Composition and Technology of a Unique Bohai Bronze Mirror from Kraskino Walled Town (Southern Primorye, Russian Far East): An Interdisciplinary Study

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Yu. Buravlev, E.I. Gelman, A. V. Balagurova, N.P. Ivanov, A.N. Fedorets, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7161358/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of a bronze mirror discovered during archaeological excavations at the Kraskino Walled Town (Khasansky District, Primorsky Krai), dating to the Bohai State period (698–926 AD). This object is the only intact Bohai-period mirror found in Primorye and serves as a valuable source of information on the origins, manufacturing techniques, and socio-economic context of metalworking in the Bohai State. The research employed an interdisciplinary approach. A combination of analytical methods (X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) revealed that the mirror was made of high-tin bronze (Cu ~50%, Sn ~25%) with silver and lead additives. The observed dendritic structure of the alloy and technological defects indicate that the object was cast without subsequent heat treatment. The unique decoration—a blooming cherry motif executed in repoussе and point engraving techniques—has no direct parallels in Bohai or neighboring cultures. Notable evidence of metal recycling including the presence of silver and heterogeneous lead distribution suggests the object may have been recast, potentially incorporating imported items. This corresponds with documented trade relations between Bohai and China, Japan, and Korea. Nevertheless, the mirror’s distinct combination of local artistic motifs and technical attributes confirms its production within Bohai’s indigenous craft tradition. This study constitutes the first comprehensive scientific analysis of a complete Bohai-period bronze mirror from Primorye. The findings provide substantial new insights into bronze-casting technologies employed by the Bohai State. Bohai (698–926 AD) bronze mirrors medieval metallurgy Kraskino walled town non-destructive research methods X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy SEM-EDS analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction In the context of studying Far Eastern archaeological cultures, one of the key medieval state formations of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) the Bohai State (698-926 AD), holds particular scientific significance. Bohai played a crucial mediating role in the transmission of technologies and cultural achievements. Consequently, research on Bohai finds, their origins, and manufacturing technologies is of great value for reconstructing the region's socio-economic historical processes. The Bohai State occupied a vast territory spanning three modern nations: Russia's Primorye region, the northern Korean Peninsula, and Northeast China (Fig. 1). Bohai possessed abundant natural resources: extensive fertile river valleys suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry, mineral deposits that supported craft development (particularly mass production of iron and cast iron tools and weapons), and rivers and seas that served as major trade routes with China, Japan, and Korea. The culture of this multi-ethnic state incorporated traditions from various peoples while experiencing strong Chinese and Goguryeo influences. The study of Bohai culture, its subsistence systems, and the technological level of its economy overall enables us to assess the state's role in East Asian history (A New History of Parhae. By Northeast Asian History Foundation) (Kradin 2018; Wei 2006; Shavkunov 1994; Ivliev 2005). Long-term archaeological investigations of Bohai culture sites in Primorsky Krai have revealed both direct and indirect evidence of the local population's engagement in all major specialized production activities. Metal production and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous goods constituted a significant component of this system. Recognizable indicators of such metallurgical activities at archaeological sites include: – proximity to ore sources (mountain outcrops, discovered ores, raw material blanks, etc.); – recyclable materials (bronze scrap for remelting); – production facilities (workshops, furnace pits, kilns, etc.); – technical ceramics (crucibles, tuyeres, casting molds, etc.); – processing tools (tongs, gravers, punches, etc.); – finished products (belt elements, ornaments, household items, etc.); – production waste (slags, blooms, spillage, etc.). Bronze objects dating to the Bohai State period are of particular interest to researchers for several reasons: their rarity, artistic value, and the high informational potential of bronze as a material. Bronze objects are found at Bohai sites significantly less frequently than items made of ceramics or iron, reflecting the historical perception of bronze as a material reserved for expensive, prestigious items. For the same reason, these objects often exhibit complex decorative treatment and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. The design approaches and selection of semantic imagery demonstrate remarkable diversity, vividly reflecting the cultural trends of the period. Despite the documentation of these characteristics at several fortified settlements in Primorye, the scale and degree of autonomy in local bronze-casting craftsmanship remain unclear. This uncertainty stems from several factors: current research on Bohai continues to accumulate data, yet despite annual archaeological expeditions, numerous sites from this period remain incompletely studied due to their vast quantity and spatial extent; insufficient data from geological surveys aimed at identifying potential raw material sources within accessible proximity to archaeological sites; archaeological materials collected throughout the study period of Bohai State sites, comprising substantial collections, have not been fully analyzed or published; the study of bronze-casting materials presents methodological challenges, requiring object preparation (removal of contaminants and patina, material stabilization) and employing various physicochemical analyses for data verification (often involving destructive methods, which are generally unacceptable for archaeological finds); determining the local origin of bronze objects is complicated by active exchange and trade networks in the region. A significant portion of Bohai collections consists of presumed imported items, which specialists identify through characteristic regional features: technological specifics, stylistic traits, and semantic motifs finding direct parallels at other archaeological sites of specific production centers (Gelman 2018). These items may have also served as scrap metal for recasting into new objects. Thus, the accumulated archaeological material requires detailed analysis to verify existing hypotheses about the status of local bronze-casting production and the origin of bronze finds at Bohai sites in Primorye. Furthermore, studying bronze object production technologies helps determine skill levels, production scale, and likely manufacturing regions. The most significant site containing direct evidence of bronze-casting production is the Kraskino Settlement. Located in the Khasansky District of Primorsky Krai on the northern shore of Expedition Bay in Posyet Bay (Sea of Japan), this site currently represents one of the most extensively studied archaeological objects from the Bohai State period in Primorye. The Kraskino Settlement held special importance within Bohai's administrative-territorial system, functioning as a district center and hub for developed domestic and foreign trade relations (including serving as a seaport). This determined the character of the state's economic, social and political structures. The site has revealed presumed craft quarters, technical ceramics with bronze traces, production waste (slags containing non-ferrous metals), tools potentially used for metalworking, and a significant number of bronze object (Gelman 2020). Two fragments of bronze mirrors were also discovered here. The first, relatively large, and the second, considerably smaller, were found during the excavation of the upper construction horizon in Trench XXXVIII in the northern part of the site. Judging by the straight edge, the mirror was square-shaped, with a low rim width of 0.9 cm and a mirror thickness of 0.2 cm. No ornamentation was detected on the reverse side (Archaeological Research at the Kraskinskoye Settlement in Primorsky Krai, Russia, in 2007). Similar square and round mirrors, both with and without ornamentation, have been found in China (「中国古代铜镜」 Chinese ancient bronze mirrors. 止水—中国古代铜镜专场 (Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors. Exhibition Catalog). The site also yielded one intact mirror, which serves as the object of the present study. Mirrors represent a special category of decorative-applied art objects whose material value and symbolic significance rendered them socially important finds. Statement of the Research Problem . Currently, a significant research challenge lies in determining the scale and technological level of local metallurgical production in Primorye during the Bohai State period, given the intensive trade and import of finished bronze objects from neighboring regions. This difficulty draws attention to objects possessing distinctive features without known parallels. A set of such specific characteristics in these object may support hypotheses about their Bohai origin. A notable example is the bronze mirror discovered at the Kraskino settlement, which requires comprehensive study using analytical scientific methods to determine its composition, manufacturing technology, and artistic treatment. The authors of this study propose the following hypothesis : The bronze mirror from the Kraskino walled town, which lacks direct stylistic parallels among known Bohai or neighboring cultural complexes, could have been produced locally. This is supported by evidence of metallurgical craftsmanship at the site, suggesting the technological capacity for full-cycle production. Furthermore, the object’s technical and stylistic features may reflect a distinct local metalworking tradition. Verification of this hypothesis is based on scientific analysis of the mirror's material composition . Accordingly, the objectives of this study are: to conduct a comprehensive materials science examination of the bronze mirror from the Kraskino settlement in order to determine the elemental composition of its alloy and reconstruct its manufacturing technology. To achieve these objectives, the authors address four research tasks : determine the elemental composition of the alloy using complementary non-destructive methods (pXRF, EDX, SEM-EDS) and investigate the spatial distribution of elements in the microstructure (EDS mapping); examine the microstructural characteristics of the alloy (dendritic structure, grain boundaries, casting defects) to establish the technological parameters of the casting process; characterize the object's quality through: investigation of surface corrosion processes by identifying patina mineral composition (FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy), determination of corrosion penetration depth, evaluation of structural integrity of the metal core (presence of microcracks, delamination, and other defects); reconstruct the sequence of finishing operations: surface mechanical treatment methods (grinding, polishing), decorative techniques (repoussé, engraving, pointillé ornamentation), assessment of craftsmanship based on precision and symmetry criteria. 2. Research Object Characteristics, Materials and Methods 2.1 Archaeological Context of the Find During the 2013 archaeological expedition at the Kraskino walled town, a pit filled with brown sandy loam containing variably-grained sand was discovered in the northern sector (Trench XLVII). The pit was located within the remains of a dwelling partially preserved with a heating system - a kang. Both the pit and dwelling belong to the upper construction horizon (the site has revealed five such horizons in total), as does the nearby cobbled road. Excavation of the pit filling yielded a unique find - a square-shaped bronze mirror with low rims, featuring a spherical knob at its center (Fig. 2). The object measures 7.58×7.51–7.56 cm, with a mirror thickness of 0.1 cm. The rim measures 0.1-0.13-0.18 cm in thickness, 0.86-0.9 cm in width, and 0.05 cm in height. The knob measures 0.28-0.3 cm in height and 0.58-0.65 cm in size, with hole diameters of 0.20-0.24 cm. The object weighs 37.1 g (Gelman 2015). Preliminary analysis of the mirror suggests several features indicative of potential local production. Specifically, the mirror's floral-geometric decoration depicting blooming cherry blossoms finds no parallels among other objects from Bohai State sites (Astashenkova 2019) . Technical and technological assessment further supports probable local manufacture, evidenced by the relatively modest casting quality and subsequent bronze alloy processing. Mirror decoration. The decorated surface features geometric and floral motifs. The central loop-knob is surrounded by an eight-petaled rosette. The ornamental field is framed along the perimeter by a chain of small hemispheres adjacent to the rim. Similar chains divide the mirror into eight sectors, each containing two floral rosettes. These elements, like all raised lines on the mirror, are executed using the same technique of small hemispheres. The outer rosettes are encircled by two such rows, while the inner ones feature only a single framing row. Analogues. The mirror's decoration has no direct analogues. Only certain similar ornamental elements found on other mirrors can be noted. For instance, excavations at the Xin'an settlement in Jilin Province revealed a bronze mirror with comparable floral rosette motifs. The water chestnut petal-shaped mirror form was widespread during the Tang period, significantly influencing mirror production and decoration in subsequent eras. Researchers identify three occupation phases at this settlement, one of which corresponds to the middle period of the Bohai State, with the mirror dated to the 10th–12th centuries (Report on the Excavations of the Xinan Settlement in Fusong County, Jilin Province 2013). Thus, we may suggest that such ornamental elements were known during the Bohai period and continued into the Liao era. The Liao mirror catalog includes a circular mirror with dotted ornamentation where the dots form flower-like clusters. Seven such clusters appear in a circular arrangement, framed along the rim by a ring of small pearls. The mirror measures 12.8 cm in diameter and 0.2 cm in thickness, discovered in a Liao tomb at Anxingzhuang Village (Mulínxiāng Township, Shùnyì District, Beijing). This mirror type constitutes a separate category dated to the middle Liao period (Liu Shujuan 1997). Liao-period mirrors also employ the decorative technique of dividing the ornamental field with lines composed of small hemispheres. However, it should be noted that hemisphere ("pearl") decoration is not uncommon in Bohai decorative arts, as evidenced by roof tile end-disks and architectural ornament elements. 2.2 Research Methods In the field of cultural heritage object studies, the application of destructive analytical methods to museum collections and archaeological finds is strictly limited. This research primarily employs non-destructive analytical techniques. The alloy type was determined through surface analysis of selected areas on the bronze mirror using elemental composition examination with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyzer Olympus Delta Professional DP-4000 (Japan). Measurements were conducted through a PRO 6 Prolen U8990460 polypropylene window (6 μm) in dual-beam mode for 40 seconds (10 sec + 30 sec) using the "alloy" measurement mode. During measurements, preference was given to flat, even surfaces with an area equal to or larger than the pXRF analyzer window. To verify data obtained through preliminary pXRF analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was performed on small areas using a Shimadzu EDX-7000P Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Both methods combine operational simplicity with high analytical precision, demonstrating maximum effectiveness for detecting elements with atomic numbers above 26 while maintaining high sensitivity for distinguishing compositional element groups (Forster et al. 2011; Goren et al. 2011; Hunt and Speakman 2015; Marghussian et al. 2017; Speakman et al. 2011; Speakman and Shackley 2013; Tykot 2016; Wilke et al. 2016). Microstructural Analysis Methods. Microstructure investigations were conducted using a Carl Zeiss Observer D1m microscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed with a Carl Zeiss Ultra 55 scanning electron microscope (Germany) equipped with a Bruker energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) system (Germany). The SEM-EDS analysis provides unique capabilities for examining not only the elemental composition of the object but also the micro- and nano-scale distribution of elements across the surface with high precision. Furthermore, this method enables measurement of light element concentrations (C, O), which is critically important for studying patina formation and alloy oxidation processes. In this study, SEM images and elemental distribution maps were obtained to verify and complement the results from ED-XRF and pXRF analyses. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. For investigating the phase composition of the patina, surface contamination samples were collected from three points on the bronze mirror (from the reflective side). Micro-samples were carefully extracted using a surgical scalpel in a manner that prevented damage to the object's surface while effectively removing patina deposits. FTIR spectroscopy was performed using an IRTracer-100 FTIR Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a Quest ATR diamond accessory GS10801-B (Specac Ltd, Orpington, UK). Four separate spectra were recorded from each sample and subsequently merged with averaged transmittance values. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Elemental Composition and Spatial Distribution of Alloy Components The results of the pXRF screening analysis showing the elemental composition of both the decorative and reflective surfaces of the mirror across different measurement areas (Fig. 3) are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Results of pXRF screening analysis of the decorative and reflective surfaces of the bronze mirror from the Kraskino settlement archaeological site. Measurement area, # Elements (%) Cu Si Sn Al Fe P Pb Ag Sb Bi Ti Zn Mn Ni The decorative surface 1.1 45.62 24.69 14.56 8.16 2.59 2.52 0.86 0.264 0.25 0.167 0.16 0.11 0.033 0.029 ±0.11 ±0.11 ±0.07 ±0.14 ±0.03 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.007 ±0.01 ±0.008 ±0.04 ±0.01 ±0.008 ±0.006 1.2 47.39 21.92 16.48 6.86 3.33 2.00 0.92 0.298 0.28 0.179 0.29 0.040 0.034 ±0.12 ±0.11 ±0.07 ±0.14 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.008 ±0.01 ±0.009 ±0.05 ±0.009 ±0.007 1.3 43.05 22.79 17.61 7.79 4.15 2.45 1.13 0.318 0.27 0.175 0.20 0.040 0.030 ±0.12 ±0.11 ±0.08 ±0.15 ±0.05 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.008 ±0.02 ±0.009 ±0.05 ±0.010 ±0.007 1.4 51.79 13.12 22.34 4.58 2.08 3.93 1.12 0.395 0.35 0.26 0.028 ±0.12 ±0.09 ±0.09 ±0.13 ±0.03 ±0.03 ±0.02 ±0.009 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.007 1.5 44.82 23.10 17.08 7.64 3.02 2.35 0.88 0.311 0.27 0.182 0.26 0.042 0.036 ±0.11 ±0.11 ±0.07 ±0.14 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.008 ±0.01 ±0.009 ±0.05 ±0.009 ±0.007 1.6 37.22 28.34 16.16 10.07 3.75 2.40 0.91 0.304 0.25 0.184 0.27 0.09 0.039 0.033 ±0.10 ±0.11 ±0.07 ±0.14 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.007 ±0.01 ±0.008 ±0.05 ±0.01 ±0.009 ±0.006 1.7 40.03 26.07 17.35 9.00 3.27 2.29 0.89 0.313 0.28 0.198 0.25 0.028 0.034 ±0.11 ±0.11 ±0.07 ±0.14 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.008 ±0.01 ±0.009 ±0.05 ±0.009 ±0.007 1.9 45.80 19.10 20.87 6.15 2.80 3.00 1.13 0.374 0.33 0.24 0.17 0.038 ±0.12 ±0.11 0.08 0.13 ±0.04 ±0.03 ±0.02 ±0.009 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.05 ±0.007 2 51.92 18.08 17.38 5.10 2.83 2.57 1.00 0.315 0.31 0.186 0.25 0.035 0.031 ±0.12 ±0.11 0.08 0.13 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.009 ±0.02 ±0.010 ±0.05 ±0.009 ±0.007 2.1 45.56 26.03 14.24 7.51 2.74 2.10 0.75 0.247 0.24 0.148 0.30 0.10 0.023 0.022 ±0.11 ±0.11 0.06 0.13 ±0.03 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.04 0.01 ±0.007 ±0.006 2.2 46.46 21.31 18.65 6.22 2.73 2.53 1.00 0.332 0.28 0.211 0.27 0.021 ±0.12 ±0.11 0.08 0.13 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.009 ±0.02 ±0.010 ±0.05 ±0.007 2.3 44.80 20.88 19.12 7.28 3.20 2.65 0.97 0.330 0.33 0.212 0.20 0.042 ±0.12 ±0.11 0.08 0.14 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.008 ±0.02 ±0.010 ±0.05 ±0.007 2.4 49.70 21.35 15.98 6.62 2.90 1.70 0.81 0.278 0.25 0.141 0.20 0.038 0.034 ±0.11 ±0.10 0.07 0.13 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.008 ±0.01 ±0.008 ±0.04 ±0.008 ±0.007 2.5 46.42 21.10 18.31 6.72 2.98 2.33 1.02 0.313 0.33 0.189 0.030 0.021 ±0.11 ±0.11 0.08 0.13 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.008 ±0.02 ±0.009 ±0.009 ±0.007 2.6 39.94 24.78 17.72 9.20 3.31 2.99 0.93 0.313 0.30 0.197 0.26 0.04 0.027 ±0.12 ±0.12 0.08 0.16 ±0.04 ±0.03 ±0.03 ±0.008 ±0.02 ±0.009 ±0.05 ±0.01 ±0.007 The reflective surface Cu Si Sn Al Fe P Pb Ag Sb Bi Ti Zn Mn Ni 2.7 51.08 7.55 29.46 1.84 2.88 4.24 1.67 0.46 0.45 0.32 0.042 ±0.12 ±0.09 ±0.11 ±0.13 ±0.04 0.03 ±0.03 ±0.01 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.009 2.8 49.42 10.29 27.65 2.51 3.12 3.97 1.60 0.46 0.42 0.29 0.047 ±0.13 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.13 ±0.04 0.03 ±0.03 ±0.01 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.009 2.9 48.84 14.46 23.66 3.88 3.10 3.25 1.30 0.384 0.40 0.27 0.28 0.12 0.04 0.044 ±0.12 ±0.10 ±0.09 ±0.13 ±0.04 0.03 ±0.02 ±0.010 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.06 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.008 3 48.60 9.60 30.24 1.92 2.93 3.87 1.45 0.49 0.47 0.35 0.03 0.060 ±0.12 ±0.09 ±0.10 ±0.12 ±0.04 0.03 ±0.03 ±0.01 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.01 ±0.009 3.1 48.67 12.95 23.21 3.63 3.84 5.09 1.36 0.399 0.35 0.26 0.21 0.032 ±0.12 ±0.10 ±0.09 ±0.13 ±0.05 0.03 ±0.02 ±0.010 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.05 ±0.008 3.2 50.67 10.44 27.23 2.96 2.57 3.39 1.45 0.45 0.45 0.32 0.056 ±0.12 ±0.09 ±0.10 ±0.13 ±0.04 0.03 ±0.03 ±0.01 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.009 3.3 45.93 18.14 22.45 5.13 3.13 2.98 1.20 0.362 0.34 0.23 0.28 0.029 ±0.11 ±0.10 ±0.09 ±0.13 ±0.04 0.02 ±0.02 ±0.009 ±0.002 ±0.01 ±0.05 ±0.007 3.4 44.47 10.71 28.31 8.12 2.84 3.82 1.34 0.32 0.07 ±0.20 ±0.10 ±0.17 ±0.28 ±0.07 0.04 ±0.03 ±0.02 ±0.02 The elemental composition analysis of the mirror's decorated surface by pXRF reveals a complex pattern reflecting both the original alloy composition and centuries-long interaction with the soil environment. The primary metallic components are copper (37-52%) and tin (14-23%), indicating the use of high-tin bronze characteristic of ancient mirror production. This Cu:Sn ratio provided the necessary reflective properties and surface hardness typical of mirror bronzes. The significant silicon content (18-28%) in analyzed points clearly relates to patina formation and soil contamination, as silicon-containing minerals are primary components of most soils. Similarly, the presence of aluminum (6-10%) and iron (2-4%) in these quantities is more likely explained by migration of these elements from surrounding soil into the patina structure than by their original presence in the alloy. Iron could also originate from corrosion processes of iron-containing objects located in close proximity to the mirror in the archaeological context. The phosphorus content (1.7–4%) requires careful interpretation, as this element could have been originally present in the ore, added as an alloying component to improve casting properties, or migrated from the soil—especially if organic residues were present. Trace elements—lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, titanium, zinc, manganese, and nickel—are present in negligible amounts and may reflect either natural impurities in the original ores or later contamination. Significant compositional variability between different measurement points (e.g., copper content ranging from 37% to 52% and tin from 14% to 23%) is typical for pXRF analysis of patinated surfaces and reflects the heterogeneity of the patina layer, varying degrees of corrosion in different areas, and local variations in soil contamination. Given the limitations of pXRF, which analyzes only the surface layer to a depth of a few micrometers and is characterized by relatively low precision, the obtained data should be considered a qualitative characterization of the overall chemical composition of the patinated surface rather than an accurate determination of the original metal alloy’s composition. For a more reliable reconstruction of the initial bronze composition, analysis of a cleaned metal surface or cross-section using more precise analytical methods would be required. The presence of silver in all measured points (0.247–0.395%) is of particular interest for interpreting the mirror’s manufacturing technology. Silver in such concentrations may indicate several possible scenarios: either it was a natural impurity in the copper ores used to smelt the bronze, or it resulted from intentional alloying with silver to enhance the decorative and, possibly, anti-corrosion properties of the metal. In the context of Bohai metallurgy, silver is known to have been used in both jewelry and decorative objects, so its presence in the mirror may indicate the object’s high status or special quality requirements. As for gold, its concentrations are evidently below the detection limit of pXRF analysis, or gold was not part of this object’s composition. Given that some ancient mirrors featured surface gilding or the addition of gold to the alloy to achieve a distinctive luster, the absence of detectable gold may suggest either a more utilitarian nature of this mirror or the loss of possible traces of gold due to corrosion and patina formation. The analysis of the mirror's reflective side reveals significant differences in elemental composition compared to the decorative surface, confirming the hypothesis of uneven environmental exposure affecting different parts of the object during archaeological deposition. These differences can largely be explained by fundamental principles of metallic surface corrosion resistance: meticulously polished surfaces demonstrate substantially greater resistance to soil-induced corrosion due to the absence of microcracks, scratches, and other defects that serve as initiation points for corrosive processes. The smooth polished surface forms a denser and more homogeneous oxide film that creates an effective barrier against the penetration of aggressive soil electrolytes. In contrast, the textured decorative surface with multiple micro-irregularities provides greater contact area with the corrosive environment and creates favorable conditions for localized corrosion. This mechanism is particularly pronounced in bronze alloys: the polished surface develops a more stable protective patina, primarily composed of copper and tin oxides and carbonates, which inhibits further metal oxidation. Rough surfaces, conversely, promote uneven distribution of corrosion products, creating local galvanic cells between areas with varying oxidation states. This accelerates corrosive processes and facilitates deeper penetration of soil components into the patina structure. The most notable distinction is the significantly reduced silicon content (7.55–18.14% compared to 18–28% on the decorative side), indicating lower contamination by soil silicates on this surface. The polished surface, owing to its dense structure and lower porosity of the patina layer, inhibits the adsorption and incorporation of silicon-containing soil minerals. In contrast, the textured decorative side, with its developed surface area and more porous patina, creates numerous microcavities where weathering products of silicate soil minerals can accumulate. Concurrently, we observe an increase in tin concentration to 22–30%, providing a more realistic estimation of the original high-tin bronze composition, as the reflective side was likely less affected by intensive corrosion processes. The copper content on the reflective side also shows more stable values (44–51%), with less variation compared to the decorative surface, suggesting better preservation of the metallic substrate. Aluminum concentrations here are substantially lower (1.84–8.12%), supporting the hypothesis of its soil origin, as this side of the mirror was less accessible for element migration from the surrounding soil. The reduced aluminum content on the polished side is further explained by the fact that clay minerals from the soil - the primary source of aluminum - predominantly adsorb onto rough surfaces due to their greater specific contact area and the presence of active adsorption centers in microcracks and surface irregularities of the decorative side. It is noteworthy that the phosphorus content stabilized at 2.98–4.24%, suggesting its intentional inclusion in the alloy as a technological additive rather than being solely a result of soil contamination. Silver concentrations on the reflective side (0.384–0.49%) were slightly higher than on the decorative side, supporting the hypothesis of its metallurgical origin, as its content in the less corroded layer should be more representative of the original alloy. The detection of zinc (0.12–0.28%) and titanium (0.21–0.35%) in several measurement points, along with higher concentrations of bismuth (0.27–0.35%) and antimony (0.40–0.47%), may reflect either natural ore impurities or specific features of the production process. The overall pattern indicates that the mirror's reflective side preserved a composition closer to the original alloy, making these data particularly valuable for reconstructing ancient metallurgical technology of the Bohai period. To differentiate between the structural elements of the mirror's alloy and surface contaminants, coatings, and heterogeneous inclusions, Table 2 separately presents elemental composition values for both the reflective and reverse (decorative) sides of the mirror, along with their average values. The confidence interval, used to assess the uniformity of chemical element distribution, was calculated using Student's t-test. Table 2. Elemental composition of the Bohai bronze mirror surface obtained by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF). Chemical element Reflective side Reverse side Total Wt. % Conf. int. % Wt. % Conf. int. % Wt. % Conf. int. % Cu 49.03±1.56 3.18 44.2±4.43 10.00 46.65±2.45 5.25 The element is part of the mirror's alloy Sn 26.27±2.91 11.09 17.37±2.23 12.86 21.82±3.09 14.15 Fe 3.08±0.36 11.65 3.17±0.64 20.21 3.13±0.31 10.00 Pb 1.43±0.15 10.60 0.96±0.11 11.13 1.20±0.16 13.59 Ag 0.43±0.04 10.22 0.31±0.04 11.66 0.37±0.04 11.30 Bi 0.29±0.04 13.14 0.21±0.03 14.92 0.25±0.03 13.09 Ni 0.04±0.01 23.83 0.03±0.01 8.67 0.04±0.01 8.67 Sb 0.56±0.37 66.14 0.28±0.03 11.25 0.42±0.18 42.46 Non-uniform inclusions in the composition due to a high concentration gradient of the element in the remelted ore Ti 0.14±0.12 88.25 0.21±0.09 45.62 0.17±0.07 39.74 Zn 0.02±0.04 244.69 0.04±0.07 164.80 0.03±0.04 118.78 Mn 0.01±0.02 161.86 0.05±0.06 111.37 0.03±0.03 91.64 Si 11.92±3.28 27.53 22.86±4.46 19.51 17.39±4.03 23.19 Contaminants migrated from the environment (soil) into the object P 3.83±0.66 17.17 2.56±0.58 22.57 3.20±0.53 16.60 Al 3.12±1.09 34.93 7.73±1.60 20.71 5.43±1.61 29.59 Statistical processing of pXRF data using Student's t-test and confidence interval calculations enables a transition from qualitative observations to quantitative assessment of differences between the mirror's sides and the statistical significance of the identified patterns. The percentage confidence interval represents a relative measure of data dispersion, calculated as the ratio of the confidence interval to the mean value, and indicates the measurement uncertainty relative to the measured value itself. Low confidence interval values indicate stable and reproducible measurements, suggesting uniform element distribution and its belonging to the original alloy composition. In contrast, high values signal extremely heterogeneous distribution, characteristic of random inclusions, contaminants, or secondary process products. The analysis of mean values confirms previously drawn conclusions: the reflective side shows higher concentrations of copper (49.03±1.56% vs. 44.2±4.43%) and tin (26.27±2.91% vs. 17.37±2.23%), indicating better preservation of the original high-tin bronze composition. The substantially smaller confidence interval for copper on the reflective side (3.18% vs. 10.00%) demonstrates more uniform distribution of the alloy's main component, while the high variability on the decorative side reflects the heterogeneity of corrosion processes. When the confidence interval for total copper content is only 5.25%, this means the measurement dispersion is relatively small compared to the mean concentration value (46.65%), allowing us to state with high confidence that copper is stably present as the alloy's main component. The categorization of elements by their origin reveals clear differentiation between structural alloy components and secondary inclusions. Elements classified as "heterogeneous inclusions" – antimony, titanium, zinc, manganese, and nickel – exhibit exceptionally high confidence intervals (ranging from 39.74% to 244.69%), statistically confirming their extremely uneven distribution and, consequently, secondary origin. The values for zinc (244.69%) and titanium (88.25%) are particularly indicative: when the confidence interval for zinc exceeds 240%, this means the measurement dispersion is more than twice the mean concentration value, suggesting that zinc is either completely absent in most measurement points or present in highly variable concentrations at different locations, excluding its belonging to the original alloy composition. Elements in the "contaminants" category – silicon, phosphorus, and aluminum - demonstrate intermediate confidence interval values (16.60–29.59%), reflecting their mixed origin: partially from the soil environment and potentially from original technological processes. The significantly higher content of silicon and aluminum on the decorative side (22.86±4.46% and 7.73±1.60% respectively) compared to the reflective side (11.92±3.28% and 3.12±1.09%) statistically confirms the hypothesis of predominant accumulation of soil silicates and aluminosilicates on the rough surface. The relatively stable silver concentrations with low confidence intervals (10.22–11.66%) on both sides support its metallurgical origin as either an alloying element or natural impurity in the original ores, as such low variability is characteristic of elements uniformly distributed in the initial alloy. The obtained results demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive approach in archaeological finds studies. Portable pXRF analyzers provide rapid non-destructive analysis but require verification by stationary laboratory methods, particularly when examining light elements and multicomponent alloys. For pXRF data verification, additional analysis was conducted using a stationary ED-XRF spectrometer with enhanced power and sensitivity. The results are presented in Tables 3 and 4, and Figure 4. Table 3. Elemental composition of the decorative and reflective sides of the mirror, and the damaged surface area (obtained by stationary laboratory XRF instrument). Chemical element Reflective side Reverse side Total Wt. % Conf. int. % Wt. % Conf. int. % Wt. % Conf. int. % Cu 53.120±3.000 5.65 57.304±2.218 3.87 55.212±2.131 3.86 The element is part of the mirror's alloy. Sn 33.784±1.361 4.03 28.275±1.401 4.95 31.030±2.208 7.12 Fe 3.233±1.534 47.46 4.785±1.566 32.72 4.009±1.026 25.58 Pb 1.200±0.079 6.61 1.129±0.145 12.87 1.165±0.069 5.93 As 0.627±0.056 8.89 0.492±0.047 9.65 0.559±0.058 10.43 Sb 0.467±0.020 4.24 0.399±0.029 7.37 0.433±0.029 6.67 Ag 0.463±0.027 5.82 0.414±0.024 5.71 0.439±0.023 5.28 Bi 0.278±0.027 9.64 0.198±0.031 15.80 0.238±0.034 14.27 Sc 0.116±0.079 68.36 0.040±0.036 91.22 0.078±0.044 56.79 Ni 0.091±0.015 16.09 0.076±0.012 15.37 0.084±0.009 10.96 Si 5.505±0.386 7.01 4.053±2.923 72.11 4.779±1.258 26.32 Сontamination P 0.811±0.956 117.85 0.876±0.617 70.46 0.843±0.438 51.89 Se 0.026±0.020 78.70 0.016±0.018 113.77 0.021±0.011 53.30 Mn 0.019±0.033 175.14 0.063±0.026 41.51 0.041±0.023 56.71 Ca 0.135±0.375 277.64 1.352±1.111 82.15 0.744±0.643 86.45 Ti 0.073±0.204 277.64 0.199±0.234 117.74 0.136±0.128 94.22 V 0.003±0.009 277.64 0.009±0.010 113.93 0.006±0.006 92.69 Sr 0 0 0.005±0.014 277.64 0.003±0.006 226.22 Ba 0 0 0.172±0.478 277.64 0.086±0.195 226.22 Table 4. Elemental composition of the relief surface on the decorative side of the bronze mirror and the defective area on the obverse side (data obtained by stationary laboratory XRF spectrometer). Chemical element Carvings on the reverse side of the mirror Damaged spot (Single spectrum) Wt. % Conf. int. % Wt. % Cu 56.482±4.105 7.27 66.816 Sn 30.169±7.860 26.05 23.312 Si 3.909±8.452 216.22 5.12 Fe 3.941±3.574 90.68 1.488 P 0.850±1.986 233.66 0.000 Pb 1.030±0.178 17.30 1.488 As 0.468±0.222 47.48 0.649 Sb 0.430±0.116 26.84 0.386 Ag 0.458±0.177 38.59 0.323 Bi 0.175±0.226 129.43 0.208 Sc 0.081±0.227 280.12 0.136 Ni 0.082±0.027 32.77 0.087 Se 0.016±0.035 215.27 0.000 Mn 0.043±0.092 215.84 0.000 Ca 1.202±2.960 246.34 0.000 Ti 0.257±0.569 221.49 0.000 V 0.007±0.032 430.27 0.000 Sr 0.006±0.027 430.27 0.000 Measurements conducted with a stationary ED-XRF spectrometer capable of narrow-area focusing revealed no significant compositional differences between the mirror's sides. The previously observed variations in element concentrations between reflective and decorative surfaces were attributed to the limited precision of portable pXRF instrumentation due to its larger analysis window diameter. ED-XRF and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed the absence of characteristic aluminum spectral lines (Al Kα = 1.49 eV and Kβ = 1.56 eV). The fluorescence peaks in these energy ranges were instead identified as silicon signatures (Si Kα = 1.74 eV and 1.84 eV), resulting from the portable instrument's lower energy resolution. ED-XRF quantification established the alloy's primary components as copper (Cu, 55.212±2.131 wt.