Comprehensive Analysis of SnRK Gene Family in Cicer arietinum L

Comprehensive Analysis of SnRK Gene Family in Cicer arietinum L | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comprehensive Analysis of SnRK Gene Family in Cicer arietinum L Fahimeh Moloudi, Nasrin Moshtaghi, Ali-Reza Seifi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6621727/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Sucrose non-fermentation-related protein kinase gene family or SnRK are Ser/Thr protein kinases which have important roles in various plant species in the field of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This family consists of three subfamilies SnRK1, SnRK2 and SnRK3. SnRK1 is widely studied in different species but SnRK2 and SnRK3 sub-families are related to plants and have less distribution. Results In this study, we have done a comprehensive analysis of the SnRK gene family in Cicer arietinum . We reached to new members of SnRK gene family in C. arietinum . A total of 14 CaSnRK ( Cicer arietinum SnRK) genes were identified in C. arietinum and annotated by comparing their sequence homology to Arabidopsis SnRK genes. Phylogenetic analysis classified these three sub-families into individual clades, both CaSnRK2 and CaSnRK3 were subdivided into two groups. Gene structural analysis revealed great variation in the number of introns in the CaSnRK3 sub-family, and motif composition is specific and highly conserved in each sub-family of CaSnRKs . Chromosome localization analysis showed a remarkable distribution of CaSnRK genes on 7 out of 8 chromosomes. Conclusions In this study, we presented a genome-wide identification of the CaSnRK family in Cicer arietinum , including a phylogenetic tree according to Arabidopsis BlastP, We identified 25 CaSnRK genes and divided them into three distinct subgroups. Cicer arietinum Gene Protein kinase Phylogenetic Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Background Among the different stresses, drought more than others reveals its negative effects on the appearance and yield of the plant, so extensive studies should be done on it. Drought stress plays a role in stimulating the production of a number of phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA) in plants. Specific plasma membrane receptors or cytosolic receptors determine the location and the effect of these hormones in the cell, which itself leads to downstream signals. These signals, in turn, cause the formation of their own responses. The production and accumulation of phytohormones (especially ABA) in drought stress is variable in such a way that the dynamics of their composition and the relationship between them and plant metabolites effectively counteracts the harmful effects of stress. In order to create drought-tolerant crops, it is necessary to first study the process of stress perception and response by the plant (Jogowat et al., 2021). Also, due to the fact that drought tolerance is a complex physiological and biochemical process and many genes and gene families with small but vital effects are involved in it, it seems necessary to carry out more studies on each of them to determine their effects on each other to cause drought tolerance in the plant (Kushwah et al., 2022). Carrying out the processes of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins is very important in creating a mechanism to respond to stresses. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on protein kinase gene families related to resistance in plants, which include SNFs, CDPK, RLK and MAPK (Wang et al., 2019; Tor et al., 2009). Researches show that ABA hormone is effective on the expression of several genes, especially during drought, which can be directly or indirectly dependent on ABA (Maqbool et al., 2017). Among them, the genes affecting stomatal changes, ROS homeostasis, and the production of secondary metabolites have been studied more than others. Transcriptome analyzes have shown that the expression of several genes including: ABI, ABREs, LEAs, PP2C, SnRK2, ABFs and heat shock proteins are induced in the roots of pea, corn, millet and many other plants under drought stress (Molina et al., 2008, Dudhate et al., 2018). The studies of SnRKs in crops lead to the selection of superior breeding techniques and the production of more flexible plant varieties to stresses. The importance of this subject is due to the fact that in recent decades, agriculture has been confronted with severe climate changes and increased predictions in the direction of decreasing crop yields more and more (Chen et al., 2021). SnRKs are relatives of fungal SNFs with protein kinase activity, and on the other hand, they are related to mammalian AMP-activating protein kinase. These protein kinases play an important role in regulating metabolism and responding to stresses in all groups of organisms. But in plants, the SnRK gene family is divided into three subfamilies, among which the SnRK1 group has more structural and functional similarity to SNFs and AMPKs . It is thought that the division of this family occurred in order to coordinate stress signals and regulate plant metabolism. Based on this relationship, the plant is able to benefit from metabolic changes in favor of adaptation in stress conditions. For example, it can replace simple sugars with complex polysaccharides (Chen et al., 2021). In 2008, Ananieva et al. found a relationship between myoinositol polyphosphate-5 phosphatase and SnRK1 -1 and it was found that polyphosphate-5 phosphatase 13 , regulates the activity of SnRK1 in various fermented conditions in plants. It also acts on the expression of the α-amylase gene, which plays a role in breaking down starch during seed germination and SnRK1 is involved in the phosphorylation and inactivation of enzymes such as 3-hydroxyl, 3-α glutaryl coenzyme A and sucrose phosphate synthase (Elango et al., 2022b; Mishra et al., 2023). Then, it was found that the regulation of the plant's response to ABA hormone takes place through the participation of the SnRK2 pathway and the direct phosphorylation of the genes and the transcription factors of the required downstream genes (Kulik et al., 2011). SnRK2 is a serine or threonine kinase that was first isolated from a wheat cDNA library and was initially named pkABA1 due to its sensitivity to the hormone ABA produced under drought and osmotic stresses. The SnRK2 gene subfamily is specific to plants and its extent is less than the SnRK1 group. This group is activated during drought stress and the initiation of ABA signaling and phosphorylation of related transcription factors as a factor dependent on ABA hormone (Hasan et al., 2022). Also, these transcription factors also play a role in the stress response pathway as substrates for SnRK1 and SnRK3 in adaption to stress (Chen et al., 2013). Drought stress can have negative effects on the production of ABA signals by suppressing the effect of cytokinin regulators ( ARR1, Arr10, ARR12 ) through the mediation of SnRKs . As ARR5 , in cooperation with SnRKs , can have a negative effect on cytokinin production, which has led to increased drought tolerance in Arabidopsis (Huang et al., 2018). Then, it was found that the regulation of the plant's response to ABA hormone takes place through the participation of the SnRK2 pathway and the direct phosphorylation of the genes and the transcription factors of the required downstream genes (Kulik et al., 2011). Based on this data, SnRK2 is divided into ABA-dependent and ABA-independent. SnRK2 promotes plant growth under normal and optimal environmental conditions and in the absence of the phytohormone ABA, while during environmental stresses, especially drought and increased ABA levels, they reduce plant growth (Hasan et al., 2022). Studies on the Arabidopsis showed that the presence of SnRK2 .6, which synthesizes the OST1 protein, is required for the activation and action of ABA on the stomatal guard cells under drought stress. It acts on the upstream of the production of oxygen free radicals, and finally facilitates and stimulates the penetration of calcium ions into the channels to close the openings (Gong et al., 2021). Unlike the previous two groups, SnRK3 is calcium dependent because it interacts with calcium binding proteins ( CBLs ). Thus, it is also called protein kinase interacting with CBLs or CIPKs. SnRK3s/CIPKs enable plants to adapt to ionic changes (Tang et al., 2020). Meanwhile, the SnRK3 group is involved in the interaction with calcium-binding proteins ( CLB ), which are important in the function of CIPKs , during the occurrence of some stresses such as drought, ABA increase and pH changes (Coello et al., 2011). This group is activated during drought stress, ABA signaling and the phosphorylation of transcription factors, as a factor dependent on ABA hormone (Hasan et al., 2022). In the following studies on chickpea seeds, it was determined that there are 4 candidate genes for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, two of them are related to stachyose and two related to sucrose. These sugars play a role in various signaling pathways, including phospholipidation and binding of the phosphate group to myoinositol and its derivatives, including sucrose and raffinose. Therefore, inositol signaling and sugar metabolism interact with each other in the plant (Saddhe et al., 2021). The studies of SnRKs in crops and ABA effects on them, lead to the selection of superior breeding techniques and the production of more flexible plant varieties to stresses. The importance of this subject is due to the fact that in recent decades, agriculture has been confronted with severe climate changes and increased predictions in the direction of decreasing crop yields more and more (Chen et al., 2021). The SnRKs family members in some plants are reported to 42 in Phaseolus (Torres et al., 2022), 34 in Eucalyptus (Wang et al., 2019), 47 in rice (Son and Park., 2023), 149 in Triticum aestivum (Jiang et al., 2022) and more different numbers in other plants. Multi-omics studies on chickpea roots under drought stress revealed that the signaling pathways of key genes in stress tolerance are much more complex and sensitive. In root metabolomic studies, six sugars: fructose, galactose, glucose, myoinositol, raffinose and galactitol have a significant correlation with galactose metabolism. In addition, it was found that the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids is also related to stress tolerance (Kudapa et al., 2023a). Although the chickpea plant is cultivated in the cold seasons, due to global warming and climate changes and the dryness of the regions, it is feared that farmers will encounter with a big decrease in its yield more than in previous years (Varshney et al., 2019). Researchers have used several methods for the improvement and selection of superior chickpea genotypes during drought stress, which include classical breeding methods, the use of molecular markers, and the use of omics (Molina et al., 2008). By using these new methods as well as using markers related to drought and heat tolerance traits, it is possible to speed up the breeding and development process of new chickpea breeds to increase yield and increase flexibility to climatic conditions (Thudi et al., 2023). So, the main aims of this study were identifying new members of the SnRKs family and then drawing phylogenetic relationships of the SnRKs gene family in chickpea and Arabidopsis to find correct location of genes in the tree. Materials and Methods 1- Identification and Alignment of CaSnRK Family Genes in C. arietinum L. The amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the A. thaliana SnRK gene family were downloaded from Phytozome database ( http://www.phytozome.net/ ). Homologue genes of AtSnRKs were searched in Phytozome database ( http://www.phytozome.net/ ) and BLASTp used for further analysis and annotation AtSnRKs orthologues in C. arietinum . The reference genome of chickpea was downloaded from legume database (data.legumeinfo.org). The Phytozome database ( http://www.phytozome.net/ ) was used to verify it and then it was used for alignment with A. thaliana . 