Adaptation and validation of a collaborative robotic equipment applied to Pediatric Neurosurgery

Adaptation and validation of a collaborative robotic equipment applied to Pediatric Neurosurgery | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Adaptation and validation of a collaborative robotic equipment applied to Pediatric Neurosurgery Allison Roberto Silva, Hélio Rubens Machado, Marcelo Volpon Santos, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7583403/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Child's Nervous System → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective Conception and validation of a collaborative robotic equipment for the neurosurgical treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Methods This is a methodological study in which an industrial equipment was adapted and validated for neurosurgical application. Realistic tests and simulations were performed on complex, patient-specific, three-dimensional models, both in the laboratory and in the surgical environment. Such validation followed the criteria established by the FDA manual for certification of medical devices. Results Precision tests analyzed the accuracy between the programmed and executed data, resulting in a mean error at the entry point of 2.21 mm and a target error of 4.41 mm. Discussion Comparative studies have pointed out the advantages of robotic over conventional surgeries, such as lower risk of bleeding, reduced surgical time, faster recovery, and excellent precision. Nevertheless, commercial challenges remain, mostly related to the high costs of software, hardware and maintenance of currently used robots. The device described herein could be an affordable option. Conclusion The KUKA IIWA SERIES® robot was adapted after successful simulations in the laboratory and Operation Room. The equipment was successfully tested, with trajectory errors within an acceptable margin, thus becoming a viable addition to enhance surgical precision. Future steps include approval by the respective government agency and further application in real operations. Epilepsy Epilepsy Surgery Neurosurgery Robotic Surgery Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Child's Nervous System → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Accepted 17 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7583403","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":530980938,"identity":"aca9b12d-d12b-4dbd-95b6-c32f9e74055d","order_by":0,"name":"Allison Roberto Silva","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIie3RsQrCMBCA4SsH7VLbNS72FSIFHVT6Ki0FXRw6OgoFN3EN+BKCUHATDvQVCjoIgnPFxdFoQXFJ6+aQH24JfHDhAHS6f8ySEyYALns/2RUEn4QDNMVPBCTheV3ipo1zceLk+Yf0ckuAgi40doWKMLI6LOTUzo47fymAos3UiYWKAJmm/MvQyPIxog0U8q3tK4VHJhaSBGtRkqCScDJBLtaPVqwkxqqKtOViTxKLfOij4KNokzqxkrT2M7zeJ2ywEPEZk0kv6FpzUpKv8HUgrA8+Z9XpdDrdVw8Bsz2GyrSsRAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Allison","middleName":"Roberto","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":530980939,"identity":"fff4bcbb-a60d-4a14-b5e0-8a22a49b345b","order_by":1,"name":"Hélio Rubens Machado","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hélio","middleName":"Rubens","lastName":"Machado","suffix":""},{"id":530980940,"identity":"b69ab7fe-bf34-44f4-80be-1c098e8449b5","order_by":2,"name":"Marcelo Volpon Santos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcelo","middleName":"Volpon","lastName":"Santos","suffix":""},{"id":530980941,"identity":"ac0d6a05-1bae-452b-a8c4-2df4ef52e1f8","order_by":3,"name":"Glauco Augusto Paula Caurin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Glauco","middleName":"Augusto Paula","lastName":"Caurin","suffix":""},{"id":530980942,"identity":"9af09902-0eee-41d8-bd35-c5b75016abf2","order_by":4,"name":"Calvin Suzuki Camargo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Calvin","middleName":"Suzuki","lastName":"Camargo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-10 13:38:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7583403/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7583403/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-025-07006-w","type":"published","date":"2025-11-29T15:56:57+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94228986,"identity":"0f24a83f-e5fc-4d23-a838-2df05c39a68f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3638486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AdaptationandvalidationofacollaborativeroboticequipmentappliedtoPediatricNeurosurgery..docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/b79d33616eaad42fe69dab5b.docx"},{"id":94228981,"identity":"3eda0e4b-15d4-4fd1-adfc-6748482cf568","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7299,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2fc205ef58b547af8dcb37ee616ee42e.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/12bf626040aff617676ee76a.json"},{"id":94229269,"identity":"f7ec323d-99ca-4bf3-a203-344547e986e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2fc205ef58b547af8dcb37ee616ee42e1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/4bef5cd1f3f7642dda4f7474.xml"},{"id":94229267,"identity":"8ca5244d-dcfd-4c86-a954-40bd58f7e2f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"eps","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/84108e99fb01452f2f2fc09e.eps"},{"id":94228984,"identity":"95b9121e-a832-44eb-9688-22dbb293b081","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"eps","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33688,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage2.