Comparative evaluation of oxytetracycline and an herbal formulation in the treatment of bovine anaplasmosis

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A total of 20 adult cattle, irrespective of sex, were randomly allocated into two equal groups: Group I and Group II (n = 10 per group). An additional 10 apparently healthy cattle were used as controls for comparative evaluation. Clinically, affected animals exhibit loss of appetite, intermittent fever, anemia, muscle weakness, elevated respiratory and heart rates, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, and visible tick infestations. Diagnosis was confirmed via Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears, which revealed dot-like Anaplasma organisms at the margins of erythrocytes, and further validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the gold standard for detecting carrier animals. Hematological analysis revealed significantly reduced total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, neutrophil count, and platelet levels in the infected cattle compared to the healthy controls. Conversely, the total leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts were markedly elevated in the infected group. Therapeutically, Group I received oxytetracycline, whereas Group II was treated with an herbal formulation, both alongside supportive care. The herbal treatment achieved complete recovery (100%) with no fatalities, whereas oxytetracycline treatment resulted in a 70% recovery rate with three deaths. These findings underscore the efficacy, safety, and practical advantages of herbal therapies for bovine anaplasmosis, particularly in resource-limited and remote regions. The integration of such herbal formulations into cattle health management may promote sustainable parasite control and improve overall herd productivity. Anaplasma Giemsa stain Herbal formulation Oxytetracycline PCR Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Highlights Oxytetracycline treatment has proven effective in reducing clinical signs and enhancing hematological parameters in cattle naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale , achieving a recovery rate of 70%. The herbal formulation achieved a complete clinical recovery rate of 100%, with no fatalities, restored platelet counts, and eliminated PCR-detectable infection. This research study analyzed the efficacy, safety, and practical benefits of both conventional and herbal formulations for bovine anaplasmosis. The herbal formulation demonstrated a 100% effectiveness, providing a significant advantage to rural animal communities because it is economical and easy to administer. 1. Introduction Bovine anaplasmosis ranks among the ten most economically important parasitic diseases of ruminants in India, imposing substantial financial losses on the global livestock sector (Kumar et al. 2023 ; Kumar et al. 2023b ). India, with its rapidly growing livestock population exceeding 2.8 billion animals, suffers extensive direct and indirect economic impacts due to the disease. Anaplasma spp. are gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites that reside and multiply within the vacuoles of various eukaryotic cells, including erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Ticks are the primary vectors of transmission (Paramanandham et al. 2019 ; Zhang et al. 2020 ). The genus Anaplasma currently comprises eight recognized species: A. marginale , A. ovis , A. bovis , A. platys , A. centrale , A. odocoilei , A. capra , and A. phagocytophilum , which cause anaplasmosis in a range of wild and domesticated vertebrates worldwide (Dumler 2012 ; Kumar et al. 2016a ; Battilani et al. 2017 ). Clinically, anaplasmosis is characterized by fever, weight loss, decreased appetite, abortion, reduced milk yield, and, in severe cases, death (Aubry and Geale 2011 ; Fernandes et al. 2019 ). Infected animals often become chronic carriers and act as reservoirs for ongoing disease transmission. In India, anaplasmosis was first reported in Odisha (Patnaik 1963 ), with A. bovis and A. marginale identified as the primary causative agents affecting dairy cattle (Sharma et al. 2015a ; George et al. 2017 ). Over the past two decades, research interest in anaplasmosis has intensified, particularly with the recognition of zoonotic species such as A. capra and A. phagocytophilum , which were reported in 1994 and 2015, respectively (Li et al. 2015 ). Chemotherapeutic management of bovine anaplasmosis typically involves tetracycline-class antibiotics, such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, rolitetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, as well as imidocarb (Sarli et al. 2021 ). However, these drugs do not guarantee the complete elimination of A. marginale from infected cattle. In parallel, herbal formulations are gaining popularity in rural areas as complementary or alternative therapies (Grade et al. 2009 ). Despite their increasing use, the scientific literature on herbal remedies and ethnoveterinary practices for treating bovine anaplasmosis remains scarce. This highlights the need to identify, evaluate, and validate medicinal plants with therapeutic potential against this disease. The present study was undertaken to compare the therapeutic efficacy of conventional oxytetracycline treatment and an herbal formulation in the clinical management of bovine anaplasmosis. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study area This study was conducted at the Livestock Research Centre (LRC), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2.2 Clinical trial and laboratory examinations A detailed clinical evaluation was performed on each animal. The parameters assessed included history of tick infestation, health status, feeding and management changes, behavioural abnormalities, appetite, posture, gait, rumination, defecation (quantity, consistency, and frequency), urination patterns, and visible mucous membranes of the gums, skin, eyes, and anus. General clinical parameters, such as pulse rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and auscultation of the lungs and heart, were recorded following standard guidelines (Constable et al., 2017 ). The temperature, pulse, and respiration data were compared with standard reference values (Benzamin 2007 ). 