract percentiles to calculate statistical parameters for the Graphic Mean (M), Standard Deviation (sorting) (SD), Graphic Kurtosis (K) and Graphic Skewness (SK) based on Folk and Ward (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThirty-three (33) sandstone samples across the study areas were also selected and impregnated, mounted on a glass plate with Canada balsam, and then ground to a certain thickness with increasingly finer and finer degrees of abrasion. The glass slip was removed during the process, as well as a small amount of Canadian balsam, which acts as an adhesive, which was placed in the center and gently heated until the bubbles were driven out. After that, the sample chip was placed on the slide with the flattering side towards the balsam and glass. The last grinding action expands the slide on the opposing side. The sample slice was then heated after being covered in fresh balsam. Finally, the rock slice was carefully covered with an air bubble-free cover slip or slide, and pressed down. A thin sample is cut, then placed on a glass slide, and honed smoothly with finer abrasive grit until the sample is just 30 microns (0.03mm) thick. Mentholated spirit is useful for removing workout cementing substances. These procedures take place with the use of a microscope, which can be a polarizing petrographic microscope, an electron microscope, or an electron microprobe. A total number of twenty (20) sandstones were subjected to X-Ray fluorescence analysis and eleven (11) major oxides and forty-seven (47) trace elements were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Results ","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Lithofacies Description\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandstones encountered at the depth of 45 m in the borehole drilled at Gulu on the coordinate of latitude N08\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e 36\u0026rsquo; 38\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;and longitude E006\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e 34\u0026rsquo; 48\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; are overlain by beds of claystone and shale (Fig. 4). The sandstones are whitish with grain ranging from fine, coarse, and medium-grained sizes. The fine-grained lithofacies occurred at the basal part of the section. Sedimentary structures were not recorded from the Gulu sandstones because they are all cuttings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe outcropping sandstone lithofacies at Kandi about 20 km to Gulu on the coordinate of latitude N08\u0026deg;36'38\" and longitude E006\u0026deg;34'48\". The average thickness of the outcrop is about 3.5 m thick (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e This outcrop has very interesting textural characteristics and sedimentary structures. Their textural features show fine, medium, coarse to very coarse texture and poorly sorted to well-sorted grains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedimentary structures observed are through cross-stratification, planar cross-stratification, herringbone structures, and bioturbation. They are greyish, brownish to reddish colors. Some of the coarse-grained beds have a lot of clay drapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Grain Size Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe grain size distribution of siliciclastic sedimentary rock largely functions in the processes of transportation resulting from the movement of bed loads, saltation, and minor subsurface loads (Folk and Ward, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e). The grain size data are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e in a statistical format of mean size, standard deviation (sorting), skewness, and kurtosis. Gulu sandstones have mean size varying from 1.06 to 2.78 mm, with an average of 1.7 mm, standard deviation (sorting) ranges from 0.60 to 1.50 mm with an average of 1.0 mm, skewness values range from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.45 to 0.37 mm with the average of 0.1 mm, and kurtosis from 0.66 to 1.76 mm with an average of 1.0 mm. Kandi sandstones have mean size ranges from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.30 to 1.37 mm with an average of 0.5 mm, standard deviation (sorting) value ranges from 0.78 to 1.26 mm with an average of 1.0 mm, skewness value ranges from 0.03 to 1.55 mm with an average of 0.6 mm, and kurtosis ranges from 0.02 and 1.02 with the average of 0.3 mm (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain size results and interpretations of sandstone in Gulu and Kandi, Enagi Formation, Bida Basin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Well Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Negative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Leptokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegatively\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositively\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositively\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositively\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositively\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Leptokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery platykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly Sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD3E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD3F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD3G\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Platykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD4A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeptokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD4C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesokurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD-5A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse-grained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery platykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD-6A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse sand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery platykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD-6C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium sand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetrical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery platykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD-7A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse sand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery platykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD-7C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Coarse sand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoorly sorted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery platykurtic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eM-Mean, SD- Standard Deviation, SK-Skewness, and K- Kurtosis\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Thin Section Petrography Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mineral identified in the Gulu sandstones is quartz which ranges from 59\u0026ndash;89.0% with an average of 76.2, feldspar ranges from 4.0\u0026ndash;18% with an average of 8.7 and the rock fragments range from 5.1\u0026ndash;27% with an average of 15.1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). There are more mono-crystalline mineral grains than polycrystalline grains (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mineral constituents of Kandi sandstones show that quartz is the predominant mineral in the samples ranging from 47.1\u0026ndash;73.3%, with an average of about 59.2% feldspar ranging from 13.2\u0026ndash;34.8%, with an average of 24.6% and rock fragments ranging from 5.2\u0026ndash;27.1%, with the average of 16.2% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The mineral grains are mostly sub-angular to sub-rounded in shape in all the sandstones. Kandi sandstones have more angular mineral grains. Some grains are polycrystalline while the majority are essentially mono-crystalline. The main mineral constituents in thin sections are quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments or lithoclast.