Harmful consumption and alcohol dependence in Peruvian university students with body dissatisfaction – an observational study

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Flores-Olivares, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943930/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The abuse of alcoholic beverages is associated with complex mental health disorders, including body dissatisfaction (BD); that form a vicious circle that is very difficult for the person who suffers from them to overcome. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between the abuse of alcohol consumption and the degree of body dissatisfaction in young women, in four universities in northern Peru. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 491 university students. Body dissatisfaction and alcohol consumption was analysed using the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a test designed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a simple screening method for its specific use in primary care settings, using the score greater than six that predicts harmful use or alcohol dependence. The prevalence of harmful consumption or alcohol dependence was higher in those women who presented body dissatisfaction with respect to the group without concern for their image, adjusted for type of university and family structure. (Adjusted PR: 2.33, 95% CI 2.10 - 2.57). In turn, university students who belonged to a reconstituted family obtained 6.82 more points (95% CI: 4.47 to 9.17) in the AUDIT test. Young women with body dissatisfaction are twice as likely to have harmful use/higher alcohol dependence even in single-parent or reconstituted families. Psychology Psychiatry Educational Psychology body dissatisfaction alcohol drinking in college alcohol abuse Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Mental health in university students and adolescents has taken on vital importance in recent years (Müller et al., 2022 ). The transition between adolescence and maturity coincides with the beginning of university life. In this period, the disagreement of the self-perception of body image (CI) and alcohol abuse appears (Rocha et al., 2022 ). It has been proposed that the abuse of alcoholic beverages leads to sedentary activities, excessive consumption of calories and consequently to body dissatisfaction (CI) (Silva et al., 2019 ); alcohol abuse has also been described as relief from such disagreement (Rocha et al., 2022 ). This association is not totally clear; some studies do not find an association between alcohol abuse and body dissatisfaction. (Carvalho et al., 2020 ) The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between the abuse of alcohol consumption and the degree of body dissatisfaction and to identify the possible predictive variables of these, in young university women from northern Peru. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on young women from four universities, located in Piura, Peru, from February to April 2022. The inclusion criteria were being between 18 and 25 years of age, being enrolled in any faculty of the university of origin, and agree to participate through informed consent. We excluded those participants with medication that alters wakefulness or sleep, with a diagnosis of Down syndrome, a history of facial and/or body burns, with some intellectual disability or cognitive impairment that prevents full comprehension of the questionnaire, and those who filled out the questionnaire. less than 80% of the main questionnaire. Permissions were requested from the authorities of the universities to carry out the data collection. The invitation was extended to the students through a letter of introduction addressed to the rectors of the different universities of Piura to be part of the study. Those students who voluntarily agreed to participate were evaluated to confirm compliance with the selection criteria. The objective of the study, the correct completion of the instrument and the informed consent were explained. The sample size was 491 students, considering a 95% confidence level, an expected proportion of 30% (Almagro et al., 2019 ) and an accuracy level of 5%; the sampling was non-probabilistic. Measures: For the purpose of the study, a data collection instrument divided into three sections was used. The first section collected the variables age, type of university and type of family. In the second section, body dissatisfaction was measured using the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). This questionnaire is made up of 34 items that address the perception of body image. Each item includes never, rarely, ever, often, very often, and always as answers, with scores from 1 to 6, respectively. The maximum score is 204, with a cut-off point greater than or equal to 110 points (Vázquez Arévalo et al., 2011 ), which indicates body dissatisfaction, demonstrating rigid indicators of convergent validity. The BSQ was validated in Peru in a sample of young university students, with high reliability due to internal consistency (Baños-Chaparro & Marca, 2020 ). The last section measured alcohol consumption using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). This test presents the responses on a Likert-type scale, made up of a total of 10 items that evaluate recent alcohol consumption, symptoms of alcohol dependence, and alcohol-related problems. It was designed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a simple screening method for specific use in primary care settings. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2001) The score ranges from 0 to 40. A score greater than six predicts harmful use or alcohol dependence. (Rubio Valladolid et al., 1998 ) AUDIT has proven to be a highly reliable instrument (Riveros et al., 2018 ), in our study we obtained a Cronbach's alpha of 0.98. The data was processed using the statistical package Stata v.15.1. The normal distribution of the variables was analysed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Absolute and relative frequencies, medians, and interquartile ranges (IQR) were obtained. The non-parametric test (U-Mann Whitney) was used to contrast the hypotheses. The predictive association of the variables was estimated using multiple linear regression with adjustment for generalized least squares (White's robust standard errors). The prevalence ratios (PR) were found using logistic regression adjusting for covariates, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and a significance level established at a p value of less than 0.05. This article was approved by the ethics committee of the Antenor Orrego Private University with code No. 3335-2016-R-UPAO. Results Population characteristics: Of a total of 50,576 students enrolled in four universities in northern Peru, 500 university students were approached, 9 participants were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria, and a total of 491 female students entered the study (Fig. 1 ). Among the included students, the median age (IQR) was 21 (20–22) years, 76% belonged to private sector universities and 37% reported belonging to a non-nuclear family. The median score of the AUDIT test (IQR) was 8 (3–35) points and the median score of the BSQ scale (IQR) was 139 (86–199) points. The prevalence of marked concern for their physical appearance and probable alcohol dependence was 49.5% and 36.9%, respectively (Table 1 ). Table 1 Risky consumption of alcohol and body dissatisfaction in university students from four universities in northern Peru. Classification n (%) Age (years)* 21 (20–22) University Public 116 (23.6) Private 375 (76.4) Family type Nuclear 309 (62.9) Single-parent 82 (16.7) Reconstituted 100 (20.4) Body dissatisfaction No concern 104 (21.2) Mild concern 92 (18.7) Moderate concern 52 (10.6) Marked concern 243 (49.5) BSQ score* 139 (86–199) Alcohol risk consumption Abstinence 20 (4.1) Occasional consumption 212 (43.2) Risk consumption 60 (12.2) Harmful consumption 18 (3.6) Alcohol dependence 181 (36.9) AUDIT score* 8 (3–35) *Median (IQR); BSQ: Body-Shape Questionnaire; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Risk of alcoholism and body dissatisfaction: The median of the BSQ score to assess body dissatisfaction was higher in students from public universities (95% CI: 166.5 (94–204); p = 0.005), coming from a single-parent/reconstituted family (95% CI: 182.5 (116–203) ; p = 0.001), and when there was probable harmful consumption of alcohol (95% CI: 199 (166–204); p = 0.001), (Table 2 ); likewise, the BSQ score increased as risky alcohol consumption increased, showing a proportional relationship between both variables (X 2 = 285.072; p = 0.001). (Fig. 2 ) Table 2 Bivariate analysis of the scores on the BSQ scale and the AUDIT test for risk of harmful alcohol consumption and body dissatisfaction Variable BSQ* p value a AUDIT* p value a University Public 166.5 (94–204) .005 16 (4–40) .008 Private 135 (84–193) 8 (3–32) Family type Nuclear 114 (77–179) .001 6 (2–17) .001 Single-parent / reconstituted 182.5 (116–203) 31 (8–40) AUDIT ± No harmful consumption or dependence 89 (66–119) .001 - - Harmful consumption / dependence 185 (123–203) - - BSQ ¥ No concern - - 3 (1–7) .001 Body dissatisfaction - - 31 (8–40) * Median (IQR), ± AUDIT, cut-off point = 6, ¥ BSQ, cut-off point = 110, a U de Mann-Whitney test. Risk factors associated with harmful consumption or alcohol dependence: In the university women evaluated, the prevalence of harmful consumption or alcohol dependence was higher in those who presented body dissatisfaction with respect to the group without concern for their image (crude PR: 2.51; 95% CI 2.28–2.76). This association was slightly attenuated after adjusting for university and family type (adjusted PR: 2.33, 95% CI 2.10–2.57) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Multivariate analysis of harmful alcohol consumption/alcohol dependence in young women from four universities in northern Peru. Variable Frequency of outcome by category n (%) Harmful consumption / dependence (alcohol) PR crude (95% CI) p value PR adjusted ‡ (95% CI) p value Body dissatisfaction No 68 (35.2) Ref. Ref. Yes 246 (82.6) 2.51 (2.28–2.76) < .001 2.33 (2.10–2.57) < .001 Family type Nuclear 161 (52.1) Ref. Ref. Single-parent 62 (75.6) 1.48 (1.29–1.71) < .001 1.27 (1.13–1.43) .003 Reconstituted 91 (91) 1.69 (1.51–1.89) < .001 1.40 (1.27–1.55) < .001 PR: Prevalence ratio; ‡ PR adjusted for BSQ categories and family type. Likewise, the prevalence of alcohol consumption or dependence in the participants who reported belonging to a reconstituted family was higher than those of a nuclear family, this value being statistically significant after adjusting for university and the BSQ scale (adjusted PR: 1.40.; 95% CI 1.27–1.55) (Table 3 ). Finally, no association was found between public or private sector universities and the risk of alcohol consumption or dependence in the adjusted analysis. Through linear regression analysis, it was found that for each point that the score on the BSQ scale increases, the AUDIT test score increases by an average of 0.21 points (95% CI: 0.19–0.22), after adjusting for type of family. This value was statistically significant (Table 4 ). In turn, the university students who belonged to a reconstituted family obtained 6.82 points more (95% CI: 4.47–9.17) in the AUDIT test, compared to those who were part of a nuclear family, this being statistically significant (Table 4 ). Table 4 Impact on the AUDIT test score by the BSQ scale score and family structure. Variable AUDIT score * β crude (95% CI) p value β adjusted † (95% CI) p