2.3 Laboratory diagnosis For clinical screening, blood samples from suspected animals were examined using Giemsa-stained thin smears before and after the treatment. Thin blood smears were prepared according to standard protocols, fixed, and stained with Giemsa stain (Salinas-Estrella et al. 2023 ). This method served as the primary diagnostic approach for the initial identification of Anaplasma spp. Animals that tested positive via Giemsa staining were further subjected to PCR, which is considered the gold standard for confirmation, to detect Anaplasma marginale . Genomic DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using A. marginale –specific primers (Kundave et al. 2018 ). PCR products were visualized on a 1.5% agarose gel prepared in 1X TAE buffer and stained with 1 µl of 5 mg/ml ethidium bromide solution. 2.4 Selection of animals Based on clinical signs and laboratory confirmation, 20 adult cattle of both sexes diagnosed with anaplasmosis were selected and randomly allocated into two groups: Group I (n = 10) and Group II (n = 10). Ten apparently healthy calves from the LRC were used as controls for hematological comparisons. 2.5 Hematological parameters Blood samples were collected aseptically from the jugular vein into EDTA-coated vacutainers (BD, USA) on days 0 (pre-treatment), 7, and 14 post-treatments. Samples were transported to the laboratory on ice and analyzed for total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin (Hb), differential leukocyte count (DLC), platelet count, packed cell volume (PCV), and Anaplasma infection levels in both infected and healthy animals (Schalm et al. 1975 ). 2.6 Treatment trials Group I received oxytetracycline intravenously in normal saline at 10 mg/kg body weight daily for five consecutive days, along with meloxicam plus paracetamol (Melonex Plus®, Intas Pharmaceutical Limited, Ahemdabad, India) intramuscularly at 0.5 mg/kg body weight, B-complex injections as needed, and oral hematinic supplementation (50 g as an electuary). Group II received an herbal medicinal powder orally at 5 g/day per animal for 10 days, in addition to the same supportive therapy as Group I. The exact herbal composition and proportions are withheld due to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) constraints (Application No. 202211024162). 2.7 Statistical analysis Data from the clinical trials were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Snedecor & Cochran 1994 ). 3. Results 3.1 Clinical signs and vital parameters All cattle diagnosed with anaplasmosis exhibited common clinical signs, including anorexia, intermittent fever, anemia, lethargy, tachypnea, tachycardia, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, and visible tick infestations. The mean respiration rate, heart rate, and rectal temperature were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the infected cattle than in the healthy controls (Table 1). 3.2 Haematological alterations Haematological analysis (Table 2) revealed significantly lower hemoglobin (p < 0.001) and packed cell volume (p < 0.05) in infected cattle than in controls, indicative of normocytic hypochromic anemia. 3.3 Treatment Efficacy Following laboratory confirmation, infected cattle were randomly allocated to Group I (oxytetracycline + supportive care) and Group II (herbal formulation + supportive care). Changes in clinical and haematological parameters during and after treatment are presented in Tables 3 and 4. By day 4 post-treatment, both groups exhibited normalization of temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, accompanied by improved feed intake and alertness, consistent with the recovery. In Group I, seven animals recovered, but three died, yielding a 70% recovery rate. Group II achieved complete recovery without any fatalities (100%). After 14 days, hemoglobinobin concentrations significantly increased (p < 0.05) in both groups. Giemsa smears showed a marked reduction in A. marginale parasitemia in both groups, but PCR detected persistent infection in Group I, whereas Group II animals tested negative (Fig 1 and Fig 2). Platelet counts improved significantly in Group II but remained unchanged in Group I. 4. Discussion Bovine anaplasmosis is acknowledged as a significant barrier for the dairy sector in tropical and subtropical regions (Jongejan and Uilenberg, 2004 ). This disease is considered infectious yet non-contagious, transmitted through tick bites or mechanical transfer via blood-contaminated fomites. Animals exhibiting heightened clinical symptoms correspond with previous findings regarding the disease’s pathophysiology (Aubry & Geale 2011 ; Fernandes et al. 2019 ). Respiration rate, heart rate, and rectal temperature were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the infected cattle than in the healthy controls. The febrile response is attributable to pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) associated with A. phagocytophilum infection (Martin et al. 2001 ; Scorpio et al. 2005 ; Johns et al. 2009 ; Schotthoefer et al. 2017 ). Tachycardia likely reflects compensatory cardiovascular adjustments to anemia-induced hypoxia (Rai et al. 2024 ), whereas an increased respiratory rate may be due to interstitial pneumonia, thickened alveolar septa, and inflammatory infiltration of lung tissue, which impair gas exchange (Jaswal et al. 2015 ). Haematological analysis revealed significantly lower hemoglobin (p < 0.001) and packed cell volume (p < 0.05) in infected cattle than in controls. This finding mirrors previous studies reporting erythrocyte destruction and compensatory erythropoiesis following Anaplasma infection (Kumar & Sangwan 2010 ; Chandratre et al. 2018 ; Rai et al. 2024 ). Clinical pallor of the mucous membranes and jaundice in severe cases correspond with these findings (Constable et al. 2017 ). The infected groups also demonstrated leukocytosis (p < 0.05) driven by lymphocytosis (p < 0.01) and monocytosis, along with significant reductions in neutrophil and platelet counts (p < 0.05). Slight, non-significant increases in eosinophil and monocyte counts were recorded. Similar leukogram patterns have been documented in chronic Rickettsia infections (Kaneko et al. 2008 ). Thrombocytopenia, as observed in this study, is a recognized feature of both bovine Anaplasma infections and human A. phagocytophilum infections (Bakken & Dumler 2015 ). After the fourth day post-treatment, Groups I and II exhibited alterations in both clinical and haematological parameters and both groups showed normalization of temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, as