Nutritional Status & Gross Motor Skills: A Study of the Suku Anak Dalam in Indonesia

Nutritional Status & Gross Motor Skills: A Study of the Suku Anak Dalam in Indonesia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Nutritional Status & Gross Motor Skills: A Study of the Suku Anak Dalam in Indonesia Deddy Rahmat Saputra, Amung Ma'mun Amung, Berliana Berlianan, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7950957/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between nutritional status and gross motor skills among Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) children in Jambi Province, Indonesia. This research employed a correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The population consisted of SAD children in Sarolangun Regency, with a purposive sample of 30 participants. Data were collected using anthropometric measurements to assess nutritional status and the Pre-Screening Developmental Questionnaire (KPSP) to evaluate gross motor skills. The findings demonstrated a significant correlation between nutritional status and gross motor development among SAD children. Children with poor nutritional status exhibited delayed motor growth and development, whereas those with adequate nutrition achieved better physical fitness and overall health. These results highlight the crucial role of balanced nutrition in optimizing child development, suggesting that parents should pay closer attention to their children’s dietary intake to support healthy growth. Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research Gross Motor Skills Nutritional Status Suku Anak Dalam Jambi 1 Introduction Human life progresses through developmental stages from birth to the end of life. From conception to the end of puberty, children undergo continuous growth and development, each phase with its own characteristics. Growth begins as early as three months of gestation and continues rapidly until the age of three, a period known as the “golden age,” during which children build the foundation for their cognitive, emotional, and physical development (Alwaely et al., 2021 ; Hayati & Putro, 2021 ). Several factors influence child development, including genetics, environment (Rubiyatno et al., 2021), hormonal regulation, stimulation, and nutrition. Adequate nutrition plays a central role, as deficiencies during this formative stage can lead to long-term developmental disorders (Saavedra & Prentice, 2023 ). Given that children are the nation’s next generation, they must be raised healthy, intelligent, and strong, with proper attention to their health and nutritional needs (Ismaniar et al., 2019 ). According to the 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SGSI), the prevalence of underweight children in Indonesia was 17.1%, a slight increase from 17% in 2021 (Kemenkes, 2021 ; 2022 ). In Jambi Province, the prevalence declined from 16.7% in 2021 to 13.8% in 2022 (Kemenkes, 2022 ). However, no empirical data have been reported regarding the nutritional status of SAD communities living in Bukit Dua Belas National Park. One of the SAD settlements is located in Sarolangun Regency, where the Pematang Kabau Community Health Center (Puskesmas) serves four villages: Pematang Kabau, Bukit Suban, Mentawak Baru, and Mentawak Ulu. In this area, 1,442 children under five, including SAD children, visit integrated health posts (posyandu) for nutritional monitoring (Fitri et al., 2017 ). The SAD are an indigenous group living in and around forests in Sarolangun (Takiddin, 2014 ). For these communities, forests are central to livelihood, cultural, and religious practices, regarded as ancestral heritage that must be preserved (Triana & Eka Putri, 2022 ). To meet basic needs, SAD families rely on foraging, hunting wild animals, and traditional herbal medicine derived from forest plants (Hadriyati et al., 2020 ; Hajri & Indrawadi, 2021 ). Currently, SAD communities are divided into two groups: those adopting a sedentary lifestyle through government resettlement programs and those maintaining a nomadic lifestyle (Triana & Eka Putri, 2022 ; Tristo, 2018 ). Despite these differences, nutritional awareness among SAD parents remains low. A 2022 health report (Dinkes, 2022 ) identified 43 cases of undernutrition among SAD children in one village. Parental misunderstanding of child nutrition not only disrupts growth but also contributes to educational deprivation, as many SAD children lack access to preschool or elementary education. Moreover, limited economic capacity exacerbates the inability to provide adequate food, reinforcing cycles of malnutrition (Sebataraja et al., 2014 ; Fazrin et al., 2022 ). Gross motor development, which involves large muscle coordination, is a fundamental aspect of early childhood development (Sorgente et al., 2021 ). It supports children’s ability to walk, run, and jump, which are crucial for survival and physical competence (Asriansyah & Mahendra, 2020 ). Poor nutrition compromises this development by limiting energy and nutrient supply for brain and muscle function (Sutapa et al., 2021 ; Yunita & Utama, 2021 ; Zulkarnaen, 2019 ). Despite its importance, there is a lack of research on the correlation between nutritional status and gross motor development among SAD children in Jambi Province. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between nutritional status and gross motor skills among SAD children in Jambi. Beyond filling the knowledge gap, the study seeks to provide health practitioners with evidence-based insights into developmental disorders and to serve as a reference for future research and policy concerning indigenous child welfare. 2 Methods This study applied a correlational research design to examine the relationship between nutritional status and gross motor development among Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) children. Correlational analysis is used to explore the degree of association between two variables within a given group or context (Kumar & Chong, 2018 ). A cross-sectional approach was employed, meaning that both independent and dependent variables were measured at a single point in time (Sakyi et al., 2020 ). Participants The study population consisted of SAD children in Sarolangun Regency, Jambi Province. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 children aged between 1 and 3 years. This age range was chosen because it represents a critical developmental phase, commonly referred to as the “golden age.” Data Collection Two primary instruments were used in this research: Nutritional Status Measurement: Nutritional status was assessed through anthropometric testing, specifically body weight and height, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). This method is widely recognized as a valid and reliable measure of child nutrition (Atmanegara et al., 2022 ). The assessments were conducted with assistance from health officers at the local community health center (puskesmas). Gross Motor Skills Assessment: Gross motor skills were measured using the Pre-Screening Developmental Questionnaire (Kuesioner Pra-Skrining Perkembangan, KPSP), which is designed to identify early signs of developmental delays in children (Batljery et al., 2021 ). The KPSP focuses on gross motor indicators such as walking, running, jumping, and balance. Data Analysis Before hypothesis testing, prerequisite tests were conducted. Normality of the data distribution was examined using the Chi-Square test, and homogeneity was tested using the F-test (Kocsis et al., 2020 ). After confirming assumptions, statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between nutritional status and gross motor development. The significance of the correlation coefficient was tested using the t-test, with a significance level set at α = 0.05. 