Surface water quality of Balu River, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Surface water quality of Balu River, Dhaka, Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Surface water quality of Balu River, Dhaka, Bangladesh Md. Tanvir Ahmed, Kazi Nur E Mustakim, Rokhshana Parvin, Sheikh Aurangazeb Babar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5723330/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Balu River, a critical water source in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is increasingly threatened by extensive pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. This study assesses the water quality and pollution sources affecting the river, focusing on a 6 km stretch between Demra Ghat and Kamshair. Water samples were collected from five strategic points and analyzed for key parameters including pH, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and nitrate levels. The findings reveal that while some parameters meet acceptable standards, critical indicators such as DO, BOD, and nitrate exceed permissible limits in certain locations, reflecting severe pollution from untreated industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and municipal waste. The calculated Water Quality Index (WQI) ranges from 50 to 69, categorizing the river's water quality as medium. This degradation poses significant environmental and public health risks, especially as the river serves agricultural, domestic, and ecological functions. The study underscores the urgent need for stringent enforcement of pollution control measures, advanced wastewater treatment technologies, and public awareness initiatives to safeguard this vital water resource. Surface water Water quality Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Water Quality Index (WQI) Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1.1 Introduction Bangladesh is a land of river. It is a small, densely populated country located in South Asia. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast. The country is situated on the fertile Bengal delta, which is the largest delta in the subcontinent (Husain Tinker,2023). The population of Dhaka has grown exponentially over the past 70 years. In 1950, the population was only 335,760, but by 2023, it is estimated to reach 23,209,616. This represents a growth of 6,873,856 people, or a 3.25% annual change ( Dhaka Population 2023 ). Due to the industrial boom, surface water contamination is now a major hazard for human existence. Rivers are the most popular options among surface water sources for holding pollution, particularly in developing nations like Bangladesh (Arefin and Rahman, 2021). River water has been a receiver of perilous materials from domestic, industrial and agricultural runoff. Polluted water poses serious threats to the aquatic ecology and phytoplankton diversity (Islam, 2016). Balu river is a river of Dhaka, Bangladesh and it is a tributary of the Shitalakshya River. The Balu River located in the eastern part of Dhaka is increasingly becoming the most polluted area, resulting in the continuous contamination of the Sitalakkha River. Consequently, this pollution poses a significant threat to the Saydabad water treatment plant (Islam and Huda, 2016). The Madhupur Tract hills are the source of the Balu River, which runs through the capital city of Dhaka. It is a significant water source for the city and is utilized for irrigating land, fishing, and other purposes (Sifatul Quader, 2012). Tanneries, dyeing businesses, aluminum, iron, and steel workshops, plastic production, battery manufacture, washing, hardware, and cold storage facilities are only a few examples of industrial establishments around the river (Sultana, Hossain and Latifa, 2019). According to a research, just 10% of firms release treated effluent into rivers or other bodies of water, while the remainder either don't treat their sewage at all or only little (Sultana, Hossain and Latifa, 2019). There are so many point and non-point sources which are contributing the river into pollution. This study aims to find out the present water quality and pollution sources of the river. 1.2 Problem Statement Surface water in Bangladesh is subjected to pollution through diverse means. Key contributors to the pollution of surface water include industrial waste, agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, sewage discharge, and domestic waste (Dara, 2006). Water that is contaminated cannot be utilized for drinking, household, and farming needs due to its inherent health hazards (Goel, 2006). The condition of pollution in the Balu River in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is a significant cause for alarm. With the passage of time, the river has experienced substantial contamination, resulting in significant environmental and health hazards for the nearby regions. The main factors contributing to this pollution include the discharge of industrial waste, untreated sewage, and improper disposal of solid waste. The Balu River holds great significance as a water resource in the Dhaka district, particularly in Tongi. It serves various purposes, including domestic, agricultural, and residential uses. However, the Balu River is facing pollution from both point and non-point sources. These sources include untreated sewage from the town of Dhaka and Tongi, wastewater, and numerous other contaminants from small manufacturing facilities like tanneries and battery factories, as well as significant non-point agricultural activities (Md. Khalid Hasan, Masuma Akter Happy, Mst. Karimon Nesha, K. H.Razimul Karim, 2014). Furthermore, the river is affected by industrial inputs from a paint factory, power station, building materials factory, and municipal solid waste. These pollutants directly flow into the river and also receive sewage effluents from the town's sewer system. 1.3 Methodology 1.3.1 Study Area The Balu River has a length of 44 km (Wikipedia contributors, 2022). In this study, a stretch of the Balu river measuring about 6 km, extending from Demra ghat to Kamshair, was examined. To gather water samples, this entire length was divided into five distinct segments. 