value BSQ (score) 0.22 (0.21–0.23) < .001 0.21 (0.19–0.22) < .001 Family type Nuclear Ref. Ref. Single-parent 9.49 (5.78–13.20) < .001 3.79 (1.49–6.10) .001 Reconstituted 14.53 (11.28–17.83) < .001 6.82 (4.47–9.17) < .001 *Linear regression with generalized least squares adjustment (White's robust standard errors), R2: 58%; † β adjusted for family type and BSQ score. Discussion In our study we found that more than half of the participants had moderate or extreme perceived body dissatisfaction, with an overall median of 139 points on the Body Shape scale. These results are similar to those reported in the literature using comparable evaluation criteria (Silva et al., 2019 ). The behaviour of this variable was especially affected by the risk of alcoholism in university students. The prevalence of harmful consumption and probable dependence on alcohol rose to approximately 40%, this behaviour being linear and proportional to the body dissatisfaction in the participants. For this finding, we found previous studies that share results demonstrating the same association (Andrew et al., 2016 ). Thus, additional evidence is generated in the relationship of affection due to alcoholic addiction in young women with a negative perception of their own image, contrary to some reports that mention not finding it (Carvalho et al., 2020 ; Santos Silva et al., 2011 ). Within the Peruvian reality, during the Coronavirus pandemic, body dissatisfaction was found in 43.6% of the women surveyed with the Body-Shape scale, associated with depressive symptoms (León-Paucar et al., 2021 ). Comparatively, another study carried out in Lima-Peru, 17.3% of adolescent women presented dissatisfaction with body image, finding no association with alcohol use (Flores-Cornejo et al., 2017 ). Despite this, and taking into account the differences in age and psycho-socio-cultural factors between studies, the coherent association between body dissatisfaction and depression allows us to propose alcoholism as a third variable in an associative model. Thus, those university students with a devaluation of their own image will have a tendency towards depressive symptoms, resulting in a probable excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages as a means to mitigate these negative sensations. In our study we found that the prevalence of harmful consumption or alcohol dependence in university students with body dissatisfaction was higher than in those who did not show concern, with an increase of 0.21 points in the AUDIT test with each point on the BSQ scale. In contrast, a study carried out in Brazil that included adolescent participants of both sexes found a non-significant association between both variables (Carvalho et al., 2020 ). In relation to these results, Andrew R. et al. found that negative self-image assessment was statistically associated with total alcohol consumption in the AUDIT test (2016). Psychological stress as a mediator between body dissatisfaction and the drive for thinness is an important part of understanding the results that we have presented (Murray et al., 2015 ; Warren et al., 2012 ). Thus, those university students with a higher score on perceived stress scales had a higher risk of alcohol consumption, evaluated with the AUDIT test (Warren et al., 2012 ). For its part, we found that the type of reconstituted family presented a significantly greater association with harmful consumption or alcohol dependence and an increase of 6.82 points in the AUDIT test, compared to nuclear families. In the European reality, the reconstituted family structure compared to the nuclear ones shows a probability odd of 2.01 for the frequency of drunkenness (Rüütel et al., 2014 ). Within a cohort, it was found that belonging to an intact family structure for fifteen years was associated with a lower risk of alcohol use disorder in their offspring, compared with those children who were not exposed (Holst et al., 2020 ). The different family formulas other than the nuclear one have been found to be related to adverse experiences during personal development in childhood and adolescence, which could explain the findings derived from our analysis (Amone-P’Olak, 2022 ). We reinforce the idea that, during the different stages of development, the constant change resulting from adaptation to the environment in which we operate results in a period susceptible to changes in our own perceptions and substance abuse that has been shown to be harmful to health. (Krieger et al., 2018 ) It is a priority reality to be constantly observed and evaluated. Furthermore, the associative dynamism of concepts that appear throughout development such as body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms has been demonstrated, suggesting that they are not stable relationships in one direction and over time (Sharpe et al., 2018 ). Therefore, we suggest that future studies incorporate the associative dynamism of the predictive variables of alcoholism in order to generate intervention strategies that take this characteristic into account in order to have a subsequent impact on addiction to alcoholic beverages. Limitations: The present study only allows us to analyse body dissatisfaction and the type of family structure as associated and not causal variables of the harmful consumption of alcohol and alcohol dependence, however, being carried out in four universities with a large sample, it allows us to extrapolate results to our reality. Our research addresses a subject of vital importance that is scarcely studied in Peru and allows us to be a stepping stone for the start of screening for harmful alcohol consumption within universities. Declarations Acknowledgments: We thank the academic coordinators of the UPAO, UNP, UCV, UDEP universities Conflicts of interest: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare. Funding: None. References Almagro, L., Méndez, N., Urrutia, F., & Namm, A. E. (2019). Informe sobre el consumo de drogas en las Américas, 2019 / Comisión Interamericana para el Control del Abuso de Drogas [Report on Drug Use in the Americas, 2019 / Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission] . http://www.cicad.oas.org/Main/ssMain/HTML%20REPORT%20DRUG%202019/mobile/index.html Amone-P’Olak, K. (2022). Prevalence, distribution and attributable risks of adverse childhood experiences in different family types: A survey of young adults in Botswana. 