3 Results Nutritional Status of Suku Anak Dalam Children Nutritional status was defined as the health condition of an individual or group as determined by their physical needs and energy balance. Anthropometric tests revealed the distribution of nutritional status among the 30 participating children (Table 1 ). Table 1 Nutritional Status Distribution Nutritional Category Frequency Percentage Good Nutrition 4 14% Moderate Nutrition 12 40% Poor Nutrition 14 46% Total 30 100% The data indicate that nearly half of the children (46%) were classified as undernourished, while only a small proportion (14%) had adequate nutrition. This suggests that malnutrition remains a significant issue within SAD communities, aligning with national reports highlighting high prevalence of undernutrition among Indonesian children (Kemenkes, 2022 ). Gross Motor Development of Suku Anak Dalam Children Gross motor development was assessed using the Pre-Screening Developmental Questionnaire (KPSP). The results are presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Gross Motor Development Distribution Developmental Status Frequency Percentage Age-appropriate 1 4% Questionable 18 60% Developmental Delay 11 36% Total 30 100% The majority of children (60%) showed questionable developmental outcomes, and more than one-third (36%) displayed clear delays in gross motor skills. This finding emphasizes the vulnerability of SAD children in terms of developmental progress, which is strongly influenced by nutritional intake. Correlation Analysis Statistical tests confirmed that the data were normally distributed (Table 3 ) and homogeneous (Table 4 ). Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation analysis yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.75, indicating a strong positive relationship between nutritional status and gross motor development (Table 5 ). Further, the t-test result (t = 5.136, p < 0.05) confirmed the significance of this correlation (Table 6 ). Table 3 Normality Test N Status Gizi Motorik Kasar Keterangan Xhitung Xtabel Yhitung Ytabel Distribusi Normal 30 8,77 11,07 10,58 11,07 Table 4 Homogeneity Test N Variabel Keterangan Fhitung Ftabel Homogen 30 1,18 1,66 Table 5 Correlation Coefficient rhitung Interval Koefisien Kriteria 0,75 0,69 = 0–0,79 Kuat Table 6 t-Test Result Dk (n-1) Thitung Ttabel Kriteria 29 5,136 1,701 Terdapat Hubungan These results demonstrate that children’s nutritional status is strongly associated with their gross motor abilities. Children with poor nutritional status exhibited slower growth and delayed motor development, while those with better nutrition showed improved physical fitness and resilience against illness. 4 Discussion The findings of this study confirm that inadequate nutrition hinders children’s physical and motor development. Malnutrition disrupts the balance between nutrient intake and the body’s developmental demands, particularly for brain and muscle growth. This aligns with Hasdianah ( 2014 ) and Yunita & Utama ( 2021 ), who reported that children with sufficient nutrition tend to be more physically active, while those with poor nutrition are more susceptible to developmental delays. Nutritional status is shaped by dietary intake but is also influenced by socioeconomic, educational, and cultural factors (Encalada-Torres et al., 2022 ; Monterrosa et al., 2020 ). In the SAD community, limited parental knowledge about nutrition, economic hardship, and cultural practices contribute to persistent malnutrition (Fazrin et al., 2022 ). Many parents prioritize children’s immediate food preferences over nutritional quality, often providing snacks rather than vegetables or balanced meals. This practice hinders optimal growth, especially during the critical early years. The study also identified cases where children with good nutrition still displayed motor delays, and conversely, some undernourished children showed acceptable motor performance. This suggests that other factors, such as stimulation and environmental support, also play significant roles in motor development. Stimulation from the environment accelerates children’s learning and motor adaptation (Tantowi et al., 2021 ). Unfortunately, many SAD parents are unaware of the importance of providing appropriate stimulation during the “golden age. The role of healthcare professionals is therefore crucial in educating SAD parents about balanced nutrition and early developmental stimulation. As previous studies suggest, effective parental involvement and targeted interventions can significantly improve child development outcomes (Kholifah et al., 2014). 5 Conclusion This study concludes that nutritional status has a significant impact on the gross motor development of Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) children in Jambi Province. Children with poor nutritional status were more likely to experience delayed growth and impaired gross motor development, while those with adequate nutrition demonstrated better physical fitness and reduced susceptibility to illness. Beyond nutrition, factors such as parental knowledge, socioeconomic conditions, and environmental stimulation also influence child development. Therefore, families should not only ensure adequate nutritional intake but also provide consistent developmental stimulation during early childhood to maximize growth potential. For future research, it is recommended to examine additional variables-such as environmental stimulation, cultural practices, and parental education-that may also affect gross motor development in indigenous communities. Furthermore, local health practitioners should continue strengthening education and outreach programs to improve parental awareness of balanced nutrition and developmental needs. 6 Acknowledment The authors would like to thank the Center for Education Financing Services (Puslapdik), Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, Results & Discussion and Technology (Kemendikbud) of the Republic of Indonesia, and the Education Fund Management Agency (LPDP) for the Indonesian Education Scholarship (BPI), so that the author's article is worthy of publication in the Scientific Reports Declarations Summary of Editorial Feedback The editor has provided three main points requiring revision and clarification before the manuscript can proceed: Ethical Compliance The editor requests explicit confirmation that all human-related procedures were conducted according to relevant institutional and national guidelines. The Methods section must include: A statement affirming that the research complied with all ethical standards and regulations. The name of the institutional or licensing committee that approved the experimental protocol. A statement confirming that informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians. Informed Consent for Indigenous Children (Suku Anak Dalam) Since the study involves children from the Suku Anak Dalam (SAD), an ethnic minority group, the editor asks for: A detailed description of the informed consent process. Confirmation that consent was obtained from the legal guardians of the children and the official representatives of the SAD community. Uploading of supporting documents, such as ethical approval forms and signed consent forms, in the “Related Files” section. Data Availability Statement The editor requires a clear data availability declaration to be included both in the online submission system and in the manuscript’s “Data Availability” section. Authors must specify whether: Data are publicly available (with repository name and link), Available on reasonable request, Included in the article and supplementary files, or Restricted (with a justification). If sharing is limited due to privacy concerns, data must be de-identified. Author’s Response (English Version) Response to Point 1 – Ethical Compliance All experimental procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with institutional and national ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Jambi (Approval No. 127/KE/FIK/2024) . Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians prior to participation in this study. Response to Point 2 – Informed Consent for Suku Anak Dalam Participants Given that this research involved children from the Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) community, special attention was given to ethical and cultural sensitivity. Informed consent was obtained through a two-stage process: Parental/guardian consent: Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians of all child participants. Community consent: Additional consent was obtained from the official representative of the Suku Anak Dalam community (Tribal Council of Bukit Suban Village) , following local customary procedures. All consent procedures were explained verbally and in writing, using the local dialect when necessary, ensuring that participants and guardians fully understood the purpose and voluntary nature of the study. Copies of the ethical approval and informed consent forms have been uploaded in the “Related Files” section as supporting documentation. Response to Point 3 – Data Availability Statement All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. (Suggested text to include in the manuscript:) Data Availability: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author, Dr. Rahmat Saputra, upon reasonable request. Acknowledment The authors would like to thank the Center for Education Financing Services (Puslapdik), Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, Results & Discussion and Technology (Kemendikbud) of the Republic of Indonesia, and the Education Fund Management Agency (LPDP) for the Indonesian Education Scholarship (BPI), so that the author's article is worthy of publication in the Scientific Reports References Alwaely, S. A., Yousif, N. B. A., & Mikhaylov, A. (2021). Emotional development in preschoolers and socialization. Early Child Development and Care, 191 (16), 2484–2493. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1717480 Asriansyah, A., & Mahendra, A. (2020). Model permainan perseptual motorik melalui ban motor bekas dalam pendidikan jasmani pada siswa sekolah dasar. Jendela Olahraga, 5 (2), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v5i2.6208 Atmanegara, A. Y., Zaeni, I. A. E., Lestari, D., & Gumilang, Y. S. A. (2022). Alat pengukur status gizi balita berdasarkan berat dan panjang badan menggunakan indeks antropometri dengan metode logika fuzzy. JASIEK (Jurnal Aplikasi Sains, Informasi, Elektronika dan Komputer), 4 (1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.26905/jasiek.v4i1.8352 Batljery, J., Masitoh, S., Raidanti, D., & Maryana. (2021). Kuisioner Pra-Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP): Pengetahuan dan dukungan orangtua (1st ed.). Yayasan Barcode. Dinkes. (2022). Rencana Strategis Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jambi 2021–2026 (3rd ed.). Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jambi. Encalada-Torres, J., Abril-Ulloa, V., Wong, S., Alvarado-Romero, S., Bedoya-Ortega, M., & Encalada-Torres, L. (2022). Socioeconomic status and nutritional status as predictors of food insecurity in older adults: A case study from southern Ecuador. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (9), 5469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095469 Fazrin, I., Daha, K. K., & Musa, K. I. (2022). The role of parents in preparing balanced menus with children’s nutritional status. Journal of Nursing Practice, 5 (2), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.30994/jnp.v5i2.149 Fitri, R. K., Fatimah, S., & Rahfiludin, Z. (2017). Analisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi status gizi balita suku anak dalam (SAD). Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 5 (4), 752–758. Galgamuwa, L. S., Iddawela, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., & Galgamuwa, G. L. S. (2017). Nutritional status and correlated socio-economic factors among preschool and school children in plantation communities, Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health, 17 (1), 377. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4311-y Hadriyati, A., Andriani, M., & Pratiwi, A. (2020). Ethnobotany study in Hope Forest for children in Bungku Village, Batanghari District, Jambi Province. Journal of Healthcare Technology and Medicine, 6 (2), 861. https://doi.org/10.33143/jhtm.v6i2.1041 Hajri, P., & Indrawadi, J. (2021). Pewarisan nilai-nilai tradisi budaya Suku Anak Dalam, Sarolangun, Provinsi Jambi. Anthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial dan Budaya, 7 (1), 88. https://doi.org/10.24114/antro.v7i1.24643 Hasdianah. (2014). Gizi, pemanfaatan gizi, diet, dan obesitas . Nuha Medika. Hayati, S. N., & Putro, K. Z. (2021). Bermain dan permainan anak usia dini. Generasi Emas: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini, 4 (1), 52–64. Ismaniar, I., Hazizah, N., & Syuraini, S. (2019). Increasing parental knowledge of children’s nutrition needs. Kolokium Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, 7 (2), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.24036/kolokium-pls.v7i2.353 Kato, K., Vogt, T., & Kanosue, K. (2019). Brain activity underlying muscle relaxation. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01457 Kemenkes. (2021). Buku saku hasil survei status gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2021 . Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kemenkes. (2022). Buku saku hasil survei status gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2022 . Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kholifah, F., Fadillah, & As’ari, H. (2014). Perkembangan motorik kasar bayi melalui stimulasi ibu di Kelurahan Kemayoran Surabaya. Jurnal Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan, 1 (1), 120–121. Kocsis, T., Kovács-Székely, I., & Anda, A. (2020). Homogeneity tests and non-parametric analyses of tendencies in precipitation time series in Hungary. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 139 (3–4), 849–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-03014-4 Kumar, S., & Chong, I. (2018). Correlation analysis to identify the effective data in machine learning: Prediction of depressive disorder and emotion states. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 (12), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122907 Monterrosa, E. C., Frongillo, E. A., Drewnowski, A., De Pee, S., & Vandevijvere, S. (2020). Sociocultural influences on food choices and implications for sustainable healthy diets. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 41 (2_suppl), 59S–73S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572120975874 Pang, G., Xie, J., Chen, Q., & Hu, Z. (2014). Energy intake, metabolic homeostasis, and human health. Food Science and Human Wellness, 3 (3–4), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2015.01.001 Rubiyatno, Arifin, Z., & Rajidin, R. (2021). Penerapan model pembelajaran kinestetis bagi anak SD SLB tunagrahita di Kota Pontianak. Jendela Olahraga, 6 (2), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v6i2.7086 Saavedra, J. M., & Prentice, A. M. (2023). Nutrition in school-age children: A rationale for revisiting priorities. Nutrition Reviews, 81 (7), 823–843. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac089 Sakyi, K. A., Musona, D., & Mweshi, G. (2020). Research methods and methodology. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7 (3), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.73.7993 Sangadah, K. (2022). Relationship between micronutrient intake and physical activity with hypertension. NUTRIZIONE (Nutrition Research and Development Journal), 2 (3), 12–20. Sebataraja, L. R., Oenzil, F., & Asterina. (2014). Hubungan status gizi dengan status sosial ekonomi keluarga murid sekolah dasar di Kota Padang. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 3 (2). https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v3i2.81 Sorgente, V., Cohen, E. J., Bravi, R., & Minciacchi, D. (2021). Crosstalk between gross and fine motor domains during late childhood: The influence of gross motor training on fine motor performances. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (21), 11387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111387 Sutapa, P., Pratama, K. W., Rosly, M. M., Ali, S. K. S., & Karakauki, M. (2021). Improving motor skills in early childhood through goal-oriented play activity. Children, 8 (11), 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8110994 Takiddin. (2014). Nilai-nilai kearifan budaya lokal orang rimba di Kecamatan Air Hitam Provinsi Jambi. Sosio Didaktika: Social Science Education Journal, 1 (2), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.15408/sd.v1i2.1258 Tantowi, I., Maliki, O., & Widiyatmoko, F. A. (2021). Hubungan status gizi anak, sosial ekonomi orang tua, dan perkembangan motorik siswa SD. Journal of Sport Coaching and Physical Education, 6 (1), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.15294/jscpe.v6i1.40174 Triana, D., & Eka Putri, Y. (2022). Identitas kultural masyarakat Suku Anak Dalam. Khasanah Ilmu – Jurnal Pariwisata dan Budaya, 13 (2), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.31294/khi.v13i2.12374 Tristo, R. (2018). Peningkatan kesadaran pentingnya pendidikan bagi Suku Anak Dalam Provinsi Sumatera Selatan melalui penyuluhan sosial. Quantum: Jurnal Ilmiah Kesejahteraan Sosial, XIV (25). Yunita, L., & Utama, L. J. (2021). Hubungan status gizi dengan perkembangan motorik kasar anak usia prasekolah. Nutriology: Jurnal Pangan, Gizi, Kesehatan, 2 (2), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.30812/nutriology.v2i2.1581 Zulkarnaen. (2019). The influence of nutritional status on gross and fine motor skills development in early childhood. Asian Social Science, 15 (5), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n5p75 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7950957","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":559577944,"identity":"98375819-f7e9-42d9-9035-7f955b310c51","order_by":0,"name":"Deddy Rahmat Saputra","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesia University of Education","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Deddy","middleName":"Rahmat","lastName":"Saputra","suffix":""},{"id":559577947,"identity":"3e862cde-8977-470e-b313-c70765fecac6","order_by":1,"name":"Amung Ma'mun Amung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesia University of Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amung","middleName":"Ma'mun","lastName":"Amung","suffix":""},{"id":559577949,"identity":"00899a0f-bbad-4f38-ae72-200d47ab7075","order_by":2,"name":"Berliana Berlianan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesia University of Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Berliana","middleName":"","lastName":"Berlianan","suffix":""},{"id":559577954,"identity":"c231fd3e-bc37-46dd-8bf4-db9cb4c86a0b","order_by":3,"name":"Dian Budiana Dian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesia University of Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dian","middleName":"Budiana","lastName":"Dian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-27 11:12:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7950957/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7950957/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98520681,"identity":"c34fbee3-adb9-4310-ae1e-720c0e6a1212","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 13:27:28","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":217786,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NutritionalStatusGrossMotorSkillsAStudyoftheSukuAnakDalaminIndonesia.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7950957/v1/25ef12fa93e6c4e7d40377a2.docx"},{"id":98625188,"identity":"6c5e83aa-1cc9-4833-86ba-79b31040e72a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:58","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"13993f03f75a4c2692e165abce136b10.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7950957/v1/55990fa2d081fdd3b4634d1c.json"},{"id":98625455,"identity":"cb891fb8-93c4-4060-bae3-1a5816101900","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:08","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":84710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"13993f03f75a4c2692e165abce136b101enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7950957/v1/d9c76ac07a65d1570712233e.xml"},{"id":98624936,"identity":"dfa440aa-e51a-4383-8062-c0569b18d300","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:50","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":172323,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7950957/v1/a67ce7fbcedc2fdf7593b51b.png"},{"id":98625257,"identity":"5a51c6e9-3de1-4a94-9872-08d6a04a2e95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35270,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7950957/v1/8c65403864dcf82c7eed8c56.png"},{"id":98624965,"identity":"97a6b410-f732-4d6a-88de-a909b8859936","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:51","extension":"xml","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":78604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"13993f03f75a4c2692e165abce136b101structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7950957/v1/78d7fd34548c0c560c5aafa6.xml"},{"id":98624889,"identity":"ec765c71-6f10-4c18-8611-284fa46ee033","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:47","extension":"html","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":93974,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7950957/v1/3e4b3bea7191cc6da84ea607.html"},{"id":104542771,"identity":"397e2337-749f-4def-b49b-9a7380a074ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-13 06:27:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":744242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7950957/v1/f9612162-3bf5-4eba-8326-7e2984e905ed.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Nutritional Status \u0026 Gross Motor Skills: A Study of the Suku Anak Dalam in Indonesia","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman life progresses through developmental stages from birth to the end of life. From conception to the end of puberty, children undergo continuous growth and development, each phase with its own characteristics. Growth begins as early as three months of gestation and continues rapidly until the age of three, a period known as the \u0026ldquo;golden age,\u0026rdquo; during which children build the foundation for their cognitive, emotional, and physical development (Alwaely et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Hayati \u0026amp; Putro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Several factors influence child development, including genetics, environment (Rubiyatno et al., 2021), hormonal regulation, stimulation, and nutrition. Adequate nutrition plays a central role, as deficiencies during this formative stage can lead to long-term developmental disorders (Saavedra \u0026amp; Prentice, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Given that children are the nation\u0026rsquo;s next generation, they must be raised healthy, intelligent, and strong, with proper attention to their health and nutritional needs (Ismaniar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SGSI), the prevalence of underweight children in Indonesia was 17.1%, a slight increase from 17% in 2021 (Kemenkes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In Jambi Province, the prevalence declined from 16.7% in 2021 to 13.8% in 2022 (Kemenkes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, no empirical data have been reported regarding the nutritional status of SAD communities living in Bukit Dua Belas National Park.