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/72c9127ee1641b9fb83ad629.eps"},{"id":94228982,"identity":"f110d8b9-4988-4d7f-a1db-7ec085d0eb1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26932,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/0df22034d8045d4599296bc2.jpeg"},{"id":94229268,"identity":"bc6ee3fe-2257-4fe5-8f4f-1102066c3d2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":110781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/13a2e8372e54858721de2a43.jpeg"},{"id":94228988,"identity":"f4c5a180-976a-4b34-9976-3f24d3d2f6e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":811553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/fe180da8f1542100fd42ddb4.png"},{"id":94229270,"identity":"4dedc35f-173d-4dd1-b701-6620f634eca6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":92540,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/03b7d181865c36313bd5f41b.jpeg"},{"id":94229001,"identity":"3d50a30a-7069-4aa2-a8db-087f036dabb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":96978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/872c5f8efab43cd88eb2fa8a.jpeg"},{"id":94228993,"identity":"e4564930-67c1-49b7-94f3-64cacf64cb37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11791,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/3aff98fcfc10887e7d68cb14.png"},{"id":94228994,"identity":"1dc26e40-d0d6-4eca-8002-779a022a7d3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":317441,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/303bea81386bda09b17c839a.png"},{"id":94229271,"identity":"4a77585b-c967-4f24-a6f2-49ba629591f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":93544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/26b6ab62aff411063a64e936.jpeg"},{"id":94229008,"identity":"facd4ecb-70fe-4b5f-aa94-ea4ba3bfd149","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":669585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/fea09b1657cb1a1c534937a0.jpeg"},{"id":94229445,"identity":"2ea408a6-c3a2-4ae1-9c5e-03133f87cfb1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:21:36","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":526019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/c01fbb3b9c3a596ca0cc7347.png"},{"id":94229272,"identity":"01d6ddbc-dffd-4c50-bba7-66c3adf6e8bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45279,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/0fe2a766572cf2eece3ca8da.png"},{"id":94229013,"identity":"c3ab5976-8954-4c05-8c7f-90b8ef9c2098","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:37","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":512851,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/4886024cb9b074d23c419790.png"},{"id":94229275,"identity":"1f431fba-dd25-43f9-9942-9beb228aa6d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83991,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/6e87907df6e20109f4f484b6.jpeg"},{"id":94228990,"identity":"5bad98d0-3ac9-4728-b22a-5450fd04a20b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23271,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/172148eaf5e7465f8b5f306f.png"},{"id":94229002,"identity":"5afe4bfe-8aa1-4f66-89ea-6f5e5f30b55d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/9d3fecfc3d5422dd1d848b04.png"},{"id":94228995,"identity":"2d294f48-f706-44af-b584-b643588339a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/bbb479ebd334a7672c194fa4.png"},{"id":94228999,"identity":"a28264ff-2b45-4071-b6d8-6821eb3165d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/c9a7e0206d4969d53696eb86.png"},{"id":94229004,"identity":"bad2f842-bb3d-4134-86d3-87a79ff988b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":95658,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/cc225f44a97f8db15a8dce3e.png"},{"id":94229005,"identity":"35fd34f4-71b0-439e-9eed-3f8a4d8632b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/0580e92be81061d24131c1eb.png"},{"id":94228992,"identity":"afdd5ba3-0121-4628-a056-32f966dbd4a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48170,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/a45378422917ae1df3900e7f.png"},{"id":94229277,"identity":"67e235ca-6667-4581-8be1-b46ea1f9a63c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:37","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100672,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/51fff342d3655516754c3f59.png"},{"id":94229003,"identity":"f76dfb4e-379e-4d08-8ea7-835d0bcfe27a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":172417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/359c5ca9df136503164b87ff.png"},{"id":94229276,"identity":"784ea305-951d-408b-b43e-2103b8cbef92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104814,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/8c4569b05832d493265fc299.png"},{"id":94228998,"identity":"18f9cdd8-5e12-4e7d-b0f7-1cccfc63502d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21404,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/7c3676e7692cb3555d78398e.png"},{"id":94229274,"identity":"2e009d21-0988-44f5-b094-ca2dbbbf3857","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:13:36","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60038,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/c6a36f33a40e09ba725fc87e.png"},{"id":94229010,"identity":"d4af35f1-2714-46e8-82ee-d928c9ee7330","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:37","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/347f44a74808ec034e91a24e.png"},{"id":94229009,"identity":"d65d7290-b4ae-469f-90f0-feb3da6ce8da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"xml","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":101885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2fc205ef58b547af8dcb37ee616ee42e1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/ca3a5200fde5d12fe1fd6a4a.xml"},{"id":94229007,"identity":"95d63029-2609-4fad-9367-a28d9ec4ad5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-23 