Characterization of Leachate and assessment of groundwater contamination near Shivri landfill site, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India)

Characterization of Leachate and assessment of groundwater contamination near Shivri landfill site, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Characterization of Leachate and assessment of groundwater contamination near Shivri landfill site, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India) Vishvanath Pratap Singh, Prabhat Kumar Patel This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4483983/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The sampling of leachate and groundwater was done from the Shivri landfill site and waste management facility and its nearby area to analyze the infiltration of leachate and its possible contaminating effect on the groundwater quality. The testing of the groundwater and leachate sample was done to know about the various physical and chemical parameters which also include heavy metals concentration in the leachate sample and groundwater samples. Some of the heavy metals tested for their presence were Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Fe. Very low concentrations of other ions such as Cl − , SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , Cd, Cr, Cu, Zinc, and Iron are detected in the groundwater sample which shows that there was no effect of leachate on the surrounding groundwater because of the good leachate collection system of the landfill site. A slightly higher concentration of TDS, COD, Alkalinity, and TH was not enough to link it to the leachate percolation also there was not any noticeable effect of change in distance on various water quality parameters except Cr which was only detected at the sampling location 1. The overall gist of the study was that there was not any leachate contamination in the groundwater and almost all of the parameters of groundwater were observed in the range suitable for drinking purposes. Since the landfill site was already an engineered site and there was not any sign of leachate contamination so there was no point in suggesting remedial measures. Hence the present study shows no impact on groundwater due to the Shivri landfill site. Leachate characterization landfill groundwater contamination heavy metals solid waste Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Introduction Landfills have been found to be one of the major dangers to the water table below the ground level (Fatta et al. 1999 ). New-age landfill sites are properly engineered and have a good management system for disposing of solid waste properly. Landfills are stationed, structured, and run conforming to the rules and regulations made by federal authorities. They are also structured in a manner such that they will protect the environment from pollutants (Renou et al. 2008 ), and any potentially harmful contaminants in the waste stream (Patel et al. 2023b , 2024 ). Landfills cannot be built in those areas, which are vulnerable in nature and are monitored using a proper management system. These management systems watch for any sign of groundwater pollution observe landfill gas emissions, and furthermore provide other safety measures (Kumar et al. 2023 ; Patel et al. 2022 ). Domestic waste is discarded in a secluded area or region termed as an MSW landfill. Other waste that is not hazardous kinds, including commercial unit solid waste, non-hazardous sludge, removed small quantity generator waste, and commercial non-toxic solid waste, may also be found in municipal solid waste landfills. Any chance of groundwater infiltration, rainwater infiltration, or water table underflow can affect solid waste deposited in open dumps or landfills. When precipitation falls, water seeps into the disposed solid wastes, and the byproducts of that breakdown seep into groundwater through waste deposition (Patel et al. 2023c ). There are numerous inorganic and organic substances in the liquid that are collectively referred to as leachate (Papadopoulou et al. 2007 ). This leachate is collected at the lowest part of the landfill and infiltrates by the soil reaching groundwater (Mor et al. 2006 ). leachate pollution in groundwater can be shown in the form of a leachate pollution index (Hussein et al., 2019 ; Kathpalia et al., 2003 ). The effect of leachate resulting from the landfill, upon the earth's surface and water table has provided rise to many research studies in recent years and is in the limelight due to the substantial rise in the human population (Saarela 2003 ). The assessment of surface and groundwater contamination can be done with many different kinds of techniques. The assessment can be done via two methods: mathematical simulation or experimental parameter estimate (Moo-Young et al., 2004 ). In this particular research, the influence of the leachate, whose infiltration on the quality of groundwater was assessed from a recently established landfill facility at Shivri solid waste management site of Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Various physical and chemical parameters including other parameters such as heavy metals have been evaluated in the leachate together with specimens of groundwater in order to recognize the probable link of water table pollution. The impact of change in the distance of groundwater sources from landfills was additionally looked at. Methodology Study area details Lucknow is one of those cities in India where development is happening at a rapid pace. It is also the state's capital city and one of the most densely populated states in India. It is located in the region of Central Ganges Plain. India spreads over an area of 2528 Km 2 and exists throughout latitudes 26°30' and 27°10' in the north and longitudes 80°30' and 81°13' in the east. Lucknow's situation is continuously being affected by the high demand for land, water, transportation, healthcare, housing, education, and other resources, which have developed because of rapid urbanization. The mean altitude of the entire area is about 123 m in excess of the mean sea level. This is located at the heart of what is known as northern India. It is located on both sides of the Gomti rivers, which pass through the city. Lucknow is generally characterized by mild dry conditions throughout the year with the exception of Rainy weather conditions. It also receives heavy rainfall predominantly throughout the monsoonal season with a yearly average rainfall of about 827.2 mm. The total depth of the water table fluctuates from 1 to about 15.78 m in Lucknow city below the GL (ground level). Lucknow city has a population of over 3,765,000 which is estimated to result in about 2000 MT (metric tonnes) of garbage per day. An average person generates an amount of solid waste in the range of 100 g to 650 g in Lucknow city, which depends upon the gentry of the people living in it. The municipal solid waste generated in the city can be categorized into bio-medical, industrial, and household waste. The solid waste generated in rural areas is in the range of 0.65 to 0.45 kg/capita/day. The landfill site near Shivri was started in Lucknow city in the year 2007 at a distance of about 25 km from the center of the city. This landfill site is proposed to be an engineered and properly lined site still under construction till 2024 at the time of writing this research paper. Shivri landfill facility, Lucknow The Shivri landfill facility was established in 2007 and continues to remain in use. It spreads across a space of about 41 hectares and occupies a spot in the far west of the city. At the time of writing this paper, the place is still under construction. On an average of about 1200 T/day of waste products is disposed of at the site which spreads over the area and its overall height fluctuates from 15 m to 22 m. The waste discarded at this landfill site primarily includes household garbage such as plastics, glass, paper, glassware, kitchen waste, clothes, and cardboard boxes from all over the Lucknow region. Additionally, waste from the nearby slaughterhouse, fish market, and plant market is also disposed of here. The landfill site is a properly engineered open dump yard that rises to a height of 15 to 22 meters and appears to be a massive pile of trash. Trucks and other transport vehicles from various pockets of the city, bring garbage from municipalities to this landfill site and discharge it over here. They have a recycling unit that generally collects glass products, metal, and plastic and sends them for various reuse purposes. The moisture content of the wastes collected at this site results in the generation of leachate which is the point of our study. Figure 1 depicts the study area details. Experimental analysis Leachate and groundwater sampling In an attempt to analyze the level associated with contamination of groundwater, 5 locations for sampling have been selected inside a radius of 1.5 km of the site. This way of sampling was also done by Mayakaduwage et al., 2012 . At each location, sampling is done by taking the samples from hand pumps located over there. More information on the sites of sampling are mentioned in Table 1 . These 5 samples were taken during February month of the year 2024 at the time when this study was performed. The water was left running from the hand pump for about the time of 4 minutes to equate and regulate the electrolytes, which are responsible for electrical conductivity (Mor et al. 2006 ). Since the landfill site did not have any proper leachate collection system because it was under construction during the time of this study the leachate was collected at the place where it was being taken to different locations for its treatment. Table 1 Site specification of the sampling Sample type Sampling locations Collection system Distance (m) Leachate Landfill Site Leachate collector 0 m GW [1] Near Gate no. 2 Hand Pump 188 m GW [2] Shivari Village Road Hand Pump 360 m GW [3] Near residential area Hand Pump 524 m GW [4] Near Mohan Road Hand Pump 863 m GW [5] Near Mohan Road Hand Pump 973 m Analytical methods After collecting the samples, they were stored at 4°C in a sampling kit which was then immediately transferred to the lab. The assessment was started in the laboratory immediately upon determining the priority to assess parameters with the methodology recommended by (Baird et al. 2018 ). Each of the respective specimens was evaluated for selective physical and chemically based parameters, including heavy metals, in accordance with procedures acknowledged internationally and by standard approaches (Baird et al. 2018 )(Patel et al. 2023b , 2024 ). Several physical and chemical parameters analyzed in groundwater (GW) samples cover pH, TDS, FDS, TDVS, EC, COD, BOD, TH, TA, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ammonia, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, boron (Fatta et al. 1999 ; Mishra et al. 2018 ). Electrical conductivity and pH have been estimated using a SCM. Total dissolved volatile solids and fixed dissolved solids were measured using the oven drying method. Assessment of chemical oxygen demand was done by using reflux titrimetry, while biological oxygen demand was estimated by oxygen determination using Winkler’s titration. Total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, and chloride were determined using titrimetry, sodium, and potassium by using flame photometry. Determination of fluoride by SPADNS, phosphate by molybdenum blue complex formation applying a spectrophotometer (Systronic 20D+), while sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, nitrite and boron were also measured by using either Perkin-Elmer UV/VIS spectrophotometer or by same spectrophotometer. The values of cadmium, copper, total chromium, iron, lead, and zinc were estimated using AAS (Patel et al. 2023a ). For each of these elements, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.02 mg/l, 0.02, 