A Two-Clock Cosmological Framework with Heavy WIMP Annihilation: Implications for CMB Constraints and Late-Time Expansion Measurements

A Two-Clock Cosmological Framework with Heavy WIMP Annihilation: Implications for CMB Constraints and Late-Time Expansion Measurements | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Two-Clock Cosmological Framework with Heavy WIMP Annihilation: Implications for CMB Constraints and Late-Time Expansion Measurements Polychronis Iliakis This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8287903/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Recent gamma-ray imaging analyses of the Milky Way halo using long-duration Fermi-LAT observations have revived interest in heavy WIMP dark matter with masses near the 0.5 to 0.8 TeV scale. These masses and associated annihilation cross sections imply significant \textbf{delayed energy deposition effects} often neglected in the standard "on-the-spot" approximation, prompting a reevaluation of recombination-era physics. In parallel, inhomogeneous cosmological models have been proposed as geometric contributors to the Hubble tension, relying on differential clock rates between overdense wall regions and underdense voids. \textbf{In this work, I develop a unified phenomenological framework that couples redshift-dependent heavy WIMP energy injection with a dynamical two-clock spacetime structure.} I derive the evolution equations for the \textbf{volume fractions of voids and walls}, effectively closing the system, and calculate how these ingredients propagate into acoustic peak positions, the CMB damping tail, and the mismatch between CMB-inferred and locally measured Hubble parameters. The model provides a coherent mathematical structure suitable for numerical implementation in Boltzmann solvers and suggests a potential multi-channel explanation of early and late-time cosmological tensions. Astrophysics and Cosmology WIMP H0 Dark Matter Expansion Rate CMB Hubble Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8287903","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":555815568,"identity":"b0d5b04f-2537-4fb8-bcad-9bf28798e53d","order_by":0,"name":"Polychronis Iliakis","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Polychronis","middleName":"","lastName":"Iliakis","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-05 12:41:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8287903/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8287903/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97673997,"identity":"a23004ff-9f05-4f0e-9a31-71dc18b45b97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 09:42:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":239604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ATwoClockCosmologicalFrameworkwithHeavyWIMPAnnihilationImplicationsforCMBConstraintsandLateTimeExpansionMeasurements.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8287903/v1_covered_8bc50a92-d640-4805-8720-ff15862bf3bf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eA Two-Clock Cosmological Framework with Heavy WIMP Annihilation: Implications for CMB Constraints and Late-Time Expansion Measurements\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"WIMP, H0, Dark Matter, Expansion Rate, CMB, Hubble","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8287903/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8287903/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRecent gamma-ray imaging analyses of the Milky Way halo using long-duration Fermi-LAT observations have revived interest in heavy WIMP dark matter with masses near the 0.5 to 0.8 TeV scale. 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