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AUDIT: Cuestionario de Identificación de los Transtornos debidos al Consumo de Alcohol (2001)—OPS/OMS | Organización Panamericana de la Salud [AUDIT: Questionnaire for the Identification of Alcohol Disorders (2001)—PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization] . https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/audit-cuestionario-identificacion-transtornos-debidos-al-consumo-alcohol-2001 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Flores-Olivares","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7412-7528","institution":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Priscilla","middleName":"N.","lastName":"Flores-Olivares","suffix":""},{"id":272059148,"identity":"b8382561-ee10-44be-9def-c554fa426f7c","order_by":2,"name":"Joel A. Barreto-Araujo","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1553-4606","institution":"cMinisterio de Salud Pública, Orellana, Ecuador","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joel","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Barreto-Araujo","suffix":""},{"id":272059149,"identity":"6b9ff5a9-8066-4a64-8f45-4126cc88a922","order_by":3,"name":"Sebastian Coronel-Arias","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-7191","institution":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sebastian","middleName":"","lastName":"Coronel-Arias","suffix":""},{"id":272059150,"identity":"6612abd5-3b21-4d7b-9d57-4e13d532c562","order_by":4,"name":"Christian A. Rodriguez-Saldaña","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-1445","institution":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad César Vallejo","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christian","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Rodriguez-Saldaña","suffix":""},{"id":272059151,"identity":"178243a7-9980-4497-b2c3-1198ec8c0b0d","order_by":5,"name":"Victor Serna-Alarcón","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9803-6217","institution":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Victor","middleName":"","lastName":"Serna-Alarcón","suffix":""},{"id":272059152,"identity":"75586299-fe6a-4fe6-836c-f52dd70e9eca","order_by":6,"name":"Raúl Hernán Sandoval-Ato","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8666-7188","institution":"Escuela de Posgrado Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raúl","middleName":"Hernán","lastName":"Sandoval-Ato","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-09 19:09:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943930/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943930/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51023906,"identity":"9368b3a9-9876-4709-bdc7-eaf82c7032f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-12 21:32:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":229431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy participants inclusion flowchart\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3943930/v1/033a41e60cf51453ef187ec5.jpg"},{"id":51023907,"identity":"3e58fb5f-edc3-471c-b147-5eb76e6f2137","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-12 21:32:57","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25944,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of the BSQ scale score according to the category of alcohol risk consumption in university women\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Kruskall-Wallis test for independent samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3943930/v1/f8315719b0a9f626b685cb66.png"},{"id":51024845,"identity":"72db6e02-3525-41aa-9aac-609b8b23bdcc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-12 21:40:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":435542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3943930/v1/3e54adf7-aa76-4bd5-b7c8-e345977edfcf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eHarmful consumption and alcohol dependence in Peruvian university students with body dissatisfaction – an observational study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMental health in university students and adolescents has taken on vital importance in recent years (M\u0026uuml;ller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The transition between adolescence and maturity coincides with the beginning of university life. In this period, the disagreement of the self-perception of body image (CI) and alcohol abuse appears (Rocha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been proposed that the abuse of alcoholic beverages leads to sedentary activities, excessive consumption of calories and consequently to body dissatisfaction (CI) (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e); alcohol abuse has also been described as relief from such disagreement (Rocha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This association is not totally clear; some studies do not find an association between alcohol abuse and body dissatisfaction. (Carvalho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objective of our study was to evaluate the association between the abuse of alcohol consumption and the degree of body dissatisfaction and to identify the possible predictive variables of these, in young university women from northern Peru.