2- Multiple Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis MEGA 5.2 software program was used for multiple sequence alignment of 25 SnRK full-length protein sequences from C. arietinum . On the basis of alignment, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the NJ method in MEGA 5.2. Bootstrap analysis was performed using 1000 replicates and default parameters for each node. An unrooted NJ tree of all SnRK protein sequences from A. thaliana and C. arietinum was constructed using MEGA 5.2 (Tamura et al., 2011). 3- Identification of Conserved Motifs and Analysis of Gene Structure An online Gene Structure Display Server (GSDS: http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.ch ) was used for finding CDSs and their corresponding genomic DNA sequences to show the exon-intron organization of SnRK genes (Hu et al., 2015). To identify conserved motifs of CaSnRK proteins and to filter out CaSnRK homologues based on domain structure, the Multiple Expectation Maximization for Motif Elicitation (MEME) online program (Bailey et al., 2009) ( http://meme.sdsc.edu/meme/itro.html ) was used with the following parameters: number of repetitions = any, maximum number of motifs = 10, and optimum motif length = 6–200 residues. The SMART database ( http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de ) was used for CaSnRK gene domains. 4- Protein analysis of SnRK genes in C. arietinum The number of amino acids, molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point(pI) for each protein was obtained using ExPASy/Protparam ( http://www.expasy.ch/tools/pi_tool.html ). Also Subcellular localization of C. arietinum proteins were predicted by Cello ( http://cello.life.nctu.edu.tw/ ). 5- Cis-Elements in the Promoter Regions of CaSnRK Genes Upstream sequences (2 Kb) of each CaSnRK -coding sequence were downloaded from the Phytozome database. And then PlantCARE software permitted analysis of cis-element distributions ( http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/ ) in promoter regions (Liu et al., 2009). 6- Chromosomal Location The C. arietinum chromosome size information and location information of the SnRK genes were obtained from the Phytozome database. The online Map Gene2 Chrom webv2( http://mg2c.iask.in/mg2c_v2.0/ ) was implemented to map the chromosomal positions and relative distances of CaSnRK genes. Results 1- Phylogenetic Tree of SnRK Genes A total of 25 candidate genes were identified in the C. arietinum genome till now based on their physical locations on chromosomes. For the purpose of researching the evolutionary relationships of SnRK genes in A. thaliana and C. arietinum , a phylogenetic tree was built with 38 and 25 SnRK protein sequences, respectively, which was constructed using MEGA 5.2 by employing the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) methods with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1 ) indicated that the SnRK genes could be divided into three groups. The SnRK3 subfamily has the largest number of members and includes 13 (in Cicer ) to 25 genes (in Arabidopsis ), while the SnRK1 subfamily has the fewest members and includes one in Cicer to three genes in Arabidopsis. In addition, the SnRK2 subfamily has 10 members in Cicer to 11 members in Arabidopsis . 2- Characterization of SnRK Genes in C. arietinum The parameters of the gene characteristics including chromosome location, intron, protein molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) were analyzed and are shown in Table 1 . A BLAST search was carried out using Arabidopsis SnRKs as a reference. The amino acid length of the 25 CaSnRK gene family members ranged from 285 aa (Ca_16736) to 511 aa (Ca_10492) corresponding to molecular weights of 32.76672 to 58.27643 kDa (Table 1 ). Table 1 Characterization of Cicer arietinum SnRK gene family. *Phytozome gene ID; bp-base pairs; aa-amino acids; pI-isoelectric point; MW-molecular weight; kDa-kilodaltons; Chr- chromosome. Gene ID Arabidopsis Orthologs Transcript Length, bp Protein Length, aa pI MW, kDa Intron Number Chr Location Coordinates (5’–3’) Ca_10492 AT3G01090.2(SnRK1.1), AT3G29160.1(SnRK1.2), AT5G39440.1(SnRK1.3) 1536 511 8.78 58.27643 9 2 3697615_3702550 Ca_16915 AT5G08590.1 (SNRK2.1), AT1G10940.2(SnRK2.4), AT5G63650.1(SnRK2.5), AT2G23030.1(SnRK2.9), AT1G60940.1(SnRK2.10) 978 325 6 37.79396 7 6 6537387_6540245 Ca_09244 AT3G50500.2 (SNRK2.2), AT5G66880.1(SnRK 2.3), AT4G33950.1(SnRK 2.6) 1092 363 4.73 41.50329 8 7 12746418_12750557 Ca_23761 AT4G40010.1(SnRK2.7), AT1G78290.2(SnRK2.8) 1023 340 5.16 38.37497 8 2 20737600_20740532 Ca_02120 1074 357 4.68 40.79207 9 8 4465676_4469649 Ca_02306 882 293 7.63 33.56248 7 8 2708479_2711940 Ca_04256 897 298 5.86 34.40513 6 5 47941584_47944613 Ca_12714 948 315 5.05 35.86468 7 5 43414290_43416836 Ca_16736 858 285 6.46 32.76672 7 6 9035633_9038206 Ca_00049 AT1G60940.1(SnRK2.10) 900 299 6.29 34.45907 6 1 434330_437019 Ca_12798 906 301 6.28 34.16298 7 7 10389912_10392913 Ca_09544 936 311 4.99 35.24788 7 6 8258686_8262662 Ca_19793 AT5G01810.1(SnRK3.1), AT5G45820.1(SnRK3.6) 1396 464 8.82 52.36447 0 6 37592726_37594121 Ca_08958 AT5G07070.1(SnRK3.2), AT5G58380.1(SnRK3.8) 1392 463 8.76 52.43127 0 5 26643950_26645342 Ca_12145 AT4G14580.1(SnRK3.3), AT3G23000.1(SnRK3.10) 1290 429 9.11 48.07738 0 4 3443398_3444688 Ca_03272 AT5G57630.1(SnRK3.4) 1251 416 8.36 47.001 12 7 2027076_2030331 Ca_00402 AT5G45810.1(SnRK3.5), AT2G34180.1(SnRK3.7), AT4G18700.1(SnRK3.9), AT1G29230.1(SnRK3.20) 1512 503 7.14 56.66804 0 1 3315286_3316798 Ca_06677 AT5G35410.1(SnRK3.11) 1365 454 nd nd 13 7 6850999_6859338 Ca_21698 AT1G01140.3(SnRK3.12), AT1G30270.1(SnRK3.23) 1377 458 8.78 51.41238 13 1 36738696_36744475 Ca_14944 AT4G24400.1(SnRK3.13) 1365 454 6.29 51.50523 14 2 23829707_23836240 Ca_03339 AT4G30960.1(SnRK3.14) 1335 444 9.11 50.40838 0 7 1293447_1294782 Ca_08954 AT5G01820.1(SnRK3.15), AT2G38490.1(SnRK3.19), AT2G30360.1(SnRK3.22) 1320 439 6.48 48.88905 0 5 26666208_26667528 Ca_18578 AT3G17510.1(SnRK3.16), AT1G48260.1(SnRK3.21) 1347 448 8.02 50.34471 11 1 25702607_25709091 Ca_10221 AT2G26980.4(SnRK3.17) 1326 441 6.59 50.44492 13 2 33011955_33016412 Ca_09104 AT2g25090.1(SnRK3.18), AT5G10930.1(SnRK3.24), AT5G25110.1(SnRK3.25) 1257 418 8.94 47.54526 0 4 44315493_44316750 The theoretical isoelectric point of CaSnRKs (PI) ranged from 4.68 to 9.11, with the CaSnRK1 sub- family member showing a basic PI, CaSnRK2 sub- family being mostly acidic (4.68–7.63) and the CaSnRK3 sub-family members showing highly basic PI (6.29–9.11). Subcellular localization analysis was carried out using Cello, and the results showed that CaSnRK1 is localized in cytoplasmic space, CaSnRK2s are mostly localized in cytoplasmic and nuclear spaces, CaSnRK3s are localized most in cytoplasmic and nuclear spaces and Ca-12145 SnRK is an exception in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic spaces. 3- Cis-Elements in Promoter Regions of CaSnRKs To determine the gene expression pattern of CaSnRKs , the 2 kb region upstream of the CDSs was analyzed using the PlantRegMap database. A series of cis-elements related to the abiotic stress response, plant hormone response and plant growth and development were identified (Table 2 ). Among all transcription factors recorded, TATA box and CAAT box as the most sequences in promoter region and ABRE, MBS (drought responsive MYB), W- box and HD- zip1 were found as the most important factors in response to abiotic stresses in CaSnRKs gene family and involved in the abscisic acid response (Feng et al., 2019). MBS elements are involved in drought-inducibility (Bhattacharjee and Hallan., 2023). MBS and ABRE had the 212 and 101 repeats and W-box was repeated 35 and HD-zip1 was 11 times repeated and involved in developmental regulation in response to changes in stress (Li et al., 2022). Some of them like as-1 and G-box are genes involved in the control of cell differentiation in leaves and lead to regulation of plant genes expression during stresses (Machida et al., 2015. Sun et al., 2022). Table 2 Numbers of MBS, ABRE, W box, HD-zip1, GT1-motif, MYC, MYB, as-1, G-box, CAAT-box and TATA-BOX repeat elements in CaSnRKs genes. Gene ID MBS ABRE as-1 MYB MYC HD-zip1 W box TATA- box CAAT- box GT1- motif G- box Ca_10492 4 1 4 16 8 1 1 83 12 5 - Ca_16915 2 3 5 7 1 3 82 6 1 2 Ca_09244 3 8 5 9 5 - 1 97 18 2 2 Ca_23761 2 - 2 4 10 - - 77 8 3 - Ca_02120 3 4 - 9 16 - - 88 4 - 1 Ca_02306 2 - - 4 8 - 2 93 8 - - Ca_04256 - 4 2 5 6 - 1 69 7 - 1 Ca_12714 2 6 - 5 10 1 1 77 13 - 2 Ca_16736 - 3 1 4 6 - 1 78 6 2 1 Ca_00049 2 7 3 5 10 1 3 54 7 3 3 Ca_12798 - 3 4 13 5 - 3 95 5 3 - Ca_09544 3 5 1 7 7 1 - 165 13 6 2 Ca_19793 - - 1 6 9 1 - 20 10 3 - Ca_08958 3 8 5 8 5 - 1 97 19 2 2 Ca_12145 - 1 4 10 5 - 3 56 10 1 - Ca_03272 1 3 2 6 10 2 2 100 14 1 - Ca_00402 3 7 2 9 5 - - 39 7 2 5 Ca_06677 5 6 5 20 - - 2 160 21 4 3 Ca_21698 4 4 4 14 14 - 1 119 15 4 2 Ca_14944 - - 5 15 20 1 3 121 17 4 1 Ca_03339 - 4 2 5 6 - 1 68 7 - 1 Ca_08954 2 9 4 7 2 - 2 52 8 1 3 Ca_18578 3 9 7 9 16 1 2 202 16 3 2 Ca_10221 1 3 1 16 17 1 2 96 8 3 2 Ca_09104 - 3 2 5 5 - - 59 2 2 2 MYC with 212 repeats in CaSnRKs is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in controlling the expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and cellular metabolism that are important during stresses in plants (Kumar Jha et al., 2023). MYB transcription factors promote expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation (Torres et al., 2022). MYB gene found in Cicer in large number as 216 and other plant, is involved in the process of making some biochemicals such as anthocyanins and flavonoids (Butelli et al., 2012. Boddu et al., 2006). Gt1-motif is the key enzyme involved in carbon fixation and producing secondary metabolites in higher plants that is important during biotic and abiotic stresses (Lam and Chua., 1990. Li et al., 2023). 4- Chromosomal location of CaSnRKs A chromosome localization map was constructed with the location information of CaSnRK genes. The results showed that 25 CaSnRK genes were distributed unevenly on 7 chromosomes of 8 (Fig. 2 ), and chromosome 3 contained no genes of SnRK family. Moreover, the highest number of CaSnRK genes (5 genes) were distributed on chromosome 7. All kinds of SnRK families are distributed on chromosome 2. We found that the SnRK3 subfamily genes were mainly distributed on chromosome 4 and nearly 1 (3 out of 4), 2 (2 out of 4) and 7 (3 out of 5). SnRK2 subfamily genes are distributed on 8 and 6 nearly (3 out of 4). 