Decomposition of a Finite Temporal Correlation Scale in GNSS GEO Satellite Clocks via Phase-Based Temporal Response Analysis

Decomposition of a Finite Temporal Correlation Scale in GNSS GEO Satellite Clocks via Phase-Based Temporal Response Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Decomposition of a Finite Temporal Correlation Scale in GNSS GEO Satellite Clocks via Phase-Based Temporal Response Analysis Takahiro Mitsui This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8701728/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In a previous study, we reported the presence of a finite temporal correlation scale of approximately 30–35 minutes in GNSS satellite clock data based on time-domain correlation analyses. However, the physical origin of this temporal scale—whether it reflects satellite-specific properties or a structure common to the satellite ensemble—remained unclear. In this study, we investigate the origin of this correlation scale by applying a frequency-domain, phase-based temporal response analysis to GNSS geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite clock data. After reconstructing the clock bias time series on a common temporal grid, we define a temporal response function using cross-spectral phase and group delay, and systematically separate common-mode and satellite-specific components among the GEO satellites. We find that the previously reported 30–35 min temporal scale is not intrinsic to individual satellites but instead represents a temporal response structure shared by the GEO satellite ensemble. When this common-mode component is removed using a leave-one-out median reference, the residual temporal response converges to below 0.1 s and exhibits near-unity coherence across all satellites. These results demonstrate that temporal structures that are difficult to characterize using time-domain correlation metrics can be robustly identified as phase responses in the frequency domain. This study provides the first observational decomposition of the previously reported finite temporal correlation scale into common and residual components, and supports a framework in which time is treated as a responding structure rather than an instantaneous parameter. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8701728","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":583514366,"identity":"29b3bc59-7075-4308-8929-831fc6bad2b4","order_by":0,"name":"Takahiro Mitsui","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNiCqSTBgb2A8kFAB5DMzN+BVzwPRcizBgOcAw4EPZ0BaGInSwpxgIJHAcHBmG0iMgBZ7sQNsjwvK2PLMGdIfHOadVxvN3w7U8qNiG25bpBPYjWeckym2bDhjcJh32/HcGYcZGxh7ztzGp4VNmreNLXHDwR4GoJZjuQ1ALcyMbQS1MCduOMwOdNicY7nziddyjMHg4MyGmtwNBLXcTmyT5jl3rNiyh8fgwIdjB3I3ArUcxOcX9tnJx6R5ymryzOWfP3yQUFOXO+/84YMPflTg1oIeC4fB5AE86jFAHSmKR8EoGAWjYIQAABoUXQvcwduMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Takahiro","middleName":"","lastName":"Mitsui","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-26 15:11:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8701728/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8701728/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101768809,"identity":"57078657-5b2e-45bc-b601-a895cb9fff68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 12:46:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":285713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"gnssgeotemporalresponsephase.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8701728/v1_covered_e47008cf-6329-4c1e-92d7-14665fb2c55d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Decomposition of a Finite Temporal Correlation Scale in GNSS GEO Satellite Clocks via Phase-Based Temporal Response Analysis","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8701728/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8701728/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In a previous study, we reported the presence of a finite temporal correlation scale of approximately 30–35 minutes in GNSS satellite clock data based on time-domain correlation analyses. 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