Investigation of Magnetic, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles by Annealing Temperature Effect

Investigation of Magnetic, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles by Annealing Temperature Effect | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Investigation of Magnetic, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles by Annealing Temperature Effect Meena Sankari S, Sagayaraj R, Sebastian S, Amalorpavadoss A, Porkalai V, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7770401/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles produced by co-precipitation and subsequently annealed at temperatures between 600 and 1000°C are examined in this work. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the desired polycrystalline spinel structure and prominent peaks strongly affected by higher annealing temperature. As the annealing temperature increased, the crystallite size grew from 32 nm to 46 nm, which improved the crystallinity of the material. FTIR spectroscopy also confirmed the mixed spinel structure because of two prominent vibrational modes at 451–466 cm -1 involving Mg-O, Zn-O, and Fe-O. Dynamic light scattering indicates that the size of the nanoparticles increases as the annealing temperature rises to 1000°C. Impedance spectroscopy provides deeper insights into the electrical behavior of materials by revealing the relaxation time of the electrical process. Cyclic voltammetry analysis indicates that the capacitance reaches its maximum at 1000°C (7.68 F/g). The highest residual mass is 98.20% at 990.78°C observed for the synthesized materials at 1000°C, indicating the highest thermal stability among the samples. According to the VSM evaluation, the coercivity (Hc) drastically dropped at 900°C, while the concentration magnetization (Ms) peaked. This decline was ascribed to the material's magnetic softness, which is caused by grain growth. Accordingly, these analyses show that annealing is a practical method for accurately modifying the electrochemical, magnetic, and structural properties of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles for application in magnetic hyperthermia, filters, and sensor technologies. Spinel ferrite nanoparticles coprecipitation magnetic properties energy storage Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 1.Introduction Nanomaterials, characterized by their particle size below 100 nm and high surface-to-volume ratio, exhibit unique properties that often differ from their bulk counterparts [ 1 ]. This enhanced reactivity, coupled with their thermal, mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, has fuelled significant interest in nanomaterials, particularly in the realm of miniaturized technological devices. Understanding the magnetic behavior of materials at the nanoscale is crucial for optimizing the performance of permanent magnetic materials. Among nanomaterials, magnetic spinel ferrites have garnered considerable attention due to their potential applications in various electric and optoelectronic devices. Their magnetic properties, high electrical resistance, and minimal eddy current losses make them attractive candidates for these applications [ 2 , 3 ]. Ferrites are a class of ferrimagnetic ceramics that exhibit a wide range of physical properties, low production costs, and excellent chemical stability. Their structural diversity, classified into garnet, hexagonal, and spinel structures, is influenced by their initial crystal lattice [ 4 ]. Spinel ferrites, in particular, possess a unique crystal structure with 64 tetrahedral and 32 octahedral sites, of which only 8 and 24 sites are occupied by cations, respectively [ 4 ]. The cation distribution in spinel ferrite is influenced by annealing temperature and synthesis technique because higher temperatures allow cations to move more freely, leading to a stable distribution and improved crystal structure, while different synthesis methods control particle size, shape, and chemical environment, affecting how cations are distributed. These factors collectively determine the material's properties and performance [ 5 ]. Additionally, as particle size increases, both magnetization and coercivity tend to increase because larger particles have more magnetic domains that align more easily with an external magnetic field, leading to higher magnetization, and they often have fewer defects and a more stable magnetic structure, requiring a stronger external magnetic field to demagnetize, resulting in higher coercivity [ 5 ]. This cation distribution between the two interstitial sites significantly impacts their magnetic properties. For instance, ZnFe 2 O 4 exhibits a normal spinel structure with Fe 3+ ions occupying octahedral sites and Zn 2+ ions occupying tetrahedral sites [ 6 ]. Conversely, MgFe 2 O 4 has an inverse spinel structure with Mg 2+ ions and half of the Fe 3+ ions occupying octahedral sites, while the remaining half of the Fe 3+ ions reside in tetrahedral sites [ 6 ]. Both ZnFe 2 O 4 and Mg Fe 2 O 4 show antiferromagnetic characteristics due to their low Néel temperature and weak super exchange interaction at room temperature [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. However, ZnFe 2 O 4 , a prominent ceramic material, has attracted interest in numerous applications owing to its distinctive properties, including high magnetic permeability, high Curie temperature, high electrical resistivity, and low power loss [ 10 , 11 ]. Additionally, ZnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles demonstrate high sensitivity for humidity sensing, attributed to their small grain size, large surface area for water vapor adsorption, and low barrier height [ 1 ]. ZnFe 2 O 4 's magnetic properties are influenced by charge transfers between Fe 3+ ions at octahedral sites, M 2+ (M = Co, Ni, and Zn) ions at both tetrahedral and octahedral sites, and the surrounding O 2− ions [ 1 ]. The blue emission peak at 460 nm is associated with Fe 3+ transitions at the ferrite sites, while the primary peak at 418 nm is attributed to trapped free electrons at oxygen vacancies [ 7 ]. Moreover, ZnFe 2 O 4 can be utilized as a magnetically recyclable material for removing chemical impurities and biological contaminants from water and industrial wastewater [ 12 ]. ZnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles offer several advantages, including high covering power, low cost, thermal stability, insolubility, and resistance to aggressive media. They can also enhance the mechanical strength and reduce solubility of binders by reacting with the corrosive environment to produce cationic soaps [ 13 ]. The annealing temperature and particle size can influence the color of ZnFe 2 O 4 pigments during the annealing process, as annealing can reduce the total reflecting surface of the powder [ 13 ]. The spinel structure itself plays a pivotal role in the functionalities of ZnFe 2 O 4 . It allows for controlled cation occupancy of specific sites within the crystal lattice, contributing to the desired magnetic behavior and overall performance of Mg-Zn ferrites. Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 is a spinel ferrite with the formula AB 2 O 4 , where A and B represent metal cations and O are oxygen anions. In this structure, a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice of oxide ions (O²⁻) hosts cations occupying specific interstitial sites [ 14 ]. The magnetic interactions between the spins of metallic cations in the octahedral and tetrahedral interstitial sites are mediated by oxygen ions in spinel ferrites. These interactions, governed by the super exchange process, are influenced by the distance between the metallic ions and oxygen atoms. The A-O-B super exchange interaction is more significant compared to A-O-A and B–O–B interactions [ 15 ]. In Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 , the smaller Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions occupy the tetrahedral A sites, while the larger Fe³⁺ ions reside in the octahedral B sites. This cation distribution can vary depending on processing conditions and affects the magnetic properties. The magnetic characteristics of ZnFe 2 O 4 can be modified by substituting Zn 2+ ions with other cations, such as Co 2+ or Mg 2+ . For instance, studies have shown that doping ZnFe 2 O 4 with Co 2+ can increase its saturation magnetization and magnetic anisotropy [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Endothermic peaks in the DTA curve indicate that the material is absorbing heat during the process. This typically corresponds to physical changes like phase transitions (e.g., melting, evaporation) or chemical reactions that require energy input. These peaks elucidate that the ferrite formation get completed at a temperature around 550°C [ 19 ]. A large exothermic peak was observed at 680.4°C due to the crystallization of iron oxide [ 20 ]. Residual Mass Values represents the percentage of the initial sample mass that remains after heating to the specified temperature. A higher residual mass generally suggests less weight loss due to decomposition or volatilization [ 21 ]. Total Weight Loss represents the overall percentage of mass lost by the sample during the entire heating process [ 22 ]. In essence, the research aims to understand how annealing temperature affects the properties of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles and to explore the potential of this approach for tuning their properties for specific applications. 2. Experimental details 2.1 Materials Ammonia (NH₃) solution, ferric chloride (FeCl₃), magnesium nitrate (Mg (NO 3 )₂), zinc nitrate (Zn (NO 3 )₂), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) a capping agent were all acquired from the Merck company. 2.2 Preparation of precursor solution Calculate the required amounts of magnesium nitrate, zinc nitrate, and ferric chloride to obtain the desired stoichiometry (Mg: Zn: Fe = 0.5:0.5:2). Dissolve the calculated amounts of each precursor salt in DI water under constant stirring to form a clear solution (Solution A). Prepare a separate PVP solution by dissolving a desired amount of PVP in DI water (Solution B). Combine Solution A and Solution B under vigorous stirring on a magnetic stirrer. Slowly add dilute ammonia solution (NH₃) to the mixture while maintaining constant stirring. Monitor the pH using a pH meter and adjust it to a desired value (typically around 10–12). This basic environment promotes the precipitation of the desired ferrite phase. Continue stirring for 4 hours at room temperature to ensure complete reaction and particle growth. Centrifuge the suspension to separate the precipitated nanoparticles from the solution. Discard the supernatant and wash the precipitate with DI water several times to remove any residual salts. Repeat the centrifugation and washing steps until the washings show a neutral pH. Transfer the purified nanoparticles to a clean beaker and dry them in a hot air oven at a low temperature (around 80°C) for several hours. Grind the dried powder using a mortar and pestle to achieve better homogeneity. Divide the powder into portions for annealing at different temperatures (600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C). Place each portion in a separate crucible suitable for high-temperature treatment. Use a muffle furnace to anneal the powders at the desired temperatures for a specific duration 4 hours in air. The annealing process improves crystallinity and influences the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. Allow the furnace to cool down naturally after the annealing cycle. One can optimize the amount of PVP and the annealing temperature to control the particle size and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. 3.Result and discussion 3.1 XRD analysis Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 exhibits a polycrystalline spinel structure, wherein oxygen ions form a close-packed lattice, and the metal cations (Mg, Zn, and Fe) occupy interstitial sites. The distribution of Mg and Zn cations between the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites significantly influences the material's magnetic properties. The material exhibits a polycrystalline structure. Due to the lack of a definitive Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card for Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 , the observed diffraction peaks were assigned to four distinct oxide phases such as Fe 2 O 3 (JCPDS 89-6466), Fe 3 O 4 (JCPDS 89–0599), ZnO (JCPDS 36-1451), and MgO (JCPDS 87–0653). Figure 1 shows the X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles annealed at temperatures ranging from 600°C to 1000°C. The observed peaks (220), (311), (222), (100), (400), (331), (102), (333) and (220) are characteristic of the spinel structure of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 . Each peak corresponds to a specific set of crystallographic planes in the crystal lattice. All samples exhibited these characteristic peaks, confirming the polycrystalline phase spinel structure. Slight shifts in peak positions may be attributed to changes in lattice parameters. The relative intensities of the peaks may vary with annealing temperature due to changes in preferred orientation or crystallite size distribution. The following formulas are used to accurately measure crystallite size (D), lattice constant (a) and strain (ɛ). D = 0.9 λ/ β cosθ nm ……………… (1) a = [d 2 (h 2 + K 2 + l 2 )] ½ Å ………………... (2) ɛ = (β Cos θ)/4 no unit ……………. (3) Where ‘M’ is the molecular weight of composition, ‘N’ is the Avogadro’s number, ‘a’ is lattices parameter, β is full width at half maximum measured in radians and θ in degrees, K is the shape factor (with a value of 0.9), and λ is the X-ray wavelength. Figure 2 . enlarged view of the (311) diffraction peak exhibiting a shift to higher 2θ values. A decrease in peak broadening with increasing annealing temperature indicates an increase in crystallite size from 32 nm to 46 nm [ 23 ]. This growth is due to enhanced atomic mobility at higher temperatures. Larger crystallites generally exhibit narrower diffraction peaks. Additionally, higher annealing temperatures can lead to stress relaxation and a reduction in lattice strain from 0.0037 to 0.0026, resulting in decreased peak broadening. Table 1 shows the changes in lattice parameter for all samples. The average crystallite size of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 tends to increase with increasing calcining temperature due to enhanced atomic mobility and grain growth [ 1 ]. Strain decreases with annealing temperature due to stress relaxation and grain growth. Annealing at 1000°C results in larger crystallite sizes, reduced strain, and a slight increase in lattice constant. Consequently, the diffraction peaks become narrower and more intense. Peak broadening can indicate the presence of strain or small crystallite sizes, which can influence magnetic properties. Shifts in peak positions may suggest changes in lattice parameters due to stress or cation redistribution. The (311) peak in the XRD pattern of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 is particularly significant because it is sensitive to changes in the cation distribution between the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites of the spinel structure. This cation distribution directly influences the magnetic properties of the material. The relative intensity of the (311) peak compared to other peaks can provide clues about the cation distribution. A higher intensity of the (311) peak generally indicates a higher concentration of Fe ions in the tetrahedral sites. The small shift in the (311) peak position (2θ = 35.529–35.535 = 0.06), while not directly indicative of a change in lattice parameters (8.291), can provide valuable information about the subtle changes in cation distribution, local atomic environment, and stress/strain within the Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 spinel structure. These changes can have significant implications for the material's magnetic properties [ 23 , 24 ]. A higher concentration of Fe ions in the tetrahedral sites often leads to a higher magnetic moment, which can be correlated with the intensity of the (311) peak. Smaller crystallite sizes can influence the magnetic properties due to surface effects and finite-size effects. Strain can introduce magnetic anisotropy and affect the magnetic behavior of the material. Table 1 XRD Data: Structural Parameters of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrites Annealing Temperature (°C) Crystallite Size (nm) Lattice Constant Ǻ Strain 600 32 8.291 0.0037 700 33 8.291 0.0035 800 37 8.291 0.0031 900 39 8.291 0.0030 1000 46 8.291 0.0026 Table 2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Data for Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Nanoparticles Annealing Temperature (°C) Average Diameter (nm) Diameter (d) (nm) Std. Dev. (nm) Polydispersity Index (P.I.) Diffusion Constant (cm²/sec) Scattering Intensity (cps) 600°C 3086.8 1352.9 3469.7 0.534 3.64E-09 13836 700°C 3834.6 1835.2 4766.8 0.745 2.68E-09 27449 800°C 5073.3 2336.5 6436.7 0.883 2.11E-09 23495 900°C 5679.2 2442.3 7191.7 0.863 2.01E-09 35708 1000°C 7409.8 3271.9 9593.2 1.04 1.04E-09 29146 3.2 FTIR analysis Figure 3 . Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrite Nanoparticles: Effect of Annealing Temperature (600–1000°C) FTIR spectroscopy is a technique used to analyse the chemical composition of a material by measuring its absorption of infrared light. Different functional groups within the material vibrate at specific frequencies when exposed to infrared radiation, resulting in peaks on the resulting spectrum. The observed peak positions and intensities provided valuable insights. The peak at 451–466 cm − 1 indicates bending vibrations in the metal-oxygen (M-O) bonds, likely involving Mg-O, Zn-O, and Fe-O bonds within the spinel ferrite structure [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. The broader region at 1054–1120 cm − 1 represents stretching vibrations in M-O bonds. This range can be further assigned to two contributions: peaks around 1000 cm − 1 attributed to tetrahedral M-O bonds (Mg or Zn) and peaks around 1100 cm − 1 attributed to octahedral Fe-O bonds [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Notably, the variations within this broader region (1054 cm − 1 , 1065 cm − 1 , 1112 cm − 1 , 1116 cm − 1 , 1120 cm − 1 ) could be due to different metal cations occupying octahedral and tetrahedral sites, influenced by the annealing temperature affecting the crystal structure and bond strengths. The peak at 1647–1651 cm − 1 is assigned to O-H bending vibrations, possibly from adsorbed water molecules on the surface [ 25 , 32 ]. Additionally, the peaks at 2920–2933 cm − 1 correspond to C-H stretching vibrations, likely from organic residues or surface contaminants left behind from the synthesis process [ 25 , 28 , 32 ]. Finally, the broad peak at 3420–3441 cm − 1 indicates O-H stretching vibrations, most likely due to hydroxyl groups (OH-) on the surface of the nanoparticles or adsorbed water molecules [ 25 , 29 , 32 ]. By analysing these vibrational modes, we can gain a deeper understanding of the bonding environment and surface properties of the Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles as influenced by the annealing temperature. 