Adjunctive psychoeducation during acute inpatient treatment improves executive function and attention in mood disorders: a nonrandomized controlled study

Adjunctive psychoeducation during acute inpatient treatment improves executive function and attention in mood disorders: a nonrandomized controlled study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Adjunctive psychoeducation during acute inpatient treatment improves executive function and attention in mood disorders: a nonrandomized controlled study Keita Hanabusa, Satoru Sugisawa, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Kazumaro Okino, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7704919/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Cognitive impairment in mood disorders often persists into remission and adversely affects functioning, highlighting the need for adjunctive psychosocial strategies during acute inpatient care. This study evaluated whether adding a structured, multidisciplinary psychoeducational program to standard treatment improves executive function and attention beyond pharmacotherapy and standard psychotherapy in the acute phase. Methods In an open-label, nonrandomized controlled study at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital (Feb 2023–Dec 2024), inpatients under 65 years with ICD‑10 major depressive disorder or manic‑depressive illness (baseline HAM‑D ≥ 8; JART ≥ 80) were assigned to intervention (standard care plus six weekly 60‑minute group psychoeducation sessions) or control (standard care) groups. Clinical scales (HAM‑D, SDS, GAF, RAS) and neurocognitive tests (JVLT, LM, DS, VFT, TMT‑A/B, CPT) were administered at baseline and pre‑discharge, and group differences were analyzed using paired/unpaired t‑tests and Wilcoxon tests with significance set at p < 0.10. A total of 27 participants were analyzed (intervention n = 16; control n = 11), with comparable baseline characteristics between groups. Results Both groups showed improvements in depressive symptoms and verbal memory, whereas the intervention group demonstrated greater gains in executive function and attention, including a significantly shorter TMT‑B completion time at post‑intervention compared with controls. Exploratory subgroup analyses indicated lower phonemic verbal fluency at baseline in manic‑depressive illness than in major depressive disorder, with comparable CPT accuracy but faster reaction times in manic‑depressive illness. Conclusions Adjunctive, workbook‑based group psychoeducation may enhance executive function, attention, and working memory during acute inpatient treatment for mood disorders beyond standard care alone. These preliminary findings warrant confirmation in larger, randomized, and longer‑term trials. Trial registration jRCT1030250383; retrospectively registered on 2025‑09‑22. mood disorders manic-depressive illness major depressive disorder psychoeducation executive function attention working memory inpatient psychiatry Background Mood disorders are highly prevalent psychiatric conditions worldwide, exerting a substantial impact on patients’ social and occupational functioning. According to the World Health Organization, in 2019 an estimated 280 million people were affected by major depressive disorder (MDD) and 40 million by manic depressive illness(MDI). The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study has further highlighted the considerable contribution of MDD to the overall global disease burden ( 1 ). In Japan, the number of patients with mood disorders increased from 685,000 in 2002 to 1,246,000 in 2017, underscoring their growing social burden and public health impact. Standard treatment for mood disorders typically includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Increasing attention, however, has been directed toward psychosocial interventions such as cognitive-behavioral approaches, which aim to facilitate early social reintegration and reduce the risk of readmission. Cognitive impairment is widely recognized in psychiatric disorders, including both MDD and MDI. In MDD, cognitive deficits often persist beyond symptomatic remission, impairing social functioning and return to work ( 2 , 3 ). These deficits are closely associated with the severity of both mental dysfunction and social disability ( 4 ). Similarly, Martinez-Aran et al. emphasized the influence of cognitive impairment on functional outcomes in MDI ( 5 ). Numerous studies have demonstrated that cognitive dysfunction is linked to reduced activities of daily living and challenges in social reintegration ( 5 , 6 ). Addressing these deficits is therefore a key clinical objective. Notably, cognitive impairment is most pronounced during the acute phase of MDD and MDI, and often persists after remission, highlighting the need for early cognitive interventions ( 2 , 3 , 7 ). However, evidence supporting the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions specifically targeting cognitive deficits in the acute phase remains limited, and current treatment strategies may not fully support comprehensive recovery in patients with mood disorders. In response, we developed a psychoeducational program as a psychosocial intervention designed to improve neurocognitive functioning. This study aimed to evaluate cognitive function during the acute phase in inpatients with moderate to severe mood disorders, to compare the cognitive profiles between MDD and MDI. We sought to examine the effect of adding a psychoeducational program to standard psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment for depression, with a focus on the improvement of cognitive function and the degree of recovery in both depressive symptoms and cognitive function. Materials and methods 1 Participants Participants were patients who were admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, Emergency Ward, Showa University Yokohama Northern Hospital between February 2023 and December 2024. Inclusion criteria included: a psychiatrist-confirmed diagnosis of major depressive disorder (ICD-10: F32) or Manic Depressive Illness (ICD-10: F31); age < 65 years; a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score ≥ 8; a Japanese Adult Reading Test (JART) score ≥ 80 at admission; fluency in Japanese; and provision of written informed consent following an explanation of the study by the principal investigator within four weeks of admission. Exclusion criteria were the presence of psychotic symptoms or comorbid organic disorders affecting cognitive function. Only patients who agreed to undergo psychological testing were included in the study. No compensation was offered for participation. 2 Psychoeducational Program In addition to the standard treatment (standard psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy), participants in the intervention group engaged in a structured psychoeducational program. The program was adapted from existing interventions shown effective in schizophrenia and combined elements of illness education with cognitive-behavioral therapy. It was delivered in a group format by a multidisciplinary team comprising psychiatrists, nurses, pharmacists, psychiatric social workers, clinical psychologists, and occupational therapists. The program consisted of six weekly group sessions, each lasting 60 minutes, conducted in a workbook-based format to facilitate active engagement. The first session focused on providing participants with a clear understanding of what depression is and its key clinical features. The necessity of medication in order to manage mood disorders, as well as practical strategies for self-management and adherence to treatment were discussed in the second session. In the third session, patients learned about behavioral activation, which included specific relaxation techniques for the purpose of improving daily functioning and mood stability. The fourth session was centered on recognizing early warning signs of relapse, facilitating participants to monitor their symptoms better and seek help promptly. In the fifth session, participants were guided through structured problem-solving exercises, encouraging them to clarify and work toward their goals for an ideal lifestyle after discharge. Lastly, information about available social resources and community support systems was provided in the sixth session; this equips patients with valuable knowledge for their recovery and social reintegration. Throughout the program, participants completed written assignments and participated in group discussions designed to reinforce learning and support recovery. 3 Study Design This study employed an open-label, non-randomized trial. Patients who consented to participate in the psychoeducational program were assigned to the intervention group (IG). Patients who declined participation or discontinued the program were assigned to the control group (CG). 4 Outcome Measures Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) ( 8 ), the Japanese version of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS-J) ( 9 ), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) ( 10 ), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) ( 11 ), a brief assessment of intelligence (JART) ( 12 ), the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) ( 13 ), and the Japanese version of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SBI-J) ( 14 ). Neuropsychological assessments covered verbal memory(JVLT ,SCR)( 15 ), logical memory(LM)( 16 ), executive function(TMT-B, WCST)( 17 , 18 ), working memory(DS)( 16 ), processing speed(TMT-A)( 17 ), verbal fluency(VFT)( 19 ), and attention(CPT)( 20 ) (Table 1).The neuropsychological assessment was administered promptly after informed consent for participation in the study had been obtained and was repeated prior to discharge. 5 Statistical Analysis 5.1 Effect of the Psychoeducational Program Participants were divided into the IG and the CG. Clinical and neuropsychological test results obtained at the start of the study and at study completion were compared between groups. Student’s t-tests (paired and unpaired) and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were utilized to analyze changes before and after intervention and differences between groups. 5.2 Characteristics of MDD and MDI Participants were divided into the MDD and MDI groups. Baseline and post-intervention comparisons of clinical characteristics, clinical indicators, and cognitive functions were compared at baseline and at completion of the study using Student’s t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. 5.3 Statistical Methods Statistical significance was set at p < 0.10. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 30 (IBM, Tokyo). 6 Ethics statement This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, and the studies involving humans were approved by Showa University Research Ethics Review Board, which was registered on jRCT(jRCT1030250383). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was obtained from all participants. Results A total of 61 patients were initially enrolled. Of these, 50 met the inclusion criteria of age under 65, HAM-D ≥8 at admission, JART ≥80, and fluency in Japanese. Twenty-three patients were excluded due to psychotic symptoms, comorbid organic brain disorders affecting cognition, or insufficient cooperation with neuropsychological testing. Ultimately, 27 patients were included in the final analysis. Among them, 11 patients had MDD and 16 had MDI. Sixteen patients were assigned to the IG and 11 to the CG. 1 Comparison Between IG and CG The IG and the CG were comparable in terms of gender, age, and number of previous hospitalizations. Baseline scores on symptom severity scales, intelligence assessments, and psychosocial measures before and after the psychoeducational program were also similar. Neuropsychological evaluations demonstrated improvements in verbal memory (JVLT) and logical memory (LM) in both groups (Table2). Notably, the IG exhibited significant improvement in executive function, with shorter completion times on the Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B) compared with the CG at post-intervention assessment (Table3). 