New methods for enhance the transdermal drug delivery effect of macromolecular drugs： A review

Transdermal drug delivery has made great progress in transdermal delivery of macromolecules in recent years, offering a non-invasive and convenient approach for drug administration. By bypassing first-pass metabolism and reducing the risk of drug toxicity, transdermal drug delivery holds great promise in the field of medicine. However, the permeability of the skin barrier limits the range of drugs that can be effectively delivered. To overcome this challenge, researchers have been exploring the integration of multiple technologies to enhance transdermal drug delivery. This review provides an overview of different transdermal drug delivery methods, including microneedles and microneedle combination technologies needle-free injectors, and other methods such as chemical enhancers, temporary pressure, and transferosomes. The advantages, limitations, and considerations for each method are discussed, taking into account factors such as drug delivery efficiency, patient compliance, skin damage, and post treatment skin recovery. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential of combining these technologies to improve drug permeation across the skin barrier. Integration of physical enhancement techniques such as microneedles and sonophoresis, chemical enhancers, and novel drug delivery systems like nanoparticles and hydrogels have shown promising results in enhancing drug delivery efficiency, increasing drug stability, and achieving controlled release. Additionally, the combination of technologies allows for the optimization of drug delivery parameters, enabling personalized and targeted therapy.