Blood flow assessment of gastric tube with indocyanine green fluorescence angiography and postoperative endoscopy during esophagectomy: Indocyanine green enhancement time indicated congestion

Abstract Background During esophagectomy, evaluation of blood supply to the gastric tube is critically important to estimate and avoid anastomotic complications. This retrospective study investigated the relationship between indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography during esophagectomy and postoperative endoscopy findings, especially mucosal color change. Methods This study retrospectively collected data from 86 patients who underwent subtotal esophagectomy and reconstruction using a gastric tube for esophageal cancer at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University between 2017 and 2020. The flow speed of ICG fluorescence in the gastric tube was evaluated during the operation. Additionally, the main root of ICG enhancement and the pattern of ICG distribution in the gastric tube were evaluated. On postoperative day 1 (POD1), the change in the mucosal color to white, thought to reflect ischemia, or black, thought to reflect congestion of the proximal gastric tube, was evaluated. The correlations between these factors, clinical parameters, and surgical outcomes were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses used logistic regression to identify the risk factors affecting mucosal color change. Results The multivariate analyses revealed that the only independent significant predictor of mucosal congestion on POD1 was the ICG enhancement time of the right gastric tube tip (odds ratio, 14.49; 95% confidential interval, 2.41–87.24; P = 0.004). Conclusions The ICG enhancement time was related to venous malperfusion and congestion rather than arterial malperfusion and ischemia.