%) and tin (Sn, 31.030±2.208 wt.%), classifying the material as high-tin bronze. The composition includes silver (Ag, 0.439±0.03 wt.%). Elements demonstrating low confidence intervals and stable mean values - lead (Pb, 1.165±0.069 wt.%), arsenic (As, 0.559±0.058 wt.%), antimony (Sb, 0.433±0.029 wt.%), bismuth (Bi, 0.238±0.034 wt.%), and nickel (Ni, 0.084±0.009 wt.%) - were confirmed as secondary alloy components. Their presence was further validated through spectra obtained from damaged surface areas. Iron (Fe, 4.009±1.026 wt.%) and scandium (Sc, 0.078±0.044 wt.%) were detected in damaged areas but exhibited high concentration variance, indicating heterogeneous distribution in both source ore and finished object. Phosphorus (P, 0.843±0.61 wt.%) and silicon (Si, 4.779±1.76 wt.%) were classified as impurity elements with non-uniform distribution. Barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), and selenium (Se) appeared sporadically at low concentrations (<1 wt.%) in select spectra, confirming their presence in surface contaminants and patina. Selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V) were absent from damaged area spectra and showed wide confidence intervals at minimal concentrations, establishing their status as surface-derived contaminants. Contrary to pXRF results, ED-XRF data demonstrated statistical equivalence in elemental composition between reflective and decorative surfaces, eliminating the possibility of specialized surface coatings. The decorative side showed elevated concentrations of impurity elements (Ca, Ti, V, Sr, Ba, Mn), attributable to intensive contamination accumulation in relief areas. The elemental profile of decorative patterns matched the mirror's base composition, confirming their integral manufacture with the object's main body. 3.2 Microstructural Features and Casting Technology Parameters SEM examination of the bronze mirror surface (Figure 5, 100 μm magnification) revealed a characteristic dendritic structure typical of as-cast tin bronzes without thermal treatment (Oudbashi and Davami 2014; Quaranta et al. 2014; Sidot et al. 2005). The absence of deformation features or recrystallization indicates minimal post-casting mechanical processing, reflecting specific technological choices in the object's manufacture. Elemental analysis of two distinct regions (Table 5) identifies the gray dendrites (Spectrum 2) as the intermetallic SnCu₃ phase, while the white dendrites (Spectrum 1) correspond to the Sn 5 Cu 6 phase (Kishore et al. 2018; Leineweber 2023; Shim et al. 1996). The presence of these intermetallic compounds is characteristic of high-tin bronzes and accounts for the alloy's elevated hardness and brittleness - essential properties for maintaining the mirror's reflective surface. A comprehensive phase analysis using X-ray diffraction is precluded by the object's dimensions and conservation requirements. Table 5. Elemental composition of the bronze mirror by EDS (100 μm scale). Element Spectrum 1, wt.% Spectrum 2, wt.% Total, wt.% C 4.57 10.75 7.18 O 9.13 33.47 39.55 Al 0.22 1.18 0.48 Si 0.53 3.23 1.84 P 0.00 3.03 1.89 S 0.00 0.00 0.24 Cl 0.00 0.40 0.44 Fe 0.32 3.91 1.99 Cu 52.79 18.11 18.29 Ag 0.98 0.00 0.61 Sn 31.47 25.17 26.96 Pb 0.00 0.74 0.54 EDS mapping reveals uniform distribution of the primary components – tin (26.96 wt.%) and copper (18.29 wt.%) – across the alloy surface. Localized concentration areas of lead (0.54 wt.%) and silver (0.61 wt.%) correspond to metallic inclusions and Pb-Ag intermetallic phases that were not completely dissolved in the base alloy during manufacturing. The presence of sulfur (0.24 wt.%) as sulfide inclusions may be associated with the composition of the raw materials. The uniform distribution of silicon (1.84 wt.%), phosphorus (1.89 wt.%), and iron (1.99 wt.%) indicates surface contamination by compounds of these elements, which could originate from either the ore materials or prolonged burial. Oxidized components – carbon (7.18 wt.%), oxygen (39.55 wt.%), and chlorine (0.44 wt.%) - uniformly cover the mirror surface. The ratios of these elements corroborate FTIR analysis data confirming the formation of secondary malachite patina (Di Turo 2020). Chlorine presence indicates exposure to chloride-containing soil solutions that accelerated corrosion processes. The malachite patina formation suggests long-term exposure to a humid environment saturated with carbon dioxide. Microstructural analysis leads to the conclusion that the Bohai bronze mirror was produced by mold casting without subsequent significant thermal or mechanical treatment. The presence of incompletely dissolved lead and silver inclusions may indicate either the use of recycled materials or insufficient melting temperature during production. 3.3 Corrosion-Induced Degradation and Structural Integrity Assessment The object’s state of preservation is good, despite the presence of a significant amount of turquoise-colored patina on its surface, formed under the corrosive influence of soil solutions. The patina covers a substantial portion of the object, and traces of soil contamination, cemented to the surface, are also observed. Condition monitoring over a ten-year period revealed no progression of corrosive degradation, indicating the object’s stability. In the angular section of the rim on one side of the mirror, an irregularly shaped loss is present. This damage may be attributed either to environmental factors during burial or to processes related to an initial casting defect, such as metal underfill. For instance, the defect could have been a casting void (gas, shrinkage, or slag porosity), which arises due to: inadequate slag removal from the metal, insufficient filling of the pouring basin during casting, an improper gating system, poor metal fluidity, or interruption of the metal stream during pouring. Metal underfill could have occurred for various reasons: the metal failed to fully fill the mold and solidified at the edges, or the mold itself had a protrusion. Additionally, the underfilled area may exhibit a chemically depleted composition, leading to deteriorated casting properties, particularly reduced fluidity. The fluidity of alloys itself depends on: the crystallization temperature range, melt viscosity and surface tension, pouring and mold temperatures, mold properties, etc. Shrinkage cavities in castings are mostly detected only during mechanical processing. It is possible that during the object’s manufacture or subsequent use, the defect remained undetected until its eventual failure. However, due to prolonged degradation in soil corrosion conditions, the defect became apparent, resulting in a through-hole formation. 3.3.1 FTIR Spectroscopy This method was employed to study the object's condition, which visual analysis had assessed as partially damaged by corrosion processes. The phase composition of the patina partially covering the bronze mirror’s surface was examined to confirm the presence of the alloy’s primary structural components and to investigate the mechanisms and causes of the object’s corrosive degradation. Figure 6 presents the FTIR spectra acquired in the multiple attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode from patina particles sampled from the mirror’s reflective surface. As shown, the spectra from three different points on the patinated surface exhibit similar absorption band positions and intensities, indicating a homogeneous phase composition of the patina. The characteristic bands at 3325 and 3430 cm⁻¹, as well as at 1620 cm⁻¹, confirm the presence of hydroxyl (–OH) groups in the studied samples. These may belong to either water molecules in crystalline hydrates or directly to the patina’s composition. Absorption peaks at 586 and 512 cm⁻¹ indicate the presence of Sn–O and Cu–O bonds, which occur in the oxides of these elements as well as in certain Cu and Sn salts. A series of bands at 1393, 1520, and 1587 cm⁻¹ arise from the coordination of the mirror’s structural metals with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. Specifically, the bands at 1393 and 1520 cm⁻¹ are characteristic of malachite (Cu(OH) 2 CO 3 ) (Hadj Mokhtar et al. 2015; Melendres and Hahn 2010; Stoilova et al. 2002). The absorption maxima in the 800–1000 cm⁻¹ region suggest the presence of C–H and O–C=O bonds, typical of organic components in the patina and atmospheric carbon dioxide (Y. Liu et al. 2020; Shen and Gu 2009). Thus, the IR spectroscopy data demonstrate that copper and tin are present in the patina as carbonate and oxide forms, particularly basic copper carbonate (malachite, Cu(OH) 2 CO 3 ), which exhibits a distinctive turquoise color, as well as copper and tin oxides. Similar IR spectra have been reported in the scientific literature for natural and artificial oxidation products of bronze alloys (Mayyas et al. 2023; Mikić et al. 2021; Petiti et al. 2023). According to current scientific understanding, bronze alloys undergo corrosion, forming primary patina (Cu₂O, CuO, SnO) and secondary patina based on Cu(OH) 2 CO 3 (Chiavari et al. 2007; Di Turo 2020; Wu et al. 2024). The data obtained in this study align with this model of bronze alloy corrosion processes. The FTIR results demonstrate a homogeneous phase composition of the patina, where copper and tin are present in carbonate and oxide forms, particularly as basic copper carbonate (malachite) Cu(OH) 2 CO 3 , which exhibits a characteristic turquoise color, along with copper and tin oxides. This process is typical for archaeological bronze objects that have been buried in soil for extended periods. 3.4. Reconstruction of Finishing Techniques and Craftsmanship Evaluation 3.4.1. Surface Mechanical Treatment: Grinding and Polishing The reflective surface of the mirror was polished to a shine using grinding stones (dense fine-grained minerals, sandstone) followed by meticulous polishing with a soft abrasive material. The advanced technological skills of Bohai craftsmen are evidenced by their mastery of complex metalworking techniques, including heat treatment, hot and cold metal cutting, artistic blacksmith forging, as well as metal finishing with files and whetstones. According to V.D. Lenkov's analysis of ferrous metallurgy, Bohai craftsmen possessed expertise in sophisticated technological operations: cast iron production, forging of solid steel and iron finds, forge welding, heat treatment, hot and cold metal cutting, artistic blacksmithing, and metal finishing with files and whetstones. The diversity of processing techniques and the extensive range of manufactured products demonstrate the high level of their craftsmanship (Lenkov 2022). These metalworking skills were undoubtedly applied in the final processing of bronze mirrors, which accounts for the exceptional quality of their reflective surface polishing. 3.4.2. Decorative Techniques: Chasing, Engraving, and Punched Decoration The ornamentation process on the mirror's reverse side was presumably executed as follows: straight lines and depressions on the outer surface were created using chisels of various shapes. Small spherical indentations forming dotted patterns were produced through drilling. The refinement of the back surface relief was likely achieved through chasing. The unique decoration of the discovered mirror, uncharacteristic of the Tang period yet sharing common elements with known Bohai and Liao mirrors, suggests local manufacture and possible Khitan artistic influence. The mirror's floral-geometric design depicting blooming cherry blossoms finds no parallels among other finds. For comparison, during the Sui (581ؘ–618 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties, the technical aspects of mirror production in China reached their zenith. To date, over one hundred mirrors dating to this period have been discovered. Research indicates that most mirrors (particularly those inlaid with materials such as gold, silver, glass, etc.) were cast from high-tin bronzes containing 20–26% tin (Zhao et al. 2020). Mirrors from Bohai state period sites have been found in China at the Hongzongyuchang burial ground. Three intact bronze mirrors and several fragments were discovered in stone-chambered tombs, while one gilded mirror in the form of a floral rosette decorated with animals, birds, and flowering plants was found in a Longhai burial (Astashenkova 2019) . A mirror from the Gorbatka settlement (Mikhailovsky District, Primorsky Krai) likely represents a Tang-period find in Primorye. The recovered fragment consists of part of a circular mirror with faint floral ornamentation comparable to Chinese Tang objects. The mirror measures approximately 12 cm in diameter with a thickness of 1.5–2 mm, featuring a low 4-mm-thick rounded rim. Compositional analysis revealed copper, tin, and lead content, along with arsenic, silver, and antimony impurities (Gelman 2013). 3.4.3. Execution Quality: Precision and Symmetry Analysis Preliminary analysis reveals several common characteristics shared between known Bohai mirrors and the Krasninskoye find. First, their square form - this shape is typical for the majority of such finds. Second, their thinness - Bohai mirrors are exceptionally thin. Third, they feature a low rim and a miniature central suspension loop. The unique decoration of this mirror, uncharacteristic of the Tang period yet displaying elements common to contemporaneous Bohai and Liao mirrors, suggests local production and possible nomadic influences on Bohai and other regional artistic traditions. This hypothesis gains further support from evidence of bronze-casting activities not only at the Krasninskoye settlement but also at other Bohai sites in Primorye (Gelman 2020). If our assumptions prove correct, this would represent the first complete decorated mirror discovered at a Bohai site in Primorye, providing valuable insights into the development of visual arts in the Bohai state. Technical analysis has identified several indicators of potential local manufacture. Notably, the mirror's floral-geometric design depicting cherry blossoms finds no parallels among other known finds (Astashenkova 2019) . The object's technical characteristics, including relatively inferior casting quality and subsequent bronze alloy processing, further support this hypothesis. It is well established that most Sui and Tang period mirrors were produced using mold casting techniques. The mirror in question was likely cast in a composite stone mold featuring a central depression for the suspension loop and a core pin. The molten metal was poured through a conical opening in the mold's upper section. During the medieval period in the Far East, bronze objects primarily functioned as prestigious decorative-applied art items, reflecting their owners' status and possessing high value. This category included various belt set components, jewelry, Buddhist ritual objects, household items, and others. Among these, Bohai bronze mirrors constituted one of the least numerous finds groups. Their discoveries are rare not only at archaeological sites in Russia's Primorsky Krai but also in other territories formerly part of the Bohai state. In most cases, cultural layers attributed to Bohai contain mirrors of Tang origin. Analysis of the material-technical base of bronze casting production demonstrates the advanced development of this craft at Bohai sites. The inhabitants of the Gorbatka settlement engaged in various economic activities and crafts, including non-ferrous metalworking. As the largest of three settlements in the Ilistaya River valley, it likely served as a central district, while the Nikolaevskoye-I and Nikolaevskoye-II settlements may have functioned as county centers, with bronze casting production also documented at these sites. The Nikolaevskoye-II site revealed a smithing complex consisting of workshop remains (including furnaces and smelting ovens), along with numerous fragments of technical ceramics bearing traces of bronze smelting. The raw materials likely came from locally available sources near the settlements. The ferrous metallurgy of these sites has been thoroughly studied, with local production confirmed through finds of ore and blooms used for iron and cast-iron products. Furthermore, a probable source of raw materials has been identified - the Novo-Yaroslavskoye deposit located 60 km from the site (Lenkov 2022). For bronze casting production, craftsmen likely utilized the Osinovskoye deposit, which may have also supplied metalworkers from the Gorbatka settlement (Gelman 2013). Evidence of bronze casting production at Gorbatka is abundant, including fragments and complete crucibles, bronze scrap, and tools potentially used in manufacturing and processing. Approximately 80 fragments of crucible rims, bottoms, and walls, along with 11 archaeologically intact crucibles from different construction horizons, have been discovered at the site. Most crucibles and their fragments show usage marks in the form of externally vitrified walls with self-glazing effects, as well as metal residues on interior surfaces. Based on these findings, we may hypothesize that artisans likely applied their skills to bronze production, including jewelry-making. This suggests the existence of an established local manufacturing tradition utilizing both indigenous raw materials and imported items for remelting. Several other archaeological sites in Primorye exhibit evidence of Bohai bronze-casting activities, notably the fortified settlements of Nikolaevskoye-2 and Koksharovskoye-1. Regarding alloy provenance: The question of alloy origin and craftsmanship quality is intrinsically linked to production technologies. Scholars classify bronze finds into two categories: 1) objects with original alloy composition preserved from primary smelting of ores; 2) objects whose original alloy composition was altered through remelting with other metal items. In the first case, while trace element composition becomes fixed during initial production, it may subsequently change due to volatilization and oxidation during alloying, casting, or subsequent metallurgical processing, as well as through long-term soil deposition. The second category involves more profound transformations affecting not only the alloy composition but also trace elements, isotopic signatures, and material structure (Bray et al. 2015). Nevertheless, identifying objects resulting from multiple remelting cycles remains possible. Suspicion might arise when an object contains all principal alloying metals (tin, lead, and in later periods, zinc), yet in quantities insufficient to indicate deliberate addition, thus minimally impacting the object's physical properties. Lead isotope analysis can serve as one method for testing hypotheses about an object's origin, supplemented by data on impurities and rare elements. Particularly diagnostic are rare or regionally atypical metals - for instance, the characteristically low tin content in Cypriot ores makes its presence in object a clear indicator of importation (Charalambous et al. 2021), while thorium impurities in Chinese leaded bronzes