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on young women from four universities, located in Piura, Peru, from February to April 2022. The inclusion criteria were being between 18 and 25 years of age, being enrolled in any faculty of the university of origin, and agree to participate through informed consent. We excluded those participants with medication that alters wakefulness or sleep, with a diagnosis of Down syndrome, a history of facial and/or body burns, with some intellectual disability or cognitive impairment that prevents full comprehension of the questionnaire, and those who filled out the questionnaire. less than 80% of the main questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermissions were requested from the authorities of the universities to carry out the data collection. The invitation was extended to the students through a letter of introduction addressed to the rectors of the different universities of Piura to be part of the study. Those students who voluntarily agreed to participate were evaluated to confirm compliance with the selection criteria. The objective of the study, the correct completion of the instrument and the informed consent were explained. The sample size was 491 students, considering a 95% confidence level, an expected proportion of 30% (Almagro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and an accuracy level of 5%; the sampling was non-probabilistic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the purpose of the study, a data collection instrument divided into three sections was used. The first section collected the variables age, type of university and type of family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the second section, body dissatisfaction was measured using the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). This questionnaire is made up of 34 items that address the perception of body image. Each item includes never, rarely, ever, often, very often, and always as answers, with scores from 1 to 6, respectively. The maximum score is 204, with a cut-off point greater than or equal to 110 points (V\u0026aacute;zquez Ar\u0026eacute;valo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), which indicates body dissatisfaction, demonstrating rigid indicators of convergent validity. The BSQ was validated in Peru in a sample of young university students, with high reliability due to internal consistency (Ba\u0026ntilde;os-Chaparro \u0026amp; Marca, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe last section measured alcohol consumption using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). This test presents the responses on a Likert-type scale, made up of a total of 10 items that evaluate recent alcohol consumption, symptoms of alcohol dependence, and alcohol-related problems. It was designed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a simple screening method for specific use in primary care settings. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2001) The score ranges from 0 to 40. A score greater than six predicts harmful use or alcohol dependence. (Rubio Valladolid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) AUDIT has proven to be a highly reliable instrument (Riveros et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), in our study we obtained a Cronbach's alpha of 0.98.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data was processed using the statistical package Stata v.15.1. The normal distribution of the variables was analysed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Absolute and relative frequencies, medians, and interquartile ranges (IQR) were obtained. The non-parametric test (U-Mann Whitney) was used to contrast the hypotheses. The predictive association of the variables was estimated using multiple linear regression with adjustment for generalized least squares (White's robust standard errors). The prevalence ratios (PR) were found using logistic regression adjusting for covariates, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and a significance level established at a p value of less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This article was approved by the ethics committee of the Antenor Orrego Private University with code No. 3335-2016-R-UPAO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePopulation characteristics:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf a total of 50,576 students enrolled in four universities in northern Peru, 500 university students were approached, 9 participants were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria, and a total of 491 female students entered the study (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Among the included students, the median age (IQR) was 21 (20\u0026ndash;22) years, 76% belonged to private sector universities and 37% reported belonging to a non-nuclear family. The median score of the AUDIT test (IQR) was 8 (3\u0026ndash;35) points and the median score of the BSQ scale (IQR) was 139 (86\u0026ndash;199) points. The prevalence of marked concern for their physical appearance and probable alcohol dependence was 49.5% and 36.9%, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisky consumption of alcohol and body dissatisfaction in university students from four universities in northern Peru.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (20\u0026ndash;22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375 (76.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309 (62.