0.03, 0.06, 0.03, 0.1, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/l. Each test was conducted thrice, and the findings were determined to be repeatable with an error of only ± 3%. The data were in statistical terms assessed by formulating a correlation matrix for the different respective variables using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) software. Result and discussion Leachate The composition of the waste and the moisture content in the waste affects the leachate characteristic heavily (Mohan and Gandhimathi 2009 ). Different types of characteristics of the sample of leachate depend upon the characteristics and composition of different types of waste and the water content of the waste. The various characteristics of leachate with their respective concentrations are mentioned in Table 2 . Table 2 Concentration of various parameters of leachate sample. SI No. Parameters Concentration Desirable Limit 1. pH 7.89 5.5-9.0 2. EC 16787.0 - 3. TSS 132.8 100.0 4. TDS 10743.7 - 5. FDS 9454.4 - 6. TDVS 1181.8 - 7. BOD 210.0 30.0 8. COD 4288.0 250.0 9. Alkalinity 820.0 - 10. Total Hardness 868.0 - 11. Calcium 204.8 - 12. Magnesium 165.3 - 13. Sodium 86.5 - 14. Potassium 4.22 - 15. Sulphate 265.4 - 16. Nitrite 2.33 - 17. Nitrate Nitrogen 32.2 10.0 18. Chloride 168 - 19. Fluoride 1.56 2.0 20. Phosphate 1.55 5.0 21. Boron 0.65 - 22. Free Ammonia 1.33 5.0 23. Iron 0.65 3.0 24. Zinc 0.34 5.0 25. Lead 0.11 0.1 26. Cadmium 0.08 2.0 27. Total Chromium 0.41 2.0 28. Copper 0.08 0.05 Note – Each variable is in mg/l except pH, EC (µS/cm), and color (hazen unit). The properties of the leachate sample taken from the Shivri landfill site are enlisted in the form of a table in Table 1 . The obtained value for the pH of the sample tested was observed to be 7.89. the presence of a bit higher values of EC (16787 µS/cm) and TDS (10743.7 mg/l) shows that inorganic materials were present in the sample. Relatively high organic strength was being shown by the high values of BOD (210 mg/l) and COD (4288 mg/l). Studies have shown in the past that MSW comprises about 45% of organic matter which is the main source of organic matter contamination in leachate (Alam et al. 2020 ; Castrillón et al. 2010 ). Deamination of amino acids due to the breaking down of the organic matter present in the sample probably leads to the generation of ammonia nitrogen (1.33mg/l) (Bhalla et al., 2012 ). Analysis of the leachate sample also shows high concentrations of NO 3 − (32.2 mg/l) and Si (56 mg/l). The dumping of a very small amount of steel crap was also indicated by the presence of Fe (0.65mg/l) in the leachate sample. The color of the leachate sample was dark brown owing to the presence of ferric hydroxide collides and humic substance from the oxidation of ferrous to ferric which eventually leads to its formation (Chu et al. 1994 ). Zinc (0.34 mg/l) was also present in the sample because the landfill also receives waste from fluorescent lamps and batteries. Pb in the amount of 0.11 mg/l shows that photograph processing chemicals and Pb batteries were also disposed of on the site. The presence of Cu (2.1 mg/l), Cr (0.41 mg/l), and Ni (0.04 mg/l) were also detected in the sample. The origin of the parameters like Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, and Cu indicates that a variety of other wastes were dumped at the Shivri landfill facility (Moturi et al. 2004 ). Groundwater Physico-chemical characteristic The groundwater collected from the different locations is used for drinking and washing purposes. Table 3 IS code and WHO recommendations for drinking water purposes. SI No. Parameters IS standards WHO Desirable Permissible 1. Color 5 15 - 2. Odor Agreeable Agreeable - 3. Taste Agreeable Agreeable - 4. pH 6.5–8.5 No Relaxation - 5. TH 200 600 - 6. Alkalinity 200 600 - 7. TDS 500 2000 - 8. Cl − 250 1000 200–300 9. SO 4 2− 200 400 - 10. NO 3 45 No Relaxation 50 11. F − 1.0 1.5 1.5 12. Ca 2+ 75 200 - 13. Mg 2+ 30 100 - 14. K + - - - 15. Na+ - - - 16. NH 4 + - - 1.5 17. Phenol 0.001 0.002 - 18. B 0.5 1.0 0.5 19. Fe 0.3 No Relaxation - Note – Each variable is in mg/l except pH and color (hazen unit). Table 3 shows various recommendations by IS code 10500:2012 and the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2022) for drinking water purposes. The pH values obtained for the groundwater samples collected from different locations are approximately in the neutral range from 7.19 to 7.56 ( Fig. 2 ) . The electrical conductivity is an indicator that shows the quantity of dissolved ions in the groundwater. The EC was in the range of 658 to 886 µS/cm in the area studied and was observed to be normal at all sampling locations (Fig. 3) . This shows that there was not much impact of the landfill site in terms of material dissolved in groundwater. Total dissolved solid shows the nature of water quality and its Salinity. TDS was observed fluctuating in the range from 420 to 576 mg/l overall sampling sites. It is shown in Fig. 4 . The TDS concentration was observed to be slightly higher at sampling locations 2,4 and 5. The observed high values may not be due to the effect of the landfill site but some other reasons not related to the leaching of the landfill site. The TDS concentration in this range will not likely affect humans. The TDVS was observed to fluctuate from 46.3 to 62.4 mg/l (Fig. 5) . The FDS concentration was observed to fluctuate from 370 to 499 mg/l at groundwater sampling locations. It is shown in Fig. 6 . COD is an indicator of organic pollution and is measured as oxygen equivalent to the organic matter which is capable of being oxygenated by a powerful oxidant. The COD concentration of different groundwater samples has been recorded in a concentration range of 1 to 4 mg/l (Fig. 7) . These concentrations of COD show that groundwater is slightly contaminated with organic contaminants which may not be due to a landfill site and may have some other unknown reason for its contamination. The concentration of total alkalinity as CaCO 3 has been determined to be in a concentration range of 156 to 212 mg/l ( Fig. 8 ) . It is generally observed that water in the pH range that ranges from 4.3 to 8.3 has bicarbonate alkalinity. Natural processes that lead to the presence of bicarbonate ions are the disintegration of carbonate substances and the gaseous form of CO 2 . Significant concentrations of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ are often found in significant amounts in natural water. These ions make it difficult to form lather with soap and get precipitated easily. The sum of the concentrations of calcium ions and magnesium ions normally tells us about the total hardness in mg/l, equivalent to CaCO 3 . TH of the sampling locations were observed to be 168 to 220 mg/l (Fig. 9) . The categorization of groundwater samples on the basis of total hardness is given in Table 4 . Table 4 Categorizing groundwater samples on the Total Hardness basis. Hardness range Categories samples 0–60 Soft 0 61–120 Moderately Hard 0 121–180 Hard 2 > 180 Very Hard 3 Carbonate-based minerals for example calcite and dolomite are often responsible for calcium ion concentration in GW has been determined in the concentration range of 40 to 56 mg/l ( Fig. 10 ) . Concrete from streets and sidewalks may also add to the Ca 2+ concentration in groundwater. The concentration of Mg 2+ has been determined in the concentration range of 13.6 to 21.38 mg/l (Fig. 11) . It is important in the sense that it activates many enzyme systems. The Na + ion concentration was observed fluctuating from 16.5 to 31.1 mg/l ( Fig. 12 ) . In high concentrations it may cause different types of risks to cardiac, renal, and circulatory disease patients. It may also be responsible for the salinity of groundwater which was not found to be the case. The K + ion concentration has been determined in the concentration range of 1.22 to 1.98 mg/l (Fig. 13) and it was in the permissible limit as per WHO standards. The Cl − 1 concentration has been observed in the concentration range from 22 to 40 mg/l ( Fig. 14 ) . If in excess it usually indicates pollution in groundwater. The Cl − 1 ion concentration was found to be in a very low amount well below the desirable limit as per Indian standards. The F − ion concentration was observed fluctuating from 0.44 to 0.56 mg/l at all sampling locations (Fig. 15) . It is essential when found in traces (approximately 1 mg/l) in water used for drinking. But when present in excess it may cause tooth discoloration as well as fluorosis in the skeleton (Ravindra & Garg, 2005 ). The nitrate was observed to be in the range of 6.76 to 15.3 mg/l ( Fig. 16 ) which was well below the desirable limit of Indian standard (less than 45 mg/l) at all sampling locations. if present in excess it may cause blue baby syndrome in infants. The NO 2 − concentration was observed to be in the range of below the detection limit (BDL) to 0.12 mg/l at all sampling locations. It was found to be a bit higher than the permissible limit of Indian standard at sampling location 4 (0.12 mg/l). The PO 4 3− concentration has been found in the concentration range of BDL to 0.12 mg/l (Fig. 17) at all sampling locations. The SO 4 2− ion concentration was observed to fluctuate from 18.3 to 42.2 mg/l ( Fig. 18 ) at all sampling locations. These concentrations were found to be well within the limits as prescribed by Indian standards. The B concentration has been observed in the concentration range of BDL to 0.55 mg/l (Fig. 19) at all sampling locations. The concentration of boron was found to be slightly higher than the desirable value recommended by Indian standards at sampling locations 3 and 5. Heavy metals The analysis of the heavy metals for example Cu, Fe, and Zn was done for the groundwater samples as these are undesirable metals for drinking purposes. Indian Standard has recommended their desirable limit as 0.05, 0.3, and 5 mg/l respectively for drinking purposes. The Fe concentration has been determined in the concentration range of 0.11 to 0.25 mg/l ( Fig. 20 ) at all sampling locations. These concentrations were well within the desirable limit as per Indian standards. Fe concentration in water can lead to some color changes in groundwater. The Zn concentration was observed to fluctuate from 0.09 to 0.18 mg/l (Fig. 21) at all sampling locations. The Pb concentration has been determined in the concentration range of BDL to 0.01 mg/l ( Fig. 22 ) at all sampling locations. The Pb concentration at sampling location 1 was approximately equal to the desirable limit set by Indian standards. The reason for this contamination may be linked to the leaching of some Pb contaminants from landfill sites. The Cd concentration has been determined in the concentration range of BDL to 0.002 mg/l (Fig. 23) at all sampling locations. It was well within the desirable limit set by Indian standards. If present in excess it may cause kidney, osteoporosis, cardiovascular and cancer diseases. The T. Cr concentration was observed to fluctuate from BDL to 0.03 mg/l ( Fig. 24 ) at all sampling locations. It was found to be well within the desirable limit set by Indian standards. These contaminations may be due to the leaching of Cr from the landfill site. The copper concentration has been determined in the concentration range of 0.01 to 0.03 mg/l ( Fig. 25 ) at all sampling locations. It was found to be well within the desirable limit as recommended by Indian standards. Redox-controlled reactions are responsible for the precipitation of heavy metals at the waste-rock interface (Kale et al. 2010 ). Physical sorptive mechanisms control the metal mobility and at-site capacity and also help in slowing down the mobility of these heavy metals. This way of fixing these heavy metals reduces its toxicity if the leachate is ingested in groundwater. However, the sorbed heavy metals reducing the ability of the leachate when it is brought into proximity alongside aquifer