5- Motif Identification and Gene Structural Analysis of the CaSnRKs The result showed that 7 of 13 members of the CaSnRK3 subfamily had only exons after upstream sequences and Ca-04256 had the longest sequences as nearly 10kb with 14 exons (Fig. 3 ). The most intron numbers are belonging to SnRK3 gene subfamilies. While other subfamilies have only 6 to 9 introns and the only member of CaSnRK1 subfamily ( Ca-10492 ), has 10 exons. A search for conserved motifs in all 25 CaSnRKs proteins using the MEME program revealed a total of 10 conserved motifs, named from 1 to 10. Some of them like motifs 3, 5 and 6 repeated in all sequences and some of them are not repeated together in protein sequences like motifs 8 and 9. Motif with important NAF domain is viewed in CaSnRK3 subfamily members (Fig. 4 ). All the members of the CaSnRK2 subfamily had an ATP binding site and the serine/threonine protein kinase active-site in the Tyrosine kinase domains of their N-terminal regions that acting as catalytic domain. Similarly, the CaSnRK3 subfamily had a protein kinase domain at the N-terminal, while a NAF region was observed at the C-terminal that interact with calcineurin B-like calcium sensor proteins (CBLs). Whereas the N-terminal part of CIPKs comprises a conserved catalytic domain typical of Ser-Thr kinases, the much less conserved C-terminal domain appears to be unique to this subgroup of kinases (Table 3 ). In the future researches on C. arietinum for finding more SnRKs family members, it can be helpful to classify new members. CaSnRK1 subfamily domains also are specific and conserved, the UBA and KA1 are the characteristic for this family group member not be found in others. UBA domains are found in diverse proteins involved in the ubiquitin- proteasome pathway, DNA excision-repair, and cell signaling via protein kinases and KA1. N-terminal kinase domain and C-terminal kinase associated domain 1 are not yet known but several studies strongly suggest that they are involved in protein localization. In addition, it has been reported that this C-terminal region acts as an autoinhibitory domain for the N-terminal kinase domain. Some of CaSnRK2 subfamily members had specific domain, coiled coil region, that its function not be very identified yet. TKc domain is common between all the CaSnRks family members (Fig. 5). Table 3 Number of CaSnRK subfamily gene domains and domain sequences(aa) Gene Domain(s) name Pfam domain sequence(aa) Ca_10492 YK ...TKc domain ….WF (18 to 270)253aa UBA (293 to 330)38aa KA1 (468 to 510)43aa Ca_16915 YE ...TKc domain ….WF (4 to 231)228aa coiled coil region (285 to317)33aa Ca_09244 YD…TKc domain …WF (23 to 279)257aa Ca_23761 YE ...TKc domain ….WF (4 to 260)257aa Ca_02120 YD ...TKc domain ….WF (18 to 274)257aa Ca_02306 YE…TKc domain…WF (6 to 230)225aa Ca_04256 YE…TKc domain…WF (4 to 201)198aa coiled coil region (258 to 292)35aa Ca_12714 YE…TKc domain …WF (5 to 230)226aa Ca_16736 YE…TKc domain …WF (4 to 230)227aa Ca_00049 YE…TKc domain …WFL (4 to 208) 205 aa coiled coil region (264 to 297)34aa Ca_12798 YE…TKc domain …WFL (5 to 228)224aa Ca_09544 YE…TKc domain …WF (4 to 229)226aa Ca_19793 YE…TKc domain…WF (12 to 266)255aa NAF (307 to 365)59aa Ca_08958 YE…TKc domain…WF (12 to 266)255aa NAF (312 to 370)59aa Ca_12145 YQ…TKc domain…WF (18 to 274)257aa NAF (298 to 362)65aa Ca_03272 YK…TKc domain…WF (10 to 262)253aa Ca_00402 FE…TKc domain…WF (25 to 279)255aa NAF (341 to 397)57aa Ca_06677 YE…TKc domain…WF (11 to 272)262aa NAF (315 to 347)60aa Ca_21698 FE…TKc domain…WF (25 to 280)256aa NAF (324 to 384)61aa Ca_14944 FE…TKc domain…WF (9 to 270)262aa NAF (313 to 372)60aa Ca_03339 YE…TKc domain…WF (23 to 277)255aa Ca_08954 YE…TKc domain…WF (19 to 273)255aa NAF (306 to 361)56aa Ca_18578 YE…TKc domain…WF (20 to 275)256aa NAF (315 to 374)60aa Ca_10221 YE…TKc domain…WF (13 to 268)256aa NAF (308 to 367)60aa Ca_09104 YE…TKc domain…WF (13 to 267)255aa NAF (291 to 349)59aa Discussion The SnRK family genes play an important role in the response to stress. Hence, the SnRKs family and subfamily were analyzed in genome-wide studies in many plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana , rice, Phaseolus vulgaris , Eucalyptus grandis and Vitis vinifera . However, the SnRK gene family has not been identified in Cicer arietinum L. yet. In this study, we identified 25 SnRK family gene members including one SnRK1 gene, eleven SnRK2 genes and thirteen SnRK3 (CIPK) genes in C. arietinum . The phylogenetic analysis showed that there are similar members of the SnRK1 and SnRK2 subfamilies in different species as studied in other researches and our study; while the members of the SnRK3 subfamilies were the lowest (13) in the cicer in our study and the highest in rice (Wang et al., 2019). In comparison of chickpea with Arabidopsis, the number of CaSnRK genes in SnRK2 subfamily was similar to the Arabidopsis. Furthermore, many SnRK genes are clustered on the terminal branches of the phylogenetic tree, and the sequence similarity between some gene pairs were very high as some of CaSnRKs classified in more than AtSnRKs subfamilies. In comparing with other species like Arabidopsis, rice, Phaseolus, barley, grape and some other plants, it seems that because of not available complete and effective C. arietinum sequencing and chromosomal assembling contigs, the CaSnRK family genes are not well understood in terms of sequences, position and special function in C. arietinum and must be more studied. Exon-intron structural diversification and motif composition played an important role in the evolution and function of many gene families. The number of exons varied in different subfamilies. The range of introns in CaSnRK3 were between 11 to 14 like Phaseolus vulgaris. As other member of this subfamily had no introns like other species of Fabaceae family (Torres et al., 2022): Ca_10492 had 9 introns like PvSnRK1 and CaSnRK2 subfamily had the same number which is reported for VvSnRK2s, PvSnRK2 and most AtSnRK2s between 6 to 9 introns (Liu et al., 2016). This difference in intron number indicates that exon gain, or loss occurred during evolution of the CaSnRK gene family. To investigate conserved motifs in more detail, we determined the number and type of conserved motifs for all CaSnRK genes. The results indicated that the types and number of the motifs in the same subfamilies were the same ( CaSnRKs ., Fig. 4 ). Similar to the results obtained for genetic structure, there were differences in the number and motifs of the members in CaSnRK subfamily. Gene structure determines its function, and subfamilies of the SnRK gene family were involved in different plant growth stages and response to stresses (Fig. 3 ). In this study, gene clusters were formed on chromosome 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 respectively (Fig. 2 ). In Cicer , the SnRK gene family, unlike in most other species, is not distributed on all chromosomes in the genome and chromosome 3 is exceptionally without of this family members. Different protein domains in C. arietinum proteins are usually associated with different functions; thus, protein function and importance might be used as a crucial influence on the rate of genetic evolution. When organisms are subjected to stress, a series of signal transduction events that correspond to the appropriately stimulated transcription factors happened in the following. Those activated transcription factors bind to cis-acting elements of the responsible and target gene promoter; thereby activating the coordinated transcriptional expression of stress-resistant genes and after all of these, creating regulatory responses to external stress signals (Ali and Kumatsu., 2006), alter gene expression. Motifs on the only CaSnRK1 family member was different of those were on CaSnRK2 and CaSnRK3 subfamilies, showed its various functional role in plant physiology and biological activities and maybe differ its communications with other genes during normal conditions or stress. It can be true about other CaSnRKs and show the motif crucial roles in plants. Otherwise, some special domains help to classification the new CaSnRKs subfamily member better and faster, like NAF domain in SnRK3 family group, KA1 and UBA domains in SnRK1 family group and the coiled coil region in SnRK2 family group (Fig. 5). Conclusion In this study, we presented a genome-wide identification of the CaSnRK family in Cicer arietinum . We identified 25 CaSnRK genes and divided them into three distinct subgroups (i.e., CaSnRK1, CaSnRK2 and CaSnRK3 ). Different subfamilies of the SnRK gene family had distinct and various conserved domains; however, all of the genes had a protein kinase domain at the N-terminal. The number of CaSnRK1 subfamily member was only one that emphasized more efforts on Cicer genomic studies and its complete sequencing to achieve better results. Abbreviations SnRK : Sucrose non-fermentation-related protein kinase ABA: abscisic acid CLB: calcium-binding proteins ROS: Reactive oxygene species Declarations Author Contribution Authors’ contributions: F.M , N.M. and A.S. collected the data, conducted the analysis, discussed the data and approved the final version of the manuscript. Funding No funding was received. Data Availability Data is provided within the manuscript Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Consent for publication Not applicable. Author affiliations F.M. 1 PhD student of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6621727","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":491678220,"identity":"6b155164-b969-42c9-af32-2fe0f9c76fd8","order_by":0,"name":"Fahimeh Moloudi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fahimeh","middleName":"","lastName":"Moloudi","suffix":""},{"id":491678221,"identity":"0889ce86-3857-413b-89c2-d9475bc1646f","order_by":1,"name":"Nasrin Moshtaghi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNhCRwMbegMQlqOUASAvPAVK1MEgkEOkq3fb2Z48/1NTm8Um+Md3AUGPHwCd9AL8WszNnzA0OHDtezCadY3aD4VgyAxsfAevMbuSwSRxgO5bYBtbCdoCBjYeAw8xupD+TOPAPqEXyDFDLP6K0JJhJHGyrSWyT4DG7wdhGjJYzZ8wkzvYdSGzjSSu7kdiXzENYy/H2ZxIV3+oS57cf3nbjwzc7OfkeAlqg4DCESmBgIGQHHNQRq3AUjIJRMApGIgAAMLVB8b/zF+UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nasrin","middleName":"","lastName":"Moshtaghi","suffix":""},{"id":491678222,"identity":"48c9e7c0-bbe3-4553-a1e5-c62181f7c2ca","order_by":2,"name":"Ali-Reza Seifi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali-Reza","middleName":"","lastName":"Seifi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-08 14:53:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6621727/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6621727/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87851259,"identity":"76de73e8-1271-4f51-a265-3f7e680a8eae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 15:54:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":716395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic tree of \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes from \u003cem\u003eCicer\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eSnRK \u003c/em\u003egenes from \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. thaliana\u003c/em\u003e are denoted by blue and red respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6621727/v1/577d926c9b0f94760ee611eb.png"},{"id":87851254,"identity":"5136f7e0-326a-4da1-bac4-c2884e344414","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 15:54:46","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51577,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChromosomal location of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes. The 25 \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes are widely mapped to 7 of the chromosomes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6621727/v1/424e49ae0c388e8f43a16549.png"},{"id":87852045,"identity":"519b8a7f-5e7c-4e1a-8343-fadbfd6d39cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 16:02:46","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":319813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGene structures of \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e. Exons are indicated by yellow rectangles. Gray lines connecting two exons represent introns.