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-parent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReconstituted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody dissatisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarked concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSQ score*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (86\u0026ndash;199)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol risk consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstinence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccasional consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212 (43.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarmful consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol dependence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (36.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUDIT score*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (3\u0026ndash;35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e*Median (IQR); BSQ: Body-Shape Questionnaire; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRisk of alcoholism and body dissatisfaction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe median of the BSQ score to assess body dissatisfaction was higher in students from public universities (95% CI: 166.5 (94\u0026ndash;204); p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), coming from a single-parent/reconstituted family (95% CI: 182.5 (116\u0026ndash;203) ; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), and when there was probable harmful consumption of alcohol (95% CI: 199 (166\u0026ndash;204); p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e); likewise, the BSQ score increased as risky alcohol consumption increased, showing a proportional relationship between both variables (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;285.072; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate analysis of the scores on the BSQ scale and the AUDIT test for risk of harmful alcohol consumption and body dissatisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSQ*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUDIT*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.5 (94\u0026ndash;204)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (4\u0026ndash;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135 (84\u0026ndash;193)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (3\u0026ndash;32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (77\u0026ndash;179)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (2\u0026ndash;17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-parent / reconstituted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.5 (116\u0026ndash;203)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (8\u0026ndash;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUDIT \u003csup\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo harmful consumption or dependence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (66\u0026ndash;119)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarmful consumption / dependence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185 (123\u0026ndash;203)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSQ \u003csup\u003e\u0026yen;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1\u0026ndash;7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody dissatisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (8\u0026ndash;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e* Median (IQR), \u003csup\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/sup\u003e AUDIT, cut-off point\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6, \u003csup\u003e\u0026yen;\u003c/sup\u003e BSQ, cut-off point\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110, \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e U de Mann-Whitney test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRisk factors associated with harmful consumption or alcohol dependence:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the university women evaluated, the prevalence of harmful consumption or alcohol dependence was higher in those who presented body dissatisfaction with respect to the group without concern for their image (crude PR: 2.51; 95% CI 2.28\u0026ndash;2.76). This association was slightly attenuated after adjusting for university and family type (adjusted PR: 2.33, 95% CI 2.10\u0026ndash;2.57) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis of harmful alcohol consumption/alcohol dependence in young women from four universities in northern Peru.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of outcome by category\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarmful consumption / dependence (alcohol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR crude\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR adjusted \u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody dissatisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (35.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246 (82.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51 (2.28\u0026ndash;2.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33 (2.10\u0026ndash;2.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161 (52.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-parent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (75.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48 (1.29\u0026ndash;1.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27 (1.13\u0026ndash;1.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReconstituted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69 (1.51\u0026ndash;1.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40 (1.27\u0026ndash;1.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003ePR: Prevalence ratio; \u0026Dagger; PR adjusted for BSQ categories and family type.