3.3 Dynamic Light Scattering Figure 4 . Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrite Nanoparticles: Cumulative Intensity (%) vs. Differential Intensity (%) for Samples Annealed at 600–1000°C. The “Average Diameter” from the Distribution Results provides an initial idea of particle size. However, this value can be heavily influenced by larger particles in a broad distribution [ 33 ]. As expected, the average diameter increased from 3086.8 nm for the sample annealed at 600°C to 7409.8 nm for the sample annealed at 1000°C, indicating that the nanoparticles grow in size with higher annealing temperatures, as observed in the table.2 [ 34 , 35 ]. A better indicator of particle size is the “Diameter (d)” from the Cumulants Results. This value represents the hydrodynamic diameter, which considers both the size of the particle and the layer of solvent molecules surrounding it (solvation layer). The Polydispersity Index (PDI) indicates the width of the size distribution [ 36 , 37 ]. Both the average diameter (from both Distribution and Cumulants) and PDI increased with annealing temperature, indicating particle growth and a broader size distribution. PDI is a measure of the size distribution of the nanoparticles. A higher PDI indicates a broader distribution of particle sizes (polydisperse), while a lower PDI indicates a more uniform size distribution (monodisperse). The PDI values in the table range from 0.534 to 1.040, indicating a moderately broad distribution of particle sizes in all samples [ 33 , 38 ]. The “Diffusion Constant (D)” is inversely proportional to the particle size. The decrease in D with increasing annealing temperature supports the observed growth in particle size [ 39 , 40 ]. The “Scattering Intensity” can be related to the particle concentration. However, without comparing it to a reference or standard, it's difficult to draw conclusions solely based on this value. The “Attenuator” setting is used to adjust the intensity of the laser light depending on the sample concentration. This DLS data suggests that the annealing temperature has a significant impact on the size and size distribution of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Higher annealing temperatures lead to larger particles with a broader size distribution [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. 3.4 Impedance spectroscopy The Nyquist Plots of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles annealed at temperatures between 600°C and 1000°C are displayed using complex impedance spectroscopy in Fig. 5 . This study investigates the electrical properties of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles using impedance spectroscopy. Enlarged view of the Nyquist plots figure.6, which depict the material's impedance (Z) as Imaginary (Z'') vs Real part (Z'). Each annealing temperature results in a semi-circular arc on the plot. The center point (X, Y) of the fitted circle on this plot signifies electrical properties. The X-coordinate corresponds to resistance, while the Y-coordinate reflects impedance (Z''). This component(Y) is associated with reactive properties (capacitive or inductive) [ 45 , 46 ]. High-Resolution Nyquist Plot of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrite Nanoparticles as shown in Fig. 6 . The diameter of the circle indicates the relaxation time for electrical processes. A larger diameter suggests a longer relaxation time. Additionally, the number of data points and their deviation from the fitted circle are recorded (lower deviation signifies a better fit). The depression angle, measured in degrees from the Nyquist plot, reflects the deviation from a perfect semicircle. An angle closer to -90° indicates a more ideal Debye relaxation process. A depression angle of -39° to -44° in Nyquist plot indicates a deviation from ideal Debye relaxation behavior, as observed in table.3 [ 45 , 47 ]. While a perfect semicircle with a depression angle of -90° signifies a single relaxation process, a smaller angle suggests a distribution of relaxation times. However, materials often exhibit a range of relaxation times due to various factors, resulting in a smaller depression angle and indicating multiple, overlapping processes (poly crystalline structure) [ 48 ]. By analysing these parameters, scientists can glean valuable information about the electrical properties [ 49 , 50 ]. Table 3 likely details how electrical properties like resistance (potentially influenced by grain growth or defect modification), capacitance (linked to grain boundaries and interfacial properties), and relaxation time (diameter of the circle) vary with annealing temperature [ 51 ]. Furthermore, fitting an equivalent circuit model to the plots allows researchers to quantify the contributions of grain resistance, grain boundary resistance, and capacitance to the overall impedance, providing deeper insights into the electrical behavior of the Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles [ 50 , 52 ]. Table 3 Impedance Spectroscopy Data for Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Nanoparticles Annealing Temp (°C) Center Point (X/Zre Ω) Center Point (Y/Zim Ω) Diameter (Ω) Sample Deviation (Ω) Depression Angle (°) 600°C 6715.3 3567.7 11124 42.275 -39.899 700°C 7650.8 4014.3 12581 76.041 -39.653 800°C 6081.5 3703.5 10531 67.601 -44.694 900°C 5278.5 3215.6 9174.2 19.496 -44.508 1000°C 5692.5 2919 8994.5 21.309 -40.472 Table 4 Specific Capacitance and Cyclic Voltammetry Data for Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrites Sample& Annealing Temp (°C) Area (µC) Scan Rate (mV/s) Peak Potential (Ep, mV) Peak Current (Ip, µA) Peak Separation (ΔEp, mV) Mass (mg) Specific Capacitance (F/g) 600°C 2.29 10 -12.574 -1.031 118.381 3 2.51 700°C 4.754 10 -26.069 -1.022 197.993 3 5.23 800°C 5.184 10 -637.642 -1.54 173.289 3 5.71 900°C 1.396 10 -171.141 -0.337 200.893 3 1.55 1000°C 6.914 10 -426.628 2.385 189.852 3 7.68 Table 5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Data for Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Nanoparticles Annealing temperature Endothermic peaks Residual mass values at various temperatures Total weight loss 600°C 96°C, 264°C, 600°C 79.20% at 969.53°C. 20.47% 700°C 256°C, 530°C. 88.84% at 993.14°C. 11.16% 800°C 259°C, 531°C, 812°C. 95.06% at 993.14°C. 4.94% 900°C 240°C, 524°C, 753°C. 97.03% at 993.14°C. 2.97% 1000°C 252°C, 626°C. 98.20% at 990.78°C. 1.80% 3.5 Specific Capacitance and Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis Cyclic voltammetry analysis of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles with an annealing temperature range of 600°C to 1000°C is displayed in Fig. 7. Specific capacitance, a crucial parameter for supercapacitors, can be calculated from Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) data using the following Eq. 6[ 53 ], C = ∫ IdV / (2mvΔV) …………… (4) “C” represents the specific capacitance in Farads per gram (F/g). “∫ IdV” represents the integral of current (I) with respect to voltage (V), which is the area enclosed by the curve in the CV plot. This essentially represents the total charge stored or released during the charging and discharging cycle. The integration is performed over the entire potential window (ΔV) of the CV scan. The factor “2” accounts for both the charging and discharging processes captured in a single CV cycle. “m” represents the mass of the active electrode material in grams (g). This is crucial as we are calculating capacitance per unit mass of the material. “v” represents the scan rate of cyclic voltammetry in Volts per second (V/s). The scan rate determines how quickly the voltage is swept across the electrode in the CV experiment. Finally, “ΔV” represents the potential window in Volts (V), which is the voltage range scanned in the CV experiment. The area under the CV curve reflects the total charge stored/released during a cycle. We observe a trend of increasing specific capacitance (calculated from area) with increasing temperature (except for 900°C). This suggests that samples synthesized at higher temperatures (700°C, 800°C, and 1000°C) might have better charge storage capabilities. Sample 5 (1000°C) exhibits the highest capacitance (7.68 F/g), as observed in table.4. The peak potential (Ep) values generally shift towards more negative values with increasing temperature (except for 900°C). This might indicate changes in the oxidation mechanism or the oxidation state of the metal ions. Sample 4 (900°C) shows distinct behavior with a much lower peak potential, suggesting a different electrochemical process. The peak current (absolute value of Ip) also shows an increasing trend with temperature (except for 900°C), potentially indicating higher charge storage capacity, which aligns with the area and capacitance observations. The peak separation (ΔEp) values vary across the samples. Ideally, a smaller ΔEp indicates a more reversible electrochemical process. The maximum specific capacitance (Cs) of 7.68 F/g was achieved at a scan rate of 10 mV/s, while the lowest specific capacitance of 1.55 F/g occurred at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. This can be explained by the fact that at faster scan rates, the active Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanomaterial is not fully utilized or does not respond efficiently due to slower diffusion rates of electrolyte ions. The performance of pseudocapacitive electrode materials is largely influenced by the electrode’s surface area. A higher surface area allows for a larger amount of active materials, promotes more surface redox reactions, and enables electrolyte ions to access deeper structures within the material, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance [ 53 ]. 3.6 TGA and DTA analysis Figure 8 . Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Curves of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrite Nanoparticles Annealed at Temperatures Ranging from 600°C to 1000°C. These analyses provide valuable insights into the thermal behavior of materials, specifically the changes in mass and heat flow during heating [ 54 ]. For Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 , Analyses offer crucial information on thermal stability, decomposition, and the influence of annealing on the physical properties of the material. DTA measures the temperature difference between the sample and a reference as a function of temperature [ 19 ]. It identifies endothermic and exothermic reactions within the material, such as phase transitions, oxidation, and dehydration. Table.5 elucidated the presence of multiple endothermic peaks suggests that the material undergoes several thermal events. The peak temperatures vary slightly depending on the synthesis temperature, indicating that the thermal behavior of the material is influenced by its preparation conditions [ 19 , 20 ]. The peak at 96°C is likely due to the loss of adsorbed water or organic residues present on the surface of the nanoparticles or released during the early stages of thermal decomposition. At this temperature, the material may undergo dehydration, which is common for nanoparticles that have surface hydroxyl groups or other volatile components. The peak at 264°C could be attributed to the thermal decomposition of organic residues or the breakdown of other phases present in the precursor material. As the temperature rises, organic compounds or complexes may decompose, leading to mass loss and an endothermic peak. This suggests ongoing thermal transformation before the material stabilizes. The peak at 600°C is likely related to the thermal transformation of the ferrite nanoparticles or the completion of their crystallization process. It indicates a phase transition at this temperature, leading to the stabilization of the Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 crystal structure after annealing. These peaks suggest that the nanoparticle material undergoes significant structural changes or achieves thermal equilibrium following annealing. The fact that these peaks are endothermic indicates that the material absorbs heat during these transformations, which is consistent with phase transitions or decomposition reactions. TGA measures the mass change of a sample as a function of temperature, helping to understand its stability, composition, and thermal decomposition. The initial mass of 100% at 32.15°C indicates the sample is stable up to this point, with no significant mass loss at lower temperatures. This suggests there are no major volatile components or solvents evaporating at this stage, marking the beginning of analysis under ambient conditions. The residual mass values at various temperatures, as observed in table.5. The residual mass generally increases as the synthesis temperature increases. This suggests that higher synthesis temperatures lead to more thermally stable materials with less tendency to decompose or lose volatile components [ 21 ]. The highest residual mass is observed for the sample synthesized at 1000°C, indicating the highest thermal stability among the samples [ 20 ]. These values suggest that after thermal decomposition, the residual mass represents the stable ferrite phase of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 at various annealing temperatures. The remaining masses at 969.53°C, 993.14°C, and 990.78°C for different samples indicate that most of the organic residues or unstable components have been removed during the heat treatment process. The total weight loss and residual mass, as observed in the table.5. The total weight loss decreases with increasing synthesis temperature. This is consistent with the observation of increasing residual mass and suggests that higher synthesis temperatures result in more thermally stable materials with reduced weight loss during heating [ 19 , 22 , 20 ]. The weight loss reflects the amount of material lost during the heating process, which can be attributed to the loss of volatile components such as water, organic material, or residual solvents before annealing. A significant weight loss is typical for nanoparticles undergoing heat treatment, as these processes often lead to the removal of loosely bound species or the transformation of less stable phases into more stable crystalline structures. The weight loss values provide insight into the material's thermal stability, indicating how much of the sample undergoes transformation or volatilization during heating. This information is critical for understanding the behavior of nanoparticles under high-temperature conditions and their ability to withstand thermal stress [ 21 , 20 ]. 3.7 VSM analysis Figure 9 . Hysteresis Loop Area as a Function of Annealing Temperature in Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrites. From the figure, it is observed that the annealing temperature strongly affects the M-H loop area. As a result, magnetic parameters vary with increasing temperature. The magnetic properties of the synthesized sample can be explained by cation distribution. Mg 2+ and Zn 2+ ions prefer the tetrahedral site, while Fe 3+ ions occupy the octahedral site. All magnetic parameters are listed in Table 6 . Figure 10 . Relationship between Coercivity (Hc) and Saturation Magnetization (Ms) in Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrites. The saturation magnetization (Ms) increases from 0.0123 emu/g to 0.1747 emu/g with increasing annealing temperature up to 900°C, after which it decreases. This is because divalent cations tend to occupy the octahedral site with increasing annealing temperature. Hence, Fe 3+ cations occupy half of the tetrahedral sites and half of the octahedral sites, indicating an inverse spinel structure. On the other hand, the M-H curve consists of two parts: a linear part and a curved part. The linear part is attributed to cations coupled antiferromagnetically, while the curved part is attributed to cations coupled ferrimagnetically. This explains the decrease in magnetization at 1000°C. Retentivity (Mr = 0.003584 to 0.0122 emu/g) and coercivity (Hc = 347.82 to 45.88 Oe) decrease with increasing annealing temperature. Thus, the material's behavior transitions from ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic. Larger grains tend to have more domain walls, and magnetization/demagnetization caused by domain wall movement requires less energy than domain rotation. As the number of walls increases with grain size, the contribution of wall movement to magnetization/demagnetization becomes more significant. Therefore, a sample sintered at 1200°C with larger grains is expected to have lower coercivity (Hc) compared to a sample sintered at 900°C [ 52 ]. Saturation magnetization (Ms) typically increases (0.0123 emu/g to 0.1908 emu/g) with annealing temperature due to enhanced crystallite growth and reduced defect density. At lower temperatures (600–700°C), magnetization may be relatively low due to incomplete crystallite formation (32 nm, 33 nm) and the presence of defects. As the temperature increases (800–900°C), magnetization should rise significantly due to improved crystallinity (37 nm, 39 nm) and reduced defects. At the highest temperature (1000°C), crystal growth is promoted (46 nm) and the concentration of defects is reduced, leading to more ordered magnetic domains. However, excessive annealing can cause grain coarsening and introduce impurities, hindering magnetization. A higher Ms value (0.1747 emu/g) indicates a stronger magnetic material, which is generally desirable for applications like permanent magnets and magnetic recording media. Where, “M” is the molecular weight of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 . Additionally, Eq. 7 is used to calculate the magnetic anisotropy (K) [ 56 ]: Table 6 Magnetic Properties of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrites Annealing temperature Ms (emu/g) Mr (emu/g) ×10 − 3 Hc (Oe) µ B g/mol K erg/g R No unit 600°C 0.0123 3.584 347.82 0.00048 4.456 0.291 700°C 0.0161 4.047 603.54 0.00064 10.121 0.251 800°C 0.1043 15.003 87.13 0.00411 9.466 0.143 900°C 0.1908 17.733 59.08 0.00753 11.742 0.092 1000°C 0.1747 12.239 45.88 0.00689 8.349 0.070 Saturation magnetization (Ms), Rammance magnetization (Mr), Coercivity (Hc), and Rammance ratio (R) K=(Hc×Ms) /0.96 erg/g. ……... (5) The anisotropy constant (K) for Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles decreases with increasing annealing temperatures, highlighting a reduction in magnetocrystalline anisotropy [ 55 ]. Specifically, K values were observed as 4.456 (at 600°C), 10.121 (at 700°C), 9.466 (at 800°C), 11.742 (at 900°C), and 8.349 (at 1000°C). This decrease suggests that higher annealing temperatures reduce the energy barrier for changes in magnetization direction, making the material easier to magnetize and demagnetize, thus behaving as a softer magnetic material. Consequently, lower K values are indicative of reduced resistance to changes in magnetization direction due to the diminished magnetocrystalline anisotropy at elevated temperatures [ 54 ]. Coercivity is expected to decrease (347.82–45.88 Oe) with increasing annealing temperature (600°C-1000°C). Higher temperatures reduce magnetocrystalline anisotropy, making it easier to reverse the magnetization direction. Smaller crystallite sizes (32 nm) at lower annealing temperatures (600°C) can also contribute to higher coercivity (347.82 Oe) due to increased surface effects. Coercivity (Hc), the resistance of a material to demagnetization, typically decreases (45.88 Oe/1000°C) with increasing annealing temperature. This is because higher temperatures can lead to a reduction in magnetocrystalline anisotropy, making the material easier to demagnetize. A lower Hc value is often preferred for soft magnetic materials used in applications like transformers and inductors, where easy magnetization and demagnetization are crucial. Remanence magnetization (Mr) is the magnetization that remains in a material. After the external magnetic field is removed. It generally increases (3.584×10 − 3 emu/g − 12.239 × 10 − 3 emu/g) with annealing temperature, following a similar trend to Ms. A higher Mr value is desirable for permanent magnets, where the ability to retain magnetization even in the absence of an external field is essential. Eq. 8 is utilized to determine the magnetic moment (µB) per atom in Bohr magnetons for every sample [ 56 ]: µB = M × (M/5585) g/mol……………. (6) The magnetic moment of their Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles rises from 0.00048 g/mol to 0.00689 g/mol as the annealing temperature (600–1000°C) increases. Better crystallinity and cation redistribution are the two main combined effects responsible for the increase in magnetic moment in Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles with higher annealing temperatures. At lower temperatures, such as 600°C, the nanoparticles have smaller crystal sizes (32 nm) and more structural defects. This results in a larger surface-to-volume ratio, where the atoms on the surface have disordered magnetic spins (a phenomenon called spin canting), which significantly reduces the overall net magnetization. As the annealing temperature increases (32–46 nm) towards 1000°C, the nanoparticles gain enough thermal energy to grow into large, well-defined crystals. This grain growth reduces the proportion of surface atoms, reduces defects, and enhances super exchange interactions between magnetic ions, leading to better magnetic ordering and higher magnetic moment. At the same time, the increased temperature facilitates cation redistribution within the spinel crystal structure of ferrite. This structure has two types of states such as tetrahedral (A-sites) and octahedral (B-sites). The net magnetic reversibility is the difference between the magnetic reversibility of the B-sites and the A-sites (M net ​=∣M B ​-M A ​∣). In Mg-Zn ferrite, the non-magnetic Zn²⁺ ions strongly prefer the A-sites. As the temperature increases, this allows the magnetic Fe³⁺ ions to migrate from the A-sites to the B-sites, while some non-magnetic Mg²⁺ ions may move from the B-sites to the A-sites. This process strengthens the total magnetic reversibility (M B ​) of the B-sublattice (M B ​) while weakening the A-sublattice (M A ​), thereby increasing their difference and dramatically increasing the overall magnetic reversibility of the nanoparticles [ 52 , 54 , 55 ]. The remanence ratio (R) is also computed using Eq. 9. R = Mr/Ms ……………. (7) The remanence ratio may decrease (0.291 to 0.070) with annealing temperature. A higher remanence ratio indicates a more square hysteresis loop, which is desirable for certain applications. However, excessive annealing can lead to a decrease in remanence ratio due to reduced magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The remanence ratio (Mr/Ms) is a measure of a material's squareness. It typically increases with annealing temperature, indicating a more rectangular hysteresis loop. A higher remanence ratio is often associated with better magnetic properties and is desirable for applications like permanent magnets and magnetic recording media [ 20 ]. Hysteresis loss, which represents the energy dissipated during magnetization and demagnetization cycles, generally decreases with annealing temperature. This is because higher temperatures can reduce magnetocrystalline anisotropy and domain wall pinning, leading to smoother magnetization reversal. Hysteresis loss is expected to decrease with increasing annealing temperature. Higher temperatures reduce coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy, leading to narrower hysteresis loops and lower energy dissipation during magnetization reversal. 4. Conclusions Annealing temperature significantly affects the structural, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Crystallite size and particle size increase with higher annealing temperatures. Specific capacitance generally increases with temperature, suggesting improved charge storage capabilities. Saturation magnetization exhibits an optimum value at 900°C, followed by a decrease at 1000°C due to grain coarsening. Coercivity decreases, and the material transitions from ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic behavior with increasing annealing temperature. This data provides valuable insights into tailoring the properties of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles for targeted applications. The TGA and DTA analysis provide valuable information about the thermal stability and composition of the Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. The results indicate that the sample undergoes several thermal transitions, with significant weight loss, possibly due to the removal of organic residues, followed by a stabilization of the ferrite phase after annealing at 600°C. These results can be used to optimize the synthesis process in order to achieve the desired thermal and magnetic properties that are utilized in sensor technologies, filters, and magnetic hyperthermia. Declarations Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge St. Joseph's College of Arts and Science (Autonomous) for providing access to its research laboratory and library resources. These facilities were crucial for the successful conduct of this research. Declaration of Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data Availability Statement: Data supporting the findings of this study will be made available upon reasonable request. Ethical Approval: This research did not involve human participants or animals. Informed consent: Not applicable. Funding: This research was conducted independently without external funding. Author Contributions Statement S. Meena Sankari: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft. R. Sagayaraj: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing. S. Sebastian: Validation, Resources, Data Curation. A. Amalorpavadoss: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing. V. Porkalai: Formal Analysis, Visualization. S. Aravazhi: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing. References Salih SJ et al (2023) Review on magnetic spinel ferrite (MFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles: From synthesis to application. Heliyon 9: 16601 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16601 Tedjieukeng HMK et al (2018) Structural characterization and magnetic properties of undoped and copper-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared by the octanoate coprecipitation route at very low dopant concentrations, RSC Adv 8:38621–38630. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA08532C Mund H, Ahuja B (2017) Structural and magnetic properties of Mg doped cobalt ferrite nano particles prepared by sol-gel method, Mater Res Bull 85: 228–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.09.027 Mmelesi OK et al (2021) Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and nanocomposites: photocatalytic, antimicrobial activity and toxicity in water treatment, Mater Sci Semicond Process 123:105523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105523 Umare SS et al (2008) Mössbauer and magnetic studies on nanocrystalline NiFe 2 O 4 particles prepared by ethylene glycol route, Hyperfine Interact 184:235–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-008-9796-4 Rana G et al (2021) Recent advances on nickel nano-ferrite: a review on processing techniques, properties and diverse applications, Chem Eng Res Des 175:182–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2021.08.040 Zhou Z H et al (2001) Transparent magnetic composites of ZnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles in silica. J Appl Phys 90: 4169–4174. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1404423 Zaki HM et al (2015) Structural, magnetic and dielectric studies of copper substituted nano-crystalline spinel magnesium zinc ferrite. J Alloys Compd 633: 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.304 Priya R S et al (2022) Effect of heat treatment on structural, morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties of Mg–Zn ferrite nanoparticles. Ceram Int 48: 15243–15251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.02.056 ullah Rather S, Lemine O (2020) Effect of Al doping in zinc ferrite nanoparticles and their structural and magnetic properties, J Alloys Compd 812: 152058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152058 Haghniaz R, et al (2021) Anti-bacterial and wound healingpromoting effects of zinc ferrite nanoparticles, J Nanobiotechnol 19:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00776-w Sundararajan M et al (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under visible light using nanostructured zinc doped cobalt ferrite: kinetics and mechanism, Ceram Int 43: 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.191 Medeiros P et al (2015) Influence of variables on the synthesis of CoFe 2 O 4 pigment by the complex polymerization method, J Adv Ceram 4: 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-015-0145-1 Irshad et al (2022) Co-substituted Mg–Zn spinel nanocrystalline ferrites: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of catalytic degradation efficiency for colored and colorless compounds. Ceram Int 48: 29805–29815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.06.241 Prudnikov P et al (2021) Simulation of hysteresis phenomena in multilayer magnetic nanostructures, J Phys.: Conf Ser 1740: 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1740/1/012011 Mohamed WS et al (2019) Impact of Co 2+ Substitution on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Co x Zn 1-x Fe 2 O 4 Nanoparticles. Nanomater 9: 1602. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111602 Purnama B, Wijayanta AT (2019) Effect of calcination temperature on structural and magnetic properties in cobalt ferrite nano particles. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 31:956–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2018.07.019 Andhare DD et al (2020) Effect of Zn doping on structural, magnetic and optical properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via. Co-precipitation method. Phys. B Condens. Matter 583: 412051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2020.412051 Singh RK et al (2010). Cation distribution of Ni 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Int. J Eng Sci Tech 2: 104–109. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v2i8.63832 Kayani ZN et al (2014). Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by sol–gel technique and their characterization. IEEE Trans. Magn 50: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2014.2313763 Kumar Das A et al (2014) Bio-reductive synthesis and characterization of plant protein coated magnetite nanoparticles. N Hybrids 7: 69–86. https://doi.org/10 .4028/www.scientific.net/NH.7.69 Hussain A et al (2018). Structural, dielectric and magnetic studies of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for selected annealing temperatures. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29: 20783–20789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-0220-9 Petrila I et al (2022) Annealing Temperature Effects on Humidity Sensor Properties for Mg 0.5 W 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Spinel Ferrite. Sensors 22: 9182. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239182 Kumar R & Kar M (2016) Correlation between lattice strain and magnetic behavior in non-magnetic Ca substituted nano-crystalline cobalt ferrite. Ceram Int 42: 6640–6647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.007 Srinivas C et al (2016) Superparamagnetic behavior of heat treated Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticles studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. AIP Conf. Proc. 1731: 050074. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947728 Jayarajan D (2023) Green synthesis, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrite Nanoparticles by the Coprecipitation Method: Averrhoa bilimbi fruit. Chem Afr 6: 1875–1885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00615-5 Agustina AK et al (2018) Effect of synthesis parameters on crystals structures and magnetic properties of cobalt nickel ferrite nanoparticles. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 367: 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/367/1/012006 Ramanjaneyulu K et al (2021) Synthesis, microstructural and magnetic properties of Cu doped Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrites. Solid State Technol 64: 7192–7200. Bhukal S et al (2015) Mg–Co–Zn magnetic nanoferrites: characterization and their use for remediation of textile wastewater. Superlatt Microstruct 77: 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.11.013 Mohseni H et al (2012) Magnetic and structural studies of the Mn-doped Mg–Zn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by the glycine nitrate process. J Magn Magn Mater 324: 3741–3747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2012.06.009 Zaki HM et al (2015) Structural, magnetic and dielectric studies of copper substituted nano-crystalline spinel magnesium zinc ferrite. J. Alloys Compd 633: 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.304 John SP & Mathew J (2019) Superparamagnetism of Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles: Dependence of pH in the sol-gel auto-combustion method. AIP Conf. Proc. 2162, 020066 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5130276 Sri VSPS et al (2021). Unveiling the photosensitive and magnetic properties of amorphous iron nanoparticles with its application towards decontamination of water and cancer treatment. J Mater Res Technol 15: 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.145 Phenrat T, et al (2009) Particle size distribution, concentration, and magnetic attraction affect transport of polymer-modified Fe 0 nanoparticles in sand columns. Environ Sci Technol 43:5079–5085. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900171v Lim J et al (2013) Characterization of magnetic nanoparticle by dynamic light scattering. Nanoscale Res Lett 8: 381. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-8-381 Goon IY(2009) Fabrication and dispersion of gold-shell-protected magnetite nanoparticles: systematic control using polyethyleneimine. Chem Mater 21: 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm8025329 Chicea D et al (2012) Assesing Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle size by DLS, XRD and AFM. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 14: 460. Sinkó K et al (2012) Liquid-phase syntheses of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 14: 894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0894-5 Baldi G (2007) Synthesis and coating of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: a first step toward the obtainment of new magnetic nanocarriers. Langmuir 23: 4026–4028. https://doi.org/10.1021/la063255k Gandhi S & Roy I (2019) Synthesis and characterization of manganese ferrite nanoparticles, and its interaction with bovine serum albumin: A spectroscopic and molecular docking approach. J mol liq 296: 111871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111871 Baldi G et al (2007) Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: The control of the particle size and surface state and their effects on magnetic properties. J Magn Magn Mater 311: 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.11.157 Thirupathi G & Singh R (2014) Magneto-viscosity of MnZn-ferrite ferrofluid. Phys. Rev. B Condens Matter 448: 346–348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2014.03.042 Gandhi S et al (2020) Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for bimodal hyperthermia and their mechanistic interactions with lysozyme. J Mol Liq 310: 113194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113194 Farheen A & Singh R (2018) Effect of sintering on structure and magnetic properties of Mn-doped Zn ferrite. AIP Con Proc 1953: 120067 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5033132 Ahmad F et al (2016) Systematic elucidation of interactive unfolding and corona formation of bovine serum albumin with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. RSC Adv 6: 35719–35730. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA02850K Chang B Y & Park SM (2010) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Annu Rev Anal Chem 3: 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anchem.012809.102211 Aguedo J et al (2020) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on 2D Nanomaterial MXene Modified Interfaces: Application as a Characterization and Transducing Tool. Chem S 8: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040127 ur Rahman A et al (2011) Semiconductor to metallic transition and polaron conduction in nanostructured cobalt ferrite. J Phys D: Appl Phys 44: 165404. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/16/165404 Physical BMM et al (2018) Physical Interpretations of Nyquist Plots for EDLC Electrodes and Devices. J Phys Chem C, 122: 194–206. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10582 Dhaou MH et al (2017) Structural and complex impedance spectroscopic studies of Ni 0.5 Mg 0.3 Cu 0.2 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticle. Appl Phys A 123: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0652-0 Uke S J et al (2020) Sol-gel citrate synthesized Zn doped MgFe 2 O 4 nanocrystals: a promising supercapacitor electrode material. Mater Sci Energy Technol 3: 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2020.02.009 Wang D et al (2024) Cyclic voltammetry and specific capacitance studies of copper oxide nanostructures grown by hot water treatment. MRS Advances 9: 979–985 https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-023-00712-0 Kouki N et al (2019) Structural, Infrared, Magnetic, and Electrical Properties of Ni 0.6 Cd 0.2 Cu 0.2 Fe 2 O 4 Ferrites Synthesized Using Sol-Gel Method Under Different Sintering Temperatures. J Supercond Nov Magn 32: 2209–2218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-018-4951-x Peterson SF et al (2021) Determination of anisotropy constants via fitting of magnetic hysteresis to numerical calculation of Stoner–Wohlfarth model. AIP Advances 11: 085111. doi: 10.1063/5.0051454 Sanadi K R & Kamble G S (2018) Novel synthesis of silver ferrite by sol–gel auto combustion method and study of its photocatalytic activity. Advanced Porous Materials, 6: 41–44. https://doi.org/10.1166/apm.2018.1148 Poongodi R et al (2024) Analyzing the variations in electrical, structural and magnetic properties of zinc-doped MnFe 2 O 4 ferrite obtained via co-precipitation. J Aust Ceram Soc 60: 1483–1494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-024-01057-z Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7770401","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":531826277,"identity":"5a9c397b-cf40-458d-9ed5-29c4719c2157","order_by":0,"name":"Meena Sankari S","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Annamalai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meena","middleName":"Sankari","lastName":"S","suffix":""},{"id":531826278,"identity":"c93e8f66-ec91-4365-92a3-dc73d8a08013","order_by":1,"name":"Sagayaraj R","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADxgYwZQNiNh4gRUsamEmcFig4DCbxapFvP37xM0/NPXnm2c3PHvxsO2+3tv0w0JYam2hcWgzO5BRL8xwrNmycc8zcsLftdvK2M4lALcfSchtwaWHISZDmYUtgbJyRYCbNCNRidgCohbHhME4t8v1vkn/z/Euwb5yR/g2o5Vyy2fmH+LUw3Eg/Js3blpDYOCMHZMsBO7MbBGwxuPGGzXJuX0IyUEuZZM+55ASzG0BbEvD4Rb4//fGNN98SbDfOSN8m8aPMzt7sfPrDBx9qbHA7jIHHgIkHSBmCVDCyMSSCVSbgVA4C7A8Yf4CsA3P+MNjjVTwKRsEoGAUjEgAARwpoJHZJUZQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Annamalai University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sagayaraj","middleName":"","lastName":"R","suffix":""},{"id":531826279,"identity":"d5da631c-6782-4fe3-90de-872abbc05ebf","order_by":2,"name":"Sebastian S","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Annamalai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sebastian","middleName":"","lastName":"S","suffix":""},{"id":531826280,"identity":"68051c06-2589-4899-9fc6-de5b50439ca0","order_by":3,"name":"Amalorpavadoss A","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Annamalai university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amalorpavadoss","middleName":"","lastName":"A","suffix":""},{"id":531826281,"identity":"2d1d6e2c-d981-41c7-9432-326f6b1f7627","order_by":4,"name":"Porkalai V","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bharathidasan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Porkalai","middleName":"","lastName":"V","suffix":""},{"id":531826282,"identity":"b8ac828c-60f5-483b-b41f-15b2f7f9cf7a","order_by":5,"name":"Aravazhi S","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Annamalai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aravazhi","middleName":"","lastName":"S","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-03 05:23:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7770401/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7770401/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93932833,"identity":"061e96b0-61f3-47e9-801b-af71f1065c78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:48","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7902974,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/4f589c08423af032129e12b1.docx"},{"id":93931862,"identity":"d16de499-f43b-4220-bb57-ac22689471c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61266,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/d4634be134178ada3315bea2.docx"},{"id":93931868,"identity":"19eca946-32e6-4f84-a9f1-6cf1e6ecd228","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22666,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/002886f178dc02e192280cb7.docx"},{"id":93932830,"identity":"85c32afe-05d7-47c4-9033-972adcae27d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:48","extension":"json","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1185d1dfca3b4487882c33365b415ed0.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/0e0f59e622b31bd5dcec9c70.json"},{"id":93931870,"identity":"f0b55783-9938-40de-a05a-1ee5846bd447","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":159087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1185d1dfca3b4487882c33365b415ed01enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/6340a9b69f27305e33f5a189.xml"},{"id":93932832,"identity":"1a873810-8d22-407a-a64f-e2ad62914270","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":131234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/dccbf737e35e3841dbcb9d1c.jpeg"},{"id":93932838,"identity":"df294b76-55d5-4558-8506-d8e38c09c91c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2103834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/c7009c66492ca58fdc205470.jpeg"},{"id":93931880,"identity":"39df9a13-2c5c-4acd-bd9a-3d5ea5e5f730","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112133,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/ce2d67e15040181bb2b36ad9.jpeg"},{"id":93931871,"identity":"ace7974a-882e-44e4-b68f-e469d450dbe8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2103834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/4b47f946606854e83161cb6f.jpeg"},{"id":93931881,"identity":"30b955b0-e8c8-4b73-96c5-b58aaaf4c70a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":418164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/4b12d16a4714d4dfaf0077fd.jpeg"},{"id":93933071,"identity":"521b8ea2-faed-49e8-91d2-334f8cdf3c13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:18:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":529005,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/1594362535b05fba2e25b909.jpeg"},{"id":93932835,"identity":"f28529dc-a79d-4000-9169-daacda43e1bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":419854,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/97f51d3a8e08f6c1d469cc52.jpeg"},{"id":93932839,"identity":"45e8ff09-0ca6-4433-9ca5-76c855dac250","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/ee2eec04c7c2f7d04131ada8.jpeg"},{"id":93931887,"identity":"7433212a-08bc-444c-9b69-00755fe6bd01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":628166,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/e7d59de540a34200594fac5e.jpeg"},{"id":93931891,"identity":"363070b3-e795-42b2-afd9-360ec7b1fbaf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2103834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/c9ce4aeaca85c8544bd89892.jpeg"},{"id":93931874,"identity":"52ade947-4cc4-47ac-bde9-c728a62fc501","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/f58f793ef8eab66664012500.png"},{"id":93933877,"identity":"956b3241-db67-4b07-9994-d79a8751ff21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:26:48","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/76382afa70b330d72c188250.png"},{"id":93931894,"identity":"d6e6d4ec-4e0d-45ad-bd40-3ef1936c70ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:49","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38975,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/26c5ed1d9e379b6f44d5de98.png"},{"id":93933073,"identity":"fa9ea7e7-2197-43fa-81a0-4099a6c445a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:18:49","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/eeddf0e97d25504cc83401be.png"},{"id":93932841,"identity":"c91c8f73-7dfc-47fe-867d-e45e0754e008","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:49","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":116998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/df3d36edba71a1aa708ac69a.png"},{"id":93931886,"identity":"311c2b42-dfc7-4a1a-8222-9f328d95b6da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/ed4226b67818d735b52bfe0d.png"},{"id":93932840,"identity":"73b7e46d-79c6-49bb-9237-ef604294f905","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:48","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72631,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/6b69f19b1d8a91ef1ed5753d.png"},{"id":93931895,"identity":"01f29ac0-0499-4951-aa9b-f0b0040a5c8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:49","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59625,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/2cf22cbc9e03291e814bf4ae.png"},{"id":93931882,"identity":"6bfce8da-b655-4225-8717-dee90120ed67","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/2eb063427166e10b925a9274.png"},{"id":93931890,"identity":"793d3ae6-8d33-4a2a-aa9f-1f7b289ee8d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:49","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17531,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/d3fd36fbb3c66e04bb9208e7.png"},{"id":93931897,"identity":"936fe896-fee1-4d8b-9415-d8b71d6ef59b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:49","extension":"xml","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1185d1dfca3b4487882c33365b415ed01structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/28d6db198fefb50db3c38387.xml"},{"id":93932842,"identity":"34ed84e7-ac78-4e4c-afc4-46617d8fc95f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:49","extension":"html","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":167284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/1a78788c0a844d7a8b5da7ed.html"},{"id":93931861,"identity":"3462ef7a-a860-44b9-9d84-0c0ef177b2c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":131234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD pattern of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eferrite nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures (600-1000°C)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/068fcf265e43c2e43bb721c3.jpeg"},{"id":93931860,"identity":"38e747ac-9d14-48a8-ab72-56345df0438e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112133,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn enlarged view of the (311) peak demonstrates a shift towards higher Bragg angles.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/b717a9407b8f6d055a6873ff.jpeg"},{"id":93931866,"identity":"4090e8a3-53b7-4fd7-b9a6-4210d9ece416","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":730757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFT-IR spectra of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures (600-1000°C).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/72196cff725a78d713d68853.png"},{"id":93933070,"identity":"0d92405e-3d90-47c7-a60f-fe56727efaec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:18:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":418164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNanoparticle Sizing through Dynamic Light Scattering for Differential Intensity (%) Vs Cumulative Intensity (%) of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures (600-1000°C).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/74dd5f7427b30401963e8bb3.jpeg"},{"id":93931863,"identity":"de6b0d63-920a-4d9a-b85f-8139b7c023cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1040422,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNyquist plot of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eferrite nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures (600-1000°C).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/c9b9c74b0bc67c86cce63d95.png"},{"id":93931876,"identity":"bb3e8110-1781-4177-a87e-f53faa4e43b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":781528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEnlarged view of the Nyquist plot of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eferrite nanoparticles (Zim (ohms) vs Zre (ohms))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/04f8904ebcf910896dc801d6.png"},{"id":93931884,"identity":"fa975ec5-802d-470d-8fa9-6ad2a3450d4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":955256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCyclic Voltammetry (CV) spectra of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures (600-1000°C).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/99d8e631e995b2b4545e340b.png"},{"id":93931889,"identity":"624505ba-36d1-4e44-94bf-935072c7ce61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:49","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1411114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eshows the results of TGA and DTA analysis of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eferrite nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures (600-1000°C).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/73875b356041c3609634d14b.png"},{"id":93931873,"identity":"657da5d2-312c-4181-b3cb-17030c03c6a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":329507,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of Hysteresis Loop Area with Annealing Temperature in Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eFerrites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/08d797afabab8b379af2a51c.png"},{"id":93932834,"identity":"9559d446-56bf-48eb-a52c-c07f893fdb81","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 12:10:48","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":487109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation between Coercivity (Hc) and Saturation Magnetization (Ms) in Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/cd70ae75b0ab72c0c27c81c1.png"},{"id":94472442,"identity":"368af485-971a-4602-a4bf-28f5a77061b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 15:41:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6910100,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7770401/v1/3f952763-f752-4c1a-8b1d-b36297205f9d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigation of Magnetic, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles by Annealing Temperature Effect","fulltext":[{"header":"1.Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNanomaterials, characterized by their particle size below 100 nm and high surface-to-volume ratio, exhibit unique properties that often differ from their bulk counterparts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This enhanced reactivity, coupled with their thermal, mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, has fuelled significant interest in nanomaterials, particularly in the realm of miniaturized technological devices. Understanding the magnetic behavior of materials at the nanoscale is crucial for optimizing the performance of permanent magnetic materials. Among nanomaterials, magnetic spinel ferrites have garnered considerable attention due to their potential applications in various electric and optoelectronic devices. Their magnetic properties, high electrical resistance, and minimal eddy current losses make them attractive candidates for these applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Ferrites are a class of ferrimagnetic ceramics that exhibit a wide range of physical properties, low production costs, and excellent chemical stability. Their structural diversity, classified into garnet, hexagonal, and spinel structures, is influenced by their initial crystal lattice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Spinel ferrites, in particular, possess a unique crystal structure with 64 tetrahedral and 32 octahedral sites, of which only 8 and 24 sites are occupied by cations, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The cation distribution in spinel ferrite is influenced by annealing temperature and synthesis technique because higher temperatures allow cations to move more freely, leading to a stable distribution and improved crystal structure, while different synthesis methods control particle size, shape, and chemical environment, affecting how cations are distributed. These factors collectively determine the material's properties and performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, as particle size increases, both magnetization and coercivity tend to increase because larger particles have more magnetic domains that align more easily with an external magnetic field, leading to higher magnetization, and they often have fewer defects and a more stable magnetic structure, requiring a stronger external magnetic field to demagnetize, resulting in higher coercivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This cation distribution between the two interstitial sites significantly impacts their magnetic properties. For instance, ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e exhibits a normal spinel structure with Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions occupying octahedral sites and Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions occupying tetrahedral sites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, MgFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e has an inverse spinel structure with Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions and half of the Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions occupying octahedral sites, while the remaining half of the Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions reside in tetrahedral sites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Both ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Mg Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e show antiferromagnetic characteristics due to their low N\u0026eacute;el temperature and weak super exchange interaction at room temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. However, ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, a prominent ceramic material, has attracted interest in numerous applications owing to its distinctive properties, including high magnetic permeability, high Curie temperature, high electrical resistivity, and low power loss [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles demonstrate high sensitivity for humidity sensing, attributed to their small grain size, large surface area for water vapor adsorption, and low barrier height [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e's magnetic properties are influenced by charge transfers between Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions at octahedral sites, M\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Co, Ni, and Zn) ions at both tetrahedral and octahedral sites, and the surrounding O\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The blue emission peak at 460 nm is associated with Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e transitions at the ferrite sites, while the primary peak at 418 nm is attributed to trapped free electrons at oxygen vacancies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e can be utilized as a magnetically recyclable material for removing chemical impurities and biological contaminants from water and industrial wastewater [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles offer several advantages, including high covering power, low cost, thermal stability, insolubility, and resistance to aggressive media. They can also enhance the mechanical strength and reduce solubility of binders by reacting with the corrosive environment to produce cationic soaps [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The annealing temperature and particle size can influence the color of ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e pigments during the annealing process, as annealing can reduce the total reflecting surface of the powder [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The spinel structure itself plays a pivotal role in the functionalities of ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. It allows for controlled cation occupancy of specific sites within the crystal lattice, contributing to the desired magnetic behavior and overall performance of Mg-Zn ferrites. Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is a spinel ferrite with the formula AB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, where A and B represent metal cations and O are oxygen anions. In this structure, a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice of oxide ions (O\u0026sup2;⁻) hosts cations occupying specific interstitial sites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The magnetic interactions between the spins of metallic cations in the octahedral and tetrahedral interstitial sites are mediated by oxygen ions in spinel ferrites. These interactions, governed by the super exchange process, are influenced by the distance between the metallic ions and oxygen atoms. The A-O-B super exchange interaction is more significant compared to A-O-A and B\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;B interactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. In Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, the smaller Mg\u0026sup2;⁺ and Zn\u0026sup2;⁺ ions occupy the tetrahedral A sites, while the larger Fe\u0026sup3;⁺ ions reside in the octahedral B sites. This cation distribution can vary depending on processing conditions and affects the magnetic properties. The magnetic characteristics of ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e can be modified by substituting Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions with other cations, such as Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e or Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e. For instance, studies have shown that doping ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e with Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e can increase its saturation magnetization and magnetic anisotropy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Endothermic peaks in the DTA curve indicate that the material is absorbing heat during the process. This typically corresponds to physical changes like phase transitions (e.g., melting, evaporation) or chemical reactions that require energy input. These peaks elucidate that the ferrite formation get completed at a temperature around 550\u0026deg;C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. A large exothermic peak was observed at 680.4\u0026deg;C due to the crystallization of iron oxide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Residual Mass Values represents the percentage of the initial sample mass that remains after heating to the specified temperature. A higher residual mass generally suggests less weight loss due to decomposition or volatilization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Total Weight Loss represents the overall percentage of mass lost by the sample during the entire heating process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. In essence, the research aims to understand how annealing temperature affects the properties of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles and to explore the potential of this approach for tuning their properties for specific applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental details","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmmonia (NH₃) solution, ferric chloride (FeCl₃), magnesium nitrate (Mg (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)₂), zinc nitrate (Zn (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)₂), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) a capping agent were all acquired from the Merck company.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Preparation of precursor solution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalculate the required amounts of magnesium nitrate, zinc nitrate, and ferric chloride to obtain the desired stoichiometry (Mg: Zn: Fe\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5:0.5:2). Dissolve the calculated amounts of each precursor salt in DI water under constant stirring to form a clear solution (Solution A). Prepare a separate PVP solution by dissolving a desired amount of PVP in DI water (Solution B). Combine Solution A and Solution B under vigorous stirring on a magnetic stirrer. Slowly add dilute ammonia solution (NH₃) to the mixture while maintaining constant stirring. Monitor the pH using a pH meter and adjust it to a desired value (typically around 10\u0026ndash;12). This basic environment promotes the precipitation of the desired ferrite phase. Continue stirring for 4 hours at room temperature to ensure complete reaction and particle growth. Centrifuge the suspension to separate the precipitated nanoparticles from the solution. Discard the supernatant and wash the precipitate with DI water several times to remove any residual salts. Repeat the centrifugation and washing steps until the washings show a neutral pH. Transfer the purified nanoparticles to a clean beaker and dry them in a hot air oven at a low temperature (around 80\u0026deg;C) for several hours. Grind the dried powder using a mortar and pestle to achieve better homogeneity. Divide the powder into portions for annealing at different temperatures (600\u0026deg;C, 800\u0026deg;C, and 1000\u0026deg;C). Place each portion in a separate crucible suitable for high-temperature treatment. Use a muffle furnace to anneal the powders at the desired temperatures for a specific duration 4 hours in air. The annealing process improves crystallinity and influences the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. Allow the furnace to cool down naturally after the annealing cycle. One can optimize the amount of PVP and the annealing temperature to control the particle size and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3.Result and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 XRD analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e exhibits a polycrystalline spinel structure, wherein oxygen ions form a close-packed lattice, and the metal cations (Mg, Zn, and Fe) occupy interstitial sites. The distribution of Mg and Zn cations between the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites significantly influences the material's magnetic properties. The material exhibits a polycrystalline structure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the lack of a definitive Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card for Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, the observed diffraction peaks were assigned to four distinct oxide phases such as Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (JCPDS 89-6466), Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (JCPDS 89\u0026ndash;0599), ZnO (JCPDS 36-1451), and MgO (JCPDS 87\u0026ndash;0653). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles annealed at temperatures ranging from 600\u0026deg;C to 1000\u0026deg;C. The observed peaks (220), (311), (222), (100), (400), (331), (102), (333) and (220) are characteristic of the spinel structure of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Each peak corresponds to a specific set of crystallographic planes in the crystal lattice. All samples exhibited these characteristic peaks, confirming the polycrystalline phase spinel structure. Slight shifts in peak positions may be attributed to changes in lattice parameters. The relative intensities of the peaks may vary with annealing temperature due to changes in preferred orientation or crystallite size distribution. The following formulas are used to accurately measure crystallite size (D), lattice constant (a) and strain (ɛ).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e=\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 λ/ β cosθ nm \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; (1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e=\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[d\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;(h\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;K\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;l\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)]\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e\u0026frac12;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026Aring; \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;... (2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɛ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e=\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(β Cos θ)/4 no unit \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. (3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026lsquo;M\u0026rsquo; is the molecular weight of composition, \u0026lsquo;N\u0026rsquo; is the Avogadro\u0026rsquo;s number, \u0026lsquo;a\u0026rsquo; is lattices parameter, β is full width at half maximum measured in radians and θ in degrees, K is the shape factor (with a value of 0.9), and λ is the X-ray wavelength. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. enlarged view of the (311) diffraction peak exhibiting a shift to higher 2θ values. A decrease in peak broadening with increasing annealing temperature indicates an increase in crystallite size from 32 nm to 46 nm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. This growth is due to enhanced atomic mobility at higher temperatures. Larger crystallites generally exhibit narrower diffraction peaks. Additionally, higher annealing temperatures can lead to stress relaxation and a reduction in lattice strain from 0.0037 to 0.0026, resulting in decreased peak broadening. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the changes in lattice parameter for all samples. The average crystallite size of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e tends to increase with increasing calcining temperature due to enhanced atomic mobility and grain growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Strain decreases with annealing temperature due to stress relaxation and grain growth. Annealing at 1000\u0026deg;C results in larger crystallite sizes, reduced strain, and a slight increase in lattice constant. Consequently, the diffraction peaks become narrower and more intense. Peak broadening can indicate the presence of strain or small crystallite sizes, which can influence magnetic properties. Shifts in peak positions may suggest changes in lattice parameters due to stress or cation redistribution. The (311) peak in the XRD pattern of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is particularly significant because it is sensitive to changes in the cation distribution between the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites of the spinel structure. This cation distribution directly influences the magnetic properties of the material. The relative intensity of the (311) peak compared to other peaks can provide clues about the cation distribution. A higher intensity of the (311) peak generally indicates a higher concentration of Fe ions in the tetrahedral sites. The small shift in the (311) peak position (2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35.529\u0026ndash;35.535\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06), while not directly indicative of a change in lattice parameters (8.291), can provide valuable information about the subtle changes in cation distribution, local atomic environment, and stress/strain within the Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e spinel structure. These changes can have significant implications for the material's magnetic properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. A higher concentration of Fe ions in the tetrahedral sites often leads to a higher magnetic moment, which can be correlated with the intensity of the (311) peak. Smaller crystallite sizes can influence the magnetic properties due to surface effects and finite-size effects. Strain can introduce magnetic anisotropy and affect the magnetic behavior of the material.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eXRD Data: Structural Parameters of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnnealing Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrystallite Size (nm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLattice Constant Ǻ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Data for Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Nanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnnealing Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter (nm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiameter (d) (nm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Dev. (nm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolydispersity Index (P.I.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiffusion Constant (cm\u0026sup2;/sec)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScattering Intensity (cps)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e600\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3086.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1352.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3469.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.64E-09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13836\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e700\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3834.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1835.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4766.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68E-09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27449\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5073.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2336.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6436.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11E-09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23495\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5679.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2442.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7191.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01E-09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35708\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7409.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3271.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9593.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04E-09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 FTIR analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrite Nanoparticles: Effect of Annealing Temperature (600\u0026ndash;1000\u0026deg;C) FTIR spectroscopy is a technique used to analyse the chemical composition of a material by measuring its absorption of infrared light. Different functional groups within the material vibrate at specific frequencies when exposed to infrared radiation, resulting in peaks on the resulting spectrum. The observed peak positions and intensities provided valuable insights. The peak at 451\u0026ndash;466 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e indicates bending vibrations in the metal-oxygen (M-O) bonds, likely involving Mg-O, Zn-O, and Fe-O bonds within the spinel ferrite structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The broader region at 1054\u0026ndash;1120 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e represents stretching vibrations in M-O bonds. This range can be further assigned to two contributions: peaks around 1000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e attributed to tetrahedral M-O bonds (Mg or Zn) and peaks around 1100 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e attributed to octahedral Fe-O bonds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Notably, the variations within this broader region (1054 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1065 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1112 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1116 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1120 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) could be due to different metal cations occupying octahedral and tetrahedral sites, influenced by the annealing temperature affecting the crystal structure and bond strengths. The peak at 1647\u0026ndash;1651 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is assigned to O-H bending vibrations, possibly from adsorbed water molecules on the surface [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the peaks at 2920\u0026ndash;2933 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e correspond to C-H stretching vibrations, likely from organic residues or surface contaminants left behind from the synthesis process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Finally, the broad peak at 3420\u0026ndash;3441 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e indicates O-H stretching vibrations, most likely due to hydroxyl groups (OH-) on the surface of the nanoparticles or adsorbed water molecules [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. By analysing these vibrational modes, we can gain a deeper understanding of the bonding environment and surface properties of the Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles as influenced by the annealing temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Dynamic Light Scattering\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrite Nanoparticles: Cumulative Intensity (%) vs. Differential Intensity (%) for Samples Annealed at 600\u0026ndash;1000\u0026deg;C. The \u0026ldquo;Average Diameter\u0026rdquo; from the Distribution Results provides an initial idea of particle size. However, this value can be heavily influenced by larger particles in a broad distribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. As expected, the average diameter increased from 3086.8 nm for the sample annealed at 600\u0026deg;C to 7409.8 nm for