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6621727/v1/21299cda6c5610ce56d1dcd7.png"},{"id":87852048,"identity":"d9e11144-a57f-4dff-a809-3e63fb13b92d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 16:02:46","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":605773,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic representation of putative conserved motifs identified in Cicer \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e proteins by MEME. Putative conserved motifs shared by Cicer \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e proteins were mined in MEME program. 10 motifs are indicated by differently colored boxes and the regular motif sequences are shown in the gray box below.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6621727/v1/e14e24ed17e0ca9ae889098c.png"},{"id":87851257,"identity":"8c74ccd0-6538-46b3-936c-754b12216bd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 15:54:46","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":342677,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic representation of (A) \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK1 \u003c/em\u003especific UBA and KA1 domains, (B) \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e specific Coiled coil region and (C) \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e specific NAF domain.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6621727/v1/d609c77425a4747973359ac4.png"},{"id":93543954,"identity":"62e9fca3-0470-4d8d-854a-fd2f771370f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 02:46:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3457646,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6621727/v1/4733c6e6-39a4-4553-bbcf-626984cabe76.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eComprehensive Analysis of \u003cem\u003eSnRK \u003c/em\u003eGene Family in \u003cem\u003eCicer arietinum\u003c/em\u003e L\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the different stresses, drought more than others reveals its negative effects on the appearance and yield of the plant, so extensive studies should be done on it. Drought stress plays a role in stimulating the production of a number of phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA) in plants. Specific plasma membrane receptors or cytosolic receptors determine the location and the effect of these hormones in the cell, which itself leads to downstream signals. These signals, in turn, cause the formation of their own responses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe production and accumulation of phytohormones (especially ABA) in drought stress is variable in such a way that the dynamics of their composition and the relationship between them and plant metabolites effectively counteracts the harmful effects of stress. In order to create drought-tolerant crops, it is necessary to first study the process of stress perception and response by the plant (Jogowat et al., 2021). Also, due to the fact that drought tolerance is a complex physiological and biochemical process and many genes and gene families with small but vital effects are involved in it, it seems necessary to carry out more studies on each of them to determine their effects on each other to cause drought tolerance in the plant (Kushwah et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarrying out the processes of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins is very important in creating a mechanism to respond to stresses. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on protein kinase gene families related to resistance in plants, which include \u003cem\u003eSNFs, CDPK, RLK and MAPK\u003c/em\u003e (Wang et al., 2019; Tor et al., 2009). Researches show that ABA hormone is effective on the expression of several genes, especially during drought, which can be directly or indirectly dependent on ABA (Maqbool et al., 2017). Among them, the genes affecting stomatal changes, ROS homeostasis, and the production of secondary metabolites have been studied more than others. Transcriptome analyzes have shown that the expression of several genes including: \u003cem\u003eABI, ABREs, LEAs, PP2C, SnRK2, ABFs\u003c/em\u003e and heat shock proteins are induced in the roots of pea, corn, millet and many other plants under drought stress (Molina et al., 2008, Dudhate et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe studies of \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e in crops lead to the selection of superior breeding techniques and the production of more flexible plant varieties to stresses. The importance of this subject is due to the fact that in recent decades, agriculture has been confronted with severe climate changes and increased predictions in the direction of decreasing crop yields more and more (Chen et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e are relatives of fungal \u003cem\u003eSNFs\u003c/em\u003e with protein kinase activity, and on the other hand, they are related to mammalian AMP-activating protein kinase. These protein kinases play an important role in regulating metabolism and responding to stresses in all groups of organisms. But in plants, the \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family is divided into three subfamilies, among which the \u003cem\u003eSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e group has more structural and functional similarity to \u003cem\u003eSNFs\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAMPKs\u003c/em\u003e. It is thought that the division of this family occurred in order to coordinate stress signals and regulate plant metabolism. Based on this relationship, the plant is able to benefit from metabolic changes in favor of adaptation in stress conditions. For example, it can replace simple sugars with complex polysaccharides (Chen et al., 2021). In 2008, Ananieva et al. found a relationship between \u003cem\u003emyoinositol polyphosphate-5 phosphatase\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e-1 and it was found that \u003cem\u003epolyphosphate-5 phosphatase 13\u003c/em\u003e, regulates the activity of \u003cem\u003eSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e in various fermented conditions in plants. It also acts on the expression of the α-amylase gene, which plays a role in breaking down starch during seed germination and \u003cem\u003eSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e is involved in the phosphorylation and inactivation of enzymes such as \u003cem\u003e3-hydroxyl, 3-α glutaryl coenzyme A\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003esucrose phosphate synthase\u003c/em\u003e (Elango et al., 2022b; Mishra et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThen, it was found that the regulation of the plant's response to ABA hormone takes place through the participation of the \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e pathway and the direct phosphorylation of the genes and the transcription factors of the required downstream genes (Kulik et al., 2011). \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e is a serine or threonine kinase that was first isolated from a wheat cDNA library and was initially named \u003cem\u003epkABA1\u003c/em\u003e due to its sensitivity to the hormone ABA produced under drought and osmotic stresses. The \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e gene subfamily is specific to plants and its extent is less than the \u003cem\u003eSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e group. This group is activated during drought stress and the initiation of ABA signaling and phosphorylation of related transcription factors as a factor dependent on ABA hormone (Hasan et al., 2022). Also, these transcription factors also play a role in the stress response pathway as substrates for \u003cem\u003eSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e in adaption to stress (Chen et al., 2013). Drought stress can have negative effects on the production of ABA signals by suppressing the effect of cytokinin regulators (\u003cem\u003eARR1, Arr10, ARR12\u003c/em\u003e) through the mediation of \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e. As \u003cem\u003eARR5\u003c/em\u003e, in cooperation with \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e, can have a negative effect on cytokinin production, which has led to increased drought tolerance in \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis\u003c/em\u003e (Huang et al., 2018). Then, it was found that the regulation of the plant's response to ABA hormone takes place through the participation of the \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e pathway and the direct phosphorylation of the genes and the transcription factors of the required downstream genes (Kulik et al., 2011). Based on this data, \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e is divided into ABA-dependent and ABA-independent. \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e promotes plant growth under normal and optimal environmental conditions and in the absence of the phytohormone ABA, while during environmental stresses, especially drought and increased ABA levels, they reduce plant growth (Hasan et al., 2022). Studies on the Arabidopsis showed that the presence of \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e.6, which synthesizes the \u003cem\u003eOST1\u003c/em\u003e protein, is required for the activation and action of ABA on the stomatal guard cells under drought stress. It acts on the upstream of the production of oxygen free radicals, and finally facilitates and stimulates the penetration of calcium ions into the channels to close the openings (Gong et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnlike the previous two groups, \u003cem\u003eSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e is calcium dependent because it interacts with calcium binding proteins (\u003cem\u003eCBLs\u003c/em\u003e). Thus, it is also called protein kinase interacting with \u003cem\u003eCBLs\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eCIPKs. SnRK3s/CIPKs\u003c/em\u003e enable plants to adapt to ionic changes (Tang et al., 2020). Meanwhile, the \u003cem\u003eSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e group is involved in the interaction with calcium-binding proteins (\u003cem\u003eCLB\u003c/em\u003e), which are important in the function of \u003cem\u003eCIPKs\u003c/em\u003e, during the occurrence of some stresses such as drought, ABA increase and pH changes (Coello et al., 2011). This group is activated during drought stress, ABA signaling and the phosphorylation of transcription factors, as a factor dependent on ABA hormone (Hasan et al., 2022). In the following studies on chickpea seeds, it was determined that there are 4 candidate genes for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, two of them are related to stachyose and two related to