Qualitative phytochemical profiles of turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) grown in Benin, West Africa

Qualitative phytochemical profiles of turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) grown in Benin, West Africa | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Qualitative phytochemical profiles of turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) grown in Benin, West Africa Mouguissou Karim, Zunaira Zafar, Emile Lokon Vinsou, Muhammad Qasim Hayat This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7680879/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, phytochemical composition analysis of Turmeric ( Curcuma Longa L.) from Benin was powered by a qualitative Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Turmeric rhizomes were obtained from the major center of turmeric, processing and marketing in Benin. After washing with tap water, the rhizomes dried into the air and ground in fine powder which was used for extraction. Plant extraction was performed by the SOXHLET method with N-hexen and the obtained oleoresin was used for GCMS analysis. It has been found that Ar-Turmerone (6.32%) and Turmerone (2.88%) were identified as the major components of turmeric grown in Benin. This study underlines the quality of turmeric from Benin need for further research, especially focusing on the extraction and perception of curcumin, an important bioactive compound of turmeric. Such an investigation promises for a comprehensive understanding of Benin's turmeric, contributing to its exploitation convenience and scientific knowledge and economic development in diverse industrial areas. Biological sciences/Biochemistry Biological sciences/Biological techniques Biological sciences/Drug discovery Biological sciences/Plant sciences Turmeric Ar-Turmerone Turmerone GCM Phytochemicals Oleoresin Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Innovation statement The phytochemical evaluation of turmeric products used in Benin is missing in literature. Therefore, the GCMS method was used to assess the qualitative phytochemical profiles of turmeric grown in Benin, West Africa. Turmeric has been painted for the first time from Benin, which provides information about its quality. Introduction Many plants and spices were used in traditional measures long ago. One such perennial herb is turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa L. in the Zingiberaceae family. It is a broad spice used in domestic dishes, and its oil and rhizomes play an important role. For use such as a color agent for textiles, medicines, confections and cosmetics, turmeric is combined with other natural colors [ 1 ]. Turmeric's medicinal properties with applications in cancer, dermatitis, AIDS and excessive cholesterol management drugs [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], expand beyond its cook use. Turmeric root has earned a reputation for its numerous health benefits involving antibacterial [ 5 ], antiviral [ 6 ], anti-aging, anti-cancer [ 2 ], anti-alzheimer disease, antifungal [ 7 ], antioxidant [ 8 , 9 ], and anti-inflammatory properties. Various applications of turmeric are attributed to its rich phytochemical materials, identified by species with about 235 compounds, mostly terpernoids and phenolic compounds. Essential oils and curcuminoids, or diarylheptanoids, are the main bioactive components that perform a series of bioactivities in both in vitro and in vivo bioassays. While the structure of essential oils of turmeric rhizomes varies significantly with types and geographical regions, the amount of curcuminoids in the rhizome often varies depending on sources, locations and development conditions. As a result, there may be a significant variation in the quality of commercial turmeric products. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin was employed as marker compounds for the quality control of rhizomes, powder and extract ("curcumin") products; However, Ar-Turmerone, α-Turmerone, and β -Turmerone can be used to regulate the quality of turmeric oil and oleoresin products. Turmeric products can be verified for authenticity using methods such as chromatography, NMR, DNA markers, morphological and anatomical information [ 10 ]. As chromatographic technology, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) which is used to identify nonpolar and volatile classes of compounds in extracts, has emerged as an invaluable technique to depth in vegetation surprises and other ingredients [ 11 ]. It was widely adopted to understand the phytochemical component of turmeric [ 12 , 9 , 13 ], of which, most of the Ar-Turmerone were identified as major compounds [ 14 , 15 ]. Despite its global belief, the characterization of turmeric grown in a specific regions remains a compelling area of research. The current study in this regard focuses on the phytochemical composition analysis of turmeric cultivation in the vibrant agricultural landscape of Benin, West Africa. Although turmeric is a staple ingredient in traditional Beninese’s cooking, bakery and pastry, there has been a specific decrease of reports on local turmeric type phytoconstituents. As a result, this study tries to bridge this knowledge difference through a qualitative GCMS analysis. The investigation makes a significant promise to unveil the unique phytochemical profiles of Benin's turmeric, highlight whether it has specific compounds compared to its counterparts in other regions. This study can lead to far -reaching implications in traditional medicine, pharmaceuticals and cooking domains. Understanding the specific turmeric chemical composition variation of this region is the path for enhanced applications in both traditional and modern contexts. Material and method Plant material Turmeric fresh rhizomes Fig. 1 used in this study were sampled from the Songhaї center in Porto Novo, (Benin Republic); major center of cultivation, processing and marketing of turmeric products in Benin. Plant material was identified by Medicinal Plants and Plant Systematic Research Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Department, Atta Ur -Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H -12 Sector, Islamabad, Pakistan. After washing with tap water, the rhizomes were dried in the air and ground in fine powder and then used for extraction. Plant extract preparation The extraction was done on the basis of the revised method described by [ 9 ] using the Soxhlet mechanism. The plant material and solvent (N-hexane) were in 1:10 ratio and the temperature was set to 55 ºC. After about 3 hours, the solvent falling from the Extraction Chamber to the lower round flask was clear that the extraction was completed and as a result, it was stopped. The received extract was concentrated by evaporating the total solvent and the oleoresin placed on 4 ºC for further use. GCMS analysis Qualitative GCMS analysis was done with column specifications according to [ 9 ] via Shimdzu GCMS QP2020 Instrument: Shimdzu SH-RXI-5SIL MS (L = 30M, ID = 0.25, DF = 0.25). The temperature was maintained at 280 ºC for the injector, 280 ºC for interphase, 230 ºC for ion sources, and 150 ºC selective mass detectors. The carrier gas was helium (He) at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The temperature of the oven was programmed at 60 ºC for 1 minute, then increased from 60 to 185 ºC at the rate of 1.5 ºC/min and held at 185 ºC for 1 minute; then again 185 ºC to 275 ºC was increased to 9 ºC /min and for 2 minutes was held at 275 ºC. Result Tne GCMS analysis revealed six compounds from Benin’s turmeric oleoresin, which were specific phytochemicals of the study plant. The names, molecular formulas and area percentage of these specific compounds identified from turmeric oleoresin are listed in the Table 1 . This report is the first from turmeric grown in Benin. Table 1 Distinctive compounds of Curcuma longa L. identified from turmeric grown in Benin Sr No Compound Name Mol. Formula Mol. Weight Area % 1 Ar-turmerone C 15 H 20 O 216 6.32 2 Turmerone C 15 H 22 O 218 2.88 3 (E)-Atlantone C 15 H 22 O 218 0.64 4 (Z)-.alpha.-Atlantone C 15 H 22 O 218 - 5 Caryophyllene oxide C 15 H 24 O 220 - 6 Lanceol, cis C 15 H 24 O 220 - Discussion The specific six compounds Fig. 2 have already been reported from turmeric in previous investigations [ 12 , 9 , 13 , 14 ] and is known as the character compounds of turmeric plant. The study found that the most abundant compounds in the extract are Ar-Turmerone and Turmerone which were accounting for 6.32% and 2.88% respectively. The high balance of Ar-Turmerone and Turmerone from turmeric was reported by [ 13 ], through Curcuma Longa ethanolic extract efficacy and safety as a treatment for sand tampon tick in a rabbit model and [ 14 ], who studied the chemical analysis of essential oils from turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome through GC-MS. moreover, Ar-turmerone have been identified as the most abundant with peak area of 50.05% on turmeric from Nigeria by [ 15 ] while studying the Phytochemical Screening, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, GC-MS and Antibacterial Activities of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Rhizome Extracts. Figure 2 is showing the structure of the identified distinctive compounds from turmeric grown in Benin. According to [ 10 ], Ar-turmerone, α-turmerone, and β-turmerone can be used to regulate the quality of turmeric oil and oleoresin products. Thus the presence of Ar-turmerone and other distinctive compounds in the Beninese turmeric oleoresin attesting its authenticity. Conclusion Through GCMS, it has been found in this study that the Ar-Turmerone and Turmerone, were abundant components in oleoresin extracts of turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) sourced from Benin, as found on turmeric from other areas. Therefore, authenticity is confirmed for the quality of turmeric grown in Benin and can be detected for more applications. In addition, the extraction and quantification of Curcumin from Benin cultivated turmeric will give valuable insight on the industrial and drug application of this plant. Declarations Conflict of interests The authors announce that they have no competition for financial or personal relations that could affect the writing of this paper. Funding This research did not receive grant/financial support from an organisation. Author Contribution Study concept and design: MK, MQY and ELW; Acquisition of data: MK; Analysis and interpretation of data: MK and ZZ; Drafting of the manuscript: MK and ZZ; Administrative, technical, and material support: MQY and ELW; Study supervision: MQY Acknowledgement The authors want to thank the National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan for providing funds to this research and Songhaї Center Porto Novo, Benin for providing facilities on a sample of turmeric rhizomes. Data Availability The all data generated during this study is included in this paper. References Singh, G., Kapoor, I. P., Pandey, S. & Singh, O. Curcuma longa – chemical, antifungal and antimicrobial investigations of rhizome oil. Indian Perfumer . 47 (2), 173–178 (2003). Kuttan, R., Bhanumathy, P., Nirmala, K. & George, M. C. Potential anticancer activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Cancer Letter . 29 , 197–202 (1985). Ammon, H. P. T. & Wahl, M. A. Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta Med. 57 , 1–7 (1991). Azuine, M. A. & Bhide, S. V. Chemopreventive effect of turmeric against stomach and skin tumors induced by chemical carcinogenesis in Swiss mice. Nutr. Cancer . 17 , 77–83 (1992). Álvarez, N. M., Ortíz, A. A. & Martínez, O. C. In vitro antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) against nosocomial bacteria in Montería, Colombia. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3), 1201–1208 (2016). Sornpet, B., Potha, T., Tragoolpua, Y. & Pringproa, K. Antiviral activity of five Asian medicinal plant crude extracts against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 10 (9), 871–876 (2017). Wu, J. et al. Antifungal activity of 122 kinds of Uighur medicines in vitro. Acad. J. Second Mil Med. Univ. 38 (5), 554–562 (2017). Hefnawy, H., El-Shourbagy, G. & Ramadan, M. Phenolic extracts of carrot, grape leaf and turmeric powder: antioxidant potential and application in biscuits. J. Food Meas. Charact. 