2 Comparison Between MDD and MDI Groups The MDD and MDI groups were comparable in sex, age, and hospitalization history. No significant differences were observed at baseline in clinical severity scales, intelligence assessments, or psychosocial measures. In neuropsychological testing, the MDD group demonstrated significantly higher phonemic fluency scores on the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) compared with the MDI group. On the Continuous Performance Task (CPT), accuracy did not differ between groups, but the MDI group exhibited a trend toward faster reactive times relative to the MDD group (Table4). Discussion This study investigated the effect of supplementing standard treatment with a psychoeducational program on cognitive function in inpatients with MDD or MDI. Participation in the psychoeducational program was associated with improvements in executive function, attention, and working memory compared with the CG. Moreover, group comparisons of cognitive function in acute mood disorders revealed that patients with MDI had significantly lower phonemic verbal fluency at admission, whereas patients with MDD exhibited greater impairment in processing speed. 1 Cognitive Function Changes in IG vs. CG Both the IG (standard treatment plus psychoeducation program) and the CG (standard treatment) groups showed significant improvement in symptom severity and psychosocial function scales, without apparent differences between them. Neuropsychological assessments in the IG showed substantial improvements in verbal memory (JVLT), logical memory(LM), working memory (DS(F)), executive function (TMT-B), and processing speed (TMT-A). In contrast, the verbal and logical memory (JVLT and LM) were greatly improved in the CG. Pre-discharge neuropsychological assessments emphasized that TMT-B improved markedly in the IG, which indicates improved executive function, attention, and working memory. Few studies have addressed cognitive improvements resulting from psychoeducational program interventions in the acute treatment phase of mood disorders. Bonin et al. conducted a study that involved 188 patients with MDI in remission, selecting those who showed neuropsychological test scores below − 2 standard deviations compared to healthy controls. These patients were divided into three groups-functional recovery training, psychoeducation, and conventional treatment-and after 6 months, their outcomes were compared. Improvements in verbal memory and psychosocial functioning were observed in the group who received functional recovery training compared to the traditional treatment group. In contrast, there were no differences observed between the psychoeducation group and the conventional treatment group ( 21 ). A characteristic feature of our study is the relatively short intervention period of 6 weeks and that the intervention was conducted during the acute phase, which allowed for early improvements in some neuropsychological assessments. Moreover, Douglas et al. analyzed 30 studies that involved patients with established MDD who underwent baseline and at least one follow-up neuropsychological evaluation; their findings showed that improvements in verbal memory coincide with alleviation of depressive symptoms in both the short and long term, which is consistent with our results. The LM and JVLT tests used in our study include verbal memory components, and the observed improvements in these assessments are consistent with their findings. Their review showed that short-term treatments of around 4 weeks did not show changes in attention, executive function, or processing speed ( 22 ). Moreover, Gruber et al. studied 30 inpatients with MDD, 17 patients with MDI after manic episodes, and 22 patients with MDI after depressive episodes by conducting neuropsychological tests assessing memory, attention, and executive function at discharge and 7 weeks post-discharge. Executive function deficits still persisted even though overall improvement was observed by 7 weeks after discharge in all groups ( 23 ). In contrast, our study found improvements in attention and executive function after six weeks of intervention, suggesting that the self- administered written assignments and presentation activities included in the psychoeducational program may have contributed to these cognitive gains . 2 Cognitive Differences Between MDD and MDI There were no significant baseline differences observed in clinical symptoms or psychosocial measures between the MDD group and the MDI group. However, phonemic verbal fluency was significantly lower in the MDI group, whereas accuracy of CPT showed no difference, but patients with MDI exhibited a trend toward faster reaction times. Several prior studies examining samples with varying age ranges and illness severity have reported no significant differences in cognitive function between patients with MDD and those who experienced the depressive phase of MDI ( 23 – 26 ). Likewise, there were no statistical differences found in cognitive function between the two disorders in meta-analyses ( 27 ). However, in a study in which patients with severe, untreated depression (including both MDD and MDI) were compared to healthy controls using neuropsychological assessments, both groups of patients exhibited significant impairments in processing speed, working memory, visual memory, cognitive flexibility, and verbal fluency relative to healthy subjects. However, no differences were found between 30 patients with MDD and 30 patients with MDI ( 28 ). Although the subjects in that study were more severely depressed than those in the present investigation, these findings indicate that cognitive impairments become more pronounced in patients who have greater illness severity. In some meta-analyses, overall effect sizes on list-learning tests were greater in MDD during remission ( 27 ). A study that compared 23 patients with a first major depressive episode (FE), 28 patients with unipolar recurrent depression (UR), and 18 bipolar patients with recurrent depression against 88 healthy controls(CG) found that the FE group did not show a reduction in verbal memory relative to the CG, while patients with UR and patients with bipolar disoder demonstrated diminished verbal memory ( 28 ). In the present study, no significant group differences were found on the Japanese Verbal Learning Test (JVLT), a measure of verbal memory, but the timing until neuropsychological assessment varied across patients. Some patients with MDD may have experienced symptomatic improvement by the time of cognitive testing. Moreover, although there was no significant difference detected, the average number of past hospitalizations was higher in the MDI group, which might have affected the scores on the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), another measure of verbal memory. A study by Mak A.D.P. and colleagues examined cognitive functions in drug-naïve patients with MDD and MDI within an average of 3.44 years after onset, and they found that the MDD group demonstrated reduced processing speed and increased perseverative errors ( 29 ). In our study, no significant difference was found between groups on the Trail Making Test A (TMT-A). Still, as processing speed can also influence response times on the CPT, it is possible that patients with MDD had significantly slower reaction times. 3 Clinical Implications While improvements in executive function, attention, and working memory are less frequently reported, improvements in verbal and logical memory following psychoeducation are consistent with previous studies ( 21 ). Our program’s use of self-report assignments and speaking in front of group members may have functioned as cognitive training, which facilitated improvements in some neuropsychological assessments. Traditionally, rest, medication and standard psychotherapy are focused on inpatient treatment; written and verbal tasks in psychoeducation might also support cognitive rehabilitation. The workbook we used, which was created with competitive research funding, includes general, self-administered content on illness education, medication, and post-discharge life, which makes it feasible for use in other institutions in order to provide multidisciplinary psychoeducation. 4 Limitations Several limitations must be acknowledged. First, as an open-label, non-randomized trial, the potential for selection bias is high; more motivated patients may have chosen to participate in the IG. In a prior study that targeted patients with MDD, the group that viewed a motivational video before testing performed better on LM assessments ( 30 ). Similarly, patients who were more motivated might have been more likely to be placed in the IG because group assignment in this study was based on self-selection, which could have affected the results of this study. Randomized allocation would be preferable in the future. Moreover, since the same neuropsychological assessments were administered twice over a short period, there is a possibility that participants would remember the test contents. In order to mitigate learning effects, it is advisable to prepare multiple test versions. Some patients withdrew during testing or became uncooperative due to the lengthy testing duration, which resulted in missing data and raised concerns regarding data accuracy. Greater efforts to motivate participants-such as providing detailed prior explanations and introducing incentives-should have been provided in order to ensure more comprehensive data collection. The small sample size is the primary limitation of this study. Future research should involve larger cohorts, and further investigation is required for measures such as DS(F) and TMT-A, which demonstrated trends toward improvement but did not reach statistical significance. The effects of short-term cognitive training are also limited as noted in other studies ( 31 ), emphasizing the importance of evaluating long-term effects and maintenance in future research. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that adding a structured psychoeducational program to standard treatment in psychiatric emergency wards may improve cognitive functions such as executive function, attention, and working memory in patients with mood disorders. While exploratory in nature, these findings highlight the potential role of psychoeducation as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in addressing cognitive deficits during the acute phase. Replication in larger, randomized, and longer-term studies is necessary to confirm these effects. Abbreviations CG :Control Group, CGI-S: Clinical Global Impression–Severity, CPT: Continuous Performance Test: CPTtime: Continuous Performance Test reaction time, DS: Digit Span, DS(B): Digit Span backward, DS(F): Digit Span forward, FE : First major depressive Episode, GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning, GBD: Global Burden of Disease, HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, IG: Intervention Group, jRCT: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, JART: Japanese Adult Reading Test, JSPS: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JVLT: Japanese Verbal Learning Test, JVLT(D): Japanese Verbal Learning Test, Delayed, JVLT(I): Japanese Verbal Learning Test, Immediate, LM: Logical Memory, MDD: Major Depressive Disorder, MDI: Manic-Depressive Illness（Bipolar disorder）, RAS: Recovery Assessment Scale, SCoRS-J: Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale, Japanese version, SBI-J: Solution Building Inventory, Japanese version, SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale, SCR: Semantic Clustering Ratio, SCR(D): Semantic Clustering Ratio(Delayed), SCR(I): Semantic Clustering Ratio(Immediate), SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, TMT-A: Trail Making Test A, TMT-B: Trail Making Test B, UR: Unipolar Recurrent depression, VFT: Verbal Fluency Test, VFT(C): Verbal Fluency Test(Category), VFT(L): Verbal Fluency Test(Letter), WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, and the studies involving humans were approved by Showa University Research Ethics Review Board(22-075-B) on 06/23/2022, which was registered retrospectively on jRCT(jRCT1030250383) on 09/22/2025. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable as this study does not include any individually identifiable data or images. Availability of data and materials: The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because patient consent has not been obtained, the data cannot be made publicly available. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to [email protected] . Competing interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: Supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Grant Number 22K10880. Authors’ contributions: K.H. performed formal analysis, drafted the manuscript, and prepared the visualizations. S.S. performed formal analysis and critically revised the manuscript (review and editing). K.Y. conducted the investigation and curated the data. K.O. conceived the study and developed the methodology. T.N. critically revised the manuscript (review and editing) and provided supervision. A.I. provided supervision and secured funding. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Ms. Natsuki Iida for assistance with neuropsychological assessments and the staff of the Mental Care Center at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, as well as the participating patients. References World Health Organization: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates . Geneva. 2017, McIntyre RS, Cha DS, Soczynska JK, et al.: Cognitive deficits and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder: determinants, substrates, and treatment interventions. depression and Anxiety. 2013, 30:515-527. 10.1002/da.22063 Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD: Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Scientific Reports. 2018, 8:1905-1905. 10.1038/s41598-018-20295-3 Dehn LB, Driessen M, Beblo T: Patients with major depression show greater memory improvement if motivation is increased: An exploratory study under real-life-like conditions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2020, 42:307-318. 10.1080/13803395.2020.1711874 Demant KM, Vinberg M, Kessing LV, Miskowiak KW: Effects of Short-Term Cognitive Remediation on Cognitive Dysfunction in Partially or Fully Remitted Individuals with Bipolar Disorder: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial. Plos One. 2015, 10:0127955-0127955. 10.1371/journal.pone.0127955 Tables Table1. overview over the assessment material. Diagnostic tool Range Shortname diagnosis and psychopathology -Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 0-53 HAM-D -Global Assesment of Functioning 0-100 GAF -clinical global impression 1-7 CGI-S -Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale Japanese version 20-80 SCORSJ -Self-Rating Depression Scale 20-80 SDS intelligence index -Japanese Adult Reading Test JART psychosocial measure -Recovery Assessment Scale 24-120 RAS -Solution Building Inventory Japanese version 14-70 SBIJ neuropsychological assessment memory -Japanese Version of the Vocabulary Test(immediate) 0-48 JVLT(I) -Semantic Clustering Ratio(immediate) 0-36 SCR(I) -Japanese Version of the Vocabulary Test(delayed) 0-48 JVLT(D) -Semantic Clustering Ratio(delayed) 0-36 SCR(D) -logical memory 0-50 LM working memory -Digit Span forward 0-12 DS(F) -Digit Span backward 0-12 DS(B) executive functioning -Trail Making Test B TMT-B -Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 0-12 WCST processing speed -Trail Making Test A TMT-A verbal fluency -Verbal Fluency Test(letter) VFT(L) -Verbal Fluency Test(category) VFT(C) attention -Continuous Performance Tasks 0-40 CPT -Continuous Performance Tasks time CPTtime Table2. Pre and Post Intervention Comparisons Within Control Group(CG) and Intervention Group(IG) IG CG indicator pre(n=16) post(n=16) P pre(n=11) post(n=11) P diagnosis and psychopathology HAM-D† 18.69±10.17 5.44±4.97 <0.01*** 18.18±5.56 6.73±6.57 <0.01*** GAF† 46.94±13.32 72.19±9.80 <0.01*** 43.91±15.88 69.55±14.15 <0.01*** CGI-S† 4.13±1.03 2.69±0.87 <0.01*** 4.36±0.92 2.55±0.82 <0.01*** SCORSJ† 40.00±10.03 37.69±14.91 0.38 40.91±12.99 35.82±14.01 0.24 SDS† 51.13±8.39 44.38±11.39 0.02** 53.09±6.43 44.64±8.82 0.01** intelligence index JART† 103.31±8.30 104.06±8.05 0.36 105.73±6.48 105.73±7.27 1.00 psychosocial measure RAS† 70.38±16.91 76.50±18.23 0.04** 61.91±22.56 80.73±18.92 0.05* SBIJ† 45.25±9.80 45.69±14.25 0.83 43.64±4.93 48.73±9.73 0.097* neuropsychological assessment memory JVLT† No.recalls 22.81±8.39 26.13±9.63 0.10 23.27±9.00 27.45±9.51 0.09* SCR 6.81±5.55 9.94±9.16 0.06* 5.91±4.66 9.45±7.12 0.21 JVLT(delays)† No.recalls 10.50±3.18 10.81±3.49 0.77 10.64±2.77 11.64±3.01 0.17 SCR 4.56±3.43 4.38±4.13 0.76 4.27±1.49 5.00±2.72 0.41 LM† 11.00±4.60 14.69±6.23 <0.01*** 11.36±6.04 14.00±6.07 0.02** working memory DS† forward 7.19±1.76 8.13±1.78 0.09* 8.00±2.41 7.82±1.89 0.64 backward 6.13±1.26 6.44±1.71 0.35 6.18±2.14 6.18±2.04 1.00 executive function TMT-B‡ time 126.08±46.71 96.15±22.99 0.04** 125.67±38.60 125.56±33.33 0.99 WCST† No.categories 4.19±1.68 4.00±1.93 0.66 3.18±1.83 3.73±2.15 0.41 processing speed TMT-A§ time 127.19±91.07 91.56±28.86 0.06* 104.00±33.59 101.63±30.08 0.64 verbal fluency VFT† phonemic 12.06±3.77 11.88±4.00 0.89 11.55±3.93 12.27±5.27 0.53 semantic 14.56±3.43 15.88±5.60 0.41 15.45±2.70 15.36±4.11 0.93 attention CPT† No. correct reactions 33.69±9.63 33.31±10.86 0.91 32.00±9.07 33.18±10.15 0.67 CPTtime|| time 557.34±81.15 544.01±92.30 0.42 575.17±150.37 561.76±136.46 0.69 *P<0.10, **P<0.05, ***P<0.01 † all subjects tested. ‡ 13/16 IG, 9/11 CG tested. § all IG, 8/11 CG tested. || all IG, 10/11 pre CG tested. Table3 .between Control Group(CG) and Intervention Group(IG) compairison of pre and post intervention pre post indicator IG(n=16) CG(n=11) P IG(n=16) CG(n=11) P Continuous Variables Age(years)† 42.81±15.27 48.45±12.72 0.30 N/A N/A N/A Sex†(Male/Female) 4/12 4/11 0.55 N/A N/A N/A No. of hospitalizations† 0.31±0.60 1.27±2.53 0.15 N/A N/A N/A diagnosis and psychopathology HAM-D† 18.69±10.17 18.18±5.56 0.88 5.44±4.97 6.73±6.57 0.56 GAF† 46.94±13.32 43.91±15.88 0.60 72.19±9.80 69.55±14.15 0.57 CGI-S† 4.13±1.03 4.36±0.92 0.54 2.69±0.87 2.55±0.82 0.54 SCORSJ† 40.00±10.03 40.91±12.99 0.84 37.69±14.91 35.82±14.01 0.74 SDS† 51.13±8.39 53.09±6.43 0.52 44.38±11.39 44.64±8.82 0.95 intelligence index JART† 103.31±8.30 105.73±6.48 0.43 104.06±8.05 105.73±7.27 0.59 psychosocial measure RAS† 70.38±16.91 61.91±22.56 0.28 76.50±18.23 80.73±18.92 0.57 SBIJ† 45.25±9.80 43.64±4.93 0.62 45.69±14.25 48.73±9.73 0.55 neuropsychological assessment memory JVLT† No.recalls 22.81±8.39 23.27±9.00 0.89 26.13±9.63 27.45±9.51 0.73 SCR 6.81±5.55 5.91±4.66 0.66 9.94±9.16 9.45±7.12 0.89 JVLT(delays)† No.recalls 10.50±3.18 10.64±2.77 0.91 10.81±3.49 11.64±3.01 0.53 SCR 4.56±3.43 4.27±1.49 0.80 4.38±4.13 5.00±2.72 0.66 LM† 11.00±4.60 11.36±6.04 0.86 14.69±6.23 14.00±6.07 0.78 working memory DS† forward 7.19±1.76 8.00±2.41 0.32 8.13±1.78 7.82±1.89 0.67 backward 6.13±1.26 6.18±2.14 0.93 6.44±1.71 6.18±2.04 0.73 executive function TMT-B‡ time 126.08±46.71 125.67±38.60 0.96 96.15±22.99* 125.56±33.33* 0.03* WCST† No.categories 4.19±1.68 3.18±1.83 0.15 4.00±1.93 3.73±2.15 0.15 processing speed TMT-A§ time 127.19±91.07 104.00±33.59 0.60 91.56±28.86 101.63±30.08 0.30 verbal fluency VFT† phonemic 12.06±3.77 11.55±3.93 0.73 11.88±4.00 12.27±5.27 0.83 semantic 14.56±3.43 15.45±2.70 0.48 15.88±5.60 15.36±4.11 0.80 attention CPT|| No. correct reactions 33.69±9.63 32.00±9.07 0.65 33.31±10.86 33.18±10.15 0.98 time 557.34±81.15 575.17±150.37 0.74 544.01±92.30 561.76±136.46 0.43 *P<0.05 † all subjects tested. ‡ 14/16 pre IG, 10/11 pre CG, 14/16 post IG, 10/11 post CG tested. § all pre IG, 9/11 pre CG, all post IG, 9/11 post CG tested. || all pre IG, 10/11 pre CG, all post IG, all post CG tested. Table4 .Comparison between MDD and MDI groups at pre intervention pre indicator MDD(n=11) MDI(n=16) P Continuous Variables Age(years) 47.27±10.2 43.63±16.7 0.53 Sex 4/7 4/12 0.55 No. of hospitalizations 0.27±0.47 1.00±2.16 0.20 diagnosis and psychopathology HAM-D† 19.64±9.10 17.69±8.20 0.57 GAF† 44.64±16.4 46.44±12.98 0.50 CGI-S† 4.27±1.01 4.19±0.98 0.83 SCORSJ† 38.18±12.05 41.88±10.52 0.41 SDS† 52.73±5.69 51.38±8.79 0.66 intelligence index JART† 105.91±6.53 103.19±8.23 0.37 psychosocial measure RAS† 69.27±23.11 65.31±17.14 0.61 SBIJ† 45.91±5.26 43.69±9.62 0.49 neuropsychological assessment memory JVLT† No.recalls 21.36±7.54 24.13±9.13 0.42 SCR 4.55±3.21 7.75±5.86 0.11 JVLT(delays)† No.recalls 10.55±3.24 10.56±2.87 0.99 SCR 4.36±2.69 4.5±2.90 0.90 LM† 10.64±5.07 11.5±5.30 0.68 working memory DS† forward 8.18±1.99 7.06±2.02 0.17 backward 6.27±1.10 6.06±1.95 0.75 executive function TMT-B‡ time 122.78±23.57 128.36±51.12 0.72 WCST† No.categories 3.64±1.86 3.88±1.78 0.97 processing speed TMT-A§ time 105.18±24.57 132.67±95.36 0.36 verbal fluency VFT† phonemic 13.45±2.02 10.75±4.33 0.04* semantic 15±2.79 14.88±3.42 0.92 attention CPT|| No. correct reactions 35.36±7.41 31.38±10.26 0.41 time 614.45±140.04 527.34±65.46 0.07* *P<0.1 † all subjects tested. ‡ 9/11 MDD, 14/16MDI tested. § all MDD, 15/16 MDI tested. ||all MDD, 15/16 MDI tested. 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08:48:27","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7704919/v1/f9bde0296da7a9f92be1bd7f.html"},{"id":93885694,"identity":"055877be-a356-4a9b-aab7-6ddd88a2d03a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-19 18:46:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1331369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7704919/v1/8a53f075-979f-49f2-8d1b-2a60d6985211.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Adjunctive psychoeducation during acute inpatient treatment improves executive function and attention in mood disorders: a nonrandomized controlled study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMood disorders are highly prevalent psychiatric conditions worldwide, exerting a substantial impact on patients\u0026rsquo; social and occupational functioning. According to the World Health Organization, in 2019 an estimated 280\u0026nbsp;million people were affected by major depressive disorder (MDD) and 40\u0026nbsp;million by manic depressive illness(MDI). The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study has further highlighted the considerable contribution of MDD to the overall global disease burden (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In Japan, the number of patients with mood disorders increased from 685,000 in 2002 to 1,246,000 in 2017, underscoring their growing social burden and public health impact. Standard treatment for mood disorders typically includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Increasing attention, however, has been directed toward psychosocial interventions such as cognitive-behavioral approaches, which aim to facilitate early social reintegration and reduce the risk of readmission. Cognitive impairment is widely recognized in psychiatric disorders, including both MDD and MDI. In MDD, cognitive deficits often persist beyond symptomatic remission, impairing social functioning and return to work (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). These deficits are closely associated with the severity of both mental dysfunction and social disability (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Martinez-Aran et al. emphasized the influence of cognitive impairment on functional outcomes in MDI (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Numerous studies have demonstrated that cognitive dysfunction is linked to reduced activities of daily living and challenges in social reintegration (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Addressing these deficits is therefore a key clinical objective. Notably, cognitive impairment is most pronounced during the acute phase of MDD and MDI, and often persists after remission, highlighting the need for early cognitive interventions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). However, evidence supporting the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions specifically targeting cognitive deficits in the acute phase remains limited, and current treatment strategies may not fully support comprehensive recovery in patients with mood disorders. In response, we developed a psychoeducational program as a psychosocial intervention designed to improve neurocognitive functioning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to evaluate cognitive function during the acute phase in inpatients with moderate to severe mood disorders, to compare the cognitive profiles between MDD and MDI. We sought to examine the effect of adding a psychoeducational program to standard psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment for depression, with a focus on the improvement of cognitive function and the degree of recovery in both depressive symptoms and cognitive function.