well as improved feed intake and alertness, which are consistent with the recovery indicators reported by Facury-Filho et al. ( 2012 ). Oxytetracycline remains the reference treatment for bovine anaplasmosis, exerting rickettstic effects by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis (Scholar & Pratt 2000 ). Electron microscopy studies have demonstrated oxytetracycline-induced vacuolization and chromatin condensation in anaplasma inclusion bodies (Coetzee et al. 2009 ). However, its intravenous administration requires trained personnel, limiting its practicality in rural areas of India. In contrast, herbal therapies are low-cost, safe, and easy to administer (Singh et al. 2020 ). The herbal formulation in this study, comprising plant powders with known antiparasitic and antimicrobial phytochemicals, likely benefits from the synergistic effects among secondary metabolites (Wink 2008 ). The formulation not only cleared the infection, as confirmed by PCR, but also restored platelet levels, suggesting both antiparasitic and hematopoietic benefits. The complete recovery and PCR negativity in the herbal-treated group highlights its potential as an alternative or complementary strategy for bovine anaplasmosis, especially in resource-limited settings. Its inclusion in ruminant feeding programs may aid in both prevention and control, although further multi-location, multi-species trials are warranted to validate its efficacy against diverse anaplasma strains and other hemoparasites. 5. Conclusions This study demonstrated that both oxytetracycline and the tested herbal formulation effectively alleviated the clinical signs and improved the hematological parameters in cattle naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale . However, the herbal formulation achieved complete clinical recovery, restored platelet counts, and eliminated PCR-detectable infection, outperforming oxytetracycline. Its ease of administration, safety, and cost-effectiveness make it a promising alternative therapy for bovine anaplasmosis, particularly in resource-limited settings of the study area. Declarations Contribution statement for authorship credit Aditya Kumar: Drafting the original document, Visual representation, Conducting investigations, Data collection, Data management and organization, Research methodology. Arbind Singh: Reviewing and editing written content, Supervision and resource management, Concept development and planning, and resource supervision. Amit Kumar Verma: Final editing, compilation, Resource management. Amit Kumar: Research methodology and data interpretation. Prem Sagar Maurya: Sample processing and visualization, Data compilation. Ethical approval The Government of India, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, approved this study (Approval Number: V-11011(13)/19/2020-CPCSEA-DADF/04-12-2020). All procedures for sample collection adhered to institutional and national ethical guidelines. Data Availability Declaration Data will be made available on reasonable request Consent for publication All authors have provided their consent for publication. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, SVPUAT, Meerut, for providing the necessary facilities to conduct this research. References Aubry P, Geale DW (2011) A review of bovine anaplasmosis. 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Yadav N, Upadhyay RK (2024) Status of economic losses and health impact of the tick bites on farm, field and dairy animals. Acta Sci Med Sci 8(12):172-84. Yan Y, Jiang Y, Tao D, Zhao A, Qi M, Ning C (2020) Molecular detection of Anaplasma spp. in dairy cattle in Southern Xinjiang, China. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep 20:1-7. Zhang Y, Cui Y, Sun Y, Jing H, Ning C (2020) Novel Anaplasma variants in small ruminants from Central China. Front Vet Sci 2:1-7. Tables Table 1: Mean ± SE values of clinical parameters in apparently healthy cattle and cattle infected with anaplasmosis in Groups I and II, before and after treatment. Clinical parameters Healthy animals (n=10) Group I (n=7) Group II (n=10) Before treatment After Treatment Before treatment After Treatment Rectal Temperature (ºF) * 100.4 ± 0.21 a 103.8± 0.16 b 101.1 ± 0.11 a 103.7± 0.08 b 100.9 ± 0.85 a Heart rate/min * 71.2 ± 0.17 a 122 ± 7.54 b 92 ± 4.14 a 130 ± 6.92 b 85 ± 4.68 a Respiration rate/min * 19.4 ± 0.75 a 42.1 ± 3.12 b 25.6 ± 3.77 a 39.8 ± 2.94 b 24.7 ± 4.08 a * p<0.05 Means with different superscripted letters in the same row differ significantly. SE=Standard error Table 2: Hematological parameters of apparently healthy cattle and cattle infected with anaplasmosis in Groups I and II prior to treatment. Parameters Healthy control Infected animals before treatment Reference range # Group I Group II Mean±SE Mean±SE pValue Mean±SE pValue Hb (g/dL) 11.16±0.26 6.20±0.27 0.000** 6.27±0.50 0.000*** 8.0-15.0 TEC (×106/µL) 7.73±0.14 5.80±0.44 0.188 6.01±0.59 0.319 5.0-10.0 TLC (×103/µL) 5.53±0.24 8.49±0.50 0.02* 7.48±1.12 0.03* 4.0-12.0 Neutrophil (%) 31.9±0.82 24.4±2.16 0.017* 25.2±2.77 0.031* 15.0-45.0 Lymphocyte (%) 55.9±0.77 64.9±2.48 0.005* 64.7±2.56 0.006** 45.0-75.0 Eosinophil (%) 2.27±0.21 2.60±0.22 0.819 2.90a±0.43 0.648 0.0-20.0 Monocyte (%) 7.10±0.28 7.90±1.13 0.459 7.20±0.59 0.926 2.0-7.0 PCV (%) 28.75±0.57 23.15±1.28 0.012* 23.94±2.11 0.028* 24.0-46.0 Platelets* 338.60±107.07 252.50±79.85 0.05* 112.90±35.70 0.000*** Table 3: Hematological parameters of apparently healthy cattle and cattle infected with anaplasmosis in Group I on days 0, 7, and 14 of treatment. Parameter Healthy control Infected animals received treatment (Group I) Mean±SE 0 day 7 th day 14 th day Reference range pValue Hb (g/dL)* 11.16±0.26 6.2a±0.27 6.71a±0.17 7.50b±0.19 8.0-15.0 0.001*** TEC (×106/µL) 7.73±0.14 5.80±0.44 6.10±0.32 6.27±0.23 5.0-10.0 0.593 TLC (×103/µL) 5.53±0.24 8.49±0.50 8.54±0.48 8.83±0.43 4.0-12.0 0.865 Neutrophil (%)* 31.9±0.82 24.4a±2.16 25.1 a±2.32 32.6 b±1.86 15.0-45.0 0.028* Lymphocyte (%)* 55.9±0.77 64.9a±2.48 64.2b±2.63 55.6b±2.97 45.0-75.0 0.027* Eosinophil (%)* 2.27±0.21 2.6a±0.22 3.1a±0.28 4.9b±0.35 0.0-20.0 0.000*** Monocyte (%) 7.10±0.28 7.9±1.13 7.5±0.76 7.1±0.62 2.0-7.0 0.792 PCV (%) 28.75±0.57 23.15±1.28 24.16±1.15 25.5±1.17 24.0-46.0 0.357 Platelets* 338.60±107.07 252.50±79.85 216.80±68.56 211.10±66.76 0.659 Relative parasitaemia (%) 60 30 10 0.000*** Table 4: Hematological parameters of apparently healthy cattle and cattle