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage modal results of the abundance of framework components of Gulu and Kandi sandstones.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSAMPLE NO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQUARTZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFELDSPAR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROCK FRAGMENTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 1A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 1B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 1C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 2A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 2B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD5A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD6A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD6C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD7A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD7C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD3A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD3E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD3F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD4A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD4C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Major Oxides and Trace Elements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe major oxides in the sandstones show enrichment of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3,\u003c/sub\u003e and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e above the significantly low P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, CaO, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, MgO, and MnO. The values of the most enriched oxides of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and TiO\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e in Gulu and Kandi sandstones, range from 62.07 to 93.18% (mean 83.47%), 4.91 to 27.37% (mean 12.49%), 0.20 to 2.78% (mean 1.05%), and 0.13 to 0.88% with (mean 0.38%) and 45.74 to 74.86% (mean 61.43%), 15.78 to 31.20% (mean26.05%), 1.36 to 15.27% (mean 5.04%), and 0.13 to 0.50% with (mean 0.35%) respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Zirconium, strontium, zinc, nickel, rubidium, barium, chromium, vanadium, etc. are the most enriched trace elements in the Gulu and Kandi sandstones (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor Oxide (%) of Gulu and Kandi sandstones\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"20\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU-80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 1A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 1B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 1C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 2A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 2A-GC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 5A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 6A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 6C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 7A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD 7C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5.0 Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1 \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProvenance\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe composition and maturity of sandstones in terms of texture and mineralogy are largely influenced by the parent rock, weathering, and transportation (Hayashi, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Mono-crystalline mineral grain that has been attributed to igneous or some recycled sedimentary is more than the polycrystalline in all the sandstones (Al-Harbi and Khan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). There are some strains or micro-fractures on the polycrystalline grains which could be pointers to the fact that some of the mineral grains are of metamorphic origin (Chima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Major and trace elements are also very useful in constraining the sediments origin (Garver, 1996, Ngueutchoua et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Adeoye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ratio in mafic igneous rock is always low because TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is not associated with phyllosilicate minerals and ranges from 3 to 8 when compared with 8 to 21 in an intermediate rock, and a high value of 21 to 70 in felsic igneous rock (Hayashi, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, Nagarajan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, sediment generated from granitic to mixed granitic/basaltic rocks has a chemical composition that can be described by the ratio of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e to TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ratio (Fig.) (Amajor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ratios of Gulu samples show that the felsic igneous source dominates the provenance of the basal sandstone bed and the intermediate igneous source contributed more i.e. 18.7\u0026ndash;20.1 to the uppermost beds. All the lithofacies from Kandi have ratio values above 21 implying that they are all sourced from felsic igneous rock (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the sandstones within the field of Fe-shale and Fe-sand suggest that these rocks originate from a Fe-bearing bedrock (Abu and Sunkari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020a\u003c/span\u003e). The Kandi sandstones plot within the Fe-shale rich region probably because of their high contents of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e compared with those of Gulu.