exclusively occur in thorium-rich mining regions (R. Liu et al. 2018). Consequently, reconstructing the technological profile of object may provide significant insights for addressing historical questions regarding technological development during specific periods of state formation. Conclusion The conducted research has partially confirmed the hypothesis regarding the local production of the bronze mirror at the Kraskinskoye settlement. While the object's unique stylistic and technological characteristics indeed lack direct parallels among known Bohai and neighboring cultural complexes, the absence of direct evidence (such as casting molds for similar mirrors) precludes definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, the presence of non-ferrous metallurgy activities at the site, combined with the distinctive decorative features, provide reasonable grounds to consider local production as a plausible scenario. The study's primary objective – determining the alloy's elemental composition and reconstructing its manufacturing technology – was successfully achieved through the comprehensive application of modern analytical methods, including pXRF, SEM-EDS, and FTIR spectroscopy. Elemental analysis revealed that the mirror was crafted from high-tin bronze containing approximately 49–55% copper and 26–31% tin, with characteristic impurities of silver (0.4–0.5%), lead, antimony, and bismuth. The presence of silver is particularly noteworthy, potentially indicating either the use of recycled material or intentional alloying. Microstructural examination identified a typical cast dendritic structure dominated by SnCu3 and Sn5Cu6 phases, suggesting the absence of post-casting heat treatment. The heterogeneous distribution of lead and silver inclusions points to imperfect refining techniques. Corrosion analysis identified a patina composition primarily consisting of malachite (Cu(OH) 2 CO 3 ) along with copper and tin oxides, consistent with prolonged soil deposition. Observed casting defects (voids) reflect technological imperfections in the production process. The reconstructed finishing techniques demonstrate the Bohai craftsmen's considerable skill: the reflective surface received meticulous polishing, while the reverse side features intricate chased and punctate ornamentation. However, the execution quality (evidenced by asymmetries and casting flaws) remains notably inferior to contemporaneous Tang Chinese counterparts. Within the framework of the cultural-historical interpretation of the results, the uniqueness of the studied object is manifested both in its form (a square base with a miniature central loop) and in its decorative elements (a depiction of a blooming cherry blossom), which have no direct parallels in known archaeological materials. This may indicate the existence of a local metalworking tradition in the Bohai state. An analysis of the technological level of production demonstrates that Bohai craftsmen undoubtedly mastered complex casting techniques, though the quality of their products was notably inferior to the Chinese standards of the Tang era (characterized by a tin content of 20–26% and fewer impurities). The presence of silver and antimony in the alloy may suggest the existence of trade or exchange networks. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the applied methods revealed that portable pXRF analysis is less accurate when examining patinated surfaces, whereas stationary ED-XRF spectrometry confirmed the relative homogeneity of the metal alloy. The SEM-EDS method with elemental mapping allowed for the detection of an uneven distribution of lead and silver within the metal structure, which is crucial for reconstructing the technological process. FTIR spectroscopy successfully identified malachite in the patina composition, confirming the typical corrosion processes for bronze find in soil conditions. Of particular interest is the comparison with Chinese mirrors from the Tang era, which revealed significant differences in both alloy composition and manufacturing quality. While Chinese products exhibit high standardization and technological refinement, the Bohai mirror is characterized by numerous technological defects and impurities, possibly indicating a less developed metallurgical tradition. The findings suggest that during the studied period, not only were bronze items imported, but attempts were also made to establish local bronze-casting production. The presence of technological processes related to the reproduction and creation of new bronze objects, presumably under conditions of raw material scarcity, indicates that the population of the Kraskinskoye settlement possessed specialized metalworking skills. This fact not only allows for an assessment of the development level of bronze casting in Bohai but also suggests possible technological continuity and knowledge exchange within the framework of intercultural interactions. It is known that the Bohai State was an active participant in trade and exchange relations, which does not preclude attempts to minimize import dependence through local bronze production—a strategy that would have contributed to economic strengthening in the long term. Additionally, the reuse of bronze scrap for crafting prestige items may be explained by the production’s orientation toward the domestic market. Thus, the obtained results open several promising avenues for future research. First and foremost, it is necessary to continue searching for casting molds of square mirrors at other Bohai archaeological sites, as this could provide direct evidence of local production. Lead isotope analysis would allow for more precise identification of ore sources and the reconstruction of trade networks. Further application of an integrated approach, combining materials science and archaeological methods, will enable a deeper understanding of technological traditions and cultural interactions in the region. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Author Contribution I.Yu.B., E.I.G., A.V.B., and N.P.I. contributed to the conceptualization, writing of the original draft, and critical revision of the manuscript. A.N.F. and V.M.Z. performed the formal analysis, visualization (figure preparation), and assisted in data interpretation. A.N.D. participated in data analysis, secured research funding, and supported the project supervision. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The study utilized equipment of Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU) within the framework of the Interdisciplinary Core Facility 'Far Eastern Center for Structural Research and Analysis,' with financial support from the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (topic No. FZNS-2024-0014). Data Availability Data will be made available on request. References 中国古代铜镜」 Chinese ancient bronze mirrors. 止水—中国古代铜镜专场 (Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors. Exhibition Catalog). (n.d.). A New History of Parhae. By Northeast Asian History Foundation, Seoul; English translation by John Duncan. Leiden & Boston, 2012. 214 p. Archaeological Research at the Kraskinskoye Settlement in Primorsky Krai, Russia, in 2007. Foundation for the Study of Northeast Asian History, Institute of History, Archaeology, and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2008). [in Russian] Astashenkova, E. V. (2019). 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The Cu–Sn System: A Comprehensive Review of the Crystal Structures of its Stable and Metastable Phases. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 44(3), 343–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-023-01041-3 Lenkov, V. D. (2022). Ferrous Metallurgy of Bohai: On the Organization and Technology of Production. Russia and the Asia-Pacific Region, 1, 55–67. [in Russian] Liu Shujuan. Research on Bronze Mirrors of the Liao Dynasty. Shenyang: Shenyang Publishing House, 1997. 195 p. (in Chinese). Liu, R., Rawson, J., & Pollard, A. M. (2018). Beyond ritual bronzes: identifying multiple sources of highly radiogenic lead across Chinese history. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 11770. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30275-2 Liu, Y., Cui, N., Jia, P., & Huang, W. (2020). In-situ ft-ir spectroscopy investigation of ch4 and co2 reaction. Catalysts, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10010131 Marghussian, A. K., Coningham, R. A. E., & Fazeli, H. (2017). Investigation of Neolithic pottery from Ebrahimabad in the central plateau of Iran, utilising chemical–mineralogical and microstructural analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 16(June), 604–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.029 Mayyas, A., Al Sekhaneh, W., Al Fuqara, D., Seiseh, R., Al-Ajlouny, F., Al Muheisen, Z., & Popp, J. (2023). Microstructural and Compositional Characterization of Roman Bronze Coins From Khirbat Edh-Dharih in Jordan. Arqueologia Iberoamericana, 52, 69–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8374041 Melendres, C. A., & Hahn, F. (2010). Breakdown on Copper, 65, 63–65. Mikić, D., Ćurković, H. O., Kosec, T., & Peko, N. (2021). An electrochemical and spectroscopic study of surfaces on bronze sculptures exposed to urban environment. Materials, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082063 Oudbashi, O., & Davami, P. (2014). Metallography and microstructure interpretation of some archaeological tin bronze vessels from Iran. Materials Characterization, 97, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.09.007 Petiti, C., Toniolo, L., Berti, L., & Goidanich, S. (2023). Artistic and Laboratory Patinas on Copper and Bronze Surfaces. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111873 Quaranta, M., Catelli, E., Prati, S., Sciutto, G., & Mazzeo, R. (2014). Chinese archaeological artefacts: Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of high-leaded bronzes. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15(3), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2013.07.007 Report on the Excavations of the Xinan Settlement in Fusong County, Jilin Province = Jilin Fusong Xinan Site Excavation Report / Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Jilin Province = Jilin Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology // Kaogu Xuebao. 2013. No. 3. Pp. 347–390. (in Chinese). Shen, D. K., & Gu, S. (2009). The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products. Bioresource Technology, 100(24), 6496–6504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.095 Shim, J.-H., Oh, C.-S., Lee, B.-J., & Lee, D. N. (1996). Thermodynamic Assessment of the Cu-Sn System. International Journal of Materials Research, 87(3), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1996-870310 Sidot, E., Kahn-Harari, A., Cesari, E., & Robbiola, L. (2005). The lattice parameter of α-bronzes as a function of solute content: Application to archaeological materials. Materials Science and Engineering A, 393(1–2), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.10.001 Speakman, R. J., & Shackley, M. S. (2013). Silo science and portable XRF in archaeology: A response to Frahm. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(2), 1435–1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.033 Speakman, R. J., Little, N. C., Creel, D., Miller, M. R., & Iñañez, J. G. (2011). Sourcing ceramics with portable XRF spectrometers? A comparison with INAA using Mimbres pottery from the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(12), 3483–3496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.08.011 Stoilova, D., Koleva, V., & Vassileva, V. (2002). Infrared study of some synthetic phases of malachite (Cu2(OH)2CO3)-hydrozincite (Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2) series. Spectrochimica Acta - Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 58(9), 2051–2059. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(01)00677-1 The Bohai State (698–926) and the Tribes of the Russian Far East. Ed. by E. V. Shavkunov. Moscow: Nauka, 1994. 217 p. [in Russian] Tykot, R. H. (2016). Using Nondestructive Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers on Stone, Ceramics, Metals, and Other Materials in Museums: Advantages and Limitations. Applied Spectroscopy, 70(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702815616745 Wei Guozhong, Zhu Guochen, Hao Qingyun. Bohai guoshi [The History of Bohai state]. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she. 2006. 622 p. (in Chinese). Wilke, D., Rauch, D., & Rauch, P. (2016). Is Non-destructive Provenancing of Pottery Possible With Just a Few Discriminative Trace Elements? STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research, 2(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2016.1209030 Wu, J., Li, N., & Luo, W. (2024). Corrosion Mechanisms and Conservation Strategies for Marine Recovered Bronze Artifacts: Insights from the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, (0123456789). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-024-09406-6 Zhao, F., Sun, M., Tie, F., Wu, C., Zhang, X., & Mu, X. (2020). Inlaid materials and techniques of an ancient Chinese bronze mirror. The European Physical Journal Plus, 135(8), 666. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00634-y Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the context of studying Far Eastern archaeological cultures, one of the key medieval state formations of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) the Bohai State (698-926 AD), holds particular scientific significance. Bohai played a crucial mediating role in the transmission of technologies and cultural achievements. Consequently, research on Bohai finds, their origins, and manufacturing technologies is of great value for reconstructing the region\u0026apos;s socio-economic historical processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Bohai State occupied a vast territory spanning three modern nations: Russia\u0026apos;s Primorye region, the northern Korean Peninsula, and Northeast China \u003cem\u003e(Fig. 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eBohai possessed abundant natural resources: extensive fertile river valleys suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry, mineral deposits that supported craft development (particularly mass production of iron and cast iron tools and weapons), and rivers and seas that served as major trade routes with China, Japan, and Korea. The culture of this multi-ethnic state incorporated traditions from various peoples while experiencing strong Chinese and Goguryeo influences. The study of Bohai culture, its subsistence systems, and the technological level of its economy overall enables us to assess the state\u0026apos;s role in East Asian history (A New History of Parhae. By Northeast Asian History Foundation) (Kradin 2018; Wei 2006; Shavkunov 1994; Ivliev 2005).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLong-term archaeological investigations of Bohai culture sites in Primorsky Krai have revealed both direct and indirect evidence of the local population\u0026apos;s engagement in all major specialized production activities. Metal production and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous goods constituted a significant component of this system. Recognizable indicators of such metallurgical activities at archaeological sites include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash; proximity to ore sources (mountain outcrops, discovered ores, raw material blanks, etc.);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash; recyclable materials (bronze scrap for remelting);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash; production facilities (workshops, furnace pits, kilns, etc.);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash; technical ceramics (crucibles, tuyeres, casting molds, etc.);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash; processing tools (tongs, gravers, punches, etc.);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash; finished products (belt elements, ornaments, household items, etc.);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash; production waste (slags, blooms, spillage, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze objects dating to the Bohai State period are of particular interest to researchers for several reasons: their rarity, artistic value, and the high informational potential of bronze as a material. Bronze objects are found at Bohai sites significantly less frequently than items made of ceramics or iron, reflecting the historical perception of bronze as a material reserved for expensive, prestigious items. For the same reason, these objects often exhibit complex decorative treatment and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. The design approaches and selection of semantic imagery demonstrate remarkable diversity, vividly reflecting the cultural trends of the period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the documentation of these characteristics at several fortified settlements in Primorye, the scale and degree of autonomy in local bronze-casting craftsmanship remain unclear. This uncertainty stems from several factors:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ecurrent research on Bohai continues to accumulate data, yet despite annual archaeological expeditions, numerous sites from this period remain incompletely studied due to their vast quantity and spatial extent;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003einsufficient data from geological surveys aimed at identifying potential raw material sources within accessible proximity to archaeological sites;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003earchaeological materials collected throughout the study period of Bohai State sites, comprising substantial collections, have not been fully analyzed or published;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ethe study of bronze-casting materials presents methodological challenges, requiring object preparation (removal of contaminants and patina, material stabilization) and employing various physicochemical analyses for data verification (often involving destructive methods, which are generally unacceptable for archaeological finds);\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003edetermining the local origin of bronze objects is complicated by active exchange and trade networks in the region. A significant portion of Bohai collections consists of presumed imported items, which specialists identify through characteristic regional features: technological specifics, stylistic traits, and semantic motifs finding direct parallels at other archaeological sites of specific production centers \u0026nbsp;(Gelman 2018). These items may have also served as scrap metal for recasting into new objects. Thus, the accumulated archaeological material requires detailed analysis to verify existing hypotheses about the status of local bronze-casting production and the origin of bronze finds at Bohai sites in Primorye. Furthermore, studying bronze object production technologies helps determine skill levels, production scale, and likely manufacturing regions.