infected with anaplasmosis in Group II on days 0, 7, and 14 of treatment. Parameter Healthy control Infected animals received treatment (Group II) Mean±SE 0 day 7 th day 14 th day Reference range P Value Hb (g/dL)* 11.16±0.26 6.27a±0.50 6.94ab±0.36 7.84b±0.30 8.0-15.0 0.025* TEC (×106/µL) 7.73±0.14 6.01±0.59 6.29±0.48 6.49±0.43 5.0-10.0 0.779 TLC (×103/µL) 5.53±0.24 7.48±1.12 8.20±0.94 9.14±0.76 4.0-12.0 0.444 Neutrophil (%)* 31.9±0.82 25.2±2.77 26.1±2.57 30.9±2.92 15.0-45.0 0.325 Lymphocyte (%)* 55.9±0.77 64.7±2.56 62.2±2.61 57.0±1.89 45.0-75.0 0.074 Eosinophil (%)* 2.27±0.21 2.90a±0.43 3.20ab±0.39 4.40b±0.22 0.0-20.0 0.017* Monocyte (%) 7.10±0.28 7.20±0.59 6.80±0.55 6.10±0.31 2.0-7.0 0.285 PCV (%) 28.75±0.57 23.94a±2.11 25.19ab±1.64 26.27b±1.54 24.0-46.0 0.629 Platelets* 338.60±107.07 112.90a±35.70 147.90ab±46.77 180.80b±57.17 0.029* Relative parasitaemia (%) 55 20 0 0.000*** * Significantly different at p<0.05, **Significant at p<0.01 ***Significant at p<0.001. #Reference range adopted from (Schalm et al ., 1975). Hb=Hemoglobin, TEC=Total erythrocyte count, PCV=Packed cell volume, TLC=Total leukocyte count, SE=Standard error Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 14 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7344099","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":512188620,"identity":"064e4bba-cb80-4ccb-aa0f-a6a119c5cdcd","order_by":0,"name":"Aditya Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aditya","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":512188621,"identity":"d516d9f4-d5b8-4cc9-be7b-82a623a01a9f","order_by":1,"name":"Arbind Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arbind","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":512188622,"identity":"6497f613-d71a-486c-93d1-843773dc27a3","order_by":2,"name":"Amit Kumar Verma","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAwzMEIb844MPgBQPH/FaGNKSDUBa2EjQkmMmAaIIauG7ffixMU/FvWj+hjNmlV9z7GTYGJgfPrqBR4vkuTTjZJ4zxbkzDraV3Zbdlgx0GJuxcQ4eLQZnGIwPzmxLyG04zLzttuQ2ZqAWHjZp/FrYPx+c+S8hd/4xBrNiyW31xGjhMU742JCQu+EMixnjx22HCWuRPMNTbPDhWELuxhtsydKM247zsDET8AvfGfbNEgk1CbnzbjAf/PhzW7U9P3vzw8f4tKAAZh4wSaxyEGD8QYrqUTAKRsEoGDEAAMgZSeh+CjnzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8438-5002","institution":"Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Verma","suffix":""},{"id":512188623,"identity":"6b70d22d-c761-4ae3-9a42-543936203fb6","order_by":3,"name":"Anu Rahal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anu","middleName":"","lastName":"Rahal","suffix":""},{"id":512188624,"identity":"33896a54-54b8-470a-9bfe-1e8607664171","order_by":4,"name":"Amit Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":512188625,"identity":"a2b6cea1-3e98-4dbe-8df8-978a01dfbfb4","order_by":5,"name":"Prem Sagar Maurya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prem","middleName":"Sagar","lastName":"Maurya","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-11 08:34:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7344099/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7344099/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-026-04924-y","type":"published","date":"2026-02-18T15:59:13+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91451682,"identity":"d0cc251e-e804-4314-af31-3e626ca206da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 15:37:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":183958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGiemsa-stained thin blood smear showing \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma marginale\u003c/em\u003e organisms within erythrocytes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7344099/v1/daef70efeaaf2ae0fedfb3f1.png"},{"id":91453193,"identity":"ff402a27-7fc2-468d-9498-6175b4e3acf2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 15:45:25","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":144259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAmplification of 16S rRNA gene of \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma marginal\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane M: \u003c/strong\u003e100 bp plus DNA ladder\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e(Br-biochem)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane NC: \u003c/strong\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane PC: \u003c/strong\u003ePositive control (\u003cem\u003eAnaplasma marginale\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane S: \u003c/strong\u003eGroup I\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane 1-5: \u003c/strong\u003eGroup II\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7344099/v1/772e34c136f197fe03c3136a.png"},{"id":103252286,"identity":"c6662f6f-7d90-413a-b96d-86e0c448cb95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-23 16:14:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1529289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7344099/v1/f016141f-da07-44f5-8c9c-ba58a656821c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Comparative evaluation of oxytetracycline and an herbal formulation in the treatment of bovine anaplasmosis","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOxytetracycline treatment has proven effective in reducing clinical signs and enhancing hematological parameters in cattle naturally infected with \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma marginale\u003c/em\u003e, achieving a recovery rate of 70%.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe herbal formulation achieved a complete clinical recovery rate of 100%, with no fatalities, restored platelet counts, and eliminated PCR-detectable infection.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThis research study analyzed the efficacy, safety, and practical benefits of both conventional and herbal formulations for bovine anaplasmosis. The herbal formulation demonstrated a 100% effectiveness, providing a significant advantage to rural animal communities because it is economical and easy to administer.