the sample annealed at 1000\u0026deg;C, indicating that the nanoparticles grow in size with higher annealing temperatures, as observed in the table.2 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. A better indicator of particle size is the \u0026ldquo;Diameter (d)\u0026rdquo; from the Cumulants Results. This value represents the hydrodynamic diameter, which considers both the size of the particle and the layer of solvent molecules surrounding it (solvation layer). The Polydispersity Index (PDI) indicates the width of the size distribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Both the average diameter (from both Distribution and Cumulants) and PDI increased with annealing temperature, indicating particle growth and a broader size distribution. PDI is a measure of the size distribution of the nanoparticles. A higher PDI indicates a broader distribution of particle sizes (polydisperse), while a lower PDI indicates a more uniform size distribution (monodisperse). The PDI values in the table range from 0.534 to 1.040, indicating a moderately broad distribution of particle sizes in all samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The \u0026ldquo;Diffusion Constant (D)\u0026rdquo; is inversely proportional to the particle size. The decrease in D with increasing annealing temperature supports the observed growth in particle size [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. The \u0026ldquo;Scattering Intensity\u0026rdquo; can be related to the particle concentration. However, without comparing it to a reference or standard, it's difficult to draw conclusions solely based on this value. The \u0026ldquo;Attenuator\u0026rdquo; setting is used to adjust the intensity of the laser light depending on the sample concentration. This DLS data suggests that the annealing temperature has a significant impact on the size and size distribution of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles. Higher annealing temperatures lead to larger particles with a broader size distribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Impedance spectroscopy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Nyquist Plots of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles annealed at temperatures between 600\u0026deg;C and 1000\u0026deg;C are displayed using complex impedance spectroscopy in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. This study investigates the electrical properties of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles using impedance spectroscopy. Enlarged view of the Nyquist plots figure.6, which depict the material's impedance (Z) as Imaginary (Z'') vs Real part (Z'). Each annealing temperature results in a semi-circular arc on the plot. The center point (X, Y) of the fitted circle on this plot signifies electrical properties. The X-coordinate corresponds to resistance, while the Y-coordinate reflects impedance (Z''). This component(Y) is associated with reactive properties (capacitive or inductive) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. High-Resolution Nyquist Plot of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrite Nanoparticles as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The diameter of the circle indicates the relaxation time for electrical processes. A larger diameter suggests a longer relaxation time. Additionally, the number of data points and their deviation from the fitted circle are recorded (lower deviation signifies a better fit). The depression angle, measured in degrees from the Nyquist plot, reflects the deviation from a perfect semicircle. An angle closer to -90\u0026deg; indicates a more ideal Debye relaxation process. A depression angle of -39\u0026deg; to -44\u0026deg; in Nyquist plot indicates a deviation from ideal Debye relaxation behavior, as observed in table.3 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. While a perfect semicircle with a depression angle of -90\u0026deg; signifies a single relaxation process, a smaller angle suggests a distribution of relaxation times. However, materials often exhibit a range of relaxation times due to various factors, resulting in a smaller depression angle and indicating multiple, overlapping processes (poly crystalline structure) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. By analysing these parameters, scientists can glean valuable information about the electrical properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e likely details how electrical properties like resistance (potentially influenced by grain growth or defect modification), capacitance (linked to grain boundaries and interfacial properties), and relaxation time (diameter of the circle) vary with annealing temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, fitting an equivalent circuit model to the plots allows researchers to quantify the contributions of grain resistance, grain boundary resistance, and capacitance to the overall impedance, providing deeper insights into the electrical behavior of the Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpedance Spectroscopy Data for Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Nanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnnealing Temp (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenter Point (X/Zre Ω)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenter Point (Y/Zim Ω)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiameter (Ω)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Deviation (Ω)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDepression Angle (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e600\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6715.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3567.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.275\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-39.899\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e700\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7650.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4014.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12581\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.041\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-39.653\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6081.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3703.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-44.694\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5278.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3215.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9174.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-44.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5692.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2919\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8994.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-40.472\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecific Capacitance and Cyclic Voltammetry Data for Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample\u0026amp; Annealing Temp (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea (\u0026micro;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScan Rate (mV/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Potential (Ep, mV)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Current (Ip, \u0026micro;A)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Separation (ΔEp, mV)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMass (mg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecific Capacitance (F/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e600\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12.574\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e700\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.754\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-26.069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197.993\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.184\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-637.642\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173.289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-171.141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200.893\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-426.628\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.385\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189.852\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Data for Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Nanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnnealing\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003etemperature\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndothermic peaks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidual mass values at various temperatures\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal weight loss\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e600\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96\u0026deg;C, 264\u0026deg;C, 600\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.20% at 969.53\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.47%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e700\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e256\u0026deg;C, 530\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.84% at 993.14\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.16%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259\u0026deg;C, 531\u0026deg;C, 812\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.06% at 993.14\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.94%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u0026deg;C, 524\u0026deg;C, 753\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.03% at 993.14\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.97%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e252\u0026deg;C, 626\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.20% at 990.78\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Specific Capacitance and Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCyclic voltammetry analysis of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles with an annealing temperature range of 600\u0026deg;C to 1000\u0026deg;C is displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;7. Specific capacitance, a crucial parameter for supercapacitors, can be calculated from Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) data using the following Eq.\u0026nbsp;6[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e],\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC = \u0026int; IdV / (2mvΔV) \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;C\u0026rdquo; represents the specific capacitance in Farads per gram (F/g). \u0026ldquo;\u0026int; IdV\u0026rdquo; represents the integral of current (I) with respect to voltage (V), which is the area enclosed by the curve in the CV plot. This essentially represents the total charge stored or released during the charging and discharging cycle. The integration is performed over the entire potential window (ΔV) of the CV scan. The factor \u0026ldquo;2\u0026rdquo; accounts for both the charging and discharging processes captured in a single CV cycle. \u0026ldquo;m\u0026rdquo; represents the mass of the active electrode material in grams (g). This is crucial as we are calculating capacitance per unit mass of the material. \u0026ldquo;v\u0026rdquo; represents the scan rate of cyclic voltammetry in Volts per second (V/s). The scan rate determines how quickly the voltage is swept across the electrode in the CV experiment. Finally, \u0026ldquo;ΔV\u0026rdquo; represents the potential window in Volts (V), which is the voltage range scanned in the CV experiment. The area under the CV curve reflects the total charge stored/released during a cycle. We observe a trend of increasing specific capacitance (calculated from area) with increasing temperature (except for 900\u0026deg;C). This suggests that samples synthesized at higher temperatures (700\u0026deg;C, 800\u0026deg;C, and 1000\u0026deg;C) might have better charge storage capabilities. Sample 5 (1000\u0026deg;C) exhibits the highest capacitance (7.68 F/g), as observed in table.4. The peak potential (Ep) values generally shift towards more negative values with increasing temperature (except for 900\u0026deg;C). This might indicate changes in the oxidation mechanism or the oxidation state of the metal ions. Sample 4 (900\u0026deg;C) shows distinct behavior with a much lower peak potential, suggesting a different electrochemical process. The peak current (absolute value of Ip) also shows an increasing trend with temperature (except for 900\u0026deg;C), potentially indicating higher charge storage capacity, which aligns with the area and capacitance observations. The peak separation (ΔEp) values vary across the samples. Ideally, a smaller ΔEp indicates a more reversible electrochemical process. The maximum specific capacitance (Cs) of 7.68 F/g was achieved at a scan rate of 10 mV/s, while the lowest specific capacitance of 1.55 F/g occurred at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. This can be explained by the fact that at faster scan rates, the active Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanomaterial is not fully utilized or does not respond efficiently due to slower diffusion rates of electrolyte ions. The performance of pseudocapacitive electrode materials is largely influenced by the electrode\u0026rsquo;s surface area. A higher surface area allows for a larger amount of active materials, promotes more surface redox reactions, and enables electrolyte ions to access deeper structures within the material, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6 TGA and DTA analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Curves of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrite Nanoparticles Annealed at Temperatures Ranging from 600\u0026deg;C to 1000\u0026deg;C. These analyses provide valuable insights into the thermal behavior of materials, specifically the changes in mass and heat flow during heating [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. For Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, Analyses offer crucial information on thermal stability, decomposition, and the influence of annealing on the physical properties of the material. DTA measures the temperature difference between the sample and a reference as a function of temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. It identifies endothermic and exothermic reactions within the material, such as phase transitions, oxidation, and dehydration. Table.5 elucidated the presence of multiple endothermic peaks suggests that the material undergoes several thermal events. The peak temperatures vary slightly depending on the synthesis temperature, indicating that the thermal behavior of the material is influenced by its preparation conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The peak at 96\u0026deg;C is likely due to the loss of adsorbed water or organic residues present on the surface of the nanoparticles or released during the early stages of thermal decomposition. At this temperature, the material may undergo dehydration, which is common for nanoparticles that have surface hydroxyl groups or other volatile components. The peak at 264\u0026deg;C could be attributed to the thermal decomposition of organic residues or the breakdown of other phases present in the precursor material. As the temperature rises, organic compounds or complexes may decompose, leading to mass loss and an endothermic peak. This suggests ongoing thermal transformation before the material stabilizes. The peak at 600\u0026deg;C is likely related to the thermal transformation of the ferrite nanoparticles or the completion of their crystallization process. It indicates a phase transition at this temperature, leading to the stabilization of the Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e crystal structure after annealing. These peaks suggest that the nanoparticle material undergoes significant structural changes or achieves thermal equilibrium following annealing. The fact that these peaks are endothermic indicates that the material absorbs heat during these transformations, which is consistent with phase transitions or decomposition reactions. TGA measures the mass change of a sample as a function of temperature, helping to understand its stability, composition, and thermal decomposition. The initial mass of 100% at 32.15\u0026deg;C indicates the sample is stable up to this point, with no significant mass loss at lower temperatures. This suggests there are no major volatile components or solvents evaporating at this stage, marking the beginning of analysis under ambient conditions. The residual mass values at various temperatures, as observed in table.5. The residual mass generally increases as the synthesis temperature increases. This suggests that higher synthesis temperatures lead to more thermally stable materials with less tendency to decompose or lose volatile components [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The highest residual mass is observed for the sample synthesized at 1000\u0026deg;C, indicating the highest thermal stability among the samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. These values suggest that after thermal decomposition, the residual mass represents the stable ferrite phase of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at various annealing temperatures. The remaining masses at 969.53\u0026deg;C, 993.14\u0026deg;C, and 990.78\u0026deg;C for different samples indicate that most of the organic residues or unstable components have been removed during the heat treatment process. The total weight loss and residual mass, as observed in the table.5. The total weight loss decreases with increasing synthesis temperature. This is consistent with the observation of increasing residual mass and suggests that higher synthesis temperatures result in more thermally stable materials with reduced weight loss during heating [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The weight loss reflects the amount of material lost during the heating process, which can be attributed to the loss of volatile components such as water, organic material, or residual solvents before annealing. A significant weight loss is typical for nanoparticles undergoing heat treatment, as these processes often lead to the removal of loosely bound species or the transformation of less stable phases into more stable crystalline structures. The weight loss values provide insight into the material's thermal stability, indicating how much of the sample undergoes transformation or volatilization during heating. This information is critical for understanding the behavior of nanoparticles under high-temperature conditions and their ability to withstand thermal stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.7 VSM analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. Hysteresis Loop Area as a Function of Annealing Temperature in Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrites. From the figure, it is observed that the annealing temperature strongly affects the M-H loop area. As a result, magnetic parameters vary with increasing temperature. The magnetic properties of the synthesized sample can be explained by cation distribution. Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003eions prefer the tetrahedral site, while Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions occupy the octahedral site. All magnetic parameters are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Relationship between Coercivity (Hc) and Saturation Magnetization (Ms) in Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrites. The saturation magnetization (Ms) increases from 0.0123 emu/g to 0.1747 emu/g with increasing annealing temperature up to 900\u0026deg;C, after which it decreases. This is because divalent cations tend to occupy the octahedral site with increasing annealing temperature. Hence, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e cations occupy half of the tetrahedral sites and half of the octahedral sites, indicating an inverse spinel structure. On the other hand, the M-H curve consists of two parts: a linear part and a curved part. The linear part is attributed to cations coupled antiferromagnetically, while the curved part is attributed to cations coupled ferrimagnetically. This explains the decrease in magnetization at 1000\u0026deg;C. Retentivity (Mr\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003584 to 0.0122 emu/g) and coercivity (Hc\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;347.82 to 45.88 Oe) decrease with increasing annealing temperature. Thus, the material's behavior transitions from ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic. Larger grains tend to have more domain walls, and magnetization/demagnetization caused by domain wall movement requires less energy than domain rotation. As the number of walls increases with grain size, the contribution of wall movement to magnetization/demagnetization becomes more significant. Therefore, a sample sintered at 1200\u0026deg;C with larger grains is expected to have lower coercivity (Hc) compared to a sample sintered at 900\u0026deg;C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. Saturation magnetization (Ms) typically increases (0.0123 emu/g to 0.1908 emu/g) with annealing temperature due to enhanced crystallite growth and reduced defect density. At lower temperatures (600\u0026ndash;700\u0026deg;C), magnetization may be relatively low due to incomplete crystallite formation (32 nm, 33 nm) and the presence of defects. As the temperature increases (800\u0026ndash;900\u0026deg;C), magnetization should rise significantly due to improved crystallinity (37 nm, 39 nm) and reduced defects. At the highest temperature (1000\u0026deg;C), crystal growth is promoted (46 nm) and the concentration of defects is reduced, leading to more ordered magnetic domains. However, excessive annealing can cause grain coarsening and introduce impurities, hindering magnetization. A higher Ms value (0.1747 emu/g) indicates a stronger magnetic material, which is generally desirable for applications like permanent magnets and magnetic recording media. Where, \u0026ldquo;M\u0026rdquo; is the molecular weight of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Additionally, Eq.\u0026nbsp;7 is used to calculate the magnetic anisotropy (K) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMagnetic Properties of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnnealing\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003etemperature\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMs\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(emu/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMr\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(emu/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHc\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Oe)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eg/mol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eerg/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo unit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e600\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e347.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.456\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e700\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e603.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.733\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.742\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1747\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.349\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eSaturation magnetization (Ms), Rammance magnetization (Mr), Coercivity (Hc), and Rammance ratio (R)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eK=(Hc\u0026times;Ms) /0.96 erg/g. \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;... (5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe anisotropy constant (K) for Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles decreases with increasing annealing temperatures, highlighting a reduction in magnetocrystalline anisotropy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. Specifically, K values were observed as 4.456 (at 600\u0026deg;C), 10.121 (at 700\u0026deg;C), 9.466 (at 800\u0026deg;C), 11.742 (at 900\u0026deg;C), and 8.349 (at 1000\u0026deg;C). This decrease suggests that higher annealing temperatures reduce the energy barrier for changes in magnetization direction, making the material easier to magnetize and demagnetize, thus behaving as a softer magnetic material. Consequently, lower K values are indicative of reduced resistance to changes in magnetization direction due to the diminished magnetocrystalline anisotropy at elevated temperatures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Coercivity is expected to decrease (347.82\u0026ndash;45.88 Oe) with increasing annealing temperature (600\u0026deg;C-1000\u0026deg;C). Higher temperatures reduce magnetocrystalline anisotropy, making it easier to reverse the magnetization direction. Smaller crystallite sizes (32 nm) at lower annealing temperatures (600\u0026deg;C) can also contribute to higher coercivity (347.82 Oe) due to increased surface effects. Coercivity (Hc), the resistance of a material to demagnetization, typically decreases (45.88 Oe/1000\u0026deg;C) with increasing annealing temperature. This is because higher temperatures can lead to a reduction in magnetocrystalline anisotropy, making the material easier to demagnetize. A lower Hc value is often preferred for soft magnetic materials used in applications like transformers and inductors, where easy magnetization and demagnetization are crucial. Remanence magnetization (Mr) is the magnetization that remains in a material. After the external magnetic field is removed. It generally increases (3.584\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e emu/g \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12.239 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e emu/g) with annealing temperature, following a similar trend to Ms. A higher Mr value is desirable for permanent magnets, where the ability to retain magnetization even in the absence of an external field is essential. Eq.\u0026nbsp;8 is utilized to determine the magnetic moment (\u0026micro;B) per atom in Bohr magnetons for every sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;M \u0026times; (M/5585) g/mol\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. (6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe magnetic moment of their Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles rises from 0.00048 g/mol to 0.00689 g/mol as the annealing temperature (600\u0026ndash;1000\u0026deg;C) increases. Better crystallinity and cation redistribution are the two main combined effects responsible for the increase in magnetic moment in Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles with higher annealing temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt lower temperatures, such as 600\u0026deg;C, the nanoparticles have smaller crystal sizes (32 nm) and more structural defects. This results in a larger surface-to-volume ratio, where the atoms on the surface have disordered magnetic spins (a phenomenon called spin canting), which significantly reduces the overall net magnetization. As the annealing temperature increases (32\u0026ndash;46 nm) towards 1000\u0026deg;C, the nanoparticles gain enough thermal energy to grow into large, well-defined crystals. This grain growth reduces the proportion of surface atoms, reduces defects, and enhances super exchange interactions between magnetic ions, leading to better magnetic ordering and higher magnetic moment. At the same time, the increased temperature facilitates cation redistribution within the spinel crystal structure of ferrite. This structure has two types of states such as tetrahedral (A-sites) and octahedral (B-sites). The net magnetic reversibility is the difference between the magnetic reversibility of the B-sites and the A-sites (M\u003csub\u003enet\u003c/sub\u003e​=∣M\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e​-M\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e​∣). In Mg-Zn ferrite, the non-magnetic Zn\u0026sup2;⁺ ions strongly prefer the A-sites. As the temperature increases, this allows the magnetic Fe\u0026sup3;⁺ ions to migrate from the A-sites to the B-sites, while some non-magnetic Mg\u0026sup2;⁺ ions may move from the B-sites to the A-sites. This process strengthens the total magnetic reversibility (M\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e​) of the B-sublattice (M\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e​) while weakening the A-sublattice (M\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e​), thereby increasing their difference and dramatically increasing the overall magnetic reversibility of the nanoparticles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. The remanence ratio (R) is also computed using Eq.\u0026nbsp;9.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mr/Ms \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. (7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe remanence ratio may decrease (0.291 to 0.070) with annealing temperature. A higher remanence ratio indicates a more square hysteresis loop, which is desirable for certain applications. However, excessive annealing can lead to a decrease in remanence ratio due to reduced magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The remanence ratio (Mr/Ms) is a measure of a material's squareness. It typically increases with annealing temperature, indicating a more rectangular hysteresis loop. A higher remanence ratio is often associated with better magnetic properties and is desirable for applications like permanent magnets and magnetic recording media [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Hysteresis loss, which represents the energy dissipated during magnetization and demagnetization cycles, generally decreases with annealing temperature. This is because higher temperatures can reduce magnetocrystalline anisotropy and domain wall pinning, leading to smoother magnetization reversal. Hysteresis loss is expected to decrease with increasing annealing temperature. Higher temperatures reduce coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy, leading to narrower hysteresis loops and lower energy dissipation during magnetization reversal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnnealing temperature significantly affects the structural, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles. Crystallite size and particle size increase with higher annealing temperatures. Specific capacitance generally increases with temperature, suggesting improved charge storage capabilities. Saturation magnetization exhibits an optimum value at 900\u0026deg;C, followed by a decrease at 1000\u0026deg;C due to grain coarsening. Coercivity decreases, and the material transitions from ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic behavior with increasing annealing temperature. This data provides valuable insights into tailoring the properties of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles for targeted applications. The TGA and DTA analysis provide valuable information about the thermal stability and composition of the Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles. The results indicate that the sample undergoes several thermal transitions, with significant weight loss, possibly due to the removal of organic residues, followed by a stabilization of the ferrite phase after annealing at 600\u0026deg;C. These results can be used to optimize the synthesis process in order to achieve the desired thermal and magnetic properties that are utilized in sensor technologies, filters, and magnetic hyperthermia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge St. Joseph's College of Arts and Science (Autonomous) for providing access to its research laboratory and library resources. These facilities were crucial for the successful conduct of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData supporting the findings of this study will be made available upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not involve human participants or animals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted independently without external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. Meena Sankari:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft. \u003cstrong\u003eR. Sagayaraj:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Review \u0026amp; Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eS. Sebastian:\u003c/strong\u003e Validation, Resources, Data Curation. \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eA. Amalorpavadoss:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review \u0026amp; Editing.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;V. Porkalai:\u003c/strong\u003e Formal Analysis, Visualization. \u003cstrong\u003eS. Aravazhi:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology, Writing – Review \u0026amp; Editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalih SJ et al (2023) Review on magnetic spinel ferrite (MFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) nanoparticles: From synthesis to application. Heliyon 9: 16601 \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16601\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16601\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTedjieukeng HMK et al (2018) Structural characterization and magnetic properties of undoped and copper-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared by the octanoate coprecipitation route at very low dopant concentrations, RSC Adv 8:38621\u0026ndash;38630. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA08532C\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1039/C8RA08532C\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMund H, Ahuja B (2017) Structural and magnetic properties of Mg doped cobalt ferrite nano particles prepared by sol-gel method, Mater Res Bull 85: 228\u0026ndash;233. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.09.027\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.09.027\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMmelesi OK et al (2021) Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and nanocomposites: photocatalytic, antimicrobial activity and toxicity in water treatment, Mater Sci Semicond Process 123:105523. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105523\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105523\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUmare SS et al (2008) M\u0026ouml;ssbauer and magnetic studies on nanocrystalline NiFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e particles prepared by ethylene glycol route, Hyperfine Interact 184:235\u0026ndash;243. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-008-9796-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10751-008-9796-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRana G et al (2021) Recent advances on nickel nano-ferrite: a review on processing techniques, properties and diverse applications, Chem Eng Res Des 175:182\u0026ndash;208. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2021.08.040\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cherd.2021.08.040\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou Z H et al (2001) Transparent magnetic composites of ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles in silica. J Appl Phys 90: 4169\u0026ndash;4174. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1063/1.1404423\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1063/1.1404423\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZaki HM et al (2015) Structural, magnetic and dielectric studies of copper substituted nano-crystalline spinel magnesium zinc ferrite. J Alloys Compd 633: 104\u0026ndash;114. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.304\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.304\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePriya R S et al (2022) Effect of heat treatment on structural, morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties of Mg\u0026ndash;Zn ferrite nanoparticles. Ceram Int 48: 15243\u0026ndash;15251. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.02.056\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.02.056\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eullah Rather S, Lemine O (2020) Effect of Al doping in zinc ferrite nanoparticles and their structural and magnetic properties, J Alloys Compd 812: 152058. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152058\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152058\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaghniaz R, et al (2021) Anti-bacterial and wound healingpromoting effects of zinc ferrite nanoparticles, J Nanobiotechnol 19:38. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00776-w\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12951-021-00776-w\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSundararajan M et al (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under visible light using nanostructured zinc doped cobalt ferrite: kinetics and mechanism, Ceram Int 43: 540\u0026ndash;548. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.191\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.191\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMedeiros P et al (2015) Influence of variables on the synthesis of CoFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e pigment by the complex polymerization method, J Adv Ceram 4: 135\u0026ndash;141. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-015-0145-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s40145-015-0145-1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIrshad et al (2022) Co-substituted Mg\u0026ndash;Zn spinel nanocrystalline ferrites: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of catalytic degradation efficiency for colored and colorless compounds. Ceram Int 48: 29805\u0026ndash;29815. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.06.241\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.06.241\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrudnikov P et al (2021) Simulation of hysteresis phenomena in multilayer magnetic nanostructures, J Phys.: Conf Ser 1740: 012011. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1740/1/012011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/1742-6596/1740/1/012011\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohamed WS et al (2019) Impact of Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e Substitution on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Co\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e1-x\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Nanoparticles. Nanomater 9: 1602. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111602\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nano9111602\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePurnama B, Wijayanta AT (2019) Effect of calcination temperature on structural and magnetic properties in cobalt ferrite nano particles. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 31:956\u0026ndash;960. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2018.07.019\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jksus.2018.07.019\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAndhare DD et al (2020) Effect of Zn doping on structural, magnetic and optical properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via. Co-precipitation method. Phys. B Condens. Matter 583: 412051. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2020.412051\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.physb.2020.412051\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh RK et al (2010). Cation distribution of Ni\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles. Int. J Eng Sci Tech 2: 104\u0026ndash;109. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v2i8.63832\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4314/ijest.v2i8.63832\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKayani ZN et al (2014). Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by sol\u0026ndash;gel technique and their characterization. IEEE Trans. Magn 50: 1\u0026ndash;4. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2014.2313763\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1109/TMAG.2014.2313763\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar Das A et al (2014) Bio-reductive synthesis and characterization of plant protein coated magnetite nanoparticles. N Hybrids 7: 69\u0026ndash;86. https://doi.org/10\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e.4028/www.scientific.net/NH.7.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://.4028/www.scientific.net/NH.7.69\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHussain A et al (2018). Structural, dielectric and magnetic studies of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for selected annealing temperatures. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29: 20783\u0026ndash;20789. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-0220-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10854-018-0220-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePetrila I et al (2022) Annealing Temperature Effects on Humidity Sensor Properties for Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eW\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Spinel Ferrite. Sensors 22: 9182. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/s22239182\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/s22239182\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar R \u0026amp; Kar M (2016) Correlation between lattice strain and magnetic behavior in non-magnetic Ca substituted nano-crystalline cobalt ferrite. Ceram Int 42: 6640\u0026ndash;6647. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.007\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.007\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSrinivas C et al (2016) Superparamagnetic behavior of heat treated Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles studied by M\u0026ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. AIP Conf. Proc. 1731: 050074. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947728\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1063/1.4947728\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJayarajan D (2023) Green synthesis, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrite Nanoparticles by the Coprecipitation Method: Averrhoa bilimbi fruit. Chem Afr 6: 1875\u0026ndash;1885. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00615-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s42250-023-00615-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgustina AK et al (2018) Effect of synthesis parameters on crystals structures and magnetic properties of cobalt nickel ferrite nanoparticles. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 367: 012006. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/367/1/012006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/1757-899X/367/1/012006\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRamanjaneyulu K et al (2021) Synthesis, microstructural and magnetic properties of Cu doped Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrites. Solid State Technol 64: 7192\u0026ndash;7200.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBhukal S et al (2015) Mg\u0026ndash;Co\u0026ndash;Zn magnetic nanoferrites: characterization and their use for remediation of textile wastewater. Superlatt Microstruct 77: 134\u0026ndash;151. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.11.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.spmi.2014.11.013\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohseni H et al (2012) Magnetic and structural studies of the Mn-doped Mg\u0026ndash;Zn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by the glycine nitrate process. J Magn Magn Mater 324: 3741\u0026ndash;3747. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2012.06.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jmmm.2012.06.009\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZaki HM et al (2015) Structural, magnetic and dielectric studies of copper substituted nano-crystalline spinel magnesium zinc ferrite. J. Alloys Compd 633: 104\u0026ndash;114. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.304\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.304\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohn SP \u0026amp; Mathew J (2019) Superparamagnetism of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles: Dependence of pH in the sol-gel auto-combustion method. AIP Conf. Proc. 2162, 020066 (2019). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1063/1.5130276\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1063/1.5130276\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSri VSPS et al (2021). Unveiling the photosensitive and magnetic properties of amorphous iron nanoparticles with its application towards decontamination of water and cancer treatment. J Mater Res Technol 15: 99\u0026ndash;118. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.145\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.145\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhenrat T, et al (2009) Particle size distribution, concentration, and magnetic attraction affect transport of polymer-modified Fe\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e nanoparticles in sand columns. Environ Sci Technol 43:5079\u0026ndash;5085. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/es900171v\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1021/es900171v\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLim J et al (2013) Characterization of magnetic nanoparticle by dynamic light scattering. Nanoscale Res Lett 8: 381. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-8-381\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/1556-276X-8-381\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGoon IY(2009) Fabrication and dispersion of gold-shell-protected magnetite nanoparticles: systematic control using polyethyleneimine. Chem Mater 21: 673\u0026ndash;681. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/cm8025329\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1021/cm8025329\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChicea D et al (2012) Assesing Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticle size by DLS, XRD and AFM. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 14: 460.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSink\u0026oacute; K et al (2012) Liquid-phase syntheses of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 14: 894. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0894-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11051-012-0894-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaldi G (2007) Synthesis and coating of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: a first step toward the obtainment of new magnetic nanocarriers. Langmuir 23: 4026\u0026ndash;4028. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/la063255k\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1021/la063255k\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGandhi S \u0026amp; Roy I (2019) Synthesis and characterization of manganese ferrite nanoparticles, and its interaction with bovine serum albumin: A spectroscopic and molecular docking approach. J mol liq 296: 111871. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111871\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111871\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaldi G et al (2007) Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: The control of the particle size and surface state and their effects on magnetic properties. J Magn Magn Mater 311: 10\u0026ndash;16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.11.157\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.11.157\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThirupathi G \u0026amp; Singh R (2014) Magneto-viscosity of MnZn-ferrite ferrofluid. Phys. Rev. B Condens Matter 448: 346\u0026ndash;348 \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2014.03.042\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.physb.2014.03.042\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGandhi S et al (2020) Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for bimodal hyperthermia and their mechanistic interactions with lysozyme. J Mol Liq 310: 113194. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113194\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113194\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFarheen A \u0026amp; Singh R (2018) Effect of sintering on structure and magnetic properties of Mn-doped Zn ferrite. AIP Con Proc 1953: 120067 \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1063/1.5033132\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1063/1.5033132\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmad F et al (2016) Systematic elucidation of interactive unfolding and corona formation of bovine serum albumin with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. RSC Adv 6: 35719\u0026ndash;35730. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA02850K\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1039/C6RA02850K\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChang B Y \u0026amp; Park SM (2010) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Annu Rev Anal Chem 3: 207\u0026ndash;229. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anchem.012809.102211\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1146/annurev.anchem.012809.102211\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAguedo J et al (2020) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on 2D Nanomaterial MXene Modified Interfaces: Application as a Characterization and Transducing Tool. Chem S 8: 127. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040127\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/chemosensors8040127\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eur Rahman A et al (2011) Semiconductor to metallic transition and polaron conduction in nanostructured cobalt ferrite. J Phys D: Appl Phys 44: 165404. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/16/165404\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/0022-3727/44/16/165404\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhysical BMM et al (2018) Physical Interpretations of Nyquist Plots for EDLC Electrodes and Devices. J Phys Chem C, 122: 194\u0026ndash;206. doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10582\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10582\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDhaou MH et al (2017) Structural and complex impedance spectroscopic studies of Ni\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eMg\u003csub\u003e0.3\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003e0.2\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticle. Appl Phys A 123: 8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0652-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00339-016-0652-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUke S J et al (2020) Sol-gel citrate synthesized Zn doped MgFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanocrystals: a promising supercapacitor electrode material. Mater Sci Energy Technol 3: 446\u0026ndash;455. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2020.02.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.mset.2020.02.009\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang D et al (2024) Cyclic voltammetry and specific capacitance studies of copper oxide nanostructures grown by hot water treatment. MRS Advances 9: 979\u0026ndash;985 \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-023-00712-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1557/s43580-023-00712-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKouki N et al (2019) Structural, Infrared, Magnetic, and Electrical Properties of Ni\u003csub\u003e0.6\u003c/sub\u003eCd\u003csub\u003e0.2\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003e0.2\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Ferrites Synthesized Using Sol-Gel Method Under Different Sintering Temperatures. J Supercond Nov Magn 32: 2209\u0026ndash;2218. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-018-4951-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10948-018-4951-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePeterson SF et al (2021) Determination of anisotropy constants via fitting of magnetic hysteresis to numerical calculation of Stoner\u0026ndash;Wohlfarth model. AIP Advances 11: 085111. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1063/5.0051454\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1063/5.0051454\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSanadi K R \u0026amp; Kamble G S (2018) Novel synthesis of silver ferrite by sol\u0026ndash;gel auto combustion method and study of its photocatalytic activity. Advanced Porous Materials, 6: 41\u0026ndash;44. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1166/apm.2018.1148\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1166/apm.2018.1148\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePoongodi R et al (2024) Analyzing the variations in electrical, structural and magnetic properties of zinc-doped MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite obtained via co-precipitation. J Aust Ceram Soc 60: 1483\u0026ndash;1494. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-024-01057-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s41779-024-01057-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Spinel ferrite, nanoparticles, coprecipitation, magnetic properties, energy storage","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7770401/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7770401/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nanoparticles produced by co-precipitation and subsequently annealed at temperatures between 600 and 1000\u0026deg;C are examined in this work. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the desired polycrystalline spinel structure and prominent peaks strongly affected by higher annealing temperature. As the annealing temperature increased, the crystallite size grew from 32 nm to 46 nm, which improved the crystallinity of the material. FTIR spectroscopy also confirmed the mixed spinel structure because of two prominent vibrational modes at 451\u0026ndash;466 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e involving Mg-O, Zn-O, and Fe-O. Dynamic light scattering indicates that the size of the nanoparticles increases as the annealing temperature rises to 1000\u0026deg;C. Impedance spectroscopy provides deeper insights into the electrical behavior of materials by revealing the relaxation time of the electrical process. Cyclic voltammetry analysis indicates that the capacitance reaches its maximum at 1000\u0026deg;C (7.68 F/g). The highest residual mass is 98.20% at 990.78\u0026deg;C observed for the synthesized materials at 1000\u0026deg;C, indicating the highest thermal stability among the samples. According to the VSM evaluation, the coercivity (Hc) drastically dropped at 900\u0026deg;C, while the concentration magnetization (Ms) peaked. This decline was ascribed to the material's magnetic softness, which is caused by grain growth. Accordingly, these analyses show that annealing is a practical method for accurately modifying the electrochemical, magnetic, and structural properties of Mg\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles for application in magnetic hyperthermia, filters, and sensor technologies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation of Magnetic, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles by Annealing Temperature Effect","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-20 12:02:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7770401/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":1}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"39c83d7e-74dc-4e32-8760-3845d6cbf9f8","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T14:24:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-20 12:02:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7770401","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7770401","identity":"rs-7770401","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}