materials can lead to a lowering of Fe and Mn to better dissoluble kinds which may lead to some serious toxic effects. Correlation analysis Correlation studies tell us about the extent of the relationship in the form of a description table between the variables involved in the sample testing. This analysis is used as an initial descriptive approach to find out the intensity of the connection between the two variables utilized for the analysis work. Pearson correlation coefficients are used for generating this correlation matrix (Naveen et al. 2017 ). This association will then be explained with proper reasoning with details of the causal connection among the variables involved. The correlation matrix is demonstrated in Table 5 . Some of the parameters that were being tested show high association among themselves. This can be inferred from the correlation matrix generated. The coefficient values which are close to 1 show this association. It was observed that EC was highly correlated (> 0.8) to TDS, FDS, TA, TDVS, TH, Na + , SO 4 2− and Cl − . This shows that most of these parameters are in the form of ions. It was also observed that TDS was highly correlated to FDS, TDVS, TH, TA, Na + , SO 4 2− , and Cl − . These correlations show that these ions are highly mobile. There was an excellent correlation observed between total hardness and ions such as Ca 2+ , Na + , SO 4 2− , and Cl − . It was also observed that there was a high positive correlation between total alkalinity and other ions such as Ca 2+ , Na + , SO 4 2− , and Cl − and also with total hardness. Table 5 Correlation matrix for different parameters. pH EC TDS FDS TDVS COD TA TH Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + K + SO 4 2− NO 3 − Cl − F − PO 4 3− Fe Zn pH 1 EC -0.423 1 TDS -0.423 1.000 1 FDS -0.423 1.000 1.000 1 TDVS -0.423 1.000 1.000 1.000 1 COD 0.105 0.764 0.764 0.764 0.764 1 TA -0.375 0.988 0.988 0.988 0.987 0.781 1 TH -0.303 0.979 0.979 0.979 0.979 0.809 0.998 1 Ca 2+ -0.303 0.768 0.768 0.768 0.768 0.372 0.812 0.801 1 Mg 2+ -0.146 0.608 0.609 0.608 0.608 0.854 0.581 0.599 0.000 1 Na + -0.152 0.948 0.948 0.948 0.948 0.907 0.935 0.940 0.633 0.723 1 K + -0.839 0.627 0.628 0.627 0.627 0.341 0.633 0.617 0.379 0.524 0.437 1 SO 4 2− -0.347 0.975 0.975 0.975 0.975 0.773 0.934 0.923 0.677 0.636 0.965 0.504 1 NO 3 − 0.439 0.593 0.593 0.593 0.593 0.800 0.660 0.696 0.588 0.376 0.740 -0.054 0.578 1 Cl − -0.471 0.966 0.966 0.966 0.966 0.653 0.982 0.973 0.885 0.442 0.859 0.664 0.892 0.581 1 F − 0.619 0.394 0.394 0.394 0.394 0.845 0.433 0.479 0.169 0.574 0.648 -0.189 0.442 0.886 0.286 1 PO 4 3− 0.012 0.280 0.281 0.281 0.282 0.346 0.145 0.128 -0.213 0.498 0.421 -0.112 0.480 0.025 0.038 0.275 1 Fe 0.117 0.698 0.698 0.698 0.698 0.987 0.700 0.728 0.227 0.913 0.863 0.322 0.728 0.716 0.555 0.834 0.439 1 Zn 0.502 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.905 0.541 0.587 0.250 0.646 0.712 -0.022 0.984 0.984 0.401 0.984 0.194 0.885 1 Conclusion There was not any noticeable alarming concentration of any parameters that were being tested. Approximately all parameters were below the desirable limit set by Indian standards 10500: 2012 for drinking water proposes. The parameters such as electrical conductivity, chloride ion, sulfate ion, nitrate ion, sodium ion, fluoride ion, magnesium ion, etc. are within the desired limit for drinking water. The parameters such as total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, and boron were slightly above the desirable limit. TDS was observed to be higher at sampling locations 2, 4, and 5 and the values were 510 mg/l, 519 mg/l, and 567 mg/l respectively. TH was observed to be higher at sampling location 5 (220 mg/l). Alkalinity was observed to be higher than the desirable limit at sampling location 5 (212 mg/l). Hence the groundwater was observed to be suitable for drinking purposes and there was not any effect of leachate contamination from the landfill facility. This shows that since the Shivri landfill site is a properly engineered site so there was not any leachate contamination in the groundwater due to the site. Declarations Competing Interests: The contributors disclose that they have no conflicting interests. Role of Funding Sources: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contribution 1: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Validation. 2: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing Acknowledgments The authors would like to extend their gratefulness to the Civil Engineering Department at the Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow for providing the resources that were required to conduct the study. Data Availability Data is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files References Alam, P., Sharholy, M., & Ahmad, K. (2020). A Study on the Landfill Leachate and Its Impact on Groundwater Quality of Ghazipur Area, New Delhi, India (pp. 345–358). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0990-2_27 Baird, R., Eaton, A. D., Rice, E. W., Bridgewater, L., American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, & Water Environment Federation. (2018). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater . Bhalla, B., Saini, M., & Jha, M. (2012). Characterization of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfilling Sites of Ludhiana, India: A Comparative Study . International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) (Vol. 2). Castrillón, L., Fernández-Nava, Y., Ulmanu, M., Anger, I., & Marañón, E. (2010). Physico-chemical and biological treatment of MSW landfill leachate. Waste Management, 30 (2), 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.013 Chu, L. M., Cheung, K. C., & Wong, M. H. (1994). Variations in the chemical properties of landfill leachate. Environmental Management, 18 (1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02393753 Fatta, D., Papadopoulos, A., & Loizidou, M. (1999). A STUDY ON THE LANDFILL LEACHATE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF THE GREATER AREA . Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda Guidelines for drinking-water quality . (2022). Hussein, M., Yoneda, K., Zaki, Z. M., Othman, N. A., & Amir, A. (2019). Leachate characterizations and pollution indices of active and closed unlined landfills in Malaysia. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 12 , 100232. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENMM.2019.100232 Kale, S. S., Kadam, A. K., Kumar, S., & Pawar, N. J. (2010). Evaluating pollution potential of leachate from landfill site, from the Pune metropolitan city and its impact on shallow basaltic aquifers. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 162 (1–4), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0799-7 Kathpalia, D., Kumar, D., & Alappat, B. J. (2003). Analysis of Leachate Contamination Potential of a Municipal Landfill using Leachate Pollution Index . Workshop on Sustainable Landfill Management . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266353417 Kumar, P., Mohan, L., & Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2023). Cyclic desorption based efficacy of polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan variant resins for multi heavy-metal removal. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 242 (P1), 124812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124812 Mayakaduwage, S., Siriwardana, R., Wijesekara, H., Francis, B., Basnayake, A., Mayakaduwa, S. S., et al. (2012). Characterization of Landfill Leachate Draining from Gohagoda Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumpsite for Dissolved Organic Carbon, Nutrients and Heavy Metals Waste Processing and Treatment OWT 7-125 Characterization of Landfill Leachate Draining from Gohagoda Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumpsite for Dissolved Organic Carbon, Nutrients and Heavy Metals. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2418.9445 Mishra, S., Tiwary, D., & Ohri, A. (2018). Leachate characterisation and evaluation of leachate pollution potential of urban municipal landfill sites. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 21 (4), 217. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2018.093431 Mohan, S., & Gandhimathi, R. (2009). Removal of heavy metal ions from municipal solid waste leachate using coal fly ash as an adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169 (1–3), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2009.03.104 Moo-Young, H., Johnson, B., Johnson, A., Carson, D., Lew, C., Liu, S., & Hancock, K. (2004). Characterization of Infiltration Rates from Landfills: Supporting Groundwater Modeling Efforts. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 96 (1–3), 283–311. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000031734.67778.d7 Mor, S., Ravindra, K., Dahiya, R. P., & Chandra, A. (2006). Leachate Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Pollution Near Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 118 (1–3), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-1505-7 Moturi, M. C. Z., Rawat, M., & Subramanian, V. (2004). Distribution and Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Solid Waste from Selected Sites in the Industrial Belt of Delhi, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 95 (1–3), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000029900.86810.85 Naveen, B. P., Mahapatra, D. M., Sitharam, T. G., Sivapullaiah, P. V., & Ramachandra, T. V. (2017, January 1). Physico-chemical and biological characterization of urban municipal landfill leachate. Environmental Pollution . Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.002 Papadopoulou, M. P., Karatzas, G. P., & Bougioukou, G. G. (2007). Numerical modelling of the environmental impact of landfill leachate leakage on groundwater quality – a field application. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 12 (1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-006-9050-x Patel, P. K., Nagireddi, S., Uppaluri, R. V. S., & Pandey, L. M. (2022). Batch adsorption characteristics of Dowex Marathon MSA commercial resin for Au(III) removal from synthetic electroless plating solutions. Materials Today: Proceedings , 68 , 824–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.258 Patel, P. K., Pandey, L. M., & Uppaluri, R. (2023a). Multi-metal Adsorption and Cyclic Desorption Characteristics of Zn + 2 and Cu + 2 Constituting Multi-component Synthetic Wastewater System Using Commercial Resins. In D. Deka, S. K. Majumder, & M. K. Purkait (Eds.), Sustainable Environment (pp. 3–27). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. Patel, P. K., Pandey, L. M., & Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2023b). Synthesized carboxymethyl-chitosan variant composites for cyclic adsorption- desorption based removal of Fe, Pb, and Cu. Chemosphere, 340 (August), 139780. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139780 Patel, P. K., Pandey, L. M., & Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2023c). Adsorptive removal of Zn, Fe, and Pb from Zn dominant simulated industrial wastewater solution using polyvinyl alcohol grafted chitosan variant resins. Chemical Engineering Journal, 459 (January), 141563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141563 Patel, P. K., Pandey, L. M., & Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2024). Highly effective removal of multi-heavy metals from simulated industrial effluent through an adsorption process employing carboxymethyl-chitosan composites. Environmental Research, 240 (P1), 117502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117502 Ravindra, K., & Garg, V. K. (2005). Distribution of fluoride in groundwater and its suitability assessment for drinking purpose . Renou, S., Givaudan, J. G., Poulain, S., Dirassouyan, F., & Moulin, P. (2008). Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150 (3), 468–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077 Saarela, J. (2003). Pilot investigations of surface parts of three closed landfills and factors affecting them. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 84 (1/2), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022859718865 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4483983","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":315135891,"identity":"b6e56ced-569e-4c37-b51c-d2fcb4b8312e","order_by":0,"name":"Vishvanath Pratap Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Engineering and Technology lucknow","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vishvanath","middleName":"Pratap","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":315135892,"identity":"2138e1af-341a-4dd1-873a-a91e3ba5ceea","order_by":1,"name":"Prabhat Kumar Patel","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZsYGBgY29uYDBz4wgBhEapHg4zmWeHAGSAszsVrkJHKMD/OAuQSUm0v3PvxcuMOujk0ix+Cwza9t8nzMDIwfPubg1mI557ix9MwzyRJsPM8KDuf23TZsY2Zglpy5DbcWgxtpDNK8bcwSbOzJGw7n9txmBGphY+bFr4X5N29bvQQbQ4LBYcue2/bEaGED2nJYgo0jxeAww4/biQS1WM45xmY9s+24ZBvPsYSDvQ23k9uYGZvx+sVcuo35dmFbNb98e/PhDz/+3Lad39588MNHfA6TQOYxtoHJBtzqMbQw/MGreBSMglEwCkYoAADMhlCdCy5oQgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Engineering and Technology lucknow","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prabhat","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Patel","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-27 09:51:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4483983/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4483983/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58749561,"identity":"d75229a1-d400-42b8-8d13-4bc3484dd66a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:51","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":481706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area details.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/4cef1581cd225114f455c088.png"},{"id":58749556,"identity":"bced8c5d-0651-40b6-aec7-b44de3f092c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:51","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17709,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003epH of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/e9e37844829cb6d5407d8856.png"},{"id":58749555,"identity":"123125c3-2e99-45eb-9da7-d3e78533288a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:51","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEC of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/7727b40cfd60dc21a8d87c9a.png"},{"id":58749933,"identity":"94f15a1a-ad5f-41c1-a161-2e4a6181e6c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:44:51","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTDS of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/af43b8ed36f7a7ae567553e6.png"},{"id":58749572,"identity":"80f8f449-0b1b-4f0c-b56d-25d124dfc050","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTDVS of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/ff5ce249f9b7bf50d016390c.png"},{"id":58749936,"identity":"b3b2da44-158d-436d-a156-5c078f3559c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:44:51","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFDS of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/d96b189cf35a4438f76a0803.png"},{"id":58749935,"identity":"94115bab-1ab0-4bb3-9070-973b73fdccac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:44:51","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20818,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCOD of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/892c6af18a67920e5deb04fd.png"},{"id":58749558,"identity":"8108850c-1e77-4998-aec5-84b634ce5d9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:51","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal alkalinity of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/9726f6598b045c942f9ab82a.png"},{"id":58749564,"identity":"8e1e14e6-3cd8-4f97-a777-1cde8c95995a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:51","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24479,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal hardness of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/afa9c1618b08cc88e1a71791.png"},{"id":58749570,"identity":"803e48f7-54bb-4fb0-a72e-eb3f6de3d8df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22101,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCa\u003csup\u003e2+ \u003c/sup\u003eion in different samples \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/bfdaae791475205ed15a89c1.png"},{"id":58749559,"identity":"3c38d149-c995-4c99-a8b8-37c3e3072545","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:51","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMg\u003csup\u003e2+ \u003c/sup\u003eion in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/3dfe2904d266ff40b7714167.png"},{"id":58750370,"identity":"3406fd7f-ef38-4d90-a520-20ef8a8b31f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:52:51","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion in different samples\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/ae86987ce538205ae6dc85da.png"},{"id":58749566,"identity":"6a83bf08-a80c-4ed7-b44c-83ea8e5449b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:51","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eK\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/4ffd673a906c596e9d6d178c.png"},{"id":58749578,"identity":"43b0ec2a-11ad-485b-b555-a8c07914e4c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e ion in different samples \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/15c1545d5e05c08e66a90eda.png"},{"id":58749579,"identity":"66d831c3-5d5a-45d8-8f7a-e0869b87cc8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eF\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e ion in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/1494c8384d0b3393beafd708.png"},{"id":58749577,"identity":"8029a0ae-8f3f-4e21-9b9f-bcceeefcb869","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e ion in all samples\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/870e6f0756ffcf3f1c9b37ca.png"},{"id":58749574,"identity":"48e73102-92a8-4e41-8e16-89d6c0408306","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3-\u003c/sup\u003e ion in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/32072e3fb543d6d6393f992b.png"},{"id":58749932,"identity":"a9133702-0c51-4743-8fbf-c288d39f3409","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:44:51","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21341,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2-\u003c/sup\u003e ion in different samples\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/0e082959f7c386010eb56fd6.png"},{"id":58749571,"identity":"04326b5d-bebd-47df-a32c-16c92d6a22d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20643,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eB concentrations in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/9abef7018bbdfe94220884f1.png"},{"id":58749575,"identity":"d17dd9b2-1824-454c-9fa4-b4465c4de559","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFe ion in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/eef4e79ed179341bd30abe6f.png"},{"id":58749569,"identity":"942ec516-4446-4040-998f-497493005b10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"Figure 21","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZinc concentration of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/6c714c67ea362cf0e2116cc0.png"},{"id":58749573,"identity":"85dda52e-76e3-41a6-90b0-27abf4115e5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"Figure 22","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePb concentration of different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/8ee8e140c658abe6cfc0dc35.png"},{"id":58749568,"identity":"b6e248c4-b6bb-4abd-a096-4727a6f5f052","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:51","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"Figure 23","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCd ion in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/93182ba446e74f0fa77852df.png"},{"id":58749576,"identity":"fa8fade3-c1a1-4239-b9f7-5c942b905296","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"Figure 24","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20785,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCr ion in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/3a30cc940d42a40cd755b785.png"},{"id":58749580,"identity":"622a7887-53ba-426a-91a9-fe39b2e1e143","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-20 15:36:52","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"Figure 25","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCu ion in different samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/cd5fb2f159af05ccdb74df5c.png"},{"id":60915473,"identity":"35501f73-418e-4593-9cc6-f6eb4c5e7bf3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-23 13:36:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1763982,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4483983/v1/346ecbd7-7bf5-4fb0-85e1-3e74ca0e5d3a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Characterization of Leachate and assessment of groundwater contamination near Shivri landfill site, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLandfills have been found to be one of the major dangers to the water table below the ground level (Fatta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). New-age landfill sites are properly engineered and have a good management system for disposing of solid waste properly. Landfills are stationed, structured, and run conforming to the rules and regulations made by federal authorities. They are also structured in a manner such that they will protect the environment from pollutants (Renou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), and any potentially harmful contaminants in the waste stream (Patel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Landfills cannot be built in those areas, which are vulnerable in nature and are monitored using a proper management system. These management systems watch for any sign of groundwater pollution observe landfill gas emissions, and furthermore provide other safety measures (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Patel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDomestic waste is discarded in a secluded area or region termed as an MSW landfill. Other waste that is not hazardous kinds, including commercial unit solid waste, non-hazardous sludge, removed small quantity generator waste, and commercial non-toxic solid waste, may also be found in municipal solid waste landfills. Any chance of groundwater infiltration, rainwater infiltration, or water table underflow can affect solid waste deposited in open dumps or landfills. When precipitation falls, water seeps into the disposed solid wastes, and the byproducts of that breakdown seep into groundwater through waste deposition (Patel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023c\u003c/span\u003e). There are numerous inorganic and organic substances in the liquid that are collectively referred to as leachate (Papadopoulou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). This leachate is collected at the lowest part of the landfill and infiltrates by the soil reaching groundwater (Mor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). leachate pollution in groundwater can be shown in the form of a leachate pollution index (Hussein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kathpalia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The effect of leachate resulting from the landfill, upon the earth's surface and water table has provided rise to many research studies in recent years and is in the limelight due to the substantial rise in the human population (Saarela \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The assessment of surface and groundwater contamination can be done with many different kinds of techniques. The assessment can be done via two methods: mathematical simulation or experimental parameter estimate (Moo-Young et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this particular research, the influence of the leachate, whose infiltration on the quality of groundwater was assessed from a recently established landfill facility at Shivri solid waste management site of Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Various physical and chemical parameters including other parameters such as heavy metals have been evaluated in the leachate together with specimens of groundwater in order to recognize the probable link of water table pollution. The impact of change in the distance of groundwater sources from landfills was additionally looked at.