21:05:36","extension":"html","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":118975,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1/97920c5b57f48166263e8176.html"},{"id":97178223,"identity":"2570010c-ec70-424a-800a-83a745f0c4ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 16:01:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":907033,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AdaptationandvalidationofacollaborativeroboticequipmentappliedtoPediatricNeurosurgery..pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7583403/v1_covered_1a1ea989-3919-40f9-9ea4-6fdfbc01c2b6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Adaptation and validation of a collaborative robotic equipment applied to Pediatric Neurosurgery","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"childs-nervous-system","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cnsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Child's Nervous System](http://link.springer.com/journal/381)","snPcode":"381","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/381/3","title":"Child's Nervous System","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Epilepsy, Epilepsy Surgery, Neurosurgery, Robotic Surgery","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7583403/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7583403/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConception and validation of a collaborative robotic equipment for the neurosurgical treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is a methodological study in which an industrial equipment was adapted and validated for neurosurgical application. Realistic tests and simulations were performed on complex, patient-specific, three-dimensional models, both in the laboratory and in the surgical environment. Such validation followed the criteria established by the FDA manual for certification of medical devices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrecision tests analyzed the accuracy between the programmed and executed data, resulting in a mean error at the entry point of 2.21 mm and a target error of 4.41 mm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDiscussion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative studies have pointed out the advantages of robotic over conventional surgeries, such as lower risk of bleeding, reduced surgical time, faster recovery, and excellent precision. Nevertheless, commercial challenges remain, mostly related to the high costs of software, hardware and maintenance of currently used robots. The device described herein could be an affordable option.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe KUKA IIWA SERIES\u0026reg; robot was adapted after successful simulations in the laboratory and Operation Room. The equipment was successfully tested, with trajectory errors within an acceptable margin, thus becoming a viable addition to enhance surgical precision. Future steps include approval by the respective government agency and further application in real operations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Adaptation and validation of a collaborative robotic equipment applied to Pediatric Neurosurgery","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-23 21:05:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7583403/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accepted","date":"2025-10-17T05:12:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-14T08:08:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"202063088129346916066101068710847586799","date":"2025-10-11T16:42:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T13:55:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T13:11:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T13:10:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Child's Nervous System","date":"2025-09-10T13:22:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"childs-nervous-system","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cnsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Child's Nervous System](http://link.springer.com/journal/381)","snPcode":"381","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/381/3","title":"Child's Nervous System","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ff22bd22-dce5-4557-a19e-393d7712b49f","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T15:59:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7583403","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-025-07006-w","journal":{"identity":"childs-nervous-system","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Child's Nervous System"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-29 15:56:57","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-23 21:05:31","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00381-025-07006-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-025-07006-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7583403","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7583403","identity":"rs-7583403","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}