Smart IoT Anomaly Detection Using DO-TAO (Dandelion Optimization with T-distribution and Adaptive Opposition) and Personalized Federated Learning

Smart IoT Anomaly Detection Using DO-TAO (Dandelion Optimization with T-distribution and Adaptive Opposition) and Personalized Federated Learning | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Smart IoT Anomaly Detection Using DO-TAO (Dandelion Optimization with T-distribution and Adaptive Opposition) and Personalized Federated Learning Anitha Raja, Murugan Mahalingam This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7779444/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Using the N-BaIoT dataset, this study suggests a DO-TAO-FedPer framework for high-performance anomaly detection in IoT contexts while maintaining privacy. Each IoT device first trains a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) locally, and then uses the Dandelion Optimization with T-distribution and Adaptive Opposition (DO-TAO) algorithm to optimize the VAE's architecture and training hyperparameters. Each device's customized local models are then trained using these ideal hyperparameters. FedPer (Federated Personalization) is then used, in which private decoders are adjusted locally and the shared encoder is aggregated worldwide. This method benefits from collaborative learning while guaranteeing device-specific anomaly detection. According to experimental results, the FedPer global model outperforms standalone local models in terms of generalization and performance, achieving high accuracy (> 99%) across all devices. Anomaly Detection Federated Learning Personalized Models Hyperparameter Optimization DO-TAO Algorithm Variational Autoencoder (VAE) Internet of Things (IoT) Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7779444","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":546239410,"identity":"244828a4-09c8-4603-a095-2631adb2aa77","order_by":0,"name":"Anitha Raja","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIie3PsUrEMBjA8S8EnC507XT3CrlR8E1czskpeGOHeqQUeos49zg5X0ERbv5CIF0KrgUdCr5AQZCbxOR6axtHwfwpaQLfjxCAUOhPRiTtNwi4SOyfUukjWX4iBLvaEeIjQE4EqNoU/b2j89E2X38sU7iJMt1qtru9jNaWHJL9IInfVZaXBs5LNFyzfSVKTSS5q9+Gr2musnxyBhwQHTFCWkJJMUxmR/INfIZVp9mDEY8+wh1hBXCONVcbmYonH5lbsmX3MZ9jvcTOoHi2RI29Zdpct5+Trws+baqXbpGuxO5Vq/aQjDy/L7Yfuo0+HtE33xdJt65+NxwKhUL/qh9HSmcAAN1DUwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"SRM Valliammai Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anitha","middleName":"","lastName":"Raja","suffix":""},{"id":546239411,"identity":"67216396-8711-4e5a-90a4-93ed23fc3b05","order_by":1,"name":"Murugan Mahalingam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SRM Valliammai Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Murugan","middleName":"","lastName":"Mahalingam","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-04 11:08:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7779444/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7779444/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96146391,"identity":"efb3820a-db38-411c-8463-81a8bfd4dfe9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1661243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FedPerAlignedcorrection.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/1b1606b0377d7459a9ae10a6.docx"},{"id":96249668,"identity":"813239c2-3afa-4312-a25c-6dd8ddaf6346","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:35:56","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3882,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fea942bf1e1d4d92b22ac0575c98b0cc.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/f2b74184e0baf4db014a67b0.json"},{"id":96251540,"identity":"f6c658f1-6f4b-404b-875b-28f7d87e0034","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:47","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":139150,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fea942bf1e1d4d92b22ac0575c98b0cc1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/ce814ba4ce7cdf241c3991c4.xml"},{"id":96249739,"identity":"da628e1a-00a9-4e29-9d97-8c533d400318","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:36:10","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":117085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/0778b82b662c5e2861642209.png"},{"id":96146389,"identity":"295c0fa5-481d-401b-b997-54e7be69c41f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/6f167baef59263815582bbdc.jpeg"},{"id":96249519,"identity":"5b5a6d09-5f52-4d5b-bb2c-f0f120f04713","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:33:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":170495,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/03aceb60969fa3724ca06c82.jpeg"},{"id":96146387,"identity":"7a4e6175-ac5b-4f04-aa55-5683831f023a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/d2bdb4357afef449f9bc3d72.png"},{"id":96250442,"identity":"850863ae-b330-4a1a-999b-780b1bd4d88c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:38:23","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105734,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/7290ddfc9d25696349bad8d1.png"},{"id":96146393,"identity":"ddf7d271-119a-4f7b-bb0c-2c38ad60096a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/e734896e53d2f1ac74646ece.png"},{"id":96249023,"identity":"50b3bc66-5fbe-45b0-b201-bf424443fdf4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:29:57","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/64ca5516c5819981a29733c9.png"},{"id":96248595,"identity":"42fc83a6-9a5f-4186-87bd-69ce9924d0ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/2481cda0cd62269c5e9c3b61.png"},{"id":96146395,"identity":"d178844a-b4a8-4784-9db5-3c458688a848","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/71b3826ada9d55b0c6aabfd7.png"},{"id":96146414,"identity":"6c6f6ef5-57d7-41e2-9f1e-95400fdd95b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104413,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/eff951482c43161b3b244289.png"},{"id":96146413,"identity":"b6340d34-d962-4345-a12b-4d7538e0c43a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/a4c6efe3bf007015bd61b88a.png"},{"id":96146398,"identity":"c67ce1cb-49cb-4ed8-ba3b-cb6f0cea7f6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/c3769a9a0fff989d9ac5cd97.png"},{"id":96146402,"identity":"976d4555-2b3f-43b7-aede-44d2472ea775","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/fd9e0eca85926c72490f0a51.png"},{"id":96249075,"identity":"8237cefe-ceba-43c4-909c-abe02d3ec6f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:30:14","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":344868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/ad2095550dddce8141d2c251.png"},{"id":96146404,"identity":"63c3637f-8fa2-4895-997b-0417254452aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19261,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/a35f1e8b98341c68fe88ee7f.png"},{"id":96251472,"identity":"97e7241a-c881-4546-9c48-d7812c103f34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:45","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