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikewise, the prevalence of alcohol consumption or dependence in the participants who reported belonging to a reconstituted family was higher than those of a nuclear family, this value being statistically significant after adjusting for university and the BSQ scale (adjusted PR: 1.40.; 95% CI 1.27\u0026ndash;1.55) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, no association was found between public or private sector universities and the risk of alcohol consumption or dependence in the adjusted analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough linear regression analysis, it was found that for each point that the score on the BSQ scale increases, the AUDIT test score increases by an average of 0.21 points (95% CI: 0.19\u0026ndash;0.22), after adjusting for type of family. This value was statistically significant (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In turn, the university students who belonged to a reconstituted family obtained 6.82 points more (95% CI: 4.47\u0026ndash;9.17) in the AUDIT test, compared to those who were part of a nuclear family, this being statistically significant (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact on the AUDIT test score by the BSQ scale score and family structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUDIT score *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ crude\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ adjusted \u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSQ (score)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22 (0.21\u0026ndash;0.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21 (0.19\u0026ndash;0.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-parent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.49 (5.78\u0026ndash;13.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79 (1.49\u0026ndash;6.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReconstituted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.53 (11.28\u0026ndash;17.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.82 (4.47\u0026ndash;9.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*Linear regression with generalized least squares adjustment (White's robust standard errors), R2: 58%; \u0026dagger; β adjusted for family type and BSQ score.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our study we found that more than half of the participants had moderate or extreme perceived body dissatisfaction, with an overall median of 139 points on the Body Shape scale. These results are similar to those reported in the literature using comparable evaluation criteria (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The behaviour of this variable was especially affected by the risk of alcoholism in university students. The prevalence of harmful consumption and probable dependence on alcohol rose to approximately 40%, this behaviour being linear and proportional to the body dissatisfaction in the participants. For this finding, we found previous studies that share results demonstrating the same association (Andrew et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, additional evidence is generated in the relationship of affection due to alcoholic addiction in young women with a negative perception of their own image, contrary to some reports that mention not finding it (Carvalho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Santos Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the Peruvian reality, during the Coronavirus pandemic, body dissatisfaction was found in 43.6% of the women surveyed with the Body-Shape scale, associated with depressive symptoms (Le\u0026oacute;n-Paucar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Comparatively, another study carried out in Lima-Peru, 17.3% of adolescent women presented dissatisfaction with body image, finding no association with alcohol use (Flores-Cornejo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Despite this, and taking into account the differences in age and psycho-socio-cultural factors between studies, the coherent association between body dissatisfaction and depression allows us to propose alcoholism as a third variable in an associative model. Thus, those university students with a devaluation of their own image will have a tendency towards depressive symptoms, resulting in a probable excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages as a means to mitigate these negative sensations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study we found that the prevalence of harmful consumption or alcohol dependence in university students with body dissatisfaction was higher than in those who did not show concern, with an increase of 0.21 points in the AUDIT test with each point on the BSQ scale. In contrast, a study carried out in Brazil that included adolescent participants of both sexes found a non-significant association between both variables (Carvalho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In relation to these results, Andrew R. et al. found that negative self-image assessment was statistically associated with total alcohol consumption in the AUDIT test (2016). Psychological stress as a mediator between body dissatisfaction and the drive for thinness is an important part of understanding the results that we have presented (Murray et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Warren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, those university students with a higher score on perceived stress scales had a higher risk of alcohol consumption, evaluated with the AUDIT test (Warren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor its part, we found that the type of reconstituted family presented a significantly greater association with harmful consumption or alcohol dependence and an increase of 6.82 points in the AUDIT test, compared to nuclear