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003ch3\u003e1 Participants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Participants were patients who were admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, Emergency Ward, Showa University Yokohama Northern Hospital between February 2023 and December 2024. Inclusion criteria included: a psychiatrist-confirmed diagnosis of major depressive disorder (ICD-10: F32) or Manic Depressive Illness (ICD-10: F31); age\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;65 years; a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8; a Japanese Adult Reading Test (JART) score\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80 at admission; fluency in Japanese; and provision of written informed consent following an explanation of the study by the principal investigator within four weeks of admission. Exclusion criteria were the presence of psychotic symptoms or comorbid organic disorders affecting cognitive function. Only patients who agreed to undergo psychological testing were included in the study. No compensation was offered for participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2 Psychoeducational Program\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the standard treatment (standard psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy), participants in the intervention group engaged in a structured psychoeducational program. The program was adapted from existing interventions shown effective in schizophrenia and combined elements of illness education with cognitive-behavioral therapy. It was delivered in a group format by a multidisciplinary team comprising psychiatrists, nurses, pharmacists, psychiatric social workers, clinical psychologists, and occupational therapists. The program consisted of six weekly group sessions, each lasting 60 minutes, conducted in a workbook-based format to facilitate active engagement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first session focused on providing participants with a clear understanding of what depression is and its key clinical features. The necessity of medication in order to manage mood disorders, as well as practical strategies for self-management and adherence to treatment were discussed in the second session. In the third session, patients learned about behavioral activation, which included specific relaxation techniques for the purpose of improving daily functioning and mood stability. The fourth session was centered on recognizing early warning signs of relapse, facilitating participants to monitor their symptoms better and seek help promptly. In the fifth session, participants were guided through structured problem-solving exercises, encouraging them to clarify and work toward their goals for an ideal lifestyle after discharge. Lastly, information about available social resources and community support systems was provided in the sixth session; this equips patients with valuable knowledge for their recovery and social reintegration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThroughout the program, participants completed written assignments and participated in group discussions designed to reinforce learning and support recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3 Study Design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employed an open-label, non-randomized trial. Patients who consented to participate in the psychoeducational program were assigned to the intervention group (IG). Patients who declined participation or discontinued the program were assigned to the control group (CG).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4 Outcome Measures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical outcomes were assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), the Japanese version of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS-J) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), a brief assessment of intelligence (JART) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e), and the Japanese version of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SBI-J) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Neuropsychological assessments covered verbal memory(JVLT ,SCR)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), logical memory(LM)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e), executive function(TMT-B, WCST)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e), working memory(DS)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e), processing speed(TMT-A)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e), verbal fluency(VFT)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e), and attention(CPT)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;1).The neuropsychological assessment was administered promptly after informed consent for participation in the study had been obtained and was repeated prior to discharge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e5 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Effect of the Psychoeducational Program\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants were divided into the IG and the CG. Clinical and neuropsychological test results obtained at the start of the study and at study completion were compared between groups. Student\u0026rsquo;s t-tests (paired and unpaired) and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were utilized to analyze changes before and after intervention and differences between groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2 Characteristics of MDD and MDI\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants were divided into the MDD and MDI groups. Baseline and post-intervention comparisons of clinical characteristics, clinical indicators, and cognitive functions were compared at baseline and at completion of the study using Student\u0026rsquo;s t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3 Statistical Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.10. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 30 (IBM, Tokyo).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e6 Ethics statement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, and the studies involving humans were approved by Showa University Research Ethics Review Board, which was registered on jRCT(jRCT1030250383). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 61 patients were initially enrolled. Of these, 50 met the inclusion criteria of age under 65, HAM-D \u0026ge;8 at admission, JART \u0026ge;80, and fluency in Japanese. Twenty-three patients were excluded due to psychotic symptoms, comorbid organic brain disorders affecting cognition, or insufficient cooperation with neuropsychological testing. Ultimately, 27 patients were included in the final analysis. Among them, 11 patients had MDD and 16 had MDI. Sixteen patients were assigned to the IG and 11 to the CG.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 Comparison Between IG and CG\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe IG and the CG were comparable in terms of gender, age, and number of previous hospitalizations. Baseline scores on symptom severity scales, intelligence assessments, and psychosocial measures before and after the psychoeducational program were also similar. Neuropsychological evaluations demonstrated improvements in verbal memory (JVLT) and logical memory (LM) in both groups (Table2). Notably, the IG exhibited significant improvement in executive function, with shorter completion times on the Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B) compared with the CG at post-intervention assessment (Table3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 Comparison Between MDD and MDI Groups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MDD and MDI groups were comparable in sex, age, and hospitalization history. No significant differences were observed at baseline in clinical severity scales, intelligence assessments, or psychosocial measures. In neuropsychological testing, the MDD group demonstrated significantly higher phonemic fluency scores on the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) compared with the MDI group. On the Continuous Performance Task (CPT), accuracy did not differ between groups, but the MDI group exhibited a trend toward faster reactive times relative to the MDD group (Table4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the effect of supplementing standard treatment with a psychoeducational program on cognitive function in inpatients with MDD or MDI. Participation in the psychoeducational program was associated with improvements in executive function, attention, and working memory compared with the CG. Moreover, group comparisons of cognitive function in acute mood disorders revealed that patients with MDI had significantly lower phonemic verbal fluency at admission, whereas patients with MDD exhibited greater impairment in processing speed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1 Cognitive Function Changes in IG vs. CG\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth the IG (standard treatment plus psychoeducation program) and the CG (standard treatment) groups showed significant improvement in symptom severity and psychosocial function scales, without apparent differences between them. Neuropsychological assessments in the IG showed substantial improvements in verbal memory (JVLT), logical memory(LM), working memory (DS(F)), executive function (TMT-B), and processing speed (TMT-A). In contrast, the verbal and logical memory (JVLT and LM) were greatly improved in the CG. Pre-discharge neuropsychological assessments emphasized that TMT-B improved markedly in the IG, which indicates improved executive function, attention, and working memory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFew studies have addressed cognitive improvements resulting from psychoeducational program interventions in the acute treatment phase of mood disorders. Bonin et al. conducted a study that involved 188 patients with MDI in remission, selecting those who showed neuropsychological test scores below \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 standard deviations compared to healthy controls. These patients were divided