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBovine anaplasmosis ranks among the ten most economically important parasitic diseases of ruminants in India, imposing substantial financial losses on the global livestock sector (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). India, with its rapidly growing livestock population exceeding 2.8\u0026nbsp;billion animals, suffers extensive direct and indirect economic impacts due to the disease. \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma\u003c/em\u003e spp. are gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites that reside and multiply within the vacuoles of various eukaryotic cells, including erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Ticks are the primary vectors of transmission (Paramanandham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The genus \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma\u003c/em\u003e currently comprises eight recognized species: \u003cem\u003eA. marginale\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. ovis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. bovis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. platys\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. centrale\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. odocoilei\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. capra\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eA. phagocytophilum\u003c/em\u003e, which cause anaplasmosis in a range of wild and domesticated vertebrates worldwide (Dumler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016a\u003c/span\u003e; Battilani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Clinically, anaplasmosis is characterized by fever, weight loss, decreased appetite, abortion, reduced milk yield, and, in severe cases, death (Aubry and Geale \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Fernandes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Infected animals often become chronic carriers and act as reservoirs for ongoing disease transmission. In India, anaplasmosis was first reported in Odisha (Patnaik \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e), with \u003cem\u003eA. bovis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. marginale\u003c/em\u003e identified as the primary causative agents affecting dairy cattle (Sharma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e; George et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Over the past two decades, research interest in anaplasmosis has intensified, particularly with the recognition of zoonotic species such as \u003cem\u003eA. capra\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. phagocytophilum\u003c/em\u003e, which were reported in 1994 and 2015, respectively (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemotherapeutic management of bovine anaplasmosis typically involves tetracycline-class antibiotics, such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, rolitetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, as well as imidocarb (Sarli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, these drugs do not guarantee the complete elimination of \u003cem\u003eA. marginale\u003c/em\u003e from infected cattle. In parallel, herbal formulations are gaining popularity in rural areas as complementary or alternative therapies (Grade et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Despite their increasing use, the scientific literature on herbal remedies and ethnoveterinary practices for treating bovine anaplasmosis remains scarce. This highlights the need to identify, evaluate, and validate medicinal plants with therapeutic potential against this disease. The present study was undertaken to compare the therapeutic efficacy of conventional oxytetracycline treatment and an herbal formulation in the clinical management of bovine anaplasmosis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study area\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted at the Livestock Research Centre (LRC), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Clinical trial and laboratory examinations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA detailed clinical evaluation was performed on each animal. The parameters assessed included history of tick infestation, health status, feeding and management changes, behavioural abnormalities, appetite, posture, gait, rumination, defecation (quantity, consistency, and frequency), urination patterns, and visible mucous membranes of the gums, skin, eyes, and anus. General clinical parameters, such as pulse rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and auscultation of the lungs and heart, were recorded following standard guidelines (Constable et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The temperature, pulse, and respiration data were compared with standard reference values (Benzamin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Laboratory diagnosis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor clinical screening, blood samples from suspected animals were examined using Giemsa-stained thin smears before and after the treatment. Thin blood smears were prepared according to standard protocols, fixed, and stained with Giemsa stain (Salinas-Estrella et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This method served as the primary diagnostic approach for the initial identification of \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma\u003c/em\u003e spp. Animals that tested positive via Giemsa staining were further subjected to PCR, which is considered the gold standard for confirmation, to detect \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma marginale\u003c/em\u003e. Genomic DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using \u003cem\u003eA. marginale\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ndash;specific primers (Kundave et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). PCR products were visualized on a 1.5% agarose gel prepared in 1X TAE buffer and stained with 1 \u0026micro;l of 5 mg/ml ethidium bromide solution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Selection of animals\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on clinical signs and laboratory confirmation, 20 adult cattle of both sexes diagnosed with anaplasmosis were selected and randomly allocated into two groups: Group I (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) and Group II (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10). Ten apparently healthy calves from the LRC were used as controls for hematological comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5 Hematological parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood samples were collected aseptically from the jugular vein into EDTA-coated vacutainers (BD, USA) on days 0 (pre-treatment), 