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most significant site containing direct evidence of bronze-casting production is the Kraskino Settlement. Located in the Khasansky District of Primorsky Krai on the northern shore of Expedition Bay in Posyet Bay (Sea of Japan), this site currently represents one of the most extensively studied archaeological objects from the Bohai State period in Primorye.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Kraskino Settlement held special importance within Bohai\u0026apos;s administrative-territorial system, functioning as a district center and hub for developed domestic and foreign trade relations (including serving as a seaport). This determined the character of the state\u0026apos;s economic, social and political structures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe site has revealed presumed craft quarters, technical ceramics with bronze traces, production waste (slags containing non-ferrous metals), tools potentially used for metalworking, and a significant number of bronze object (Gelman 2020). Two fragments of bronze mirrors were also discovered here. The first, relatively large, and the second, considerably smaller, were found during the excavation of the upper construction horizon in Trench XXXVIII in the northern part of the site. Judging by the straight edge, the mirror was square-shaped, with a low rim width of 0.9 cm and a mirror thickness of 0.2 cm. No ornamentation was detected on the reverse side (Archaeological Research at the Kraskinskoye Settlement in Primorsky Krai, Russia, in 2007). Similar square and round mirrors, both with and without ornamentation, have been found in China (「中国古代铜镜」\u0026nbsp;Chinese ancient bronze mirrors.\u0026nbsp;止水\u0026mdash;中国古代铜镜专场\u0026nbsp;(Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors. Exhibition Catalog). The site also yielded one intact mirror, which serves as the object of the present study. Mirrors represent a special category of decorative-applied art objects whose material value and symbolic significance rendered them socially important finds.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement of the Research Problem\u003c/strong\u003e. Currently, a significant research challenge lies in determining the scale and technological level of local metallurgical production in Primorye during the Bohai State period, given the intensive trade and import of finished bronze objects from neighboring regions. This difficulty draws attention to objects possessing distinctive features without known parallels. A set of such specific characteristics in these object may support hypotheses about their Bohai origin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA notable example is the bronze mirror discovered at the Kraskino settlement, which requires comprehensive study using analytical scientific methods to determine its composition, manufacturing technology, and artistic treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors of this study propose the following \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ehypothesis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: The bronze mirror from the Kraskino walled town, which lacks direct stylistic parallels among known Bohai or neighboring cultural complexes, could have been produced locally. This is supported by evidence of metallurgical craftsmanship at the site, suggesting the technological capacity for full-cycle production. Furthermore, the object\u0026rsquo;s technical and stylistic features may reflect a distinct local metalworking tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVerification of this hypothesis is based on scientific analysis of the mirror\u0026apos;s material composition\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Accordingly, the \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eobjectives of this study are:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e to conduct a comprehensive materials science examination of the bronze mirror from the Kraskino settlement in order to determine the elemental composition of its alloy and reconstruct its manufacturing technology. To achieve these objectives, the authors address \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003efour research tasks\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003edetermine the elemental composition of the alloy using complementary non-destructive methods (pXRF, EDX, SEM-EDS) and investigate the spatial distribution of elements in the microstructure (EDS mapping);\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eexamine the microstructural characteristics of the alloy (dendritic structure, grain boundaries, casting defects) to establish the technological parameters of the casting process;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003echaracterize the object\u0026apos;s quality through: investigation of surface corrosion processes by identifying patina mineral composition (FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy), determination of corrosion penetration depth, evaluation of structural integrity of the metal core (presence of microcracks, delamination, and other defects);\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ereconstruct the sequence of finishing operations: surface mechanical treatment methods (grinding, polishing), decorative techniques (repouss\u0026eacute;, engraving, pointill\u0026eacute; ornamentation), assessment of craftsmanship based on precision and symmetry criteria.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"2. Research Object Characteristics, Materials and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Archaeological Context of the Find\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the 2013 archaeological expedition at the Kraskino walled town, a pit filled with brown sandy loam containing variably-grained sand was discovered in the northern sector (Trench XLVII). The pit was located within the remains of a dwelling partially preserved with a heating system - a kang. Both the pit and dwelling belong to the upper construction horizon (the site has revealed five such horizons in total), as does the nearby cobbled road.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcavation of the pit filling yielded a unique find - a square-shaped bronze mirror with low rims, featuring a spherical knob at its center \u003cem\u003e(Fig. 2).\u003c/em\u003e The object measures 7.58\u0026times;7.51\u0026ndash;7.56 cm, with a mirror thickness of 0.1 cm. The rim measures 0.1-0.13-0.18 cm in thickness, 0.86-0.9 cm in width, and 0.05 cm in height. The knob measures 0.28-0.3 cm in height and 0.58-0.65 cm in size, with hole diameters of 0.20-0.24 cm. The object weighs 37.1 g (Gelman 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreliminary analysis of the mirror suggests several features indicative of potential local production. Specifically, the mirror\u0026apos;s floral-geometric decoration depicting blooming cherry blossoms finds no parallels among other objects from Bohai State sites (Astashenkova 2019)\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTechnical and technological assessment further supports probable local manufacture, evidenced by the relatively modest casting quality and subsequent bronze alloy processing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMirror decoration.\u003c/strong\u003e The decorated surface features geometric and floral motifs. The central loop-knob is surrounded by an eight-petaled rosette. The ornamental field is framed along the perimeter by a chain of small hemispheres adjacent to the rim. Similar chains divide the mirror into eight sectors, each containing two floral rosettes. These elements, like all raised lines on the mirror, are executed using the same technique of small hemispheres. The outer rosettes are encircled by two such rows, while the inner ones feature only a single framing row.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalogues.\u003c/strong\u003e The mirror\u0026apos;s decoration has no direct analogues. Only certain similar ornamental elements found on other mirrors can be noted. For instance, excavations at the Xin\u0026apos;an settlement in Jilin Province revealed a bronze mirror with comparable floral rosette motifs. The water chestnut petal-shaped mirror form was widespread during the Tang period, significantly influencing mirror production and decoration in subsequent eras. Researchers identify three occupation phases at this settlement, one of which corresponds to the middle period of the Bohai State, with the mirror dated to the 10th\u0026ndash;12th centuries (Report on the Excavations of the Xinan Settlement in Fusong County, Jilin Province 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, we may suggest that such ornamental elements were known during the Bohai period and continued into the Liao era. The Liao mirror catalog includes a circular mirror with dotted ornamentation where the dots form flower-like clusters. Seven such clusters appear in a circular arrangement, framed along the rim by a ring of small pearls. The mirror measures 12.8 cm in diameter and 0.2 cm in thickness, discovered in a Liao tomb at Anxingzhuang Village (Mul\u0026iacute;nxiāng Township, Sh\u0026ugrave;ny\u0026igrave; District, Beijing). This mirror type constitutes a separate category dated to the middle Liao period (Liu Shujuan 1997).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiao-period mirrors also employ the decorative technique of dividing the ornamental field with lines composed of small hemispheres. However, it should be noted that hemisphere (\u0026quot;pearl\u0026quot;) decoration is not uncommon in Bohai decorative arts, as evidenced by roof tile end-disks and architectural ornament elements.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Research Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the field of cultural heritage object studies, the application of destructive analytical methods to museum collections and archaeological finds is strictly limited. This research primarily employs non-destructive analytical techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe alloy type was determined through surface analysis of selected areas on the bronze mirror using elemental composition examination with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyzer Olympus Delta Professional DP-4000 (Japan). Measurements were conducted through a PRO 6 Prolen U8990460 polypropylene window (6 \u0026mu;m) in dual-beam mode for 40 seconds (10 sec + 30 sec) using the \u0026quot;alloy\u0026quot; measurement mode. During measurements, preference was given to flat, even surfaces with an area equal to or larger than the pXRF analyzer window. To verify data obtained through preliminary pXRF analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was performed on small areas using a Shimadzu EDX-7000P Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth methods combine operational simplicity with high analytical precision, demonstrating maximum effectiveness for detecting elements with atomic numbers above 26 while maintaining high sensitivity for distinguishing compositional element groups (Forster et al. 2011; Goren et al. 2011; Hunt and Speakman 2015; Marghussian et al. 2017; Speakman et al. 2011; Speakman and Shackley 2013; Tykot 2016; Wilke et al. 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrostructural Analysis Methods.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMicrostructure investigations were conducted using a Carl Zeiss Observer D1m microscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed with a Carl Zeiss Ultra 55 scanning electron microscope (Germany) equipped with a Bruker energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) system (Germany).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe SEM-EDS analysis provides unique capabilities for examining not only the elemental composition of the object but also the micro- and nano-scale distribution of elements across the surface with high precision. Furthermore, this method enables measurement of light element concentrations (C, O), which is critically important for studying patina formation and alloy oxidation processes. In this study, SEM images and elemental distribution maps were obtained to verify and complement the results from ED-XRF and pXRF analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFor investigating the phase composition of the patina, surface contamination samples were collected from three points on the bronze mirror (from the reflective side). Micro-samples were carefully extracted using a surgical scalpel in a manner that prevented damage to the object\u0026apos;s surface while effectively removing patina deposits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectroscopy was performed using an IRTracer-100 FTIR Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a Quest ATR diamond accessory GS10801-B (Specac Ltd, Orpington, UK). Four separate spectra were recorded from each sample and subsequently merged with averaged transmittance values.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Elemental Composition and Spatial Distribution of Alloy Components\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the pXRF screening analysis showing the elemental composition of both the decorative and reflective surfaces of the mirror across different measurement areas \u003cem\u003e(Fig. 3)\u003c/em\u003e are presented in \u003cem\u003eTable 1.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Results of pXRF screening analysis of the decorative and reflective surfaces of the bronze mirror from the Kraskino settlement archaeological site.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1030\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasurement area,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"14\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 936px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElements (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"15\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1030px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe decorative surface\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"15\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1030px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe reflective surface\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe elemental composition analysis of the mirror\u0026apos;s decorated surface\u003c/em\u003e by pXRF reveals a complex pattern reflecting both the original alloy composition and centuries-long interaction with the soil environment. The primary metallic components are copper (37-52%) and tin (14-23%), indicating the use of high-tin bronze characteristic of ancient mirror production. This Cu:Sn ratio provided the necessary reflective properties and surface hardness typical of mirror bronzes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe significant silicon content (18-28%) in analyzed points clearly relates to patina formation and soil contamination, as silicon-containing minerals are primary components of most soils. Similarly, the presence of aluminum (6-10%) and iron (2-4%) in these quantities is more likely explained by migration of these elements from surrounding soil into the patina structure than by their original presence in the alloy. Iron could also originate from corrosion processes of iron-containing objects located in close proximity to the mirror in the archaeological context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phosphorus content (1.7\u0026ndash;4%) requires careful interpretation, as this element could have been originally present in the ore, added as an alloying component to improve casting properties, or migrated from the soil\u0026mdash;especially if organic residues were present. Trace elements\u0026mdash;lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, titanium, zinc, manganese, and nickel\u0026mdash;are present in negligible amounts and may reflect either natural impurities in the original ores or later contamination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificant compositional variability between different measurement points (e.g., copper content ranging from 37% to 52% and tin from 14% to 23%) is typical for pXRF analysis of patinated surfaces and reflects the heterogeneity of the patina layer, varying degrees of corrosion in different areas, and local variations in soil contamination. Given the limitations of pXRF, which analyzes only the surface layer to a depth of a few micrometers and is characterized by relatively low precision, the obtained data should be considered a qualitative characterization of the overall chemical composition of the patinated surface rather than an accurate determination of the original metal alloy\u0026rsquo;s composition. For a more reliable reconstruction of the initial bronze composition, analysis of a cleaned metal surface or cross-section using more precise analytical methods would be required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of silver in all measured points (0.247\u0026ndash;0.395%) is of particular interest for interpreting the mirror\u0026rsquo;s manufacturing technology. Silver in such concentrations may indicate several possible scenarios: either it was a natural impurity in the copper ores used to smelt the bronze, or it resulted from intentional alloying with silver to enhance the decorative and, possibly, anti-corrosion properties of the metal. In the context of Bohai metallurgy, silver is known to have been used in both jewelry and decorative objects, so its presence in the mirror may indicate the object\u0026rsquo;s high status or special quality requirements. As for gold, its concentrations are evidently below the detection limit of pXRF analysis, or gold was not part of this object\u0026rsquo;s composition. Given that some ancient mirrors featured surface gilding or the addition of gold to the alloy to achieve a distinctive luster, the absence of detectable gold may suggest either a more utilitarian nature of this mirror or the loss of possible traces of gold due to corrosion and patina formation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe analysis of the mirror\u0026apos;s reflective side\u003c/em\u003e reveals significant differences in elemental composition compared to the decorative surface, confirming the hypothesis of uneven environmental exposure affecting different parts of the object during archaeological deposition. These differences can largely be explained by fundamental principles of metallic surface corrosion resistance: meticulously polished surfaces demonstrate substantially greater resistance to soil-induced corrosion due to the absence of microcracks, scratches, and other defects that serve as initiation points for corrosive processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe smooth polished surface forms a denser and more homogeneous oxide film that creates an effective barrier against the penetration of aggressive soil electrolytes. In contrast, the textured decorative surface with multiple micro-irregularities provides greater contact area with the corrosive environment and creates favorable conditions for localized corrosion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis mechanism is particularly pronounced in bronze alloys: the polished surface develops a more stable protective patina, primarily composed of copper and tin oxides and carbonates, which inhibits further metal oxidation. Rough surfaces, conversely, promote uneven distribution of corrosion products, creating local galvanic cells between areas with varying oxidation states. This accelerates corrosive processes and facilitates deeper penetration of soil components into the patina structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most notable distinction is the significantly reduced silicon content (7.55\u0026ndash;18.14% compared to 18\u0026ndash;28% on the decorative side), indicating lower contamination by soil silicates on this surface. The polished surface, owing to its dense structure and lower porosity of the patina layer, inhibits the adsorption and incorporation of silicon-containing soil minerals. In contrast, the textured decorative side, with its developed surface area and more porous patina, creates numerous microcavities where weathering products of silicate soil minerals can accumulate. Concurrently, we observe an increase in tin concentration to 22\u0026ndash;30%, providing a more realistic estimation of the original high-tin bronze composition, as the reflective side was likely less affected by intensive corrosion processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe copper content on the reflective side also shows more stable values (44\u0026ndash;51%), with less variation compared to the decorative surface, suggesting better preservation of the metallic substrate. Aluminum concentrations here are substantially lower (1.84\u0026ndash;8.12%), supporting the hypothesis of its soil origin, as this side of the mirror was less accessible for element migration from the surrounding soil. The reduced aluminum content on the polished side is further explained by the fact that clay minerals from the soil - the primary source of aluminum - predominantly adsorb onto rough surfaces due to their greater specific contact area and the presence of active adsorption centers in microcracks and surface irregularities of the decorative side.