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy area details\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLucknow is one of those cities in India where development is happening at a rapid pace. It is also the state\u0026apos;s capital city and one of the most densely populated states in India. It is located in the region of Central Ganges Plain. India spreads over an area of 2528 Km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and exists throughout latitudes 26\u0026deg;30\u0026apos; and 27\u0026deg;10\u0026apos; in the north and longitudes 80\u0026deg;30\u0026apos; and 81\u0026deg;13\u0026apos; in the east. Lucknow\u0026apos;s situation is continuously being affected by the high demand for land, water, transportation, healthcare, housing, education, and other resources, which have developed because of rapid urbanization. The mean altitude of the entire area is about 123 m in excess of the mean sea level. This is located at the heart of what is known as northern India. It is located on both sides of the Gomti rivers, which pass through the city.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLucknow is generally characterized by mild dry conditions throughout the year with the exception of Rainy weather conditions. It also receives heavy rainfall predominantly throughout the monsoonal season with a yearly average rainfall of about 827.2 mm. The total depth of the water table fluctuates from 1 to about 15.78 m in Lucknow city below the GL (ground level).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLucknow city has a population of over 3,765,000 which is estimated to result in about 2000 MT (metric tonnes) of garbage per day. An average person generates an amount of solid waste in the range of 100 g to 650 g in Lucknow city, which depends upon the gentry of the people living in it. The municipal solid waste generated in the city can be categorized into bio-medical, industrial, and household waste. The solid waste generated in rural areas is in the range of 0.65 to 0.45 kg/capita/day.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe landfill site near Shivri was started in Lucknow city in the year 2007 at a distance of about 25 km from the center of the city. This landfill site is proposed to be an engineered and properly lined site still under construction till 2024 at the time of writing this research paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eShivri landfill facility, Lucknow\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Shivri landfill facility was established in 2007 and continues to remain in use. It spreads across a space of about 41 hectares and occupies a spot in the far west of the city. At the time of writing this paper, the place is still under construction. On an average of about 1200 T/day of waste products is disposed of at the site which spreads over the area and its overall height fluctuates from 15 m to 22 m. The waste discarded at this landfill site primarily includes household garbage such as plastics, glass, paper, glassware, kitchen waste, clothes, and cardboard boxes from all over the Lucknow region. Additionally, waste from the nearby slaughterhouse, fish market, and plant market is also disposed of here. The landfill site is a properly engineered open dump yard that rises to a height of 15 to 22 meters and appears to be a massive pile of trash. Trucks and other transport vehicles from various pockets of the city, bring garbage from municipalities to this landfill site and discharge it over here. They have a recycling unit that generally collects glass products, metal, and plastic and sends them for various reuse purposes. The moisture content of the wastes collected at this site results in the generation of leachate which is the point of our study. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e depicts the study area details.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExperimental analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eLeachate and groundwater sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn an attempt to analyze the level associated with contamination of groundwater, 5 locations for sampling have been selected inside a radius of 1.5 km of the site. This way of sampling was also done by Mayakaduwage et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e. At each location, sampling is done by taking the samples from hand pumps located over there. More information on the sites of sampling are mentioned in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. These 5 samples were taken during February month of the year 2024 at the time when this study was performed. The water was left running from the hand pump for about the time of 4 minutes to equate and regulate the electrolytes, which are responsible for electrical conductivity (Mor et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Since the landfill site did not have any proper leachate collection system because it was under construction during the time of this study the leachate was collected at the place where it was being taken to different locations for its treatment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite specification of the sampling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampling locations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollection system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeachate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLandfill Site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeachate collector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW [1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNear Gate no. 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand Pump\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188 m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW [2]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShivari Village Road\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand Pump\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360 m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW [3]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNear residential area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand Pump\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e524 m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW [4]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNear Mohan Road\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand Pump\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e863 m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW [5]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNear Mohan Road\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand Pump\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e973 m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAnalytical methods\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter collecting the samples, they were stored at 4\u0026deg;C in a sampling kit which was then immediately transferred to the lab. The assessment was started in the laboratory immediately upon determining the priority to assess parameters with the methodology recommended by (Baird et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Each of the respective specimens was evaluated for selective physical and chemically based parameters, including heavy metals, in accordance with procedures acknowledged internationally and by standard approaches (Baird et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)(Patel et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Several physical and chemical parameters analyzed in groundwater (GW) samples cover pH, TDS, FDS, TDVS, EC, COD, BOD, TH, TA, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ammonia, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, boron (Fatta et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Mishra et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Electrical conductivity and pH have been estimated using a SCM. Total dissolved volatile solids and fixed dissolved solids were measured using the oven drying method. Assessment of chemical oxygen demand was done by using reflux titrimetry, while biological oxygen demand was estimated by oxygen determination using Winkler\u0026rsquo;s titration. Total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, and chloride were determined using titrimetry, sodium, and potassium by using flame photometry. Determination of fluoride by SPADNS, phosphate by molybdenum blue complex formation applying a spectrophotometer (Systronic 20D+), while sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, nitrite and boron were also measured by using either Perkin-Elmer UV/VIS spectrophotometer or by same spectrophotometer. The values of cadmium, copper, total chromium, iron, lead, and zinc were estimated using AAS (Patel et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e). For each of these elements, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.02 mg/l, 0.02, 0.03, 0.06, 0.03, 0.1, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/l. Each test was conducted thrice, and the findings were determined to be repeatable with an error of only\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3%. The data were in statistical terms assessed by formulating a correlation matrix for the different respective variables using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eLeachate\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe composition of the waste and the moisture content in the waste affects the leachate characteristic heavily (Mohan and Gandhimathi \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Different types of characteristics of the sample of leachate depend upon the characteristics and composition of different types of waste and the water content of the waste. The various characteristics of leachate with their respective concentrations are mentioned in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration of various parameters of leachate sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSI No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesirable Limit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5-9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16787.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10743.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9454.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDVS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1181.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBOD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4288.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkalinity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e820.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Hardness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e868.