sucrose. These sugars play a role in various signaling pathways, including phospholipidation and binding of the phosphate group to myoinositol and its derivatives, including sucrose and raffinose. Therefore, inositol signaling and sugar metabolism interact with each other in the plant (Saddhe et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe studies of \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e in crops and ABA effects on them, lead to the selection of superior breeding techniques and the production of more flexible plant varieties to stresses. The importance of this subject is due to the fact that in recent decades, agriculture has been confronted with severe climate changes and increased predictions in the direction of decreasing crop yields more and more (Chen et al., 2021). The \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e family members in some plants are reported to 42 in \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus\u003c/em\u003e (Torres et al., 2022), 34 in \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus\u003c/em\u003e (Wang et al., 2019), 47 in \u003cem\u003erice\u003c/em\u003e (Son and Park., 2023), 149 in \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (Jiang et al., 2022) and more different numbers in other plants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMulti-omics studies on chickpea roots under drought stress revealed that the signaling pathways of key genes in stress tolerance are much more complex and sensitive. In root metabolomic studies, six sugars: fructose, galactose, glucose, myoinositol, raffinose and galactitol have a significant correlation with galactose metabolism. In addition, it was found that the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids is also related to stress tolerance (Kudapa et al., 2023a). Although the chickpea plant is cultivated in the cold seasons, due to global warming and climate changes and the dryness of the regions, it is feared that farmers will encounter with a big decrease in its yield more than in previous years (Varshney et al., 2019). Researchers have used several methods for the improvement and selection of superior chickpea genotypes during drought stress, which include classical breeding methods, the use of molecular markers, and the use of omics (Molina et al., 2008). By using these new methods as well as using markers related to drought and heat tolerance traits, it is possible to speed up the breeding and development process of new chickpea breeds to increase yield and increase flexibility to climatic conditions (Thudi et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSo, the main aims of this study were identifying new members of the \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e family and then drawing phylogenetic relationships of the \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e gene family in chickpea and \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis\u003c/em\u003e to find correct location of genes in the tree.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003ch3\u003e1- Identification and Alignment of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e Family Genes in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the \u003cem\u003eA. thaliana SnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family were downloaded from Phytozome database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.phytozome.net/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Homologue genes of \u003cem\u003eAtSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e were searched in Phytozome database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.phytozome.net/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and BLASTp used for further analysis and annotation \u003cem\u003eAtSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e orthologues in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e. The reference genome of chickpea was downloaded from legume database (data.legumeinfo.org). The Phytozome database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.phytozome.net/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used to verify it and then it was used for alignment with \u003cem\u003eA. thaliana\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2- Multiple Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMEGA 5.2 software program was used for multiple sequence alignment of 25 \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e full-length protein sequences from \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e. On the basis of alignment, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the NJ method in MEGA 5.2. Bootstrap analysis was performed using 1000 replicates and default parameters for each node. An unrooted NJ tree of all \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e protein sequences from \u003cem\u003eA. thaliana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e was constructed using MEGA 5.2 (Tamura et al., 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3- Identification of Conserved Motifs and Analysis of Gene Structure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn online Gene Structure Display Server (GSDS: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.ch\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used for finding CDSs and their corresponding genomic DNA sequences to show the exon-intron organization of \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes (Hu et al., 2015). To identify conserved motifs of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e proteins and to filter out \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e homologues based on domain structure, the Multiple Expectation Maximization for Motif Elicitation (MEME) online program (Bailey et al., 2009) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://meme.sdsc.edu/meme/itro.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used with the following parameters: number of repetitions\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;any, maximum number of motifs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, and optimum motif length\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6\u0026ndash;200 residues. The SMART database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://smart.embl-heidelberg.de\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used for \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene domains.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4- Protein analysis of \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of amino acids, molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point(pI) for each protein was obtained using ExPASy/Protparam (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.expasy.ch/tools/pi_tool.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Also Subcellular localization of C. \u003cem\u003earietinum\u003c/em\u003e proteins were predicted by Cello (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://cello.life.nctu.edu.tw/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e5- Cis-Elements in the Promoter Regions of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e Genes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUpstream sequences (2 Kb) of each \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e-coding sequence were downloaded from the Phytozome database. And then PlantCARE software permitted analysis of cis-element distributions (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) in promoter regions (Liu et al., 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e6- Chromosomal Location\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e chromosome size information and location information of the SnRK genes were obtained from the Phytozome database. The online Map Gene2 Chrom webv2(\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://mg2c.iask.in/mg2c_v2.0/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was implemented to map the chromosomal positions and relative distances of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch3\u003e1- Phylogenetic Tree of \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e Genes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 25 candidate genes were identified in the \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e genome till now based on their physical locations on chromosomes. For the purpose of researching the evolutionary relationships of \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes in \u003cem\u003eA. thaliana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e, a phylogenetic tree was built with 38 and 25 SnRK protein sequences, respectively, which was constructed using MEGA 5.2 by employing the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) methods with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The phylogenetic analysis (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that the \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes could be divided into three groups. The SnRK3 subfamily has the largest number of members and includes 13 (in \u003cem\u003eCicer\u003c/em\u003e) to 25 genes (in \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis\u003c/em\u003e), while the SnRK1 subfamily has the fewest members and includes one in \u003cem\u003eCicer\u003c/em\u003e to three genes in Arabidopsis. In addition, the SnRK2 subfamily has 10 members in \u003cem\u003eCicer\u003c/em\u003e to 11 members in \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2- Characterization of \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e Genes in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe parameters of the gene characteristics including chromosome location, intron, protein molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) were analyzed and are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. A BLAST search was carried out using Arabidopsis \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e as a reference. The amino acid length of the 25 \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family members ranged from 285 aa (Ca_16736) to 511 aa (Ca_10492) corresponding to molecular weights of 32.76672 to 58.27643 kDa (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacterization of \u003cem\u003eCicer arietinum SnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family. *Phytozome gene ID; bp-base pairs; aa-amino acids; pI-isoelectric point; MW-molecular weight; kDa-kilodaltons; Chr- chromosome.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGene ID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArabidopsis Orthologs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTranscript Length, bp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Length, aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMW, kDa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntron Number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocation Coordinates (5\u0026rsquo;\u0026ndash;3\u0026rsquo;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_10492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT3G01090.2(SnRK1.1), AT3G29160.1(SnRK1.2), AT5G39440.1(SnRK1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.27643\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3697615_3702550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_16915\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT5G08590.1 (SNRK2.1), AT1G10940.2(SnRK2.4), AT5G63650.1(SnRK2.5), AT2G23030.1(SnRK2.9), AT1G60940.1(SnRK2.