10 (3), 576–583 (2016). Singh, G. et al. Comparative study of chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fresh and dry rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn). Food Chem. Toxicol , 48 , 4, pp. 1026–1031, 14 Jan 2010. Li, S. et al. Chemical composition and product quality control of turmeric (Curcuma longa L). Pharma Crops . 2 , 28–54 (2011). Dinan, L. Dereplication and Partial Identification of Compounds, in Natural products isolations, 2nd ed., (eds Satyajit, D. S., Zahid, L. & Alexander, I. G.) Totowa, New Jersey: Humana, 307. (2006). Ming, L., Xin, Z., Yang, Z. & Dao-Ping, W. Xiao-Na, «Quality Assessment of Curcuma longa L. by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Fingerprint, Principle Components Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis». Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 30 , 2287–2293 (2009). n° %110. Abdel-Shafy, S. et al. Efficacy and safety of ethanolic Curcuma longa extract as a treatment for sand tampan ticks in a rabbit model. Veterinary World , 13 , 4, pp. 812–820, 29 Apr 2020. Shagufta, N., Saiqa, I., Zahida, P. & Sumera, J. Chemical Analysis of Essential Oils from Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizome Through GC-MS. Asian J. Chem. 22 (4), 3153–3158 (April 2010). Momoh, J. O., Manuwa, A. A. & Bankole, Y. O. Phytochemical Screening, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, GC-MS and Antibacterial Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Rhizome Extracts. Journal Adv. Microbiology , 22 , 9, pp. 116–131, 23 July 2022. Maia, J. & Andrade, E. et M. d. G. B. Zoghbi, «Volatile Constituents of the Leaves, Fruits and Flowers of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.),» JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS , vol. 13, pp. 227–232, (2000). Martinez-Correa, H. et al. Composition and antimalarial activity of extracts of Curcuma longa L. Obtained by a combination of extraction processes using supercritical CO2, ethanol and water as solvents, J. Supercrit. Fluids , vol. 119, pp. 122–129, Jan 1017. Lu, P., Inbaraj, B. & Chen, B. Determination of oral bioavailability of curcuminoid dispersions and nanoemulsions prepared from Curcuma longa Linnaeus. J. Sci. Food Agric. 98 (1), 51–63 (2018). Singh, N., Gupta, S. & Rathore, V. Comparative antimicrobial study of ethanolic extract of leaf and rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. Pharmacogn J. 9 (2), 208–212 (2017). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7680879","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":527126460,"identity":"f50043ef-4d3a-4425-835e-f8869da10539","order_by":0,"name":"Mouguissou 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":840415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTurmeric fresh rhizomes from Benin.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7680879/v1/449f70b27df68d0ca1e76a8d.png"},{"id":93221488,"identity":"7cb95eca-9c0b-4279-b8ab-3edbe3dafe03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-10 10:59:26","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112441,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistinctive compounds identified in the oleoresin of turmeric from Benin.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7680879/v1/9df638ed1dbaf33919ea21a4.png"},{"id":93360959,"identity":"e556a749-07b6-45b4-84c6-3224c6ea3b33","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-13 03:16:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1702332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7680879/v1/3ab1813f-5c4f-4381-96df-584cf24f7e4c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Qualitative phytochemical profiles of turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) grown in Benin, West Africa","fulltext":[{"header":"Innovation statement","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe phytochemical evaluation of turmeric products used in Benin is missing in literature. Therefore, the GCMS method was used to assess the qualitative phytochemical profiles of turmeric grown in Benin, West Africa. Turmeric has been painted for the first time from Benin, which provides information about its quality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMany plants and spices were used in traditional measures long ago. One such perennial herb is turmeric, scientifically known as \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e L. in the Zingiberaceae family. It is a broad spice used in domestic dishes, and its oil and rhizomes play an important role. For use such as a color agent for textiles, medicines, confections and cosmetics, turmeric is combined with other natural colors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Turmeric's medicinal properties with applications in cancer, dermatitis, AIDS and excessive cholesterol management drugs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], expand beyond its cook use. Turmeric root has earned a reputation for its numerous health benefits involving antibacterial [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], antiviral [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], anti-aging, anti-cancer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], anti-alzheimer disease, antifungal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], antioxidant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], and anti-inflammatory properties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVarious applications of turmeric are attributed to its rich phytochemical materials, identified by species with about 235 compounds, mostly terpernoids and phenolic compounds. Essential oils and curcuminoids, or diarylheptanoids, are the main bioactive components that perform a series of bioactivities in both in \u003cem\u003evitro\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e bioassays. While the structure of essential oils of turmeric rhizomes varies significantly with types and geographical regions, the amount of curcuminoids in the rhizome often varies depending on sources, locations and development conditions. As a result, there may be a significant variation in the quality of commercial turmeric products. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin was employed as marker compounds for the quality control of rhizomes, powder and extract (\"curcumin\") products; However, Ar-Turmerone, α-Turmerone, and β -Turmerone can be used to regulate the quality of turmeric oil and oleoresin products. Turmeric products can be verified for authenticity using methods such as chromatography, NMR, DNA markers, morphological and anatomical information [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs chromatographic technology, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) which is used to identify nonpolar and volatile classes of compounds in extracts, has emerged as an invaluable technique to depth in vegetation surprises and other ingredients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. It was widely adopted to understand the phytochemical component of turmeric [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], of which, most of the Ar-Turmerone were identified as major compounds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite its global belief, the characterization of turmeric grown in a specific regions remains a compelling area of research. The current study in this regard focuses on the phytochemical composition analysis of turmeric cultivation in the vibrant agricultural landscape of Benin, West Africa. Although turmeric is a staple ingredient in traditional Beninese\u0026rsquo;s cooking, bakery and pastry, there has been a specific decrease of reports on local turmeric type phytoconstituents. As a result, this study tries to bridge this knowledge difference through a qualitative GCMS analysis. The investigation makes a significant promise to unveil the unique phytochemical profiles of Benin's turmeric, highlight whether it has specific compounds compared to its counterparts in other regions. This study can lead to far -reaching implications in traditional medicine, pharmaceuticals and cooking domains. Understanding the specific turmeric chemical composition variation of this region is the path for enhanced applications in both traditional and modern contexts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePlant material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTurmeric fresh rhizomes Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e used in this study were sampled from the Songhaї center in Porto Novo, (Benin Republic); major center of cultivation, processing and marketing of turmeric products in Benin. Plant material was identified by Medicinal Plants and Plant Systematic Research Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Department, Atta Ur -Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H -12 Sector, Islamabad, Pakistan. After washing with tap water, the rhizomes were dried in the air and ground in fine powder and then used for extraction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlant extract preparation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe extraction was done on the basis of the revised method described by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] using the Soxhlet mechanism. The plant material and solvent (N-hexane) were in 1:10 ratio and the temperature was set to 55 \u0026ordm;C. After about 3 hours, the solvent falling from the Extraction Chamber to the lower round flask was clear that the extraction was completed and as a result, it was stopped. The received extract was concentrated by evaporating the total solvent and the oleoresin placed on 4 \u0026ordm;C for further use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGCMS analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQualitative GCMS analysis was done with column specifications according to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] via Shimdzu GCMS QP2020 Instrument: Shimdzu SH-RXI-5SIL MS (L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30M, ID\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.25, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.25). The temperature was maintained at 280 \u0026ordm;C for the injector, 280 \u0026ordm;C for interphase, 230 \u0026ordm;C for ion sources, and 150 \u0026ordm;C selective mass detectors. The carrier gas was helium (He) at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The temperature of the oven was programmed at 60 \u0026ordm;C for 1 minute, then increased from 60 to 185 \u0026ordm;C at the rate of 1.5 \u0026ordm;C/min and held at 185 \u0026ordm;C for 1 minute; then again 185 \u0026ordm;C to 275 \u0026ordm;C was increased to 9 \u0026ordm;C /min and for 2 minutes was held at 275 \u0026ordm;C.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cp\u003eTne GCMS analysis revealed six compounds from Benin\u0026rsquo;s turmeric oleoresin, which were specific phytochemicals of the study plant. The names, molecular formulas and area percentage of these specific compounds identified from turmeric oleoresin are listed in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. This report is the first from turmeric grown in Benin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistinctive compounds of \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e L. identified from turmeric grown in Benin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSr No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompound Name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMol. Formula\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMol. Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAr-turmerone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTurmerone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(E)-Atlantone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Z)-.alpha.