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalcium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMagnesium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSulphate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrate Nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFluoride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFree Ammonia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZinc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLead\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCadmium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Chromium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCopper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Each variable is in mg/l except pH, EC (\u0026micro;S/cm), and color (hazen unit).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe properties of the leachate sample taken from the Shivri landfill site are enlisted in the form of a table in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The obtained value for the pH of the sample tested was observed to be 7.89. the presence of a bit higher values of EC (16787 \u0026micro;S/cm) and TDS (10743.7 mg/l) shows that inorganic materials were present in the sample. Relatively high organic strength was being shown by the high values of BOD (210 mg/l) and COD (4288 mg/l). Studies have shown in the past that MSW comprises about 45% of organic matter which is the main source of organic matter contamination in leachate (Alam et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Castrill\u0026oacute;n et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Deamination of amino acids due to the breaking down of the organic matter present in the sample probably leads to the generation of ammonia nitrogen (1.33mg/l) (Bhalla et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Analysis of the leachate sample also shows high concentrations of NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (32.2 mg/l) and Si (56 mg/l). The dumping of a very small amount of steel crap was also indicated by the presence of Fe (0.65mg/l) in the leachate sample. The color of the leachate sample was dark brown owing to the presence of ferric hydroxide collides and humic substance from the oxidation of ferrous to ferric which eventually leads to its formation (Chu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). Zinc (0.34 mg/l) was also present in the sample because the landfill also receives waste from fluorescent lamps and batteries. Pb in the amount of 0.11 mg/l shows that photograph processing chemicals and Pb batteries were also disposed of on the site. The presence of Cu (2.1 mg/l), Cr (0.41 mg/l), and Ni (0.04 mg/l) were also detected in the sample. The origin of the parameters like Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, and Cu indicates that a variety of other wastes were dumped at the Shivri landfill facility (Moturi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eGroundwater\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePhysico-chemical characteristic\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe groundwater collected from the different locations is used for drinking and washing purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIS code and WHO recommendations for drinking water purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSI No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIS standards\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWHO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesirable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermissible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgreeable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgreeable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaste\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgreeable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgreeable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Relaxation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkalinity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026ndash;300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Relaxation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Relaxation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Each variable is in mg/l except pH and color (hazen unit).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows various recommendations by IS code 10500:2012 and the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2022) for drinking water purposes. The pH values obtained for the groundwater samples collected from different locations are approximately in the neutral range from 7.19 to 7.56 \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. The electrical conductivity is an indicator that shows the quantity of dissolved ions in the groundwater. The EC was in the range of 658 to 886 \u0026micro;S/cm in the area studied and was observed to be normal at all sampling locations \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;3)\u003c/strong\u003e. This shows that there was not much impact of the landfill site in terms of material dissolved in groundwater. Total dissolved solid shows the nature of water quality and its Salinity. TDS was observed fluctuating in the range from 420 to 576 mg/l overall sampling sites. It is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The TDS concentration was observed to be slightly higher at sampling locations 2,4 and 5. The observed high values may not be due to the effect of the landfill site but some other reasons not related to the leaching of the landfill site. The TDS concentration in this range will not likely affect humans. The TDVS was observed to fluctuate from 46.3 to 62.4 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;5)\u003c/strong\u003e. The FDS concentration was observed to fluctuate from 370 to 499 mg/l at groundwater sampling locations. It is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. COD is an indicator of organic pollution and is measured as oxygen equivalent to the organic matter which is capable of being oxygenated by a powerful oxidant. The COD concentration of different groundwater samples has been recorded in a concentration range of 1 to 4 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;7)\u003c/strong\u003e. These concentrations of COD show that groundwater is slightly contaminated with organic contaminants which may not be due to a landfill site and may have some other unknown reason for its contamination. The concentration of total alkalinity as CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e has been determined to be in a concentration range of 156 to 212 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. It is generally observed that water in the pH range that ranges from 4.3 to 8.3 has bicarbonate alkalinity. Natural processes that lead to the presence of bicarbonate ions are the disintegration of carbonate substances and the gaseous form of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Significant concentrations of Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e are often found in significant amounts in natural water. These ions make it difficult to form lather with soap and get precipitated easily. The sum of the concentrations of calcium ions and magnesium ions normally tells us about the total hardness in mg/l, equivalent to CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. TH of the sampling locations were observed to be 168 to 220 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;9)\u003c/strong\u003e. The categorization of groundwater samples on the basis of total hardness is given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategorizing groundwater samples on the Total Hardness basis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHardness range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esamples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u0026ndash;120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately Hard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u0026ndash;180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery Hard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbonate-based minerals for example calcite and dolomite are often responsible for calcium ion concentration in GW has been determined in the concentration range of 40 to 56 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. Concrete from streets and sidewalks may also add to the Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e concentration in groundwater. The concentration of Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e has been determined in the concentration range of 13.6 to 21.38 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;11)\u003c/strong\u003e. It is important in the sense that it activates many enzyme systems. The Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration was observed fluctuating from 16.5 to 31.1 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. In high concentrations it may cause different types of risks to cardiac, renal, and circulatory disease patients. It may also be responsible for the salinity of groundwater which was not found to be the case. The K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration has been determined in the concentration range of 1.22 to 1.98 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;13)\u003c/strong\u003e and it was in the permissible limit as per WHO standards. The Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e concentration has been observed in the concentration range from 22 to 40 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. If in excess it usually indicates pollution in groundwater. The Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration was found to be in a very low amount well below the desirable limit as per Indian standards. The F\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration was observed fluctuating from 0.44 to 0.56 mg/l at all sampling locations \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;15)\u003c/strong\u003e. It is essential when found in traces (approximately 1 mg/l) in water used for drinking. But when present in excess it may cause tooth discoloration as well as fluorosis in the skeleton (Ravindra \u0026amp; Garg, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The nitrate was observed to be in the range of 6.76 to 15.3 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e which was well below the desirable limit of Indian standard (less than 45 mg/l) at all sampling locations. if present in excess it may cause blue baby syndrome in infants. The NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e concentration was observed to be in the range of below the detection limit (BDL) to 0.12 mg/l at all sampling locations. It was found to be a bit higher than the permissible limit of Indian standard at sampling location 4 (0.12 mg/l). The PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e concentration has been found in the concentration range of BDL to 0.12 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;17)\u003c/strong\u003e at all sampling locations. The SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration was observed to fluctuate from 18.3 to 42.2 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e at all sampling locations. These concentrations were found to be well within the limits as prescribed by Indian standards. The B concentration has been observed in the concentration range of BDL to 0.55 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;19)\u003c/strong\u003e at all sampling locations. The concentration of boron was found to be slightly higher than the desirable value recommended by Indian standards at sampling locations 3 and 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHeavy metals\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the heavy metals for example Cu, Fe, and Zn was done for the groundwater samples as these are undesirable metals for drinking purposes. Indian Standard has recommended their desirable limit as 0.05, 0.3, and 5 mg/l respectively for drinking purposes. The Fe concentration has been determined in the concentration