1.3.2 Sample collection Water samples were gathered from five different locations spanning from Demra Ghat to Eiderkandi. A boat was employed to collect the samples from the midpoint of the river. Five 1-liter plastic bottles were utilized to collect the samples at various sampling points. Prior to the collection process, the bottles were thoroughly cleaned using a weak acid solution, followed by rinsing with distilled water. To ensure the integrity of the samples, the bottles were rinsed three more times with the water to be sampled. At each sampling point, 1 liter of water were collected from the water's surface and immediately sealed in the bottles to prevent exposure to air and protect against fungal and pathogenic contamination. The bottles were appropriately labeled, indicating the respective number and location name. Sample were collected from- 1. Demra Ghat 2. Dhitpur Bazar 3. Nolchata 4. Balurpar Primary School 5. Eiderkandi Link Road The google map showing the sample collection point is shown in the following figure: 1.3.3 Laboratory Analysis After collecting the samples, it was taken to the laboratory for analysis. The following tests and apparatus were performed to justify the quality of the water: 1.4 Surface water quality for fisheries according to ECR 2023 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of Bangladesh has revised the Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR 2023) to set a new guidelines for water in different uses. This study aims to focus on surface water quality, so all the parameters has justified for fisheries in surface water set by ECR 2023. The standards of water quality for fisheries by ECR 2023 are shown in the table below. Table 1.2 : Standards for Inland Surface Water by ECR 2023. Sl. NO. Types of Usage Parameters pH DO mg/L BOD mg/L NO 3 -N mg/L NH 4 -N mg/L PO 4 -P mg/L Total Cr mg/L Pb mg/L Hg mg/ L Total Coliform CFU/100 mL TDS mg/L COD mg/L (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) 1 Source of drinking water for supply only after disinfecting 6.5-8.5 ≥ 6 ≤ 2 7.0 0.1 0.1 0.02 0.03 0.001 ≤ 100 1000 10 2 Water usable for recreational activity 6.5-8.5 ≥ 5 ≤ 3 7.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.05 0.001 ≤ 50 1000 10 3 Source of drinking water for supply after conventional treatment 6-9 ≥ 5 ≤ 3 7.0 0.3 0.5 0.02 0.03 0.001 ≤ 5000 1000 25 4 Water usable by fisheries 6-9 ≥ 5 ≤ 6 7.0 0.3 0.5 0.05 0.1 0.004 ≤ 5000 1000 50 5 Water usable by various process and cooling industries 6.5-8.5 ≥ 1 12 - 2.7 - 0.1 0.1 0.05 - 1000 100 6 Water usable for irrigation 6.5-8.5 - ≤ 12 5.0 1.5 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.002 ≤ 50,000 1000 100 1.5 Results After being analysis of water in the laboratory the following results were obtained. 1.5.1 pH 1.5.2 Turbidity 1.5.3 Chlorine 1.5.4 Phosphate 1.5.5 Iron 1.5.6 Color 1.5.7 CO 2 1.5.8 Nitrate 1.5.9 TDS, TSS and TS 1.5.10 BOD Table 1.3 Summary of Results Parameters Locations Unit Demra Ghat Dhitpur Bazar Nolchata Balurpar School Eiderkandi pH - 6.70 6.60 6.40 6.50 6.40 Turbidly NTU 1.07 1.31 2.27 2.26 1.10 Chlorine mg/L 0.0 2.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 Phosphorus mg/L 0 0 0 0 0 Iron mg/L 1 1 0 0 0.5 Color PCU 10 55 50 45 50 CO 2 mg/L 10 5 5 5 5 Nitrate mg/L 132.9 177.2 0.0 0.0 44.3 TDS mg/L 267 296 342 349 311 TSS mg/L 8600 860 820 1400 1000 DO mg/L 7.2 2.3 0.4 0.8 2 BOD mg/L 6.5 1.8 0.1 0 1.2 1.6 Conclusion The water samples were collected for one day from five points of Balu River and conducted laboratory tests. From the obtained results it has found that some parameters are in standard range, and some are out of standard range. DO has found lower in Dhitpur Bazar, Nolchata, Balurpar School, Eiderkandi, BOD is found higher in Demra Ghat, Nitrate is also found higher in Demra Ghat, Dhitpur Bazar and Eiderkandi . Except these three parameters all others are in a satisfactory state. The Water Quality Index (WQI) of all five locations are within 50 – 69 which confirms that the water quality is medium as per NSF water quality index. 1.6 Recommendations Ensuring clean and sustainable surface water is crucial for the well-being and development of Dhaka City. As the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka faces numerous challenges in maintaining the quality of its surface water due to rapid urbanization, industrial activities, and population growth. To safeguard the health of its residents and protect the environment, it is essential to implement effective measures to improve surface water quality. This recommendation outlines key actions that can be taken to address the challenges and enhance the surface water quality in Dhaka City. a. Implement and enforce strict regulations and standards for industries, wastewater treatment plants, and commercial establishments to prevent the discharge of pollutants into water bodies. b. Conduct regular monitoring and inspection of industrial facilities to ensure compliance with environmental standards. c. Encourage the use of advanced technologies for treating industrial and domestic wastewater to remove contaminants before discharge. d. Develop and implement comprehensive solid waste management strategies to minimize the amount of waste entering water bodies. e. Educate farmers about sustainable farming techniques to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, reducing agricultural runoff and its impact on surface water quality. f. Promote organic farming and integrated pest management practices that prioritize environmental sustainability. g. Launch public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of preserving water resources and the impact of pollution on human health and the environment. Declarations Author Contribution The methodology was prepared by Md. Tanvir Ahmed, Sample collection and laboratory analysis were done by Rokhshana Parvin and Sheikh Aurangazeb