-Atlantone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene oxide\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLanceol, cis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe specific six compounds Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e have already been reported from turmeric in previous investigations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] and is known as the character compounds of turmeric plant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study found that the most abundant compounds in the extract are Ar-Turmerone and Turmerone which were accounting for 6.32% and 2.88% respectively. The high balance of Ar-Turmerone and Turmerone from turmeric was reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], through Curcuma Longa ethanolic extract efficacy and safety as a treatment for sand tampon tick in a rabbit model and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], who studied the chemical analysis of essential oils from turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome through GC-MS. moreover, Ar-turmerone have been identified as the most abundant with peak area of 50.05% on turmeric from Nigeria by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] while studying the Phytochemical Screening, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, GC-MS and Antibacterial Activities of Turmeric (\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e L.) Rhizome Extracts. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e is showing the structure of the identified distinctive compounds from turmeric grown in Benin. According to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], Ar-turmerone, α-turmerone, and β-turmerone can be used to regulate the quality of turmeric oil and oleoresin products. Thus the presence of Ar-turmerone and other distinctive compounds in the Beninese turmeric oleoresin attesting its authenticity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThrough GCMS, it has been found in this study that the Ar-Turmerone and Turmerone, were abundant components in oleoresin extracts of turmeric (\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e L.) sourced from Benin, as found on turmeric from other areas. Therefore, authenticity is confirmed for the quality of turmeric grown in Benin and can be detected for more applications. In addition, the extraction and quantification of Curcumin from Benin cultivated turmeric will give valuable insight on the industrial and drug application of this plant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors announce that they have no competition for financial or personal relations that could affect the writing of this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive grant/financial support from an organisation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy concept and design: MK, MQY and ELW; Acquisition of data: MK; Analysis and interpretation of data: MK and ZZ; Drafting of the manuscript: MK and ZZ; Administrative, technical, and material support: MQY and ELW; Study supervision: MQY\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors want to thank the National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan for providing funds to this research and Songhaї Center Porto Novo, Benin for providing facilities on a sample of turmeric rhizomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe all data generated during this study is included in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, G., Kapoor, I. 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Determination of oral bioavailability of curcuminoid dispersions and nanoemulsions prepared from Curcuma longa Linnaeus. \u003cem\u003eJ. Sci. Food Agric.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e98\u003c/b\u003e (1), 51\u0026ndash;63 (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, N., Gupta, S. \u0026amp; Rathore, V. Comparative antimicrobial study of ethanolic extract of leaf and rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. \u003cem\u003ePharmacogn J.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e (2), 208\u0026ndash;212 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Turmeric, Ar-Turmerone, Turmerone, GCM, Phytochemicals, Oleoresin","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7680879/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7680879/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, phytochemical composition analysis of Turmeric (\u003cem\u003eCurcuma Longa\u003c/em\u003e L.) from Benin was powered by a qualitative Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Turmeric rhizomes were obtained from the major center of turmeric, processing and marketing in Benin. After washing with tap water, the rhizomes dried into the air and ground in fine powder which was used for extraction. Plant extraction was performed by the SOXHLET method with N-hexen and the obtained oleoresin was used for GCMS analysis. It has been found that Ar-Turmerone (6.32%) and Turmerone (2.88%) were identified as the major components of turmeric grown in Benin. This study underlines the quality of turmeric from Benin need for further research, especially focusing on the extraction and perception of curcumin, an important bioactive compound of turmeric. Such an investigation promises for a comprehensive understanding of Benin's turmeric, contributing to its exploitation convenience and scientific knowledge and economic development in diverse industrial areas.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Qualitative phytochemical profiles of turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) grown in Benin, West Africa","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-10 10:51:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7680879/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"30a70b14-69b9-442f-bdbf-39a141b04d91","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":56030846,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry"},{"id":56030847,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques"},{"id":56030848,"name":"Biological sciences/Drug discovery"},{"id":56030849,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-13T03:08:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-10 10:51:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7680879","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7680879","identity":"rs-7680879","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}