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is noteworthy that the phosphorus content stabilized at 2.98\u0026ndash;4.24%, suggesting its intentional inclusion in the alloy as a technological additive rather than being solely a result of soil contamination. Silver concentrations on the reflective side (0.384\u0026ndash;0.49%) were slightly higher than on the decorative side, supporting the hypothesis of its metallurgical origin, as its content in the less corroded layer should be more representative of the original alloy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detection of zinc (0.12\u0026ndash;0.28%) and titanium (0.21\u0026ndash;0.35%) in several measurement points, along with higher concentrations of bismuth (0.27\u0026ndash;0.35%) and antimony (0.40\u0026ndash;0.47%), may reflect either natural ore impurities or specific features of the production process. The overall pattern indicates that the mirror\u0026apos;s reflective side preserved a composition closer to the original alloy, making these data particularly valuable for reconstructing ancient metallurgical technology of the Bohai period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo differentiate between the structural elements of the mirror\u0026apos;s alloy and surface contaminants, coatings, and heterogeneous inclusions, \u003cem\u003eTable 2\u003c/em\u003e separately presents elemental composition values for both the reflective and reverse (decorative) sides of the mirror, along with their average values. The confidence interval, used to assess the uniformity of chemical element distribution, was calculated using Student\u0026apos;s t-test.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Elemental composition of the Bohai bronze mirror surface obtained by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eelement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReflective side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReverse side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConf. int. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConf. int. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConf. int. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.03\u0026plusmn;1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.2\u0026plusmn;4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.65\u0026plusmn;2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe element is part of the mirror\u0026apos;s alloy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.27\u0026plusmn;2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.37\u0026plusmn;2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.82\u0026plusmn;3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026plusmn;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026plusmn;0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-uniform inclusions in the composition due to a high concentration gradient of the element in the remelted ore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.92\u0026plusmn;3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.86\u0026plusmn;4.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.39\u0026plusmn;4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContaminants migrated from the environment (soil) into the object\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u0026plusmn;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026plusmn;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.73\u0026plusmn;1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43\u0026plusmn;1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical processing of pXRF data using Student\u0026apos;s t-test and confidence interval calculations enables a transition from qualitative observations to quantitative assessment of differences between the mirror\u0026apos;s sides and the statistical significance of the identified patterns. The percentage confidence interval represents a relative measure of data dispersion, calculated as the ratio of the confidence interval to the mean value, and indicates the measurement uncertainty relative to the measured value itself. Low confidence interval values indicate stable and reproducible measurements, suggesting uniform element distribution and its belonging to the original alloy composition. In contrast, high values signal extremely heterogeneous distribution, characteristic of random inclusions, contaminants, or secondary process products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of mean values confirms previously drawn conclusions: the reflective side shows higher concentrations of copper (49.03\u0026plusmn;1.56% vs. 44.2\u0026plusmn;4.43%) and tin (26.27\u0026plusmn;2.91% vs. 17.37\u0026plusmn;2.23%), indicating better preservation of the original high-tin bronze composition. The substantially smaller confidence interval for copper on the reflective side (3.18% vs. 10.00%) demonstrates more uniform distribution of the alloy\u0026apos;s main component, while the high variability on the decorative side reflects the heterogeneity of corrosion processes. When the confidence interval for total copper content is only 5.25%, this means the measurement dispersion is relatively small compared to the mean concentration value (46.65%), allowing us to state with high confidence that copper is stably present as the alloy\u0026apos;s main component.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe categorization of elements by their origin reveals clear differentiation between structural alloy components and secondary inclusions. Elements classified as \u0026quot;heterogeneous inclusions\u0026quot; \u0026ndash; antimony, titanium, zinc, manganese, and nickel \u0026ndash; exhibit exceptionally high confidence intervals (ranging from 39.74% to 244.69%), statistically confirming their extremely uneven distribution and, consequently, secondary origin. The values for zinc (244.69%) and titanium (88.25%) are particularly indicative: when the confidence interval for zinc exceeds 240%, this means the measurement dispersion is more than twice the mean concentration value, suggesting that zinc is either completely absent in most measurement points or present in highly variable concentrations at different locations, excluding its belonging to the original alloy composition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElements in the \u0026quot;contaminants\u0026quot; category \u0026ndash; silicon, phosphorus, and aluminum - demonstrate intermediate confidence interval values (16.60\u0026ndash;29.59%), reflecting their mixed origin: partially from the soil environment and potentially from original technological processes. The significantly higher content of silicon and aluminum on the decorative side (22.86\u0026plusmn;4.46% and 7.73\u0026plusmn;1.60% respectively) compared to the reflective side (11.92\u0026plusmn;3.28% and 3.12\u0026plusmn;1.09%) statistically confirms the hypothesis of predominant accumulation of soil silicates and aluminosilicates on the rough surface. The relatively stable silver concentrations with low confidence intervals (10.22\u0026ndash;11.66%) on both sides support its metallurgical origin as either an alloying element or natural impurity in the original ores, as such low variability is characteristic of elements uniformly distributed in the initial alloy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obtained results demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive approach in archaeological finds studies. Portable pXRF analyzers provide rapid non-destructive analysis but require verification by stationary laboratory methods, particularly when examining light elements and multicomponent alloys.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor pXRF data verification, additional analysis was conducted using a stationary ED-XRF spectrometer with enhanced power and sensitivity. The results are presented in \u003cem\u003eTables 3 and 4, and Figure 4.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eElemental composition of the decorative and reflective sides of the mirror, and the damaged surface area (obtained by stationary laboratory XRF instrument).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eelement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReflective side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReverse side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConf. int. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConf. int. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConf. int. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.120\u0026plusmn;3.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.304\u0026plusmn;2.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.212\u0026plusmn;2.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe element is part of the mirror\u0026apos;s alloy.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.784\u0026plusmn;1.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.275\u0026plusmn;1.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.030\u0026plusmn;2.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.233\u0026plusmn;1.534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.785\u0026plusmn;1.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.009\u0026plusmn;1.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.200\u0026plusmn;0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.129\u0026plusmn;0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.165\u0026plusmn;0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.627\u0026plusmn;0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.492\u0026plusmn;0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.559\u0026plusmn;0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467\u0026plusmn;0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.399\u0026plusmn;0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433\u0026plusmn;0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.463\u0026plusmn;0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.414\u0026plusmn;0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.439\u0026plusmn;0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.278\u0026plusmn;0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.198\u0026plusmn;0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.238\u0026plusmn;0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u0026plusmn;0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u0026plusmn;0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u0026plusmn;0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u0026plusmn;0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u0026plusmn;0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.505\u0026plusmn;0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.053\u0026plusmn;2.923\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.779\u0026plusmn;1.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eСontamination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.811\u0026plusmn;0.956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.876\u0026plusmn;0.617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.843\u0026plusmn;0.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u0026plusmn;0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026plusmn;0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026plusmn;0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026plusmn;0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u0026plusmn;0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u0026plusmn;0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u0026plusmn;0.375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.352\u0026plusmn;1.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.744\u0026plusmn;0.643\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u0026plusmn;0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.199\u0026plusmn;0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.136\u0026plusmn;0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026plusmn;0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u0026plusmn;0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u0026plusmn;0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u0026plusmn;0.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Elemental composition of the relief surface on the decorative side of the bronze mirror and the defective area on the obverse side (data obtained by stationary laboratory XRF spectrometer).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eelement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 339px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarvings on the reverse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eside of the mirror\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDamaged spot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Single\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003espectrum)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConf. int. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt. %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.482\u0026plusmn;4.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.169\u0026plusmn;7.860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.909\u0026plusmn;8.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.941\u0026plusmn;3.574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.850\u0026plusmn;1.986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.030\u0026plusmn;0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.468\u0026plusmn;0.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.430\u0026plusmn;0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.458\u0026plusmn;0.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u0026plusmn;0.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u0026plusmn;0.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u0026plusmn;0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026plusmn;0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u0026plusmn;0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.202\u0026plusmn;2.960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.257\u0026plusmn;0.569\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026plusmn;0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026plusmn;0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasurements conducted with a stationary ED-XRF spectrometer capable of narrow-area focusing revealed no significant compositional differences between the mirror\u0026apos;s sides. The previously observed variations in element concentrations between reflective and decorative surfaces were attributed to the limited precision of portable pXRF instrumentation due to its larger analysis window diameter. ED-XRF and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed the absence of characteristic aluminum spectral lines (Al K\u0026alpha; = 1.49 eV and K\u0026beta; = 1.56 eV). The fluorescence peaks in these energy ranges were instead identified as silicon signatures (Si K\u0026alpha; = 1.74 eV and 1.84 eV), resulting from the portable instrument\u0026apos;s lower energy resolution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eED-XRF quantification established the alloy\u0026apos;s primary components as copper (Cu, 55.212\u0026plusmn;2.131 wt.%) and tin (Sn, 31.030\u0026plusmn;2.208 wt.%), classifying the material as high-tin bronze. The composition includes silver (Ag, 0.439\u0026plusmn;0.03 wt.%). Elements demonstrating low confidence intervals and stable mean values - lead (Pb, 1.165\u0026plusmn;0.069 wt.%), arsenic (As, 0.559\u0026plusmn;0.058 wt.%), antimony (Sb, 0.433\u0026plusmn;0.029 wt.%), bismuth (Bi, 0.238\u0026plusmn;0.034 wt.%), and nickel (Ni, 0.084\u0026plusmn;0.009 wt.%) - were confirmed as secondary alloy components. Their presence was further validated through spectra obtained from damaged surface areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIron (Fe, 4.009\u0026plusmn;1.026 wt.%) and scandium (Sc, 0.078\u0026plusmn;0.044 wt.%) were detected in damaged areas but exhibited high concentration variance, indicating heterogeneous distribution in both source ore and finished object. Phosphorus (P, 0.843\u0026plusmn;0.61 wt.%) and silicon (Si, 4.779\u0026plusmn;1.76 wt.%) were classified as impurity elements with non-uniform distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBarium (Ba), strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), and selenium (Se) appeared sporadically at low concentrations (\u0026lt;1 wt.