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.79396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6537387_6540245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_09244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT3G50500.2 (SNRK2.2), AT5G66880.1(SnRK 2.3), AT4G33950.1(SnRK 2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.50329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12746418_12750557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_23761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT4G40010.1(SnRK2.7), AT1G78290.2(SnRK2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.37497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20737600_20740532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_02120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.79207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4465676_4469649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_02306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.56248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2708479_2711940\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_04256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.40513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47941584_47944613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_12714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e948\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.86468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43414290_43416836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_16736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.76672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9035633_9038206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_00049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT1G60940.1(SnRK2.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.45907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e434330_437019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_12798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.16298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10389912_10392913\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_09544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.24788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8258686_8262662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_19793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT5G01810.1(SnRK3.1), AT5G45820.1(SnRK3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.36447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37592726_37594121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_08958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT5G07070.1(SnRK3.2), AT5G58380.1(SnRK3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.43127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26643950_26645342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_12145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT4G14580.1(SnRK3.3), AT3G23000.1(SnRK3.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.07738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3443398_3444688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_03272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT5G57630.1(SnRK3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2027076_2030331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_00402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT5G45810.1(SnRK3.5), AT2G34180.1(SnRK3.7), AT4G18700.1(SnRK3.9), AT1G29230.1(SnRK3.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.66804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3315286_3316798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_06677\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT5G35410.1(SnRK3.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6850999_6859338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_21698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT1G01140.3(SnRK3.12), AT1G30270.1(SnRK3.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.41238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36738696_36744475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_14944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT4G24400.1(SnRK3.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.50523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23829707_23836240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_03339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT4G30960.1(SnRK3.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.40838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1293447_1294782\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_08954\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT5G01820.1(SnRK3.15), AT2G38490.1(SnRK3.19), AT2G30360.1(SnRK3.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.88905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26666208_26667528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_18578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT3G17510.1(SnRK3.16), AT1G48260.1(SnRK3.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.34471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25702607_25709091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_10221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT2G26980.4(SnRK3.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.44492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33011955_33016412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa_09104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT2g25090.1(SnRK3.18), AT5G10930.1(SnRK3.24), AT5G25110.1(SnRK3.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.54526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44315493_44316750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe theoretical isoelectric point of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e (PI) ranged from 4.68 to 9.11, with the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e sub- family member showing a basic PI, \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e sub- family being mostly acidic (4.68\u0026ndash;7.63) and the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e sub-family members showing highly basic PI (6.29\u0026ndash;9.11). Subcellular localization analysis was carried out using Cello, and the results showed that \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e is localized in cytoplasmic space, \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK2s\u003c/em\u003e are mostly localized in cytoplasmic and nuclear spaces, \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3s\u003c/em\u003e are localized most in cytoplasmic and nuclear spaces and \u003cem\u003eCa-12145 SnRK\u003c/em\u003e is an exception in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic spaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Heading\"\u003e3- Cis-Elements in Promoter Regions of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine the gene expression pattern of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e, the 2 kb region upstream of the CDSs was analyzed using the PlantRegMap database. A series of cis-elements related to the abiotic stress response, plant hormone response and plant growth and development were identified (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Among all transcription factors recorded, TATA box and CAAT box as the most sequences in promoter region and ABRE, MBS (drought responsive MYB), W- box and HD- zip1 were found as the most important factors in response to abiotic stresses in \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e gene family and involved in the abscisic acid response (Feng et al., 2019). MBS elements are involved in drought-inducibility (Bhattacharjee and Hallan., 2023). MBS and ABRE had the 212 and 101 repeats and W-box was repeated 35 and HD-zip1 was 11 times repeated and involved in developmental regulation in response to changes in stress (Li et al., 2022). Some of them like as-1 and G-box are genes involved in the control of cell differentiation in leaves and lead to regulation of plant genes expression during stresses (Machida et al., 2015. Sun et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumbers of MBS, ABRE, W box, HD-zip1, GT1-motif, MYC, MYB, as-1, G-box, CAAT-box and TATA-BOX repeat elements in \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e genes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGene ID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABRE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eas-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMYB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMYC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHD-zip1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW box\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTATA- box\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCAAT- box\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGT1- motif\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG- box\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_10492\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_16915\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_09244\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_23761\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_02120\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_02306\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_04256\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_12714\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_16736\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_00049\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_12798\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_09544\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_19793\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_08958\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_12145\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_03272\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_00402\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_06677\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_21698\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_14944\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_03339\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_08954\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_18578\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_10221\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_09104\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMYC with 212 repeats in \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in controlling the expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and cellular metabolism that are important during stresses in plants (Kumar Jha et al., 2023). MYB transcription factors promote expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation (Torres et al., 2022). MYB gene found in \u003cem\u003eCicer\u003c/em\u003e in large number as 216 and other plant, is involved in the process of making some biochemicals such as anthocyanins and flavonoids (Butelli et al., 2012. Boddu et al., 2006). Gt1-motif is the key enzyme involved in carbon fixation and producing