BIM–FM Interoperability through Open Standards: A Critical Literature Review

The interoperability between Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Facility Management (FM) presents considerable potential to enhance operational efficiency and enable data-driven decision-making across the building lifecycle. However, BIM remains underutilized during the operational phase due to fragmented workflows, incompatible data structures, and the absence of standardized information delivery mechanisms. This critical literature review explores how open standards—especially vendor-neutral formats such as IFC and COBie—can facilitate BIM–FM interoperability. Organized around technical, managerial, and strategic dimensions, the review synthesizes recent advancements and persisting challenges. Technical considerations include data schema integration, bidirectional APIs, and limitations of real-time interoperability. Managerial aspects address the definition and governance of Asset Information Requirements (AIR), handover processes, and stakeholder engagement. Strategically, the paper examines how regulatory mandates, standard alignment (e.g., ISO 19650), and digital transformation imperatives are reshaping the FM landscape. This review highlights critical limitations in semantic coherence, bidirectional integration, and organizational adoption, and concludes by outlining future research priorities related to digital twins, automation, and FM data quality within openBIM environments.