Babar, finally the rest part was completed by Kazi Nur E Mustakim References Arefin, M. T. and Rahman, M. M. (2021) “Contamination status of surface water from the Balu river for irrigation usage in Bangladesh,” Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources , 12(1–2), pp. 57–65. doi: 10.3329/jesnr.v12i1-2.51986. Dara, S. (2006) “A Text Book Of Enviromental Chemistry and Polution Control,” pp. 24–30. Goel, P. (2006) “Water pollution: Causes, Effects and Control,” New Age International , pp. 97–115. Husain, S. S. and Tinker, H. R. (2023) “Bangladesh,” Encyclopedia Britannica . Islam, S. (2016) Assessing heavy metal contamination in the bottom sediments of Shitalakhya River, Bangladesh; using pollution evaluation indices and geo-spatial analysis . Islam, S. M. D. and Huda, M. E. (2016) “Water pollution by industrial effluent and phytoplankton diversity of Shitalakhya River, Bangladesh,” Journal of scientific research , 8(2), pp. 191–198. doi: 10.3329/jsr.v8i2.26402. Md. Khalid Hasan, Masuma Akter Happy, Mst. Karimon Nesha, K. H.Razimul Karim (ed.) (2014) Pollution Status of Balu River due toIndustrial Input at Dhaka, Bangladesh . OPEN JOURNAL OF WATER POLLUTION AND TREATMENT. Sifatul Quader, C. (2012) “Balu River,” in Islam, S. and Jamal, A. A. (eds.) Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh . Bangladesh. Sultana, M. N., Hossain, M. S. and Latifa, G. A. (2019) “Water quality assessment of Balu river, Dhaka Bangladesh,” Water conservation and management , 3(2), pp. 08–10. doi: 10.26480/wcm.02.2019.08.10. Wikipedia contributors (2022) Balu River , Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balu_River&oldid=1065891613. Tables Tables 1.1 and 1.4 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Tables1.1and1.4.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5723330","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":396805254,"identity":"f072a3ee-e1b2-4697-b532-537ad74111fe","order_by":0,"name":"Md. 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05:34:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.3: pH of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/d839570e3536a233fac4fccd.png"},{"id":72865292,"identity":"fa04d0bb-a430-4839-85aa-ab1640fd7b8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:26:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35450,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.4: Turbidity of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/422e0cce6bd96797d81be832.png"},{"id":72865297,"identity":"5a479e4d-9385-4792-8617-9b60636b571c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:26:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.5: Chlorine of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/cdc87dd0887075d21009f17f.png"},{"id":72865305,"identity":"222f6776-183c-4537-92ee-2e417f4e5f22","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:26:04","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37157,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.6: Phosphate of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/2924539097a7f519f772bea7.png"},{"id":72865684,"identity":"5c5e1361-c262-494c-8184-5073d9dba7ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:34:03","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.7: Iron of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/fd0fc17710179a28a08ba814.png"},{"id":72865687,"identity":"cfdd33ed-2670-408b-b86e-2281b2903e20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:34:03","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36453,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.8: Color of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/50cf4e1e21bd890f350738ea.png"},{"id":72865691,"identity":"676b1bb9-650b-4a84-89ff-0ae5a07d0677","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:34:04","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.9: CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/3420870056759f2f45cb81f8.png"},{"id":72865302,"identity":"0e42f157-bb3e-4744-96cf-97333576c71b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:26:03","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52155,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.10: Nitrate of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/f3a23571297277ef45222a06.png"},{"id":72865298,"identity":"8d2f62e8-5816-4dbf-b17b-18b1da70cdc0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:26:03","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45888,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.11: TDS, TSS and TS of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/4183cda83ca12977a0b4be3f.png"},{"id":72865700,"identity":"4587dcee-32c6-45e7-9c2f-b4d18051c6a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:34:05","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48495,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 1.12: BOD of samples from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5723330/v1/d2eb4bd388ef561c790cd31a.png"},{"id":72866422,"identity":"35b8a9a8-3a8e-4214-92b3-c4a691d4cfdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 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It is a small, densely populated country located in South Asia. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast. The country is situated on the fertile Bengal delta, which is the largest delta in the\u0026nbsp;subcontinent\u0026nbsp;(Husain Tinker,2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe population of Dhaka has grown exponentially over the past 70 years. In 1950, the population was only 335,760, but by 2023, it is estimated to reach 23,209,616. This represents a growth of 6,873,856 people, or a\u0026nbsp;3.25% annual change (\u003cem\u003eDhaka Population 2023\u003c/em\u003e). Due to the industrial boom, surface water contamination is now a major hazard for human existence. Rivers are the most popular options among surface water sources for holding pollution, particularly in developing nations like Bangladesh (Arefin and Rahman, 2021). River water has been a receiver of perilous materials from domestic, industrial and agricultural runoff. Polluted water poses serious threats to the aquatic ecology and phytoplankton diversity (Islam, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBalu river is a river of Dhaka, Bangladesh and it is a \u0026nbsp;tributary of the Shitalakshya River. The Balu River located in the eastern part of Dhaka is increasingly becoming the most polluted area, resulting in the continuous contamination of the Sitalakkha River. Consequently, this pollution poses a significant threat to the Saydabad water treatment plant (Islam and Huda, 2016). The Madhupur Tract hills are the source of the Balu River, which runs through the capital city of Dhaka. It is a significant water source for the city and is utilized for irrigating land, fishing, and other purposes (Sifatul Quader, 2012). Tanneries, dyeing businesses, aluminum, iron, and steel workshops, plastic production, battery manufacture, washing, hardware, and cold storage facilities are only a few examples of industrial establishments around the river (Sultana, Hossain and Latifa, 2019). According to a research, just 10% of firms release treated effluent into rivers or other bodies of water, while the remainder either don\u0026apos;t treat their sewage at all or only little (Sultana, Hossain and Latifa, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are so many point and non-point sources which are contributing the river into pollution. This study aims to find out the present water quality and pollution sources of the river.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1.2 Problem Statement","content":"\u003cp\u003eSurface water in Bangladesh is subjected to pollution through diverse means. Key contributors to the pollution of surface water include industrial waste, agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, sewage discharge, and domestic waste\u0026nbsp;(Dara, 2006). Water that is contaminated cannot be utilized for drinking, household, and farming needs due to its inherent health hazards (Goel, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe condition of pollution in the Balu River in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is a significant cause for alarm. With the passage of time, the river has experienced substantial contamination, resulting in significant environmental and health hazards for the nearby regions. The main factors contributing to this pollution include the discharge of industrial waste, untreated sewage, and improper disposal of solid waste.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Balu River holds great significance as a water resource in the Dhaka district, particularly in Tongi. It serves various purposes, including domestic, agricultural, and residential uses. However, the Balu River is facing pollution from both point and non-point sources. These sources include untreated sewage from the town of Dhaka and Tongi, wastewater, and numerous other contaminants from small manufacturing facilities like tanneries and battery factories, as well as significant non-point agricultural activities (Md. Khalid Hasan, Masuma Akter Happy, Mst. Karimon Nesha, K. H.Razimul Karim, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the river is affected by industrial inputs from a paint factory, power station, building materials factory, and municipal solid waste. These pollutants directly flow into the river and also receive sewage effluents from the town\u0026apos;s sewer system.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1.3 Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Study Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Balu River has a length of 44 km (Wikipedia contributors, 2022). In this study, a stretch of the Balu river measuring about 6 km, extending from Demra ghat to Kamshair, was examined. To gather water samples, this entire length was divided into five distinct segments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Sample collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWater samples were gathered from five different locations spanning from Demra Ghat to Eiderkandi. A boat was employed to collect the samples from the midpoint of the river. Five 1-liter plastic bottles were utilized to collect the samples at various sampling points. Prior to the collection process, the bottles were thoroughly cleaned using a weak acid solution, followed by rinsing with distilled water. To ensure the integrity of the samples, the bottles were rinsed three more times with the water to be sampled. At each sampling point, 1 liter of water were collected from the water\u0026apos;s surface and immediately sealed in the bottles to prevent exposure to air and protect against fungal and pathogenic contamination. The bottles were appropriately labeled, indicating the respective number and location name. Sample were collected from-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Demra Ghat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Dhitpur Bazar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Nolchata\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. Balurpar Primary School\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. Eiderkandi Link Road\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe google map showing the sample collection point is shown in the following figure:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.3 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Laboratory Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter collecting the samples, it was taken to the laboratory for analysis. The following tests and apparatus were performed to justify the quality of the water:\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1.4 Surface water quality for fisheries according to ECR 2023","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of Bangladesh has revised the Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR 2023) to set a new guidelines for water in different uses. This study aims to focus on surface water quality, so all the parameters has justified for fisheries in surface water set by ECR 2023. The standards of water quality for fisheries by ECR 2023 are shown in the table below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1.2 : Standards for Inland Surface Water by ECR 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"642\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSl. NO.