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plate tectonic of a provenance does have considerable control on the chemical compositions of the resulting siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. So the chemical signatures are traceable to depict different tectonic settings of the parent rocks of siliciclastic rocks (Bhatia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e, Roser and Korsch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e, Baiyegunhi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The paleotectonic discrimination plot of bivariate SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e against K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (Roser and Korsch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgO against TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) suggests active continental margin and passive margin as the tectonic region of the parent rock of sandstones of Enagi Formation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive continental margins are basins within the subduction zone, continental basins, and pull-apart basins associated with strike-slip fault zones. Whereas, passive continental margins are basins on the continental crust and basins associated with ocean floor spreading failed rifts and Atlantic-type continental margins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2 \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDepositional Environment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe environment of deposition ranges from continental through transitional and then to marine settings. These environments cover the fluvial, eolian, delta, and beach settings where sandstones are often found. The signatures that are commonly recorded on sandstones are not only the imprint of the depositional environments but also that of their provenance and transportation processes. They all impact on the grain sizes of the clastic sedimentary rocks (Folk and Ward, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e, Friedman, 1979 Bui et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). This makes grain size data a very important and useful tool in the reconstruction of paleoenvironments when integrated with other sedimentary features such as sedimentary structures and associated rock types (Folk and Ward, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e, Pettijohn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e, Friedman, 1979, Bui et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). Grain size data reveals that the texture of the sandstones from Gulu is predominantly fine to medium-grained. These textures result from suspension and saltation processes of transportation which are later deposited under low energy flow or calm water settings (Ikhane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Warrier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of the sandstones at Gulu are moderately sorted suggesting typical braided and channel deposits with a few poorly sorted ones at the upper and lower part of the well which are similar to floodplain deposits (Ojo and Akande \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Kandi sandstones are medium-grained to very coarse-grained which may represent saltation and bed load materials commonly deposited at the upper and middle regime or mature stage of the river (Warrier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Kandi outcrops are bioturbated and also reveal alternating poor and moderate sorted lithofacies possibly due to the periodic changes in the energy suggesting tidal channels and shoreface deposits (Ojo and Akande, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The coarse-grained and conglomeratic sandstones deposited on the eroded surface of the underlying medium-grained lithofacies (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e) show typical braided or channel fluvial deposits similar to Maastrichtian Enagi Formation exposed across the Agbona ridge at Share and Shonga (Ojo and Akande, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredominant moderately sorted and positive skewness are typical of river sediments common to constant low to moderate energy or consistency of the ocean current (Friedman, 1979, Selly, 1985, Tucker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). Poor to moderate sorted and very platykurtic features may suggest that the environment is influenced by low and high energy conditions. The poor sorting texture of the sandstones suggests the influence of a high-energy environment or deposition in a flood plain or fluvial environment (Nton, and Bankole, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The sandstones across the study areas exhibit textural characteristics of symmetrical to very positively skewed and very platykurtic indicating a wide range of grain size distributions dominantly from river to beach or tidal environments. The scattered bivariate plots of standard deviation versus skewness, and Kurtosis versus skewness (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) have helped further constrain the paleo-environment (Friedman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e and 1979; Ojo and Akande, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Ojo, 201). These plots indicate that the Kandi and Gulu sandstones plotted majorly within the river sands and very few within the marine and tidal environments. Bivariate plot of standard deviation against mean and Standard deviation against skewness by Friedman, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that all the sandstones were deposited mainly in a fluvial depositional environment with little contribution from tidal processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plot of Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (%) against MgO (%) and triplot of MgO, Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3,\u003c/sub\u003e and SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e further confirms that the sandstones are deposited in deltaic and fluvial environments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross stratification is a syn-depositional structure of the sediments which is useful for understanding the behavior of modern bed forms and for interpreting environments of ancient deposits (Allen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). The cross-stratification structures in the Kandi bed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003ea) form are unidirectional indicating fluvial settings while the bidirectional herringbone structures (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003eb) and worm burrow are indicative of tidal or shallow marine environments. Planar cross-stratification is commonly observed in fluvial (river), aeolian (wind), and tidal environments. Trough cross-stratification is the stratification that is usually formed by the action of currents or waves (Allen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e,).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.3 \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMineralogy of the Sandstones\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mineral constituents of the eighteen Gulu sandstones reveal that 77.8% of the samples have quartz minerals dominance ranging from 73\u0026ndash;89% and the remaining 22.2% have fairly low quartz of about 59\u0026ndash;69%. This indicates a tendency of dominant arenitic lithofacies. The feldspar contents are relatively low, ranging from 4.0\u0026ndash;18.0%, and rock fragments from 5.1\u0026ndash;26.0%. At the Kandi study area, only 13% of the fifteen (15) sandstones have quartz minerals constituents ranging from 73.7\u0026ndash;75.9% while about 87% of the sandstone samples range as low as 47.1\u0026ndash;68.8% quartz mineral. However, those with feldspar above 25% are 73.3% suggesting a dominance of feldspathic or arkosic lithofacies for Kandi sandstones. The rock fragments generally range between 5.2 to 27.1% in the whole sandstone samples. In summary, the mineral ratios in the study sandstones suggest that the Kandi lithofacies are feldspathic or arkosic while those of Gulu are litharenite. The Pettijohn, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e) triplot of quartz, feldspar, and lithic (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) further confirms that the sandstones from Gulu are more litharenite while Kandi lithofacies are sub-arkose and arkosic. The classification was further supported by the Quartz-Feldspar-Rock Fragments