into three groups-functional recovery training, psychoeducation, and conventional treatment-and after 6 months, their outcomes were compared. Improvements in verbal memory and psychosocial functioning were observed in the group who received functional recovery training compared to the traditional treatment group. In contrast, there were no differences observed between the psychoeducation group and the conventional treatment group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). A characteristic feature of our study is the relatively short intervention period of 6 weeks and that the intervention was conducted during the acute phase, which allowed for early improvements in some neuropsychological assessments. Moreover, Douglas et al. analyzed 30 studies that involved patients with established MDD who underwent baseline and at least one follow-up neuropsychological evaluation; their findings showed that improvements in verbal memory coincide with alleviation of depressive symptoms in both the short and long term, which is consistent with our results. The LM and JVLT tests used in our study include verbal memory components, and the observed improvements in these assessments are consistent with their findings. Their review showed that short-term treatments of around 4 weeks did not show changes in attention, executive function, or processing speed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, Gruber et al. studied 30 inpatients with MDD, 17 patients with MDI after manic episodes, and 22 patients with MDI after depressive episodes by conducting neuropsychological tests assessing memory, attention, and executive function at discharge and 7 weeks post-discharge. Executive function deficits still persisted even though overall improvement was observed by 7 weeks after discharge in all groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, our study found improvements in attention and executive function after six weeks of intervention, suggesting that the self- administered written assignments and presentation activities included in the psychoeducational program may have contributed to these cognitive gains .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2 Cognitive Differences Between MDD and MDI\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were no significant baseline differences observed in clinical symptoms or psychosocial measures between the MDD group and the MDI group. However, phonemic verbal fluency was significantly lower in the MDI group, whereas accuracy of CPT showed no difference, but patients with MDI exhibited a trend toward faster reaction times. Several prior studies examining samples with varying age ranges and illness severity have reported no significant differences in cognitive function between patients with MDD and those who experienced the depressive phase of MDI (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Likewise, there were no statistical differences found in cognitive function between the two disorders in meta-analyses (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). However, in a study in which patients with severe, untreated depression (including both MDD and MDI) were compared to healthy controls using neuropsychological assessments, both groups of patients exhibited significant impairments in processing speed, working memory, visual memory, cognitive flexibility, and verbal fluency relative to healthy subjects. However, no differences were found between 30 patients with MDD and 30 patients with MDI (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). Although the subjects in that study were more severely depressed than those in the present investigation, these findings indicate that cognitive impairments become more pronounced in patients who have greater illness severity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn some meta-analyses, overall effect sizes on list-learning tests were greater in MDD during remission (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). A study that compared 23 patients with a first major depressive episode (FE), 28 patients with unipolar recurrent depression (UR), and 18 bipolar patients with recurrent depression against 88 healthy controls(CG) found that the FE group did not show a reduction in verbal memory relative to the CG, while patients with UR and patients with bipolar disoder demonstrated diminished verbal memory (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, no significant group differences were found on the Japanese Verbal Learning Test (JVLT), a measure of verbal memory, but the timing until neuropsychological assessment varied across patients. Some patients with MDD may have experienced symptomatic improvement by the time of cognitive testing. Moreover, although there was no significant difference detected, the average number of past hospitalizations was higher in the MDI group, which might have affected the scores on the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), another measure of verbal memory. A study by Mak A.D.P. and colleagues examined cognitive functions in drug-na\u0026iuml;ve patients with MDD and MDI within an average of 3.44 years after onset, and they found that the MDD group demonstrated reduced processing speed and increased perseverative errors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, no significant difference was found between groups on the Trail Making Test A (TMT-A). Still, as processing speed can also influence response times on the CPT, it is possible that patients with MDD had significantly slower reaction times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3 Clinical Implications\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile improvements in executive function, attention, and working memory are less frequently reported, improvements in verbal and logical memory following psychoeducation are consistent with previous studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Our program\u0026rsquo;s use of self-report assignments and speaking in front of group members may have functioned as cognitive training, which facilitated improvements in some neuropsychological assessments. Traditionally, rest, medication and standard psychotherapy are focused on inpatient treatment; written and verbal tasks in psychoeducation might also support cognitive rehabilitation. The workbook we used, which was created with competitive research funding, includes general, self-administered content on illness education, medication, and post-discharge life, which makes it feasible for use in other institutions in order to provide multidisciplinary psychoeducation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4 Limitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral limitations must be acknowledged. First, as an open-label, non-randomized trial, the potential for selection bias is high; more motivated patients may have chosen to participate in the IG. In a prior study that targeted patients with MDD, the group that viewed a motivational video before testing performed better on LM assessments (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, patients who were more motivated might have been more likely to be placed in the IG because group assignment in this study was based on self-selection, which could have affected the results of this study. Randomized allocation would be preferable in the future. Moreover, since the same neuropsychological assessments were administered twice over a short period, there is a possibility that participants would remember the test contents. In order to mitigate learning effects, it is advisable to prepare multiple test versions. Some patients withdrew during testing or became uncooperative due to the lengthy testing duration, which resulted in missing data and raised concerns regarding data accuracy. Greater efforts to motivate participants-such as providing detailed prior explanations and introducing incentives-should have been provided in order to ensure more comprehensive data collection. The small sample size is the primary limitation of this study. Future research should involve larger cohorts, and further investigation is required for measures such as DS(F) and TMT-A, which demonstrated trends toward improvement but did not reach statistical significance. The effects of short-term cognitive training are also limited as noted in other studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e), emphasizing the importance of evaluating long-term effects and maintenance in future research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides preliminary evidence that adding a structured psychoeducational program to standard treatment in psychiatric emergency wards may improve cognitive functions such as executive function, attention, and working memory in patients with mood disorders. While exploratory in nature, these findings highlight the potential role of psychoeducation as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in addressing cognitive deficits during the acute phase. Replication in larger, randomized, and longer-term studies is necessary to confirm these effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCG :Control Group, CGI-S: Clinical Global Impression\u0026ndash;Severity, CPT: Continuous Performance Test: CPTtime: Continuous Performance Test reaction time, DS: Digit Span, DS(B): Digit Span backward, DS(F): Digit Span forward, FE : First major depressive Episode, GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning, GBD: Global Burden of Disease, HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, IG: Intervention Group, jRCT: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, JART: Japanese Adult Reading Test, JSPS: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JVLT: Japanese Verbal Learning Test, JVLT(D): Japanese Verbal Learning Test, Delayed, JVLT(I): Japanese Verbal Learning Test, Immediate, LM: Logical Memory, MDD: Major Depressive Disorder, MDI: Manic-Depressive Illness（Bipolar disorder）, RAS: Recovery Assessment Scale, SCoRS-J: Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale, Japanese version, SBI-J: Solution Building Inventory, Japanese version, SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale, SCR: Semantic Clustering Ratio, SCR(D): Semantic Clustering Ratio(Delayed), SCR(I): Semantic Clustering Ratio(Immediate), SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, TMT-A: Trail Making Test A, TMT-B: Trail Making Test B, UR: Unipolar Recurrent depression, VFT: Verbal Fluency Test, VFT(C): Verbal Fluency Test(Category), VFT(L): Verbal Fluency Test(Letter), WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, and the studies involving humans were approved by Showa University Research Ethics Review Board(22-075-B) on 06/23/2022, which was registered retrospectively on jRCT(jRCT1030250383) on 09/22/2025. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication: Not applicable as this study does not include any individually identifiable data or images.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials: The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because patient consent has not been obtained, the data cannot be made publicly available. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to [email protected].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding: Supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Grant Number 22K10880.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors’ contributions: K.H. performed formal analysis, drafted the manuscript, and prepared the visualizations. S.S. performed formal analysis and critically revised the manuscript (review and editing). K.Y. conducted the investigation and curated the data. K.O. conceived the study and developed the methodology. T.N. critically revised the manuscript (review and editing) and provided supervision. A.I. provided supervision and secured funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments: The authors thank Ms. Natsuki Iida for assistance with neuropsychological assessments and the staff of the Mental Care Center at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, as well as the participating patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates . 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European Psychiatry. 2017, 39:17-26. 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.002 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFossati P, Harvey P-O, Le Bastard G, Ergis A-M, Jouvent R, Allilaire J-F: Verbal memory performance of patients with a first depressive episode and patients with unipolar and bipolar recurrent depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2004, 38:137-144. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.08.002 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMak ADP, Lau DTY, Chan AKW, et al.: Cognitive Impairment In Treatment-NaÔve Bipolar II and Unipolar Depression. Scientific Reports. 2018, 8:1905-1905. 10.1038/s41598-018-20295-3 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDehn LB, Driessen M, Beblo T: Patients with major depression show greater memory improvement if motivation is increased: An exploratory study under real-life-like conditions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2020, 42:307-318. 10.1080/13803395.2020.1711874 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDemant KM, Vinberg M, Kessing LV, Miskowiak KW: Effects of Short-Term Cognitive Remediation on Cognitive Dysfunction in Partially or Fully Remitted Individuals with Bipolar Disorder: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial. Plos One. 2015, 10:0127955-0127955. 10.1371/journal.pone.0127955\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable1.\u003c/strong\u003e overview over the assessment material.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic tool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShortname\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ediagnosis and psychopathology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHAM-D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Global Assesment of Functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-clinical global impression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCGI-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale Japanese version\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCORSJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Self-Rating Depression Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eintelligence index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Japanese Adult Reading Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJART\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epsychosocial measure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Recovery Assessment Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24-120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Solution Building Inventory Japanese version\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14-70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBIJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eneuropsychological assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ememory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Japanese Version of the Vocabulary Test(immediate)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJVLT(I)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Semantic Clustering Ratio(immediate)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCR(I)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Japanese Version of the Vocabulary Test(delayed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJVLT(D)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Semantic Clustering Ratio(delayed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCR(D)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-logical memory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;working memory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Digit Span forward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDS(F)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Digit Span backward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDS(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eexecutive functioning\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Trail Making Test B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT-B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWCST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eprocessing speed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Trail Making Test A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003everbal fluency\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Verbal Fluency Test(letter)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVFT(L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Verbal Fluency Test(category)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVFT(C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eattention\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Continuous Performance Tasks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Continuous Performance Tasks time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPTtime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48.4988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable2.\u003c/strong\u003ePre and Post Intervention Comparisons Within Control Group(CG) and Intervention Group(IG)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12.0909%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.1717%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eindicator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre(n=16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epost(n=16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre(n=11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epost(n=11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ediagnosis and psychopathology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHAM-D\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.69\u0026plusmn;10.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.44\u0026plusmn;4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.18\u0026plusmn;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.73\u0026plusmn;6.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAF\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.94\u0026plusmn;13.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.19\u0026plusmn;9.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.91\u0026plusmn;15.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.55\u0026plusmn;14.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCGI-S\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u0026plusmn;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u0026plusmn;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u0026plusmn;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCORSJ\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.00\u0026plusmn;10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.69\u0026plusmn;14.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.91\u0026plusmn;12.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.82\u0026plusmn;14.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.13\u0026plusmn;8.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.38\u0026plusmn;11.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.09\u0026plusmn;6.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.64\u0026plusmn;8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eintelligence index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJART\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.31\u0026plusmn;8.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.06\u0026plusmn;8.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.73\u0026plusmn;6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.73\u0026plusmn;7.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epsychosocial measure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRAS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.38\u0026plusmn;16.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.50\u0026plusmn;18.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.91\u0026plusmn;22.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.73\u0026plusmn;18.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBIJ\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.25\u0026plusmn;9.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.69\u0026plusmn;14.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.64\u0026plusmn;4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.73\u0026plusmn;9.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.097*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eneuropsychological assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;memory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJVLT\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.recalls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.81\u0026plusmn;8.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.13\u0026plusmn;9.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.27\u0026plusmn;9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.45\u0026plusmn;9.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.81\u0026plusmn;5.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.94\u0026plusmn;9.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u0026plusmn;4.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.45\u0026plusmn;7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJVLT(delays)\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.recalls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.50\u0026plusmn;3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.81\u0026plusmn;3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.64\u0026plusmn;2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.64\u0026plusmn;3.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u0026plusmn;3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u0026plusmn;4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u0026plusmn;1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026plusmn;2.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLM\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u0026plusmn;4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.69\u0026plusmn;6.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.36\u0026plusmn;6.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00\u0026plusmn;6.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eworking memory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eforward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19\u0026plusmn;1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13\u0026plusmn;1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u0026plusmn;2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.82\u0026plusmn;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebackward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u0026plusmn;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.44\u0026plusmn;1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026plusmn;2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026plusmn;2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eexecutive function\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT-B\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.08\u0026plusmn;46.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.15\u0026plusmn;22.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.67\u0026plusmn;38.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.56\u0026plusmn;33.