7, and 14 post-treatments. Samples were transported to the laboratory on ice and analyzed for total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin (Hb), differential leukocyte count (DLC), platelet count, packed cell volume (PCV), and Anaplasma infection levels in both infected and healthy animals (Schalm et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.6 Treatment trials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup I received oxytetracycline intravenously in normal saline at 10 mg/kg body weight daily for five consecutive days, along with meloxicam plus paracetamol (Melonex Plus\u0026reg;, Intas Pharmaceutical Limited, Ahemdabad, India) intramuscularly at 0.5 mg/kg body weight, B-complex injections as needed, and oral hematinic supplementation (50 g as an electuary). Group II received an herbal medicinal powder orally at 5 g/day per animal for 10 days, in addition to the same supportive therapy as Group I. The exact herbal composition and proportions are withheld due to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) constraints (Application No. 202211024162).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.7 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData from the clinical trials were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Snedecor \u0026amp; Cochran \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Clinical signs and vital parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll cattle diagnosed with anaplasmosis exhibited common clinical signs, including anorexia, intermittent fever, anemia, lethargy, tachypnea, tachycardia, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, and visible tick infestations. The mean respiration rate, heart rate, and rectal temperature were significantly higher (p \u0026lt; 0.05) in the infected cattle than in the healthy controls (Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Haematological alterations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHaematological analysis (Table 2) revealed significantly lower hemoglobin (p \u0026lt; 0.001) and packed cell volume (p \u0026lt; 0.05) in infected cattle than in controls, indicative of normocytic hypochromic anemia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Treatment Efficacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing laboratory confirmation, infected cattle were randomly allocated to Group I (oxytetracycline + supportive care) and Group II (herbal formulation + supportive care). \u0026nbsp;Changes in clinical and haematological parameters during and after treatment are presented in Tables 3 and 4. By day 4 post-treatment, both groups exhibited normalization of temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, accompanied by improved feed intake and alertness, consistent with the recovery. In Group I, seven animals recovered, but three died, yielding a 70% recovery rate. Group II achieved complete recovery without any fatalities (100%). After 14 days, hemoglobinobin concentrations significantly increased (p \u0026lt; 0.05) in both groups. Giemsa smears showed a marked reduction in \u003cem\u003eA. marginale\u003c/em\u003e parasitemia in both groups, but PCR detected persistent infection in Group I, whereas Group II animals tested negative (Fig 1 and Fig 2). Platelet counts improved significantly in Group II but remained unchanged in Group I.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBovine anaplasmosis is acknowledged as a significant barrier for the dairy sector in tropical and subtropical regions (Jongejan and Uilenberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). This disease is considered infectious yet non-contagious, transmitted through tick bites or mechanical transfer via blood-contaminated fomites. Animals exhibiting heightened clinical symptoms correspond with previous findings regarding the disease\u0026rsquo;s pathophysiology (Aubry \u0026amp; Geale \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Fernandes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Respiration rate, heart rate, and rectal temperature were significantly higher (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the infected cattle than in the healthy controls. The febrile response is attributable to pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) associated with \u003cem\u003eA. phagocytophilum\u003c/em\u003e infection (Martin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Scorpio et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Johns et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Schotthoefer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Tachycardia likely reflects compensatory cardiovascular adjustments to anemia-induced hypoxia (Rai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), whereas an increased respiratory rate may be due to interstitial pneumonia, thickened alveolar septa, and inflammatory infiltration of lung tissue, which impair gas exchange (Jaswal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaematological analysis revealed significantly lower hemoglobin (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and packed cell volume (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in infected cattle than in controls. This finding mirrors previous studies reporting erythrocyte destruction and compensatory erythropoiesis following Anaplasma infection (Kumar \u0026amp; Sangwan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Chandratre et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Clinical pallor of the mucous membranes and jaundice in severe cases correspond with these findings (Constable et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The infected groups also demonstrated leukocytosis (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) driven by lymphocytosis (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and monocytosis, along with significant reductions in neutrophil and platelet counts (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Slight, non-significant increases in eosinophil and monocyte counts were recorded. Similar leukogram patterns have been documented in chronic Rickettsia infections (Kaneko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Thrombocytopenia, as observed in this study, is a recognized feature of both bovine Anaplasma infections and human \u003cem\u003eA. phagocytophilum\u003c/em\u003e infections (Bakken \u0026amp; Dumler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the fourth day post-treatment, Groups I and II exhibited alterations in both clinical and haematological parameters and both groups showed normalization of temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, as well as improved feed intake and alertness, which are consistent with the recovery indicators reported by Facury-Filho et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Oxytetracycline remains the reference treatment for bovine anaplasmosis, exerting rickettstic effects by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis (Scholar \u0026amp; Pratt \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Electron microscopy studies have demonstrated oxytetracycline-induced vacuolization and chromatin condensation in anaplasma inclusion bodies (Coetzee et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). However, its intravenous administration requires trained personnel, limiting its practicality in rural areas of India. In contrast, herbal therapies are low-cost, safe, and easy to administer (Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The herbal formulation in this study, comprising plant powders with known antiparasitic and antimicrobial phytochemicals, likely benefits from the synergistic effects among secondary metabolites (Wink \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The formulation not only cleared the infection, as confirmed by PCR, but also restored platelet levels, suggesting both antiparasitic and hematopoietic benefits. The complete recovery and PCR negativity in the herbal-treated group highlights its potential as an alternative or complementary strategy for bovine anaplasmosis, especially in resource-limited settings. Its inclusion in ruminant feeding programs may aid in both prevention and control, although further multi-location, multi-species trials are warranted to validate its efficacy against diverse anaplasma strains and other hemoparasites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrated that both oxytetracycline and the tested herbal formulation effectively alleviated the clinical signs and improved the hematological parameters in cattle naturally infected with \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma marginale\u003c/em\u003e. However, the herbal formulation achieved complete clinical recovery, restored platelet counts, and eliminated PCR-detectable infection, outperforming oxytetracycline. Its ease of administration, safety, and cost-effectiveness make it a promising alternative therapy for bovine anaplasmosis, particularly in resource-limited settings of the study area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContribution statement for authorship credit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAditya Kumar:\u003c/strong\u003e Drafting the original document, Visual representation, Conducting investigations, Data collection, Data management and organization, Research methodology. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eArbind Singh:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e Reviewing and editing written content, Supervision and resource management, Concept development and planning, and resource supervision. \u003cstrong\u003eAmit Kumar Verma:\u003c/strong\u003e Final editing, compilation, Resource management.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmit Kumar:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eResearch methodology and data interpretation.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Prem Sagar Maurya:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSample processing and visualization, Data compilation.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Government of India, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, approved this study (Approval Number: V-11011(13)/19/2020-CPCSEA-DADF/04-12-2020). All procedures for sample collection adhered to institutional and national ethical guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have provided their consent for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors sincerely thank Hon\u0026rsquo;ble Vice Chancellor, SVPUAT, Meerut, for providing the necessary facilities to conduct this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAubry P, Geale DW (2011) A review of bovine anaplasmosis. 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Vet Pract 24(1):39-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar B, Maharana BR, Prasad A, Joseph JP, Patel B, Patel JS (2016a) Seasonal incidence of parasitic diseases in bovines of South Western Gujarat (Junagadh), India. J Parasit Dis 40(4):1342-46.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar PP, Sangwan AK (2010) Comparative prevalence of subclinical bovine anaplasmosis under different cattle management systems in Haryana. Haryana Vet 49(1):1-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar S, Singh A, Bayugar RC, Asl EM, Singh D, Chaubey AK (2023) Diversity and seasonal distribution of hard ticks in livestock animal population from Western part of Uttar Pradesh in India. Acta Sci Vet Sci 5(4):73-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKundave VR, Ram H, Banerjee PS, Garg R, Mahendran K, Ravikumar GVPS, Tiwari AK (2018) Development of multiplex PCR assay for concurrent detection of tick borne haemoparasitic infections in bovines. 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Am J Pathol 158(5):1881-88.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eParamanandham K, Mohankumar A, Puttahonnappa, Suresh K, Susan-Jacob S, Roy P (2019) Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma\u003c/em\u003e species in India and the World in dairy animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 123:159-70.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eParodi P, Corbellini LG, Leotti VB, Rivero R, Miraballes C, Riet-Correa F, Venzal JM, Armua-Fernandez MT (2021) Validation of a multiplex PCR assay to detect \u003cem\u003eBabesia\u003c/em\u003e spp. and \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma marginale\u003c/em\u003e in cattle in Uruguay in the absence of a gold standard test. J Vet Diagn Invest 33(1):73-79.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePatnaik MM (1963) A note on bovine anaplasmosis. Indian Vet J 40:655-57.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRai VK, Singh A, Maurya PS, Ramakant, Singh D, Jaiswal V, Deepak D, Tyagi KK, Verma AK (2024) Study on therapeutic management of tick-borne diseases in cross-bred cattle. 