secondary metabolites in higher plants that is important during biotic and abiotic stresses (Lam and Chua., 1990. Li et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4- Chromosomal location of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA chromosome localization map was constructed with the location information of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes. The results showed that 25 \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes were distributed unevenly on 7 chromosomes of 8 (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and chromosome 3 contained no genes of SnRK family. Moreover, the highest number of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes (5 genes) were distributed on chromosome 7. All kinds of SnRK families are distributed on chromosome 2. We found that the SnRK3 subfamily genes were mainly distributed on chromosome 4 and nearly 1 (3 out of 4), 2 (2 out of 4) and 7 (3 out of 5). SnRK2 subfamily genes are distributed on 8 and 6 nearly (3 out of 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Heading\"\u003e5- Motif Identification and Gene Structural Analysis of the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result showed that 7 of 13 members of the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e subfamily had only exons after upstream sequences and \u003cem\u003eCa-04256\u003c/em\u003e had the longest sequences as nearly 10kb with 14 exons (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The most intron numbers are belonging to SnRK3 gene subfamilies. While other subfamilies have only 6 to 9 introns and the only member of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e subfamily (\u003cem\u003eCa-10492\u003c/em\u003e), has 10 exons. A search for conserved motifs in all 25 \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e proteins using the MEME program revealed a total of 10 conserved motifs, named from 1 to 10. Some of them like motifs 3, 5 and 6 repeated in all sequences and some of them are not repeated together in protein sequences like motifs 8 and 9. Motif with important NAF domain is viewed in \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e subfamily members (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). All the members of the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e subfamily had an ATP binding site and the serine/threonine protein kinase active-site in the Tyrosine kinase domains of their N-terminal regions that acting as catalytic domain. Similarly, the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e subfamily had a protein kinase domain at the N-terminal, while a NAF region was observed at the C-terminal that interact with calcineurin B-like calcium sensor proteins (CBLs). Whereas the N-terminal part of CIPKs comprises a conserved catalytic domain typical of Ser-Thr kinases, the much less conserved C-terminal domain appears to be unique to this subgroup of kinases (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In the future researches on \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e for finding more \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e family members, it can be helpful to classify new members. \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e subfamily domains also are specific and conserved, the UBA and KA1 are the characteristic for this family group member not be found in others. UBA domains are found in diverse proteins involved in the ubiquitin- proteasome pathway, DNA excision-repair, and cell signaling via protein kinases and KA1. N-terminal kinase domain and C-terminal kinase associated domain 1 are not yet known but several studies strongly suggest that they are involved in protein localization. In addition, it has been reported that this C-terminal region acts as an autoinhibitory domain for the N-terminal kinase domain. Some of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e subfamily members had specific domain, coiled coil region, that its function not be very identified yet. TKc domain is common between all the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRks\u003c/em\u003e family members (Fig. 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e subfamily gene domains and domain sequences(aa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDomain(s) name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePfam domain sequence(aa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_10492\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYK ...TKc domain \u0026hellip;.WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(18 to 270)253aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUBA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(293 to 330)38aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKA1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(468 to 510)43aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_16915\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE ...TKc domain \u0026hellip;.WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 to 231)228aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecoiled coil region\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(285 to317)33aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_09244\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYD\u0026hellip;TKc domain \u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(23 to 279)257aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_23761\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE ...TKc domain \u0026hellip;.WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 to 260)257aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_02120\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYD ...TKc domain \u0026hellip;.WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(18 to 274)257aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_02306\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6 to 230)225aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_04256\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 to 201)198aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecoiled coil region\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(258 to 292)35aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_12714\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain \u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5 to 230)226aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_16736\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain \u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 to 230)227aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_00049\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain \u0026hellip;WFL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 to 208) 205 aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecoiled coil region\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(264 to 297)34aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_12798\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain \u0026hellip;WFL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5 to 228)224aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_09544\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain \u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 to 229)226aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_19793\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(12 to 266)255aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(307 to 365)59aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_08958\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(12 to 266)255aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(312 to 370)59aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_12145\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYQ\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(18 to 274)257aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(298 to 362)65aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_03272\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYK\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(10 to 262)253aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_00402\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(25 to 279)255aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(341 to 397)57aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_06677\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(11 to 272)262aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(315 to 347)60aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_21698\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(25 to 280)256aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(324 to 384)61aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_14944\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9 to 270)262aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(313 to 372)60aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_03339\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(23 to 277)255aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_08954\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(19 to 273)255aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(306 to 361)56aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_18578\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(20 to 275)256aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(315 to 374)60aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_10221\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(13 to 268)256aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(308 to 367)60aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCa_09104\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYE\u0026hellip;TKc domain\u0026hellip;WF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(13 to 267)255aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(291 to 349)59aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e family genes play an important role in the response to stress. Hence, the \u003cem\u003eSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e family and subfamily were analyzed in genome-wide studies in many plants such as \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis thaliana\u003c/em\u003e, rice, \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus grandis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eVitis vinifera\u003c/em\u003e. However, the \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family has not been identified in \u003cem\u003eCicer arietinum\u003c/em\u003e L. yet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we identified 25 \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e family gene members including one SnRK1 gene, eleven \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e genes and thirteen \u003cem\u003eSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e (CIPK) genes in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e. The phylogenetic analysis showed that there are similar members of the \u003cem\u003eSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e subfamilies in different species as studied in other researches and our study; while the members of the \u003cem\u003eSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e subfamilies were the lowest (13) in the \u003cem\u003ecicer\u003c/em\u003e in our study and the highest in rice (Wang et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn comparison of chickpea with Arabidopsis, the number of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes in \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e subfamily was similar to the Arabidopsis. Furthermore, many \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes are clustered on the terminal branches of the phylogenetic tree, and the sequence similarity between some gene pairs were very high as some of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e classified in more than \u003cem\u003eAtSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e subfamilies. In comparing with other species like Arabidopsis, rice, Phaseolus, barley, grape and some other plants, it seems that because of not available complete and effective \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e sequencing and chromosomal assembling contigs, the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e family genes are not well understood in terms of sequences, position and special function in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e and must be more studied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExon-intron structural diversification and motif composition played an important role in the evolution and function of many gene families. The number of exons varied in different subfamilies. The range of introns in \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e were between 11 to 14 like \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris.\u003c/em\u003e As other member of this subfamily had no introns like other species of Fabaceae family (Torres et al., 2022): \u003cem\u003eCa_10492\u003c/em\u003e had 9 introns like \u003cem\u003ePvSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e subfamily had the same number which is reported for VvSnRK2s, \u003cem\u003ePvSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e and most \u003cem\u003eAtSnRK2s\u003c/em\u003e between 6 to 9 introns (Liu et al., 2016). This difference in intron number indicates that exon gain, or loss occurred during evolution of the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo investigate conserved motifs in more detail, we determined the number and type of conserved motifs for all \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes. The results indicated that the types and number of the motifs in the same subfamilies were the same (\u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e., Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Similar to the results obtained for genetic structure, there were differences in the number and motifs of the members in \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e subfamily. Gene structure determines its function, and subfamilies of the \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family were involved in different plant growth stages and response to stresses (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, gene clusters were formed on chromosome 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In \u003cem\u003eCicer\u003c/em\u003e, the \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family, unlike in most other species, is not distributed on all chromosomes in the genome and chromosome 3 is exceptionally without of this family members. Different protein domains in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e proteins are usually associated with different functions; thus, protein function and importance might be used as a crucial influence on the rate of genetic evolution. When organisms are subjected to stress, a series of signal transduction events that correspond to the appropriately stimulated transcription factors happened in the following. Those activated transcription factors bind to cis-acting elements of the responsible and target gene promoter; thereby activating the coordinated transcriptional expression of stress-resistant genes and after all of these, creating regulatory responses to external stress signals (Ali and Kumatsu., 2006), alter gene expression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMotifs on the only \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e family member was different of those were on \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e subfamilies, showed its various functional role in plant physiology and biological activities and maybe differ its communications with other genes during normal conditions or stress. It can be true about other \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e and show the motif crucial roles in plants. Otherwise, some special domains help to classification the new \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e subfamily member better and faster, like NAF domain in \u003cem\u003eSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e family group, KA1 and UBA domains in \u003cem\u003eSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e family group and the coiled coil region in \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e family group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we presented a genome-wide identification of the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e family in \u003cem\u003eCicer arietinum\u003c/em\u003e. We identified 25 \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes and divided them into three distinct subgroups (i.e., \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK1, CaSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e). Different subfamilies of the \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family had distinct and various conserved domains; however, all of the genes had a protein kinase domain at the N-terminal. The number of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK1\u003c/em\u003e subfamily member was only one that emphasized more efforts on \u003cem\u003eCicer\u003c/em\u003e genomic studies and its complete sequencing to achieve better results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eSnRK\u0026nbsp;:\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eSucrose non-fermentation-related protein kinase\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eABA: abscisic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCLB:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecalcium-binding proteins\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eROS: Reactive oxygene species\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions: F.M , N.M. and A.S. collected the data, conducted the analysis, discussed the data and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor affiliations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF.M. \u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ePhD student of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eof Mashhad, Iran.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.M. and A.S. \u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eBiotechnology and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eof Mashhad, Iran\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli, G.M., Komatsu, S. (2006). Proteomic analysis of rice leaf sheath during drought stress. J. Pub Med. Proteome Res. 2006, 5,396\u0026ndash;403. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnanieva, E.A., Gillaspy, G.E., Ely,A., Burnette, R.N., Erickson,F.L. (2008) Interaction of the WD40 Domain of a Myoinositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase with SnRK1 Links Inositol, Sugar, and Stress Signaling. Plant Physiology, 148, 1868\u0026ndash;1882. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.130575.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBailey, T.L.; Boden, M.; Buske, F.A.; Frith, M.; Grant, C.E.; Clementi, L.; Ren, J.; Li, W.W.; Noble, W.S. (2009). MEME SUITE: Tools for motif discovery and searching. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, W202\u0026ndash;W208. [PubMed]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBhattacharjee, B., Hallan, V. (2023). NF-YB family transcription factors in Arabidopsis: Structure, phylogeny, and expression analysis in biotic and abiotic stresses. front. 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Sci, 20, 2786. doi:10.3390/ijms20112786.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cicer arietinum, Gene, Protein kinase, Phylogenetic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6621727/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6621727/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSucrose non-fermentation-related protein kinase\u003c/em\u003e gene family or SnRK are Ser/Thr protein kinases which have important roles in various plant species in the field of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This family consists of three subfamilies \u003cem\u003eSnRK1, SnRK2\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSnRK3. SnRK1\u003c/em\u003e is widely studied in different species but \u003cem\u003eSnRK2\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e sub-families are related to plants and have less distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we have done a comprehensive analysis of the \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family in \u003cem\u003eCicer arietinum\u003c/em\u003e. We reached to new members of \u003cem\u003eSnRK\u003c/em\u003e gene family in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e. A total of 14 \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eCicer arietinum\u003c/em\u003e SnRK) genes were identified in \u003cem\u003eC. arietinum\u003c/em\u003e and annotated by comparing their sequence homology to \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis SnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes. Phylogenetic analysis classified these three sub-families into individual clades, both CaSnRK2 and CaSnRK3 were subdivided into two groups. Gene structural analysis revealed great variation in the number of introns in the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK3\u003c/em\u003e sub-family, and motif composition is specific and highly conserved in each sub-family of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRKs\u003c/em\u003e. Chromosome localization analysis showed a remarkable distribution of \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes on 7 out of 8 chromosomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we presented a genome-wide identification of the \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e family in \u003cem\u003eCicer arietinum\u003c/em\u003e, including a phylogenetic tree according to \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis\u003c/em\u003e BlastP, We identified 25 \u003cem\u003eCaSnRK\u003c/em\u003e genes and divided them into three distinct subgroups.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comprehensive Analysis of SnRK Gene Family in Cicer arietinum L","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-29 15:54:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6621727/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e6179f68-b4d5-4901-9fc1-9ade36677cd6","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-15T02:38:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-29 15:54:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6621727","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6621727","identity":"rs-6621727","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}