range of 0.11 to 0.25 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e at all sampling locations. These concentrations were well within the desirable limit as per Indian standards. Fe concentration in water can lead to some color changes in groundwater. The Zn concentration was observed to fluctuate from 0.09 to 0.18 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;21)\u003c/strong\u003e at all sampling locations. The Pb concentration has been determined in the concentration range of BDL to 0.01 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e at all sampling locations. The Pb concentration at sampling location 1 was approximately equal to the desirable limit set by Indian standards. The reason for this contamination may be linked to the leaching of some Pb contaminants from landfill sites. The Cd concentration has been determined in the concentration range of BDL to 0.002 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;23)\u003c/strong\u003e at all sampling locations. It was well within the desirable limit set by Indian standards. If present in excess it may cause kidney, osteoporosis, cardiovascular and cancer diseases. The T. Cr concentration was observed to fluctuate from BDL to 0.03 mg/l \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e at all sampling locations. It was found to be well within the desirable limit set by Indian standards. These contaminations may be due to the leaching of Cr from the landfill site. The copper concentration has been determined in the concentration range of 0.01 to 0.03 mg/l (\u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;25\u003c/strong\u003e) at all sampling locations. It was found to be well within the desirable limit as recommended by Indian standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRedox-controlled reactions are responsible for the precipitation of heavy metals at the waste-rock interface (Kale et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Physical sorptive mechanisms control the metal mobility and at-site capacity and also help in slowing down the mobility of these heavy metals. This way of fixing these heavy metals reduces its toxicity if the leachate is ingested in groundwater.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHowever, the sorbed heavy metals reducing the ability of the leachate when it is brought into proximity alongside aquifer materials can lead to a lowering of Fe and Mn to better dissoluble kinds which may lead to some serious toxic effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation studies tell us about the extent of the relationship in the form of a description table between the variables involved in the sample testing. This analysis is used as an initial descriptive approach to find out the intensity of the connection between the two variables utilized for the analysis work. Pearson correlation coefficients are used for generating this correlation matrix (Naveen et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This association will then be explained with proper reasoning with details of the causal connection among the variables involved. The correlation matrix is demonstrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Some of the parameters that were being tested show high association among themselves. This can be inferred from the correlation matrix generated. The coefficient values which are close to 1 show this association. It was observed that EC was highly correlated (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.8) to TDS, FDS, TA, TDVS, TH, Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e. This shows that most of these parameters are in the form of ions. It was also observed that TDS was highly correlated to FDS, TDVS, TH, TA, Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, and Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e. These correlations show that these ions are highly mobile.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere was an excellent correlation observed between total hardness and ions such as Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, and Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e. It was also observed that there was a high positive correlation between total alkalinity and other ions such as Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, and Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and also with total hardness.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation matrix for different parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDVS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTDVS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.988\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.988\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.988\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.987\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.979\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.979\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.979\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.979\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.809\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.998\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.812\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.801\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.854\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.948\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.948\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.948\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.948\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.907\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.935\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.940\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.633\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.628\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.633\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.524\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.975\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.975\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.975\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.975\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.934\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.923\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.965\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.800\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.696\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.966\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.966\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.966\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.966\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.982\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.973\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.885\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.859\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.892\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.845\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.886\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.987\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.913\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.863\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.834\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.905\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.541\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.646\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.984\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.984\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.984\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.885\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere was not any noticeable alarming concentration of any parameters that were being tested. Approximately all parameters were below the desirable limit set by Indian standards 10500: 2012 for drinking water proposes. The parameters such as electrical conductivity, chloride ion, sulfate ion, nitrate ion, sodium ion, fluoride ion, magnesium ion, etc. are within the desired limit for drinking water. The parameters such as total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, and boron were slightly above the desirable limit. TDS was observed to be higher at sampling locations 2, 4, and 5 and the values were 510 mg/l, 519 mg/l, and 567 mg/l respectively. TH was observed to be higher at sampling location 5 (220 mg/l). Alkalinity was observed to be higher than the desirable limit at sampling location 5 (212 mg/l). Hence the groundwater was observed to be suitable for drinking purposes and there was not any effect of leachate contamination from the landfill facility. This shows that since the Shivri landfill site is a properly engineered site so there was not any leachate contamination in the groundwater due to the site.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe contributors disclose that they have no conflicting interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRole of Funding Sources:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e1: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Validation. 2: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to extend their gratefulness to the Civil Engineering Department at the Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow for providing the resources that were required to conduct the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlam, P., Sharholy, M., \u0026amp; Ahmad, K. (2020). A Study on the Landfill Leachate and Its Impact on Groundwater Quality of Ghazipur Area, New Delhi, India (pp. 345\u0026ndash;358). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0990-2_27\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-981-15-0990-2_27\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaird, R., Eaton, A. D., Rice, E. W., Bridgewater, L., American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, \u0026amp; Water Environment Federation. (2018). \u003cem\u003eStandard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBhalla, B., Saini, M., \u0026amp; Jha, M. (2012). \u003cem\u003eCharacterization of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfilling Sites of Ludhiana, India: A Comparative Study\u003c/em\u003e. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) (Vol. 2). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.ijera.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCastrill\u0026oacute;n, L., Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-Nava, Y., Ulmanu, M., Anger, I., \u0026amp; Mara\u0026ntilde;\u0026oacute;n, E. (2010). Physico-chemical and biological treatment of MSW landfill leachate. Waste Management, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(2), 228\u0026ndash;235. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.013\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChu, L. M., Cheung, K. C., \u0026amp; Wong, M. H. (1994). Variations in the chemical properties of landfill leachate. Environmental Management, \u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e(1), 105\u0026ndash;117. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/BF02393753\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/BF02393753\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFatta, D., Papadopoulos, A., \u0026amp; Loizidou, M. (1999). \u003cem\u003eA STUDY ON THE LANDFILL LEACHATE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF THE GREATER AREA\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cem\u003eFourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda Guidelines for drinking-water quality\u003c/em\u003e. (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHussein, M., Yoneda, K., Zaki, Z. M., Othman, N. A., \u0026amp; Amir, A. (2019). Leachate characterizations and pollution indices of active and closed unlined landfills in Malaysia. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring \u0026amp; Management, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e, 100232. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENMM.2019.100232\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/J.ENMM.2019.100232\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKale, S. S., Kadam, A. K., Kumar, S., \u0026amp; Pawar, N. J. (2010). Evaluating pollution potential of leachate from landfill site, from the Pune metropolitan city and its impact on shallow basaltic aquifers. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, \u003cem\u003e162\u003c/em\u003e(1\u0026ndash;4), 327\u0026ndash;346. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0799-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10661-009-0799-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKathpalia, D., Kumar, D., \u0026amp; Alappat, B. J. (2003). \u003cem\u003eAnalysis of Leachate Contamination Potential of a Municipal Landfill using Leachate Pollution Index\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eWorkshop on Sustainable Landfill Management\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/266353417\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266353417\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar, P., Mohan, L., \u0026amp; Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2023). Cyclic desorption based efficacy of polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan variant resins for multi heavy-metal removal. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, \u003cem\u003e242\u003c/em\u003e(P1), 124812. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124812\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124812\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMayakaduwage, S., Siriwardana, R., Wijesekara, H., Francis, B., Basnayake, A., Mayakaduwa, S. S., et al. (2012). Characterization of Landfill Leachate Draining from Gohagoda Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumpsite for Dissolved Organic Carbon, Nutrients and Heavy Metals Waste Processing and Treatment OWT 7-125 Characterization of Landfill Leachate Draining from Gohagoda Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumpsite for Dissolved Organic Carbon, Nutrients and Heavy Metals. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2418.9445\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.13140/2.1.2418.9445\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMishra, S., Tiwary, D., \u0026amp; Ohri, A. (2018). Leachate characterisation and evaluation of leachate pollution potential of urban municipal landfill sites. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(4), 217. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2018.093431\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1504/IJEWM.2018.093431\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohan, S., \u0026amp; Gandhimathi, R. (2009). Removal of heavy metal ions from municipal solid waste leachate using coal fly ash as an adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, \u003cem\u003e169\u003c/em\u003e(1\u0026ndash;3), 351\u0026ndash;359. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2009.03.104\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2009.03.104\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoo-Young, H., Johnson, B., Johnson, A., Carson, D., Lew, C., Liu, S., \u0026amp; Hancock, K. (2004). Characterization of Infiltration Rates from Landfills: Supporting Groundwater Modeling Efforts. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, \u003cem\u003e96\u003c/em\u003e(1\u0026ndash;3), 283\u0026ndash;311. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000031734.67778.d7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1023/B:EMAS.0000031734.67778.d7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMor, S., Ravindra, K., Dahiya, R. P., \u0026amp; Chandra, A. (2006). Leachate Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Pollution Near Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, \u003cem\u003e118\u003c/em\u003e(1\u0026ndash;3), 435\u0026ndash;456. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-1505-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10661-006-1505-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoturi, M. C. Z., Rawat, M., \u0026amp; Subramanian, V. (2004). Distribution and Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Solid Waste from Selected Sites in the Industrial Belt of Delhi, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, \u003cem\u003e95\u003c/em\u003e(1\u0026ndash;3), 183\u0026ndash;199. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000029900.86810.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1023/B:EMAS.0000029900.86810.85\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNaveen, B. P., Mahapatra, D. M., Sitharam, T. G., Sivapullaiah, P. V., \u0026amp; Ramachandra, T. V. (2017, January 1). Physico-chemical and biological characterization of urban municipal landfill leachate. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Pollution\u003c/em\u003e. Elsevier Ltd. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.002\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.002\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePapadopoulou, M. P., Karatzas, G. P., \u0026amp; Bougioukou, G. G. (2007). Numerical modelling of the environmental impact of landfill leachate leakage on groundwater quality \u0026ndash; a field application. Environmental Modeling \u0026amp; Assessment, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(1), 43\u0026ndash;54. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-006-9050-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10666-006-9050-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatel, P. K., Nagireddi, S., Uppaluri, R. V. S., \u0026amp; Pandey, L. M. (2022). Batch adsorption characteristics of Dowex Marathon MSA commercial resin for Au(III) removal from synthetic electroless plating solutions. \u003cem\u003eMaterials Today: Proceedings\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e68\u003c/em\u003e, 824\u0026ndash;829. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.258\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.258\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatel, P. K., Pandey, L. M., \u0026amp; Uppaluri, R. (2023a). Multi-metal Adsorption and Cyclic Desorption Characteristics of Zn\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 and Cu\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 Constituting Multi-component Synthetic Wastewater System Using Commercial Resins. In D. Deka, S. K. Majumder, \u0026amp; M. K. Purkait (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eSustainable Environment\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 3\u0026ndash;27). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatel, P. K., Pandey, L. M., \u0026amp; Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2023b). Synthesized carboxymethyl-chitosan variant composites for cyclic adsorption- desorption based removal of Fe, Pb, and Cu. Chemosphere, \u003cem\u003e340\u003c/em\u003e(August), 139780. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139780\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139780\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatel, P. K., Pandey, L. M., \u0026amp; Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2023c). Adsorptive removal of Zn, Fe, and Pb from Zn dominant simulated industrial wastewater solution using polyvinyl alcohol grafted chitosan variant resins. Chemical Engineering Journal, \u003cem\u003e459\u003c/em\u003e(January), 141563. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141563\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cej.2023.141563\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatel, P. K., Pandey, L. M., \u0026amp; Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2024). Highly effective removal of multi-heavy metals from simulated industrial effluent through an adsorption process employing carboxymethyl-chitosan composites. Environmental Research, \u003cem\u003e240\u003c/em\u003e(P1), 117502. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117502\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.envres.2023.117502\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRavindra, K., \u0026amp; Garg, V. K. (2005). \u003cem\u003eDistribution of fluoride in groundwater and its suitability assessment for drinking purpose\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRenou, S., Givaudan, J. G., Poulain, S., Dirassouyan, F., \u0026amp; Moulin, P. (2008). Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity. Journal of Hazardous Materials, \u003cem\u003e150\u003c/em\u003e(3), 468\u0026ndash;493. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaarela, J. (2003). Pilot investigations of surface parts of three closed landfills and factors affecting them. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, \u003cem\u003e84\u003c/em\u003e(1/2), 183\u0026ndash;192. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022859718865\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1023/A:1022859718865\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Leachate characterization, landfill, groundwater contamination, heavy metals, solid waste","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4483983/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4483983/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe sampling of leachate and groundwater was done from the Shivri landfill site and waste management facility and its nearby area to analyze the infiltration of leachate and its possible contaminating effect on the groundwater quality. The testing of the groundwater and leachate sample was done to know about the various physical and chemical parameters which also include heavy metals concentration in the leachate sample and groundwater samples. Some of the heavy metals tested for their presence were Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Fe. Very low concentrations of other ions such as Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zinc, and Iron are detected in the groundwater sample which shows that there was no effect of leachate on the surrounding groundwater because of the good leachate collection system of the landfill site. A slightly higher concentration of TDS, COD, Alkalinity, and TH was not enough to link it to the leachate percolation also there was not any noticeable effect of change in distance on various water quality parameters except Cr which was only detected at the sampling location 1. The overall gist of the study was that there was not any leachate contamination in the groundwater and almost all of the parameters of groundwater were observed in the range suitable for drinking purposes. Since the landfill site was already an engineered site and there was not any sign of leachate contamination so there was no point in suggesting remedial measures. Hence the present study shows no impact on groundwater due to the Shivri landfill site.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Characterization of Leachate and assessment of groundwater contamination near Shivri landfill site, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-20 15:36:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4483983/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c782c134-b17f-48bc-8159-17802a4de44d","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 20th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-23T13:28:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-20 15:36:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4483983","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4483983","identity":"rs-4483983","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}