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWCST\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.categories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u0026plusmn;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u0026plusmn;1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u0026plusmn;2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eprocessing speed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT-A\u0026sect;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127.19\u0026plusmn;91.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.56\u0026plusmn;28.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.00\u0026plusmn;33.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.63\u0026plusmn;30.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003everbal fluency\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVFT\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ephonemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.06\u0026plusmn;3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.88\u0026plusmn;4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.55\u0026plusmn;3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.27\u0026plusmn;5.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esemantic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.56\u0026plusmn;3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.88\u0026plusmn;5.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.45\u0026plusmn;2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.36\u0026plusmn;4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eattention\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPT\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. correct reactions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.69\u0026plusmn;9.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.31\u0026plusmn;10.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.00\u0026plusmn;9.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.18\u0026plusmn;10.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8.9162%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPTtime||\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e557.34\u0026plusmn;81.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.0117%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e544.01\u0026plusmn;92.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e575.17\u0026plusmn;150.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.5521%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e561.76\u0026plusmn;136.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.1879%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48.4988%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*P\u0026lt;0.10, **P\u0026lt;0.05, ***P\u0026lt;0.01\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026dagger; all subjects tested.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026Dagger; 13/16 IG, 9/11 CG tested.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026sect; all IG, 8/11 CG tested.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;|| all IG, 10/11 pre CG tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" style=\"margin-right: calc(0%); width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48.3109%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable3\u003c/strong\u003e.between Control Group(CG) and Intervention Group(IG) compairison of pre and post intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.6983%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.3405%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eindicator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIG(n=16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCG(n=11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIG(n=16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCG(n=11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContinuous Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.81\u0026plusmn;15.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.45\u0026plusmn;12.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u0026dagger;(Male/Female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of hospitalizations\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026plusmn;0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u0026plusmn;2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ediagnosis and psychopathology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHAM-D\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.69\u0026plusmn;10.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.18\u0026plusmn;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.44\u0026plusmn;4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.73\u0026plusmn;6.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAF\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.94\u0026plusmn;13.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.91\u0026plusmn;15.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.19\u0026plusmn;9.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.55\u0026plusmn;14.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCGI-S\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u0026plusmn;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u0026plusmn;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u0026plusmn;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCORSJ\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.00\u0026plusmn;10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.91\u0026plusmn;12.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.69\u0026plusmn;14.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.82\u0026plusmn;14.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.13\u0026plusmn;8.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.09\u0026plusmn;6.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.38\u0026plusmn;11.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.64\u0026plusmn;8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eintelligence index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJART\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.31\u0026plusmn;8.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.73\u0026plusmn;6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.06\u0026plusmn;8.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.73\u0026plusmn;7.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epsychosocial measure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRAS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.38\u0026plusmn;16.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.91\u0026plusmn;22.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.50\u0026plusmn;18.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.73\u0026plusmn;18.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBIJ\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.25\u0026plusmn;9.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.64\u0026plusmn;4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.69\u0026plusmn;14.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.73\u0026plusmn;9.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eneuropsychological assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;memory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJVLT\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.recalls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.81\u0026plusmn;8.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.27\u0026plusmn;9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.13\u0026plusmn;9.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.45\u0026plusmn;9.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.81\u0026plusmn;5.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u0026plusmn;4.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.94\u0026plusmn;9.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.45\u0026plusmn;7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJVLT(delays)\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.recalls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.50\u0026plusmn;3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.64\u0026plusmn;2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.81\u0026plusmn;3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.64\u0026plusmn;3.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u0026plusmn;3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u0026plusmn;1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u0026plusmn;4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026plusmn;2.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLM\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u0026plusmn;4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.36\u0026plusmn;6.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.69\u0026plusmn;6.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00\u0026plusmn;6.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eworking memory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eforward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19\u0026plusmn;1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u0026plusmn;2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13\u0026plusmn;1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.82\u0026plusmn;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebackward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u0026plusmn;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026plusmn;2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.44\u0026plusmn;1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026plusmn;2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eexecutive function\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT-B\u0026Dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.08\u0026plusmn;46.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.67\u0026plusmn;38.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.15\u0026plusmn;22.99*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.56\u0026plusmn;33.33*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWCST\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.categories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u0026plusmn;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u0026plusmn;1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u0026plusmn;2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eprocessing speed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT-A\u0026sect;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127.19\u0026plusmn;91.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.00\u0026plusmn;33.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.56\u0026plusmn;28.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.63\u0026plusmn;30.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003everbal fluency\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVFT\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ephonemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.06\u0026plusmn;3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.55\u0026plusmn;3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.88\u0026plusmn;4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.27\u0026plusmn;5.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esemantic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.56\u0026plusmn;3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.45\u0026plusmn;2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.88\u0026plusmn;5.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.36\u0026plusmn;4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eattention\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPT||\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. correct reactions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.69\u0026plusmn;9.