17879,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/b4ce98b2e9381a334397fc69.png"},{"id":96146422,"identity":"08c0aa23-1f77-41ac-984f-1ade2c96ad18","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":145064,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/3910d303bfc558893eb97b13.jpeg"},{"id":96146400,"identity":"b98dd456-5214-47fd-ae55-f9c41b2c7942","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7111,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/819f06d2c960d12679589cd0.png"},{"id":96251659,"identity":"e9abf71f-74ff-4b1e-8c2a-25d087f3f4fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:53","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45033,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/0a80d6da0d002b6119f12c6e.png"},{"id":96146408,"identity":"180afe36-d53c-417e-baa7-0f17eefc8350","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/c7df2181d9c91687386957c2.png"},{"id":96250335,"identity":"67710abb-d075-449c-85e7-a6af60177e1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:38:09","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/45e54a5ca6a4afdb8d70d4fa.png"},{"id":96146403,"identity":"d7d46872-34ae-461a-97c6-4c158ecf7eef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/396df0d7bef69e0686ed838f.png"},{"id":96251468,"identity":"2ea5c8c6-8a2f-4540-ad32-7a57dabaa248","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:45","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18275,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/6795c2cc22afb65f77e1b54f.png"},{"id":96146419,"identity":"b7ef757d-6f99-425e-9403-4a579ed1cace","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/330161292dfa10e4f9b289e6.png"},{"id":96146399,"identity":"45eb9116-bb28-47cb-ba9e-f41e8b99b3df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:30","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18041,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/cd717f1eab6fc826cbda5b5e.png"},{"id":96249072,"identity":"369a0f01-7192-4dfb-9e78-9ca59d6de06a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:30:12","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/450d9df90eb4a0cd066a48fb.png"},{"id":96146410,"identity":"8e7a0bf1-84f2-41f4-b77c-899024a1e0c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/80ea64a9e513e01fe5b0dd5d.png"},{"id":96146423,"identity":"01d12a14-4523-4115-bd32-33ada124bdb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/856c28c594edaa52460242b9.png"},{"id":96248695,"identity":"133bafaf-6788-4027-ab59-64e949515298","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:28:59","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9535,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/1b5b1eda918ff08e92c3c2d6.png"},{"id":96146406,"identity":"adef5032-52a5-4956-8628-8645c85c35d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/e24d1c0b86492c57d6edcdf0.png"},{"id":96146411,"identity":"521c417e-6a56-4eec-b41b-6b8aaeeff2b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19133,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/1eea447fa94352337c6777b3.png"},{"id":96250368,"identity":"03688108-6356-4ad0-be84-337f1464260c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:38:13","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5748,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/ce109fc14948ac79f1ca28be.png"},{"id":96146417,"identity":"7e8c7b49-d347-4333-9665-eb4671f4c456","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5694,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/a670d6cf46171b254f7ea223.png"},{"id":96146415,"identity":"9854cfd6-3266-4195-860c-11beea14fd81","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39202,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/7b7252719ed9879164f205d3.png"},{"id":96146424,"identity":"2e5eff93-c82c-4519-a542-3260a7dc0f2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"xml","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":138270,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fea942bf1e1d4d92b22ac0575c98b0cc1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/b2997ac26048ff57b1b2928a.xml"},{"id":96146412,"identity":"28e0eb4d-fb33-4b02-9bac-6625ae4c6519","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:36:31","extension":"html","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":157015,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1/fa45bec93c97bb487fc107f0.html"},{"id":100357816,"identity":"596fa640-0045-457b-a6e5-c61ee18af923","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":892626,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FedPerAlignedcorrection.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7779444/v1_covered_8d494a6b-1d22-492c-b63b-dee779c9c734.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Smart IoT Anomaly Detection Using DO-TAO (Dandelion Optimization with T-distribution and Adaptive Opposition) and Personalized Federated Learning","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anomaly Detection, Federated Learning, Personalized Models, Hyperparameter Optimization, DO-TAO Algorithm, Variational Autoencoder (VAE), Internet of Things (IoT)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7779444/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7779444/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUsing the N-BaIoT dataset, this study suggests a DO-TAO-FedPer framework for high-performance anomaly detection in IoT contexts while maintaining privacy. Each IoT device first trains a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) locally, and then uses the Dandelion Optimization with T-distribution and Adaptive Opposition (DO-TAO) algorithm to optimize the VAE's architecture and training hyperparameters. Each device's customized local models are then trained using these ideal hyperparameters. FedPer (Federated Personalization) is then used, in which private decoders are adjusted locally and the shared encoder is aggregated worldwide. This method benefits from collaborative learning while guaranteeing device-specific anomaly detection. According to experimental results, the FedPer global model outperforms standalone local models in terms of generalization and performance, achieving high accuracy (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;99%) across all devices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Smart IoT Anomaly Detection Using DO-TAO (Dandelion Optimization with T-distribution and Adaptive Opposition) and Personalized Federated Learning","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-18 06:36:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7779444/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7c406173-f471-425b-af50-a99b198073cc","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-09T09:26:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-18 06:36:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7779444","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7779444","identity":"rs-7779444","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}