%) in select spectra, confirming their presence in surface contaminants and patina. Selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V) were absent from damaged area spectra and showed wide confidence intervals at minimal concentrations, establishing their status as surface-derived contaminants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContrary to pXRF results, ED-XRF data demonstrated statistical equivalence in elemental composition between reflective and decorative surfaces, eliminating the possibility of specialized surface coatings. The decorative side showed elevated concentrations of impurity elements (Ca, Ti, V, Sr, Ba, Mn), attributable to intensive contamination accumulation in relief areas. The elemental profile of decorative patterns matched the mirror\u0026apos;s base composition, confirming their integral manufacture with the object\u0026apos;s main body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Microstructural Features and Casting Technology Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM examination of the bronze mirror surface \u003cem\u003e(Figure 5, 100 \u0026mu;m magnification)\u003c/em\u003e revealed a characteristic dendritic structure typical of as-cast tin bronzes without thermal treatment (Oudbashi and Davami 2014; Quaranta et al. 2014; Sidot et al. 2005). The absence of deformation features or recrystallization indicates minimal post-casting mechanical processing, reflecting specific technological choices in the object\u0026apos;s manufacture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eElemental analysis of two distinct regions\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e(Table 5)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eidentifies the gray dendrites (Spectrum 2) as the intermetallic SnCu₃ phase, while the white dendrites (Spectrum 1) correspond to the Sn\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e phase (Kishore et al. 2018; Leineweber 2023; Shim et al. 1996). The presence of these intermetallic compounds is characteristic of high-tin bronzes and accounts for the alloy\u0026apos;s elevated hardness and brittleness - essential properties for maintaining the mirror\u0026apos;s reflective surface. A comprehensive phase analysis using X-ray diffraction is precluded by the object\u0026apos;s dimensions and conservation requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e Elemental composition of the bronze mirror by EDS (100 \u0026mu;m scale).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpectrum 1, wt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpectrum 2, wt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal, wt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDS mapping reveals uniform distribution of the primary components \u0026ndash; tin (26.96 wt.%) and copper (18.29 wt.%) \u0026ndash; across the alloy surface. Localized concentration areas of lead (0.54 wt.%) and silver (0.61 wt.%) correspond to metallic inclusions and Pb-Ag intermetallic phases that were not completely dissolved in the base alloy during manufacturing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of sulfur (0.24 wt.%) as sulfide inclusions may be associated with the composition of the raw materials. The uniform distribution of silicon (1.84 wt.%), phosphorus (1.89 wt.%), and iron (1.99 wt.%) indicates surface contamination by compounds of these elements, which could originate from either the ore materials or prolonged burial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOxidized components \u0026ndash; carbon (7.18 wt.%), oxygen (39.55 wt.%), and chlorine (0.44 wt.%) - uniformly cover the mirror surface. The ratios of these elements corroborate FTIR analysis data confirming the formation of secondary malachite patina (Di Turo 2020). Chlorine presence indicates exposure to chloride-containing soil solutions that accelerated corrosion processes. The malachite patina formation suggests long-term exposure to a humid environment saturated with carbon dioxide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrostructural analysis leads to the conclusion that the Bohai bronze mirror was produced by mold casting without subsequent significant thermal or mechanical treatment. The presence of incompletely dissolved lead and silver inclusions may indicate either the use of recycled materials or insufficient melting temperature during production.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Corrosion-Induced Degradation and Structural Integrity Assessment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe object\u0026rsquo;s state of preservation is good, despite the presence of a significant amount of turquoise-colored patina on its surface, formed under the corrosive influence of soil solutions. The patina covers a substantial portion of the object, and traces of soil contamination, cemented to the surface, are also observed. Condition monitoring over a ten-year period revealed no progression of corrosive degradation, indicating the object\u0026rsquo;s stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the angular section of the rim on one side of the mirror, an irregularly shaped loss is present. This damage may be attributed either to environmental factors during burial or to processes related to an initial casting defect, such as metal underfill. For instance, the defect could have been a casting void (gas, shrinkage, or slag porosity), which arises due to: inadequate slag removal from the metal, insufficient filling of the pouring basin during casting, an improper gating system, poor metal fluidity, or interruption of the metal stream during pouring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMetal underfill could have occurred for various reasons: the metal failed to fully fill the mold and solidified at the edges, or the mold itself had a protrusion. Additionally, the underfilled area may exhibit a chemically depleted composition, leading to deteriorated casting properties, particularly reduced fluidity. The fluidity of alloys itself depends on: the crystallization temperature range, melt viscosity and surface tension, pouring and mold temperatures, mold properties, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShrinkage cavities in castings are mostly detected only during mechanical processing. It is possible that during the object\u0026rsquo;s manufacture or subsequent use, the defect remained undetected until its eventual failure. However, due to prolonged degradation in soil corrosion conditions, the defect became apparent, resulting in a through-hole formation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e3.3.1 FTIR Spectroscopy\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis method was employed to study the object\u0026apos;s condition, which visual analysis had assessed as partially damaged by corrosion processes. The phase composition of the patina partially covering the bronze mirror\u0026rsquo;s surface was examined to confirm the presence of the alloy\u0026rsquo;s primary structural components and to investigate the mechanisms and causes of the object\u0026rsquo;s corrosive degradation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 6 presents the FTIR spectra acquired in the multiple attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode from patina particles sampled from the mirror\u0026rsquo;s reflective surface. As shown, the spectra from three different points on the patinated surface exhibit similar absorption band positions and intensities, indicating a homogeneous phase composition of the patina.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe characteristic bands at 3325 and 3430 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, as well as at 1620 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, confirm the presence of hydroxyl (\u0026ndash;OH) groups in the studied samples. These may belong to either water molecules in crystalline hydrates or directly to the patina\u0026rsquo;s composition. Absorption peaks at 586 and 512 cm⁻\u0026sup1; indicate the presence of Sn\u0026ndash;O and Cu\u0026ndash;O bonds, which occur in the oxides of these elements as well as in certain Cu and Sn salts. A series of bands at 1393, 1520, and 1587 cm⁻\u0026sup1; arise from the coordination of the mirror\u0026rsquo;s structural metals with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. Specifically, the bands at 1393 and 1520 cm⁻\u0026sup1; are characteristic of malachite (Cu(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) (Hadj Mokhtar et al. 2015; Melendres and Hahn 2010; Stoilova et al. 2002). The absorption maxima in the 800\u0026ndash;1000 cm⁻\u0026sup1; region suggest the presence of C\u0026ndash;H and O\u0026ndash;C=O bonds, typical of organic components in the patina and atmospheric carbon dioxide (Y. Liu et al. 2020; Shen and Gu 2009).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, the IR spectroscopy data demonstrate that copper and tin are present in the patina as carbonate and oxide forms, particularly basic copper carbonate (malachite, Cu(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), which exhibits a distinctive turquoise color, as well as copper and tin oxides. Similar IR spectra have been reported in the scientific literature for natural and artificial oxidation products of bronze alloys (Mayyas et al. 2023; Mikić et al. 2021; Petiti et al. 2023). According to current scientific understanding, bronze alloys undergo corrosion, forming primary patina (Cu₂O, CuO, SnO) and secondary patina based on Cu(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Chiavari et al. 2007; Di Turo 2020; Wu et al. 2024). The data obtained in this study align with this model of bronze alloy corrosion processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe FTIR results demonstrate a homogeneous phase composition of the patina, where copper and tin are present in carbonate and oxide forms, particularly as basic copper carbonate (malachite) Cu(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, which exhibits a characteristic turquoise color, along with copper and tin oxides. This process is typical for archaeological bronze objects that have been buried in soil for extended periods.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Reconstruction of Finishing Techniques and Craftsmanship Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e3.4.1. Surface Mechanical Treatment: Grinding and Polishing\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reflective surface of the mirror was polished to a shine using grinding stones (dense fine-grained minerals, sandstone) followed by meticulous polishing with a soft abrasive material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe advanced technological skills of Bohai craftsmen are evidenced by their mastery of complex metalworking techniques, including heat treatment, hot and cold metal cutting, artistic blacksmith forging, as well as metal finishing with files and whetstones. According to V.D. Lenkov\u0026apos;s analysis of ferrous metallurgy, Bohai craftsmen possessed expertise in sophisticated technological operations: cast iron production, forging of solid steel and iron finds, forge welding, heat treatment, hot and cold metal cutting, artistic blacksmithing, and metal finishing with files and whetstones. The diversity of processing techniques and the extensive range of manufactured products demonstrate the high level of their craftsmanship (Lenkov 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese metalworking skills were undoubtedly applied in the final processing of bronze mirrors, which accounts for the exceptional quality of their reflective surface polishing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e3.4.2. Decorative Techniques: Chasing, Engraving, and Punched Decoration\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ornamentation process on the mirror\u0026apos;s reverse side was presumably executed as follows: straight lines and depressions on the outer surface were created using chisels of various shapes. Small spherical indentations forming dotted patterns were produced through drilling. The refinement of the back surface relief was likely achieved through chasing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe unique decoration of the discovered mirror, uncharacteristic of the Tang period yet sharing common elements with known Bohai and Liao mirrors, suggests local manufacture and possible Khitan artistic influence. The mirror\u0026apos;s floral-geometric design depicting blooming cherry blossoms finds no parallels among other finds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor comparison, during the Sui (581ؘ\u0026ndash;618 AD) and Tang (618\u0026ndash;907 AD) dynasties, the technical aspects of mirror production in China reached their zenith. To date, over one hundred mirrors dating to this period have been discovered. Research indicates that most mirrors (particularly those inlaid with materials such as gold, silver, glass, etc.) were cast from high-tin bronzes containing 20\u0026ndash;26% tin (Zhao et al. 2020).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMirrors from Bohai state period sites have been found in China at the Hongzongyuchang burial ground. Three intact bronze mirrors and several fragments were discovered in stone-chambered tombs, while one gilded mirror in the form of a floral rosette decorated with animals, birds, and flowering plants was found in a Longhai burial (Astashenkova 2019)\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA mirror from the Gorbatka settlement (Mikhailovsky District, Primorsky Krai) likely represents a Tang-period find in Primorye. The recovered fragment consists of part of a circular mirror with faint floral ornamentation comparable to Chinese Tang objects. The mirror measures approximately 12 cm in diameter with a thickness of 1.5\u0026ndash;2 mm, featuring a low 4-mm-thick rounded rim. Compositional analysis revealed copper, tin, and lead content, along with arsenic, silver, and antimony impurities (Gelman 2013).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e3.4.3. Execution Quality: Precision and Symmetry Analysis\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreliminary analysis reveals several common characteristics shared between known Bohai mirrors and the Krasninskoye find. First, their square form - this shape is typical for the majority of such finds. Second, their thinness - Bohai mirrors are exceptionally thin. Third, they feature a low rim and a miniature central suspension loop.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe unique decoration of this mirror, uncharacteristic of the Tang period yet displaying elements common to contemporaneous Bohai and Liao mirrors, suggests local production and possible nomadic influences on Bohai and other regional artistic traditions. This hypothesis gains further support from evidence of bronze-casting activities not only at the Krasninskoye settlement but also at other Bohai sites in Primorye (Gelman 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf our assumptions prove correct, this would represent the first complete decorated mirror discovered at a Bohai site in Primorye, providing valuable insights into the development of visual arts in the Bohai state. Technical analysis has identified several indicators of potential local manufacture. Notably, the mirror\u0026apos;s floral-geometric design depicting cherry blossoms finds no parallels among other known finds (Astashenkova 2019)\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e The object\u0026apos;s technical characteristics, including relatively inferior casting quality and subsequent bronze alloy processing, further support this hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is well established that most Sui and Tang period mirrors were produced using mold casting techniques. The mirror in question was likely cast in a composite stone mold featuring a central depression for the suspension loop and a core pin. The molten metal was poured through a conical opening in the mold\u0026apos;s upper section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the medieval period in the Far East, bronze objects primarily functioned as prestigious decorative-applied art items, reflecting their owners\u0026apos; status and possessing high value. This category included various belt set components, jewelry, Buddhist ritual objects, household items, and others. Among these, Bohai bronze mirrors constituted one of the least numerous finds groups. Their discoveries are rare not only at archaeological sites in Russia\u0026apos;s Primorsky Krai but also in other territories formerly part of the Bohai state. In most cases, cultural layers attributed to Bohai contain mirrors of Tang origin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the material-technical base of bronze casting production demonstrates the advanced development of this craft at Bohai sites. The inhabitants of the Gorbatka settlement engaged in various economic activities and crafts, including non-ferrous metalworking. As the largest of three settlements in the Ilistaya River valley, it likely served as a central district, while the Nikolaevskoye-I and Nikolaevskoye-II settlements may have functioned as county centers, with bronze casting production also documented at these sites. The Nikolaevskoye-II site revealed a smithing complex consisting of workshop remains (including furnaces and smelting ovens), along with numerous fragments of technical ceramics bearing traces of bronze smelting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe raw materials likely came from locally available sources near the settlements. The ferrous metallurgy of these sites has been thoroughly studied, with local production confirmed through finds of ore and blooms used for iron and cast-iron products. Furthermore, a probable source of raw materials has been identified - the Novo-Yaroslavskoye deposit located 60 km from the site (Lenkov 2022). For bronze casting production, craftsmen likely utilized the Osinovskoye deposit, which may have also supplied metalworkers from the Gorbatka settlement (Gelman 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvidence of bronze casting production at Gorbatka is abundant, including fragments and complete crucibles, bronze scrap, and tools potentially used in manufacturing and processing. Approximately 80 fragments of crucible rims, bottoms, and walls, along with 11 archaeologically intact crucibles from different construction horizons, have been discovered at the site. Most crucibles and their fragments show usage marks in the form of externally vitrified walls with self-glazing effects, as well as metal residues on interior surfaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on these findings, we may hypothesize that artisans likely applied their skills to bronze production, including jewelry-making. This suggests the existence of an established local manufacturing tradition utilizing both indigenous raw materials and imported items for remelting. Several other archaeological sites in Primorye exhibit evidence of Bohai bronze-casting activities, notably the fortified settlements of Nikolaevskoye-2 and Koksharovskoye-1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding alloy provenance: The question of alloy origin and craftsmanship quality is intrinsically linked to production technologies. Scholars classify bronze finds into two categories: 1) objects with original alloy composition preserved from primary smelting of ores; 2) objects whose original alloy composition was altered through remelting with other metal items.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the first case, while trace element composition becomes fixed during initial production, it may subsequently change due to volatilization and oxidation during alloying, casting, or subsequent metallurgical processing, as well as through long-term soil deposition. The second category involves more profound transformations affecting not only the alloy composition but also trace elements, isotopic signatures, and material structure (Bray et al. 2015).