families. In the European reality, the reconstituted family structure compared to the nuclear ones shows a probability odd of 2.01 for the frequency of drunkenness (R\u0026uuml;\u0026uuml;tel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Within a cohort, it was found that belonging to an intact family structure for fifteen years was associated with a lower risk of alcohol use disorder in their offspring, compared with those children who were not exposed (Holst et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The different family formulas other than the nuclear one have been found to be related to adverse experiences during personal development in childhood and adolescence, which could explain the findings derived from our analysis (Amone-P\u0026rsquo;Olak, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe reinforce the idea that, during the different stages of development, the constant change resulting from adaptation to the environment in which we operate results in a period susceptible to changes in our own perceptions and substance abuse that has been shown to be harmful to health. (Krieger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) It is a priority reality to be constantly observed and evaluated. Furthermore, the associative dynamism of concepts that appear throughout development such as body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms has been demonstrated, suggesting that they are not stable relationships in one direction and over time (Sharpe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, we suggest that future studies incorporate the associative dynamism of the predictive variables of alcoholism in order to generate intervention strategies that take this characteristic into account in order to have a subsequent impact on addiction to alcoholic beverages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study only allows us to analyse body dissatisfaction and the type of family structure as associated and not causal variables of the harmful consumption of alcohol and alcohol dependence, however, being carried out in four universities with a large sample, it allows us to extrapolate results to our reality. Our research addresses a subject of vital importance that is scarcely studied in Peru and allows us to be a stepping stone for the start of screening for harmful alcohol consumption within universities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe thank the academic coordinators of the UPAO, UNP, UCV, UDEP universities\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors report there are no competing interests to declare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlmagro, L., M\u0026eacute;ndez, N., Urrutia, F., \u0026amp; Namm, A. E. 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(2001). \u003cem\u003eAUDIT: Cuestionario de Identificaci\u0026oacute;n de los Transtornos debidos al Consumo de Alcohol (2001)\u0026mdash;OPS/OMS | Organizaci\u0026oacute;n Panamericana de la Salud [AUDIT: Questionnaire for the Identification of Alcohol Disorders (2001)\u0026mdash;PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization]\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/audit-cuestionario-identificacion-transtornos-debidos-al-consumo-alcohol-2001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"body dissatisfaction, alcohol drinking in college, alcohol abuse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943930/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943930/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe abuse of alcoholic beverages is associated with complex mental health disorders, including body dissatisfaction (BD); that form a vicious circle that is very difficult for the person who suffers from them to overcome. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between the abuse of alcohol consumption and the degree of body dissatisfaction in young women, in four universities in northern Peru. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 491 university students. Body dissatisfaction and alcohol consumption was analysed using the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a test designed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a simple screening method for its specific use in primary care settings, using the score greater than six that predicts harmful use or alcohol dependence. The prevalence of harmful consumption or alcohol dependence was higher in those women who presented body dissatisfaction with respect to the group without concern for their image, adjusted for type of university and family structure. (Adjusted PR: 2.33, 95% CI 2.10 - 2.57). In turn, university students who belonged to a reconstituted family obtained 6.82 more points (95% CI: 4.47 to 9.17) in the AUDIT test. Young women with body dissatisfaction are twice as likely to have harmful use/higher alcohol dependence even in single-parent or reconstituted families.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Harmful consumption and alcohol dependence in Peruvian university students with body dissatisfaction – an observational study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-12 21:32:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943930/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9e533690-91b3-47c0-8ebd-16467ce284d5","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":28689992,"name":"Psychology"},{"id":28689993,"name":"Psychiatry"},{"id":28689994,"name":"Educational Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-12T21:32:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-12 21:32:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3943930","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3943930","identity":"rs-3943930","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}