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.00\u0026plusmn;9.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.31\u0026plusmn;10.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.18\u0026plusmn;10.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.2045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e557.34\u0026plusmn;81.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e575.17\u0026plusmn;150.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.2122%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.9219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e544.01\u0026plusmn;92.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7.5642%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e561.76\u0026plusmn;136.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.8544%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51.1653%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*P\u0026lt;0.05\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026dagger; all subjects tested.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026Dagger; \u0026nbsp;14/16 pre IG, 10/11 pre CG, 14/16 post IG, 10/11 post CG tested.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026sect; all pre IG, 9/11 pre CG, all post IG, 9/11 post CG tested.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;|| all pre IG, 10/11 pre CG, all post IG, all post CG tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" style=\"margin-right: calc(0%); width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 81.6233%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable4\u003c/strong\u003e.Comparison between MDD and MDI groups at pre intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41.0403%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eindicator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDD(n=11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDI(n=16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContinuous Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.27\u0026plusmn;10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.63\u0026plusmn;16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of hospitalizations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026plusmn;2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ediagnosis and psychopathology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHAM-D\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.64\u0026plusmn;9.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.69\u0026plusmn;8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAF\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.64\u0026plusmn;16.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.44\u0026plusmn;12.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCGI-S\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u0026plusmn;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u0026plusmn;0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCORSJ\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.18\u0026plusmn;12.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.88\u0026plusmn;10.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.73\u0026plusmn;5.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.38\u0026plusmn;8.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eintelligence index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJART\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.91\u0026plusmn;6.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.19\u0026plusmn;8.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epsychosocial measure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRAS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.27\u0026plusmn;23.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.31\u0026plusmn;17.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBIJ\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.91\u0026plusmn;5.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.69\u0026plusmn;9.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eneuropsychological assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;memory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJVLT\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.recalls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.36\u0026plusmn;7.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.13\u0026plusmn;9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u0026plusmn;3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.75\u0026plusmn;5.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJVLT(delays)\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.recalls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.55\u0026plusmn;3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.56\u0026plusmn;2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u0026plusmn;2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026plusmn;2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLM\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.64\u0026plusmn;5.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u0026plusmn;5.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eworking memory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDS\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eforward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.18\u0026plusmn;1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.06\u0026plusmn;2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebackward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u0026plusmn;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.06\u0026plusmn;1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eexecutive function\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT-B\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.78\u0026plusmn;23.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.36\u0026plusmn;51.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWCST\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.categories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64\u0026plusmn;1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026plusmn;1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eprocessing speed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT-A\u0026sect;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.18\u0026plusmn;24.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132.67\u0026plusmn;95.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003everbal fluency\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVFT\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ephonemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.45\u0026plusmn;2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.75\u0026plusmn;4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esemantic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026plusmn;2.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.88\u0026plusmn;3.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eattention\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPT||\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. correct reactions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.36\u0026plusmn;7.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.38\u0026plusmn;10.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.2355%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16.3475%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8337%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e614.45\u0026plusmn;140.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4618%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e527.34\u0026plusmn;65.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.6233%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*P\u0026lt;0.1\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026dagger; all subjects tested.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026Dagger; 9/11 MDD, 14/16MDI tested.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026sect; all MDD, 15/16 MDI tested.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;||all MDD, 15/16 MDI tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"mood disorders, manic-depressive illness, major depressive disorder, psychoeducation, executive function, attention, working memory, inpatient psychiatry","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7704919/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7704919/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive impairment in mood disorders often persists into remission and adversely affects functioning, highlighting the need for adjunctive psychosocial strategies during acute inpatient care. This study evaluated whether adding a structured, multidisciplinary psychoeducational program to standard treatment improves executive function and attention beyond pharmacotherapy and standard psychotherapy in the acute phase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn an open-label, nonrandomized controlled study at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital (Feb 2023\u0026ndash;Dec 2024), inpatients under 65 years with ICD‑10 major depressive disorder or manic‑depressive illness (baseline HAM‑D\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8; JART\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80) were assigned to intervention (standard care plus six weekly 60‑minute group psychoeducation sessions) or control (standard care) groups. Clinical scales (HAM‑D, SDS, GAF, RAS) and neurocognitive tests (JVLT, LM, DS, VFT, TMT‑A/B, CPT) were administered at baseline and pre‑discharge, and group differences were analyzed using paired/unpaired t‑tests and Wilcoxon tests with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.10. A total of 27 participants were analyzed (intervention n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16; control n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11), with comparable baseline characteristics between groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Both groups showed improvements in depressive symptoms and verbal memory, whereas the intervention group demonstrated greater gains in executive function and attention, including a significantly shorter TMT‑B completion time at post‑intervention compared with controls. Exploratory subgroup analyses indicated lower phonemic verbal fluency at baseline in manic‑depressive illness than in major depressive disorder, with comparable CPT accuracy but faster reaction times in manic‑depressive illness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjunctive, workbook‑based group psychoeducation may enhance executive function, attention, and working memory during acute inpatient treatment for mood disorders beyond standard care alone. These preliminary findings warrant confirmation in larger, randomized, and longer‑term trials.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrial registration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ejRCT1030250383; retrospectively registered on 2025‑09‑22.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Adjunctive psychoeducation during acute inpatient treatment improves executive function and attention in mood disorders: a nonrandomized controlled study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-03 08:48:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7704919/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4cf986d3-0bfc-4f65-9368-8ae20f69aa80","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-19T18:38:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-03 08:48:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7704919","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7704919","identity":"rs-7704919","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}