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the SAD settlements is located in Sarolangun Regency, where the Pematang Kabau Community Health Center (Puskesmas) serves four villages: Pematang Kabau, Bukit Suban, Mentawak Baru, and Mentawak Ulu. In this area, 1,442 children under five, including SAD children, visit integrated health posts (posyandu) for nutritional monitoring (Fitri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The SAD are an indigenous group living in and around forests in Sarolangun (Takiddin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). For these communities, forests are central to livelihood, cultural, and religious practices, regarded as ancestral heritage that must be preserved (Triana \u0026amp; Eka Putri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). To meet basic needs, SAD families rely on foraging, hunting wild animals, and traditional herbal medicine derived from forest plants (Hadriyati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Hajri \u0026amp; Indrawadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, SAD communities are divided into two groups: those adopting a sedentary lifestyle through government resettlement programs and those maintaining a nomadic lifestyle (Triana \u0026amp; Eka Putri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Tristo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Despite these differences, nutritional awareness among SAD parents remains low. A 2022 health report (Dinkes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) identified 43 cases of undernutrition among SAD children in one village. Parental misunderstanding of child nutrition not only disrupts growth but also contributes to educational deprivation, as many SAD children lack access to preschool or elementary education. Moreover, limited economic capacity exacerbates the inability to provide adequate food, reinforcing cycles of malnutrition (Sebataraja et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Fazrin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross motor development, which involves large muscle coordination, is a fundamental aspect of early childhood development (Sorgente et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). It supports children\u0026rsquo;s ability to walk, run, and jump, which are crucial for survival and physical competence (Asriansyah \u0026amp; Mahendra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Poor nutrition compromises this development by limiting energy and nutrient supply for brain and muscle function (Sutapa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Yunita \u0026amp; Utama, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zulkarnaen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Despite its importance, there is a lack of research on the correlation between nutritional status and gross motor development among SAD children in Jambi Province.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between nutritional status and gross motor skills among SAD children in Jambi. Beyond filling the knowledge gap, the study seeks to provide health practitioners with evidence-based insights into developmental disorders and to serve as a reference for future research and policy concerning indigenous child welfare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study applied a correlational research design to examine the relationship between nutritional status and gross motor development among \u003cem\u003eSuku Anak Dalam\u003c/em\u003e (SAD) children. Correlational analysis is used to explore the degree of association between two variables within a given group or context (Kumar \u0026amp; Chong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). A cross-sectional approach was employed, meaning that both independent and dependent variables were measured at a single point in time (Sakyi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eParticipants\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of SAD children in Sarolangun Regency, Jambi Province. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 children aged between 1 and 3 years. This age range was chosen because it represents a critical developmental phase, commonly referred to as the \u0026ldquo;golden age.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData Collection\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo primary instruments were used in this research:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional Status Measurement: Nutritional status was assessed through anthropometric testing, specifically body weight and height, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). This method is widely recognized as a valid and reliable measure of child nutrition (Atmanegara et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The assessments were conducted with assistance from health officers at the local community health center (puskesmas).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross Motor Skills Assessment: Gross motor skills were measured using the \u003cem\u003ePre-Screening Developmental Questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e (Kuesioner Pra-Skrining Perkembangan, KPSP), which is designed to identify early signs of developmental delays in children (Batljery et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The KPSP focuses on gross motor indicators such as walking, running, jumping, and balance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData Analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore hypothesis testing, prerequisite tests were conducted. Normality of the data distribution was examined using the Chi-Square test, and homogeneity was tested using the F-test (Kocsis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). After confirming assumptions, statistical analysis was performed using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s Product-Moment Correlation to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between nutritional status and gross motor development. The significance of the correlation coefficient was tested using the t-test, with a significance level set at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNutritional Status of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eSuku Anak Dalam\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eChildren\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional status was defined as the health condition of an individual or group as determined by their physical needs and energy balance. Anthropometric tests revealed the distribution of nutritional status among the 30 participating children (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional Status Distribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional Category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood Nutrition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate Nutrition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor Nutrition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data indicate that nearly half of the children (46%) were classified as undernourished, while only a small proportion (14%) had adequate nutrition. This suggests that malnutrition remains a significant issue within SAD communities, aligning with national reports highlighting high prevalence of undernutrition among Indonesian children (Kemenkes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGross Motor Development of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eSuku Anak Dalam\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eChildren\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross motor development was assessed using the Pre-Screening Developmental Questionnaire (KPSP). The results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross Motor Development Distribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-appropriate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental Delay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of children (60%) showed questionable developmental outcomes, and more than one-third (36%) displayed clear delays in gross motor skills. This finding emphasizes the vulnerability of SAD children in terms of developmental progress, which is strongly influenced by nutritional intake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCorrelation Analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical tests confirmed that the data were normally distributed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and homogeneous (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Pearson\u0026rsquo;s Product-Moment Correlation analysis yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.75, indicating a strong positive relationship between nutritional status and gross motor development (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Further, the t-test result (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.136, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) confirmed the significance of this correlation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormality Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatus Gizi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotorik Kasar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeterangan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXhitung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXtabel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYhitung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYtabel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribusi\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomogeneity Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariabel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeterangan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFhitung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFtabel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erhitung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterval Koefisien\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKriteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,69\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026ndash;0,79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-Test Result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDk (n-1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThitung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTtabel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKriteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,701\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerdapat Hubungan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results demonstrate that children\u0026rsquo;s nutritional status is strongly associated with their gross motor abilities. Children with poor nutritional status exhibited slower growth and delayed motor development, while those with better nutrition showed improved physical fitness and resilience against illness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study confirm that inadequate nutrition hinders children\u0026rsquo;s physical and motor development. Malnutrition disrupts the balance between nutrient intake and the body\u0026rsquo;s developmental demands, particularly for brain and muscle growth. This aligns with Hasdianah (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and Yunita \u0026amp; Utama (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that children with sufficient nutrition tend to be more physically active, while those with poor nutrition are more susceptible to developmental delays.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutritional status is shaped by dietary intake but is also influenced by socioeconomic, educational, and cultural factors (Encalada-Torres et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Monterrosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In the SAD community, limited parental knowledge about nutrition, economic hardship, and cultural practices contribute to persistent malnutrition (Fazrin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Many parents prioritize children\u0026rsquo;s immediate food preferences over nutritional quality, often providing snacks rather than vegetables or balanced meals. This practice hinders optimal growth, especially during the critical early years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study also identified cases where children with good nutrition still displayed motor delays, and conversely, some undernourished children showed acceptable motor performance. This suggests that other factors, such as stimulation and environmental support, also play significant roles in motor development. Stimulation from the environment accelerates children\u0026rsquo;s learning and motor adaptation (Tantowi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Unfortunately, many SAD parents are unaware of the importance of providing appropriate stimulation during the \u0026ldquo;golden age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe role of healthcare professionals is therefore crucial in educating SAD parents about balanced nutrition and early developmental stimulation. As previous studies suggest, effective parental involvement and targeted interventions can significantly improve child development outcomes (Kholifah et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study concludes that nutritional status has a significant impact on the gross motor development of \u003cem\u003eSuku Anak Dalam\u003c/em\u003e (SAD) children in Jambi Province. Children with poor nutritional status were more likely to experience delayed growth and impaired gross motor development, while those with adequate nutrition demonstrated better physical fitness and reduced susceptibility to illness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond nutrition, factors such as parental knowledge, socioeconomic conditions, and environmental stimulation also influence child development. Therefore, families should not only ensure adequate nutritional intake but also provide consistent developmental stimulation during early childhood to maximize growth potential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor future research, it is recommended to examine additional variables-such as environmental stimulation, cultural practices, and parental education-that may also affect gross motor development in indigenous communities. Furthermore, local health practitioners should continue strengthening education and outreach programs to improve parental awareness of balanced nutrition and developmental needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6 Acknowledment","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Center for Education Financing Services (Puslapdik), Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, Results \u0026amp; Discussion and Technology (Kemendikbud) of the Republic of Indonesia, and the Education Fund Management Agency (LPDP) for the Indonesian Education Scholarship (BPI), so that the author's article is worthy of publication in the Scientific Reports\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of Editorial Feedback\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe editor has provided three main points requiring revision and clarification before the manuscript can proceed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Compliance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The editor requests explicit confirmation that all human-related procedures were conducted according to relevant institutional and national guidelines. The Methods section must include:\u003cul type=\"circle\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA statement affirming that the research complied with all ethical standards and regulations.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe name of the institutional or licensing committee that approved the experimental protocol.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA statement confirming that informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent for Indigenous Children (Suku Anak Dalam)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Since the study involves children from the Suku Anak Dalam (SAD), an ethnic minority group, the editor asks for:\u003cul type=\"circle\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA detailed description of the informed consent process.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eConfirmation that consent was obtained from the legal guardians of the children and the official representatives of the SAD community.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUploading of supporting documents, such as ethical approval forms and signed consent forms, in the \u0026ldquo;Related Files\u0026rdquo; section.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The editor requires a clear data availability declaration to be included both in the online submission system and in the manuscript\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;Data Availability\u0026rdquo; section. Authors must specify whether:\u003cul type=\"circle\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eData are publicly available (with repository name and link),\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAvailable on reasonable request,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIncluded in the article and supplementary files, or\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRestricted (with a justification).