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, identifying objects resulting from multiple remelting cycles remains possible. Suspicion might arise when an object contains all principal alloying metals (tin, lead, and in later periods, zinc), yet in quantities insufficient to indicate deliberate addition, thus minimally impacting the object\u0026apos;s physical properties. Lead isotope analysis can serve as one method for testing hypotheses about an object\u0026apos;s origin, supplemented by data on impurities and rare elements. Particularly diagnostic are rare or regionally atypical metals - for instance, the characteristically low tin content in Cypriot ores makes its presence in object a clear indicator of importation (Charalambous et al. 2021), while thorium impurities in Chinese leaded bronzes exclusively occur in thorium-rich mining regions (R. Liu et al. 2018). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsequently, reconstructing the technological profile of object may provide significant insights for addressing historical questions regarding technological development during specific periods of state formation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe conducted research has partially confirmed the hypothesis regarding the local production of the bronze mirror at the Kraskinskoye settlement. While the object's unique stylistic and technological characteristics indeed lack direct parallels among known Bohai and neighboring cultural complexes, the absence of direct evidence (such as casting molds for similar mirrors) precludes definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, the presence of non-ferrous metallurgy activities at the site, combined with the distinctive decorative features, provide reasonable grounds to consider local production as a plausible scenario.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study's primary objective \u0026ndash; determining the alloy's elemental composition and reconstructing its manufacturing technology \u0026ndash; was successfully achieved through the comprehensive application of modern analytical methods, including pXRF, SEM-EDS, and FTIR spectroscopy. Elemental analysis revealed that the mirror was crafted from high-tin bronze containing approximately 49\u0026ndash;55% copper and 26\u0026ndash;31% tin, with characteristic impurities of silver (0.4\u0026ndash;0.5%), lead, antimony, and bismuth. The presence of silver is particularly noteworthy, potentially indicating either the use of recycled material or intentional alloying.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrostructural examination identified a typical cast dendritic structure dominated by SnCu3 and Sn5Cu6 phases, suggesting the absence of post-casting heat treatment. The heterogeneous distribution of lead and silver inclusions points to imperfect refining techniques. Corrosion analysis identified a patina composition primarily consisting of malachite (Cu(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) along with copper and tin oxides, consistent with prolonged soil deposition. Observed casting defects (voids) reflect technological imperfections in the production process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reconstructed finishing techniques demonstrate the Bohai craftsmen's considerable skill: the reflective surface received meticulous polishing, while the reverse side features intricate chased and punctate ornamentation. However, the execution quality (evidenced by asymmetries and casting flaws) remains notably inferior to contemporaneous Tang Chinese counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin the framework of the cultural-historical interpretation of the results, the uniqueness of the studied object is manifested both in its form (a square base with a miniature central loop) and in its decorative elements (a depiction of a blooming cherry blossom), which have no direct parallels in known archaeological materials. This may indicate the existence of a local metalworking tradition in the Bohai state. An analysis of the technological level of production demonstrates that Bohai craftsmen undoubtedly mastered complex casting techniques, though the quality of their products was notably inferior to the Chinese standards of the Tang era (characterized by a tin content of 20\u0026ndash;26% and fewer impurities). The presence of silver and antimony in the alloy may suggest the existence of trade or exchange networks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the applied methods revealed that portable pXRF analysis is less accurate when examining patinated surfaces, whereas stationary ED-XRF spectrometry confirmed the relative homogeneity of the metal alloy. The SEM-EDS method with elemental mapping allowed for the detection of an uneven distribution of lead and silver within the metal structure, which is crucial for reconstructing the technological process. FTIR spectroscopy successfully identified malachite in the patina composition, confirming the typical corrosion processes for bronze find in soil conditions. Of particular interest is the comparison with Chinese mirrors from the Tang era, which revealed significant differences in both alloy composition and manufacturing quality. While Chinese products exhibit high standardization and technological refinement, the Bohai mirror is characterized by numerous technological defects and impurities, possibly indicating a less developed metallurgical tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings suggest that during the studied period, not only were bronze items imported, but attempts were also made to establish local bronze-casting production. The presence of technological processes related to the reproduction and creation of new bronze objects, presumably under conditions of raw material scarcity, indicates that the population of the Kraskinskoye settlement possessed specialized metalworking skills. This fact not only allows for an assessment of the development level of bronze casting in Bohai but also suggests possible technological continuity and knowledge exchange within the framework of intercultural interactions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is known that the Bohai State was an active participant in trade and exchange relations, which does not preclude attempts to minimize import dependence through local bronze production\u0026mdash;a strategy that would have contributed to economic strengthening in the long term. Additionally, the reuse of bronze scrap for crafting prestige items may be explained by the production\u0026rsquo;s orientation toward the domestic market.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, the obtained results open several promising avenues for future research. First and foremost, it is necessary to continue searching for casting molds of square mirrors at other Bohai archaeological sites, as this could provide direct evidence of local production. Lead isotope analysis would allow for more precise identification of ore sources and the reconstruction of trade networks. Further application of an integrated approach, combining materials science and archaeological methods, will enable a deeper understanding of technological traditions and cultural interactions in the region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI.Yu.B., E.I.G., A.V.B., and N.P.I. contributed to the conceptualization, writing of the original draft, and critical revision of the manuscript. A.N.F. and V.M.Z. performed the formal analysis, visualization (figure preparation), and assisted in data interpretation. A.N.D. participated in data analysis, secured research funding, and supported the project supervision. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study utilized equipment of Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU) within the framework of the Interdisciplinary Core Facility \u0026apos;Far Eastern Center for Structural Research and Analysis,\u0026apos; with financial support from the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (topic No. FZNS-2024-0014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e中国古代铜镜」 Chinese ancient bronze mirrors. 止水\u0026mdash;中国古代铜镜专场 (Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors. Exhibition Catalog). (n.d.).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA New History of Parhae. By Northeast Asian History Foundation, Seoul; English translation by John Duncan. Leiden \u0026amp; Boston, 2012. 214 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArchaeological Research at the Kraskinskoye Settlement in Primorsky Krai, Russia, in 2007. Foundation for the Study of Northeast Asian History, Institute of History, Archaeology, and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2008). [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAstashenkova, E. V. (2019). Decorative and Applied Art of the Population of the Kraskinskoye Settlement. Multidisciplinary Research in Archaeology, 2, 62\u0026ndash;81. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAstashenkova, E. V. (2019). Symbols of Wealth and Power in the Art of the Bohai and Jurchen Populations. Proceedings of the Institute of History, Archaeology, and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 25, 189\u0026ndash;221. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBray, P., Cu\u0026eacute;nod, A., Gosden, C., Hommel, P., Liu, R., \u0026amp; Pollard, A. M. (2015). Form and flow: the \u0026lsquo;karmic cycle\u0026rsquo; of copper. Journal of Archaeological Science, 56, 202\u0026ndash;209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.013\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCharalambous, A., Papasavvas, G., \u0026amp; Kassianidou, V. (2021). Enkomi (Cyprus): Using pXRF spectroscopy to identify LBA copper alloys. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 35, 102726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102726\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChiavari, C., Rahmouni, K., Takenouti, H., Joiret, S., Vermaut, P., \u0026amp; Robbiola, L. (2007). Composition and electrochemical properties of natural patinas of outdoor bronze monuments. Electrochimica Acta, 52(27 SPEC. ISS.), 7760\u0026ndash;7769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.12.053\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCities of Medieval Empires of the Far East. Ed. by N. N. Kradin. Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 2018. 367 p. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDi Turo, F. (2020). Limits and perspectives of archaeometric analysis of archaeological metals: A focus on the electrochemistry for studying ancient bronze coins. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 43, 271\u0026ndash;281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.10.006\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eForster, N., Grave, P., Vickery, N., \u0026amp; Kealhofer, L. (2011). Non-destructive analysis using PXRF: methodology and application to archaeological ceramics. X-Ray Spectrometry, 40(5), 389\u0026ndash;398. https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1360\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGelman, E. I. (2020). Crafts of the Bohai People (Based on Materials from the Kraskinskoye Settlement). Humanitarian Studies in Eastern Siberia and the Far East, 3(53), 75\u0026ndash;92. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGelman, E. I. (2020). Crafts of the Bohai People (Based on Materials from the Kraskinskoye Settlement). Humanitarian Studies in Eastern Siberia and the Far East, 3(53), 75\u0026ndash;92. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGelman, E. I., \u0026amp; Astashenkova, E. V. (2018). Urban Culture in the Bohai State. Siberian Historical Research, 2, 24\u0026ndash;46. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGelman, E. I., \u0026amp; Kodzima, Y. (2013). Bronze Casting Production of the Bohai People in the Ilistaya River Valley. Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History, 2(22), 26\u0026ndash;30. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGelman, E. I., Astashenkova, E. V., Buravlev, I. Yu., \u0026amp; Boyko, A. A. (2015). A Bronze Mirror from the Kraskinskoye Settlement. Multidisciplinary Research in Archaeology, 2, 9\u0026ndash;16. Vladivostok: Institute of History, Archaeology, and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGoren, Y., Mommsen, H., \u0026amp; Klinger, J. (2011). Non-destructive provenance study of cuneiform tablets using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). 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Metallurgical Analysis of Premature Failure of a Phosphor Bronze Worm Wheel. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, 18(6), 1321\u0026ndash;1326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-018-0554-x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLeineweber, A. (2023). The Cu\u0026ndash;Sn System: A Comprehensive Review of the Crystal Structures of its Stable and Metastable Phases. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 44(3), 343\u0026ndash;393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-023-01041-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLenkov, V. D. (2022). Ferrous Metallurgy of Bohai: On the Organization and Technology of Production. Russia and the Asia-Pacific Region, 1, 55\u0026ndash;67. [in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu Shujuan. Research on Bronze Mirrors of the Liao Dynasty. Shenyang: Shenyang Publishing House, 1997. 195 p. (in Chinese).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu, R., Rawson, J., \u0026amp; Pollard, A. M. (2018). Beyond ritual bronzes: identifying multiple sources of highly radiogenic lead across Chinese history. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 11770. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30275-2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu, Y., Cui, N., Jia, P., \u0026amp; Huang, W. (2020). In-situ ft-ir spectroscopy investigation of ch4 and co2 reaction. Catalysts, 10(1), 1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10010131\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarghussian, A. K., Coningham, R. A. E., \u0026amp; Fazeli, H. (2017). Investigation of Neolithic pottery from Ebrahimabad in the central plateau of Iran, utilising chemical\u0026ndash;mineralogical and microstructural analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 16(June), 604\u0026ndash;615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.029\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMayyas, A., Al Sekhaneh, W., Al Fuqara, D., Seiseh, R., Al-Ajlouny, F., Al Muheisen, Z., \u0026amp; Popp, J. (2023). 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[in Russian]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTykot, R. H. (2016). Using Nondestructive Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers on Stone, Ceramics, Metals, and Other Materials in Museums: Advantages and Limitations. Applied Spectroscopy, 70(1), 42\u0026ndash;56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702815616745\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWei Guozhong, Zhu Guochen, Hao Qingyun. Bohai guoshi [The History of Bohai state]. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she. 2006. 622 p. (in Chinese).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWilke, D., Rauch, D., \u0026amp; Rauch, P. (2016). Is Non-destructive Provenancing of Pottery Possible With Just a Few Discriminative Trace Elements? STAR: Science \u0026amp; Technology of Archaeological Research, 2(2), 141\u0026ndash;158. https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2016.1209030\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWu, J., Li, N., \u0026amp; Luo, W. (2024). Corrosion Mechanisms and Conservation Strategies for Marine Recovered Bronze Artifacts: Insights from the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, (0123456789). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-024-09406-6\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhao, F., Sun, M., Tie, F., Wu, C., Zhang, X., \u0026amp; Mu, X. (2020). Inlaid materials and techniques of an ancient Chinese bronze mirror. The European Physical Journal Plus, 135(8), 666. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00634-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bohai (698–926 AD), bronze mirrors, medieval metallurgy, Kraskino walled town, non-destructive research methods, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, SEM-EDS analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7161358/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7161358/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of a bronze mirror discovered during archaeological excavations at the Kraskino Walled Town (Khasansky District, Primorsky Krai), dating to the Bohai State period (698–926 AD). This object is the only intact Bohai-period mirror found in Primorye and serves as a valuable source of information on the origins, manufacturing techniques, and socio-economic context of metalworking in the Bohai State.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research employed an interdisciplinary approach. A combination of analytical methods (X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) revealed that the mirror was made of high-tin bronze (Cu ~50%, Sn ~25%) with silver and lead additives. The observed dendritic structure of the alloy and technological defects indicate that the object was cast without subsequent heat treatment. The unique decoration—a blooming cherry motif executed in repoussе and point engraving techniques—has no direct parallels in Bohai or neighboring cultures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotable evidence of metal recycling including the presence of silver and heterogeneous lead distribution suggests the object may have been recast, potentially incorporating imported items. This corresponds with documented trade relations between Bohai and China, Japan, and Korea. Nevertheless, the mirror’s distinct combination of local artistic motifs and technical attributes confirms its production within Bohai’s indigenous craft tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study constitutes the first comprehensive scientific analysis of a complete Bohai-period bronze mirror from Primorye. The findings provide substantial new insights into bronze-casting technologies employed by the Bohai State.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Composition and Technology of a Unique Bohai Bronze Mirror from Kraskino Walled Town (Southern Primorye, Russian Far East): An Interdisciplinary Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-06 10:03:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7161358/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0c8f4bb3-4ba3-4a4e-b178-01221ee5877a","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-03T21:38:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-06 10:03:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7161358","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7161358","identity":"rs-7161358","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}