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTypes of Usage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 539px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBOD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-N\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-N\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/ L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Coliform CFU/100 mL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emg/L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(6)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(7)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(8)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(9)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(10)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(11)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(12)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(13)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(14)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of drinking water for supply only after disinfecting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5-8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater usable for recreational activity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5-8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of drinking water for supply after conventional treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 5000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater usable by fisheries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 5000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater usable by various process and cooling industries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5-8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater usable for irrigation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5-8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 50,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"1.5 Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAfter being analysis of water in the laboratory the following results were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.1 pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.2 Turbidity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.3 Chlorine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.4 Phosphate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.5 Iron\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.6 Color\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.7 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.8 Nitrate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.9 TDS, TSS and TS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5.10 BOD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.3 Summary of Results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 391px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemra Ghat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDhitpur Bazar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNolchata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBalurpar School\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEiderkandi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTurbidly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNTU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBOD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"1.6 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe water samples were collected for one day from five points of Balu River and conducted laboratory tests. From the obtained results it has found that some parameters are in standard range, and some are out of standard range. DO has found lower in Dhitpur Bazar, Nolchata, Balurpar School, Eiderkandi, BOD is found higher in Demra Ghat, Nitrate is also found higher in Demra Ghat, Dhitpur Bazar and Eiderkandi . Except these three parameters all others are in a satisfactory state. The Water Quality Index (WQI) of all five locations are within 50 \u0026ndash; 69 which confirms that the water quality is medium as per NSF water quality index.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.6 Recommendations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnsuring clean and sustainable surface water is crucial for the well-being and development of Dhaka City. As the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka faces numerous challenges in maintaining the quality of its surface water due to rapid urbanization, industrial activities, and population growth. To safeguard the health of its residents and protect the environment, it is essential to implement effective measures to improve surface water quality. This recommendation outlines key actions that can be taken to address the challenges and enhance the surface water quality in Dhaka City.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Implement and enforce strict regulations and standards for industries, wastewater treatment plants, and commercial establishments to prevent the discharge of pollutants into water bodies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Conduct regular monitoring and inspection of industrial facilities to ensure compliance with environmental standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Encourage the use of advanced technologies for treating industrial and domestic wastewater to remove contaminants before discharge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Develop and implement comprehensive solid waste management strategies to minimize the amount of waste entering water bodies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ee.