of Folk, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) confirming Gulu samples as mainly sub-litharenite with very few lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite whereas Kandi samples as essentially lithic arkose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sub-litharenite nature, moderate sorting, and sub-angular to sub-rounded mineral grains of Gulu sandstones suggest that the rocks have been transported moderately far from the source, subjected to intense weathering that reduces the feldspar contents, and probably formed from parent rock rich in quartz and low in feldspar content such as granite (Hussain et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, Akinlua et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Chima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The dominance of quartz minerals with 70% and above composition in Gulu sandstone suggests they are more mineralogically mature. The low clay mineral contents in Gulu sandstones will help reduce the clogging of pore space and lower the cementation rate during lithification. The Kandi sandstones are texturally and mineralogically immature to sub-mature suggesting a short transportation history and relatively less potential for reservoir (Ogungbesan and Akaegbobi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Ojo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentration of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e are useful in classifying sandstones into quartz arenites, greywacke, arkose, or lithic arenite (Pettijohn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e; Herron, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). Chemical classification of sandstones has been carried out through their ratio (Lindsey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). If log (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.5, the sandstone is classified as quartz arenite. None of the sandstones have values of log (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) to be greater than 1.5 but the Gulu sandstones range mainly from 0.8 to 1.3 while Kandi sandstones range from 0.2 to 0.7. This shows that the sandstones from the Gulu area tend closer to being arenitic than those in the Kandi area. If log (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1, log (K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0, it is a Greywacke; and when log (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/ Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) is less than 1.5, log (K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0 and log ((Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgO)/(K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO))\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0, the sandstone is classified as Arkose; and lastly when log (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.5, log (K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0 or log ((Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgO)/(K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO))\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0, then the sandstone is classified as lithic arenite (Sub greywacke) (Lindsey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). These guidelines suggest that the sandstones of Kandi and Gulu are mixed ranging from being arkosic at Kandi and lithic arenite in Gulu. This is consistent with their mineralogy from petrography (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The chemically less stable minerals such as plagioclase feldspar during weathering and transportation are very few in Gulu samples but slightly sustained in Kandi sandstones as also reflected in the plot of Zr against TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e which confirms the dominance of felsic minerals in Gulu sandstones. The majority of Kandi sandstone plots are close to and within the intermediate minerals. So sandstones in Gulu are more mature in texture and mineralogy than Gulu sandstones. The sub-mature to mature textural characteristics, coarse grain, dominance quartz mineral (litharenite), and dominant moderate sorting of the sandstones from Gulu are geological indices for a good porosity and permeability which will enhance the rock\u0026rsquo;s reservoir potentials for underground water and hydrocarbon exploration. This is because cementation at the deeper subsurface will be less compared with the arkosic samples at the Kandi area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6.0 Conclusions ","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study integrated geology, grain size, thin section, and geochemistry studies to evaluate the provenance, textures, mineralogy, and depositional environments and predict the preliminary reservoir quality of the Campanian-Maastrichtian sandstones of Enagi Formation in the northern Bida Basin, Nigeria. The following conclusions were reached.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"i\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe sandstones of Gulu are fine to medium-grained, moderately to well sorted, and sub-angular to sub-rounded grain indicating exposure to moderate distance of transportation away from the source. They have mineralogical and textural sub-mature features and are classified as lithic arenite. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKandi sandstones are medium to coarse-grained, poorly to moderately sorted, and sub-angular to sub-rounded grain shapes suggesting mineralogically and texturally immature to sub-mature features. They are essentially arkosic sandstones\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe sandstones are deposited mainly in a fluvial depositional environment with little contribution from tidal environments.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe sandstones are largely from the felsic to intermediate rocks from a passive margin paleo-tectonics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe candidate sandstones with the best reservoir potential are those of the Gulu area because they are moderately sorted, texturally, and mineralogically more mature, with lesser clay or feldspar constituents that can enhance cementation at the deeper subsurface.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThese sandstones should be suitable for underground water aquifers at the shallow subsurface and hydrocarbon reservoirs at the deeper subsurface.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eJames Adejim Adeoye- Conceptualized, Analyzed data, prepared the figures and Tables, Wrote, and reviewed part of the manuscriptIshaq Yusuf - Conceptualized the researchNuhu George Obaje - Conceptualized and supervised the researchAbubakar Alhaji Usman- Analyzed data, Wrote and reviewed part of the manuscriptUgochukwu Charles Okoro - Analyzed data, Wrote and reviewed part of the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the Tertiary Education Fund (Tetfund) Nigeria for the research support grant and the Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University for creating the enabling environment given for this study. The authors however take full responsibility for the ideas and interpretations presented in the paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and / or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbu, M., Sunkari, E. D., (2020a). Geochemistry and petrography of beach sands along the western coast of Ghana: implications for provenance and tectonic settings. Turk. J. Earth Sci. 29, 363\u0026ndash;380. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1903-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdeleye D. R. (1974). Sedimentology of the fluvial Bida Sandstones (Cretaceous) Nigeria, Journal of Sedimentary Geology, vol. 12, p. 1 - 24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdeleye D. R., Dessauvagie T. F. J. (1972). Stratigraphy of the Mid-Niger Embayment near Bida, NY, 317p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdeleye, D. R., (1976). 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Depositional environments and petrographic characteristics of Bida Formation around Share-Pategi, northern Bida basin, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Geography and Geology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 224-241.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOjo, O. J., and Akande, S. O. (2020). A revised stratigraphy of the Bida Basin, Nigeria by Rahaman et al., (2019) [J. Afr. Earth Sci., 151, 67\u0026ndash;81]: A rebuttal. \u003cem\u003eJournal of African Earth Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e172\u003c/em\u003e, 103983.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOjo, O. J., and Akande, S. O., (2006). Sedimentological and palynological studies of the Patti formation, southeastern Bida basin, Nigeria: implications for paleoenvironments and paleogeography. In: Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists Bulletin, 19, pp. 61\u0026ndash;77. Published by Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists (NAPE).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOjo, S. B., Ajakaiye, D. E., (1989). 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Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9974-6_5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRatcliffe, K.T., Morton, A.C., Ritcey, D.H. and Evenchick, C. A. (2007). \u0026ldquo;Whole-rock geochemistry and heavy mineral analysis as petroleum exploration tools in the Bowser and Sustut basins, British Columbia, Canada\u0026rdquo;, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 55, (4), 320\u0026ndash;336.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoser, B. P., and Korsch, R. J., (1988). Provenance signatures of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major-element data. Chem. Geol. 67 (1-2), 119\u0026ndash;139.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSelley, R. C. (1985). Ancient Sedimentary Environment, third ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 317p. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTucker, M. E. (1988): Sedimentary Petrology, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Great Britain, 235. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUdensi E. E, Osazuwa I. B., (2004). Spectral determination of depths to magnetic rocks under the Nupe Basin, Nigeria. Nigeria Association of Petroleum Explorationists (NAPE) Bull., 17: 22-27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWarrier A. K., Pednekar H., Mahesh B.S., Mohan R., and Gazi S., (2016). Sediment grain size and surface textural observations of quartz grains in late quaternary lacustrine sediments from Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica: Paleoenvironmental significance. Polar Science 10:89-100.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bida Basin, Enagi, sandstones, paleoenvironment, mineralogy, provenance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157244/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157244/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe provenance, paleoenvironments, and mineralogy studies of the sandstones of the Enagi Formation at Gulu and Kandi in the Bida Basin were investigated for preliminary reservoir quality assessment. The Gulu and Kandi samples are dominantly medium-grained with moderate sorting and fine to coarse-grained with poor sorting respectively. The quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments plots with average values of 76.2%, 8.7%, and 15.1% at Gulu and 59.3%,\u0026nbsp;24.6%, and 16.2% at Kandi suggest they are litharenitic and arkosic sandstones respectively. Bivariate plots of standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis indicate river sands with little input from tidal environments in the Gulu area. The Gulu samples are more of fluvial channel deposits and shoreface lithofacies while the Kandi samples resemble alluvial deposits of a high-energy system. Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/ TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Zr/ TiO\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e and Y/Ni versus Cr/V of the samples suggest a felsic igneous origin with little contribution from a mafic source. K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO against SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and TiO\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003eagainst Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e+MgO point to a passive margin continental environment for the sediment source. The cementation of moderately sorted, sub-mature texture and litharenitic sandstones in the Gulu area will be low compared with the Kandi poorly sorted and arkosic lithofacies at the deeper subsurface. This study for the first time reports the presence of favorable geological indices for good porosity and permeability development in the Campanian – Maastrichtian sandstone reservoir of Enagi Formation. These results will further drive exploration work in the Bida and other West African Cretaceous rift basins for prospective underground water and hydrocarbon reservoirs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Campanian - Maastrichtian Sandstones of Enagi Formation, Bida Basin, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-06 08:41:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157244/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-29T05:14:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"203274749501252092837715597038064824668","date":"2024-10-23T07:41:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-23T07:36:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"89784958022619930121943868690445196898","date":"2024-10-20T13:23:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"252439419122078961467584195455667881893","date":"2024-10-20T06:58:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-20T00:15:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"327744126607748728807202965641609543511","date":"2024-10-18T14:58:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"259045288717271754993734003035881046179","date":"2024-10-18T07:24:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-10-18T06:49:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-10-07T07:06:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-10-07T05:50:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Geoscience","date":"2024-09-26T08:51:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6b373448-31e5-4f70-8f51-0d638e0ee800","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 6th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-12T04:53:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-06 08:41:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5157244","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5157244","identity":"rs-5157244","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}