\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;If sharing is limited due to privacy concerns, data must be de-identified.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s Response (English Version)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponse to Point 1 \u0026ndash; Ethical Compliance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAll experimental procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with institutional and national ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the \u003cstrong\u003eEthics Committee of the Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Jambi (Approval No. 127/KE/FIK/2024)\u003c/strong\u003e. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians prior to participation in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponse to Point 2 \u0026ndash; Informed Consent for Suku Anak Dalam Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Given that this research involved children from the Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) community, special attention was given to ethical and cultural sensitivity. Informed consent was obtained through a two-stage process:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParental/guardian consent:\u003c/strong\u003e Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians of all child participants.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunity consent:\u003c/strong\u003e Additional consent was obtained from the \u003cstrong\u003eofficial representative of the Suku Anak Dalam community (Tribal Council of Bukit Suban Village)\u003c/strong\u003e, following local customary procedures.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll consent procedures were explained verbally and in writing, using the local dialect when necessary, ensuring that participants and guardians fully understood the purpose and voluntary nature of the study. Copies of the ethical approval and informed consent forms have been uploaded in the \u0026ldquo;Related Files\u0026rdquo; section as supporting documentation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponse to Point 3 \u0026ndash; Data Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Suggested text to include in the manuscript:)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability:\u003c/strong\u003e The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author, Dr. Rahmat Saputra, upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Center for Education Financing Services (Puslapdik), Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, Results \u0026amp; Discussion and Technology (Kemendikbud) of the Republic of Indonesia, and the Education Fund Management Agency (LPDP) for the Indonesian Education Scholarship (BPI), so that the author\u0026apos;s article is worthy of publication in the Scientific Reports\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlwaely, S. A., Yousif, N. B. A., \u0026amp; Mikhaylov, A. (2021). Emotional development in preschoolers and socialization. \u003cem\u003eEarly Child Development and Care, 191\u003c/em\u003e(16), 2484\u0026ndash;2493. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1717480\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsriansyah, A., \u0026amp; Mahendra, A. (2020). Model permainan perseptual motorik melalui ban motor bekas dalam pendidikan jasmani pada siswa sekolah dasar. \u003cem\u003eJendela Olahraga, 5\u003c/em\u003e(2), 122\u0026ndash;130. https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v5i2.6208\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtmanegara, A. Y., Zaeni, I. A. E., Lestari, D., \u0026amp; Gumilang, Y. S. A. (2022). Alat pengukur status gizi balita berdasarkan berat dan panjang badan menggunakan indeks antropometri dengan metode logika fuzzy. \u003cem\u003eJASIEK (Jurnal Aplikasi Sains, Informasi, Elektronika dan Komputer), 4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 9\u0026ndash;22. https://doi.org/10.26905/jasiek.v4i1.8352\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBatljery, J., Masitoh, S., Raidanti, D., \u0026amp; Maryana. (2021). \u003cem\u003eKuisioner Pra-Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP): Pengetahuan dan dukungan orangtua\u003c/em\u003e (1st ed.). Yayasan Barcode.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDinkes. (2022). \u003cem\u003eRencana Strategis Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jambi 2021\u0026ndash;2026\u003c/em\u003e (3rd ed.). Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jambi.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEncalada-Torres, J., Abril-Ulloa, V., Wong, S., Alvarado-Romero, S., Bedoya-Ortega, M., \u0026amp; Encalada-Torres, L. (2022). Socioeconomic status and nutritional status as predictors of food insecurity in older adults: A case study from southern Ecuador. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19\u003c/em\u003e(9), 5469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095469\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFazrin, I., Daha, K. K., \u0026amp; Musa, K. I. (2022). The role of parents in preparing balanced menus with children\u0026rsquo;s nutritional status. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Nursing Practice, 5\u003c/em\u003e(2), 229\u0026ndash;238. https://doi.org/10.30994/jnp.v5i2.149\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFitri, R. K., Fatimah, S., \u0026amp; Rahfiludin, Z. (2017). Analisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi status gizi balita suku anak dalam (SAD). \u003cem\u003eJurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 5\u003c/em\u003e(4), 752\u0026ndash;758.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGalgamuwa, L. S., Iddawela, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., \u0026amp; Galgamuwa, G. L. S. (2017). Nutritional status and correlated socio-economic factors among preschool and school children in plantation communities, Sri Lanka. \u003cem\u003eBMC Public Health, 17\u003c/em\u003e(1), 377. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4311-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHadriyati, A., Andriani, M., \u0026amp; Pratiwi, A. (2020). Ethnobotany study in Hope Forest for children in Bungku Village, Batanghari District, Jambi Province. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Healthcare Technology and Medicine, 6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 861. https://doi.org/10.33143/jhtm.v6i2.1041\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHajri, P., \u0026amp; Indrawadi, J. (2021). Pewarisan nilai-nilai tradisi budaya Suku Anak Dalam, Sarolangun, Provinsi Jambi. \u003cem\u003eAnthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial dan Budaya, 7\u003c/em\u003e(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.24114/antro.v7i1.24643\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHasdianah. (2014). \u003cem\u003eGizi, pemanfaatan gizi, diet, dan obesitas\u003c/em\u003e. Nuha Medika.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHayati, S. N., \u0026amp; Putro, K. Z. (2021). Bermain dan permainan anak usia dini. \u003cem\u003eGenerasi Emas: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini, 4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 52\u0026ndash;64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsmaniar, I., Hazizah, N., \u0026amp; Syuraini, S. (2019). Increasing parental knowledge of children\u0026rsquo;s nutrition needs. \u003cem\u003eKolokium Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, 7\u003c/em\u003e(2), 139\u0026ndash;146. https://doi.org/10.24036/kolokium-pls.v7i2.353\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKato, K., Vogt, T., \u0026amp; Kanosue, K. (2019). Brain activity underlying muscle relaxation. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Physiology, 10,\u003c/em\u003e 1457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01457\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKemenkes. (2021). \u003cem\u003eBuku saku hasil survei status gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2021\u003c/em\u003e. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKemenkes. (2022). \u003cem\u003eBuku saku hasil survei status gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2022\u003c/em\u003e. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKholifah, F., Fadillah, \u0026amp; As\u0026rsquo;ari, H. (2014). Perkembangan motorik kasar bayi melalui stimulasi ibu di Kelurahan Kemayoran Surabaya. \u003cem\u003eJurnal Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan, 1\u003c/em\u003e(1), 120\u0026ndash;121.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKocsis, T., Kov\u0026aacute;cs-Sz\u0026eacute;kely, I., \u0026amp; Anda, A. (2020). Homogeneity tests and non-parametric analyses of tendencies in precipitation time series in Hungary. \u003cem\u003eTheoretical and Applied Climatology, 139\u003c/em\u003e(3\u0026ndash;4), 849\u0026ndash;859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-03014-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar, S., \u0026amp; Chong, I. (2018). Correlation analysis to identify the effective data in machine learning: Prediction of depressive disorder and emotion states. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15\u003c/em\u003e(12), 1\u0026ndash;24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122907\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonterrosa, E. C., Frongillo, E. A., Drewnowski, A., De Pee, S., \u0026amp; Vandevijvere, S. (2020). Sociocultural influences on food choices and implications for sustainable healthy diets. \u003cem\u003eFood and Nutrition Bulletin, 41\u003c/em\u003e(2_suppl), 59S\u0026ndash;73S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572120975874\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePang, G., Xie, J., Chen, Q., \u0026amp; Hu, Z. (2014). Energy intake, metabolic homeostasis, and human health. \u003cem\u003eFood Science and Human Wellness, 3\u003c/em\u003e(3\u0026ndash;4), 89\u0026ndash;103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2015.01.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRubiyatno, Arifin, Z., \u0026amp; Rajidin, R. (2021). Penerapan model pembelajaran kinestetis bagi anak SD SLB tunagrahita di Kota Pontianak. \u003cem\u003eJendela Olahraga, 6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 19\u0026ndash;28. https://doi.org/10.26877/jo.v6i2.7086\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaavedra, J. M., \u0026amp; Prentice, A. M. (2023). Nutrition in school-age children: A rationale for revisiting priorities. \u003cem\u003eNutrition Reviews, 81\u003c/em\u003e(7), 823\u0026ndash;843. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac089\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSakyi, K. A., Musona, D., \u0026amp; Mweshi, G. (2020). Research methods and methodology. \u003cem\u003eAdvances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 296\u0026ndash;302. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.73.7993\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSangadah, K. (2022). Relationship between micronutrient intake and physical activity with hypertension. \u003cem\u003eNUTRIZIONE (Nutrition Research and Development Journal), 2\u003c/em\u003e(3), 12\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSebataraja, L. R., Oenzil, F., \u0026amp; Asterina. (2014). Hubungan status gizi dengan status sosial ekonomi keluarga murid sekolah dasar di Kota Padang. \u003cem\u003eJurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 3\u003c/em\u003e(2). https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v3i2.81\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSorgente, V., Cohen, E. J., Bravi, R., \u0026amp; Minciacchi, D. (2021). Crosstalk between gross and fine motor domains during late childhood: The influence of gross motor training on fine motor performances. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18\u003c/em\u003e(21), 11387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111387\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSutapa, P., Pratama, K. W., Rosly, M. M., Ali, S. K. S., \u0026amp; Karakauki, M. (2021). Improving motor skills in early childhood through goal-oriented play activity. \u003cem\u003eChildren, 8\u003c/em\u003e(11), 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8110994\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTakiddin. (2014). Nilai-nilai kearifan budaya lokal orang rimba di Kecamatan Air Hitam Provinsi Jambi. \u003cem\u003eSosio Didaktika: Social Science Education Journal, 1\u003c/em\u003e(2), 161\u0026ndash;170. https://doi.org/10.15408/sd.v1i2.1258\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTantowi, I., Maliki, O., \u0026amp; Widiyatmoko, F. A. (2021). Hubungan status gizi anak, sosial ekonomi orang tua, dan perkembangan motorik siswa SD. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sport Coaching and Physical Education, 6\u003c/em\u003e(1), 41\u0026ndash;45. https://doi.org/10.15294/jscpe.v6i1.40174\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTriana, D., \u0026amp; Eka Putri, Y. (2022). Identitas kultural masyarakat Suku Anak Dalam. \u003cem\u003eKhasanah Ilmu \u0026ndash; Jurnal Pariwisata dan Budaya, 13\u003c/em\u003e(2), 108\u0026ndash;115. https://doi.org/10.31294/khi.v13i2.12374\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTristo, R. (2018). Peningkatan kesadaran pentingnya pendidikan bagi Suku Anak Dalam Provinsi Sumatera Selatan melalui penyuluhan sosial. \u003cem\u003eQuantum: Jurnal Ilmiah Kesejahteraan Sosial, XIV\u003c/em\u003e(25).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYunita, L., \u0026amp; Utama, L. J. (2021). Hubungan status gizi dengan perkembangan motorik kasar anak usia prasekolah. \u003cem\u003eNutriology: Jurnal Pangan, Gizi, Kesehatan, 2\u003c/em\u003e(2), 9\u0026ndash;14. https://doi.org/10.30812/nutriology.v2i2.1581\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZulkarnaen. (2019). The influence of nutritional status on gross and fine motor skills development in early childhood. \u003cem\u003eAsian Social Science, 15\u003c/em\u003e(5), 75\u0026ndash;82. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n5p75\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gross Motor Skills, Nutritional Status, Suku Anak Dalam, Jambi","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7950957/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7950957/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between nutritional status and gross motor skills among \u003cem\u003eSuku Anak Dalam\u003c/em\u003e (SAD) children in Jambi Province, Indonesia. This research employed a correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The population consisted of SAD children in Sarolangun Regency, with a purposive sample of 30 participants. Data were collected using anthropometric measurements to assess nutritional status and the Pre-Screening Developmental Questionnaire (KPSP) to evaluate gross motor skills. The findings demonstrated a significant correlation between nutritional status and gross motor development among SAD children. Children with poor nutritional status exhibited delayed motor growth and development, whereas those with adequate nutrition achieved better physical fitness and overall health. These results highlight the crucial role of balanced nutrition in optimizing child development, suggesting that parents should pay closer attention to their children\u0026rsquo;s dietary intake to support healthy growth.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Nutritional Status \u0026amp; Gross Motor Skills: A Study of the Suku Anak Dalam in Indonesia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-18 13:27:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7950957/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8ac8f0cf-d5e7-4886-a9f8-8d0325398bb3","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":59576686,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":59576687,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-13T06:26:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-18 13:27:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7950957","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7950957","identity":"rs-7950957","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}