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Educate farmers about sustainable farming techniques to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, reducing agricultural runoff and its impact on surface water quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ef.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Promote organic farming and integrated pest management practices that prioritize environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eg. \u0026nbsp; Launch public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of preserving water resources and the impact of pollution on human health and the environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe methodology was prepared by Md. Tanvir Ahmed, Sample collection and laboratory analysis were done by Rokhshana Parvin and Sheikh Aurangazeb Babar, finally the rest part was completed by Kazi Nur E Mustakim\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArefin, M. T. and Rahman, M. M. (2021) \u0026ldquo;Contamination status of surface water from the Balu river for irrigation usage in Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources\u003c/em\u003e, 12(1\u0026ndash;2), pp. 57\u0026ndash;65. doi: 10.3329/jesnr.v12i1-2.51986.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDara, S. (2006) \u0026ldquo;A Text Book Of Enviromental Chemistry and Polution Control,\u0026rdquo; pp. 24\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGoel, P. (2006) \u0026ldquo;Water pollution: Causes, Effects and Control,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eNew Age International\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 97\u0026ndash;115.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHusain, S. S. and Tinker, H. R. (2023) \u0026ldquo;Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEncyclopedia Britannica\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIslam, S. (2016) \u003cem\u003eAssessing heavy metal contamination in the bottom sediments of Shitalakhya River, Bangladesh; using pollution evaluation indices and geo-spatial analysis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIslam, S. M. D. and Huda, M. E. (2016) \u0026ldquo;Water pollution by industrial effluent and phytoplankton diversity of Shitalakhya River, Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of scientific research\u003c/em\u003e, 8(2), pp. 191\u0026ndash;198. doi: 10.3329/jsr.v8i2.26402.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMd. Khalid Hasan, Masuma Akter Happy, Mst. Karimon Nesha, K. H.Razimul Karim (ed.) (2014) \u003cem\u003ePollution Status of Balu River due toIndustrial Input at Dhaka, Bangladesh\u003c/em\u003e. OPEN JOURNAL OF WATER POLLUTION AND TREATMENT.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSifatul Quader, C. (2012) \u0026ldquo;Balu River,\u0026rdquo; in Islam, S. and Jamal, A. A. (eds.) \u003cem\u003eBanglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh\u003c/em\u003e. Bangladesh.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSultana, M. N., Hossain, M. S. and Latifa, G. A. (2019) \u0026ldquo;Water quality assessment of Balu river, Dhaka Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eWater conservation and management\u003c/em\u003e, 3(2), pp. 08\u0026ndash;10. doi: 10.26480/wcm.02.2019.08.10.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWikipedia contributors (2022) \u003cem\u003eBalu River\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eWikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia\u003c/em\u003e. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balu_River\u0026amp;oldid=1065891613.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1.1 and 1.4 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Surface water, Water quality, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Water Quality Index (WQI)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5723330/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5723330/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Balu River, a critical water source in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is increasingly threatened by extensive pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. This study assesses the water quality and pollution sources affecting the river, focusing on a 6 km stretch between Demra Ghat and Kamshair. Water samples were collected from five strategic points and analyzed for key parameters including pH, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and nitrate levels. The findings reveal that while some parameters meet acceptable standards, critical indicators such as DO, BOD, and nitrate exceed permissible limits in certain locations, reflecting severe pollution from untreated industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and municipal waste. The calculated Water Quality Index (WQI) ranges from 50 to 69, categorizing the river's water quality as medium. This degradation poses significant environmental and public health risks, especially as the river serves agricultural, domestic, and ecological functions. The study underscores the urgent need for stringent enforcement of pollution control measures, advanced wastewater treatment technologies, and public awareness initiatives to safeguard this vital water resource.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Surface water quality of Balu River, Dhaka, Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-03 05:25:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5723330/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a8315fa-1637-4c49-90f9-cbf8c3081055","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-03T05:25:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-03 05:25:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5723330","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5723330","identity":"rs-5723330","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}