Lack of Evidence for a Reduced Late Positive Potential in Major Depressive Disorder

ABSTRACT Background Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) present with deficits in emotional reactivity. Conflicting models have been proposed to explain this effect. We sought to test the emotional context insensitivity hypothesis, which suggests that reactivity to positive and negatively-valenced emotional stimuli is blunted in depression, in a preregistered study. Methods Forty-one depressed participants and 41 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were presented a series of unpleasant and neutrally-valenced pictures in a passive view paradigm while acquiring electroencephalography (EEG). The late positive potential (LPP), an EEG correlate of emotional reactivity, was compared between groups using mixed-effects repeated-measures models and exploratory cluster-based permutation tests. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the robustness of LPP findings by reanalysing the LPPs using 22 EEG pipelines from studies identified in the literature. Results We found no difference in LPP amplitudes between MDD and healthy individuals using the preregistered analysis pipeline. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the magnitude and direction of LPP effect sizes were affected by the analysis pipeline. Exploratory permutation analyses revealed an electrode cluster that showed a significant reduction in the LPP for MDD participants while viewing unpleasant pictures. Conclusions These results do not provide evidence in support of the emotional context insensitivity hypothesis, except for the exploratory data-driven approach. Methodological differences, in particular in the analysis pipeline, contribute to the heterogeneity of LPP modulation in depression. A standardised approach to quantify EEG correlates of emotional reactivity is needed to evaluate alternative models of emotional reactivity in depression.