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J Sci Res 64(1):50-58.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSnedecor GW, Cochran WG (1994) Statistical Methods. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThrusfield M (1995) Veterinary Epidemiology, 3rd edn. Blackwell Science Ltd., Garsington Road, Oxford, UK.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWink M (2008) Evolutionary advantage and molecular modes of action of multi-component mixtures used in phytomedicine. Curr Drug Metab 9:996-1009.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYadav N, Upadhyay RK (2024) Status of economic losses and health impact of the tick bites on farm, field and dairy animals. Acta Sci Med Sci 8(12):172-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYan Y, Jiang Y, Tao D, Zhao A, Qi M, Ning C (2020) Molecular detection of \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma\u003c/em\u003e spp. in dairy cattle in Southern Xinjiang, China. 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Front Vet Sci 2:1-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SE values of clinical parameters in apparently healthy cattle and cattle infected with anaplasmosis in Groups I and II, before and after treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthy animals (n=10)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup I (n=7)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup II (n=10)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAfter Treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAfter Treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRectal Temperature (\u0026ordm;F)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.4 \u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.8\u0026plusmn; 0.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.1 \u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.7\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.9 \u0026plusmn; 0.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeart rate/min\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.2 \u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 \u0026plusmn; 7.54\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 \u0026plusmn; 4.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 \u0026plusmn; 6.92\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 \u0026plusmn; 4.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRespiration rate/min\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.4 \u0026plusmn; 0.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1 \u0026plusmn; 3.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6 \u0026plusmn; 3.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.8 \u0026plusmn; 2.94\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7 \u0026plusmn; 4.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05 Means with different superscripted letters in the same row differ significantly. SE=Standard error\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Hematological parameters of apparently healthy cattle and cattle infected with anaplasmosis in Groups I and II prior to treatment.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthy control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfected animals before treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference range\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epValue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epValue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHb (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.16\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.20\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u0026plusmn;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0-15.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTEC (\u0026times;106/\u0026micro;L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.73\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80\u0026plusmn;0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u0026plusmn;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0-10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTLC (\u0026times;103/\u0026micro;L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.49\u0026plusmn;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.48\u0026plusmn;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0-12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.9\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.4\u0026plusmn;2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026plusmn;2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0-45.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.9\u0026plusmn;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.9\u0026plusmn;2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.7\u0026plusmn;2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.0-75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90a\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0-20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.10\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.90\u0026plusmn;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u0026plusmn;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0-7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.75\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.15\u0026plusmn;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.94\u0026plusmn;2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0-46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelets*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338.60\u0026plusmn;107.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252.50\u0026plusmn;79.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.90\u0026plusmn;35.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Hematological parameters of apparently healthy cattle and cattle infected with anaplasmosis in Group I on days 0, 7, and 14 of treatment.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"678\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthy control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 294px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfected animals received treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Group I)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0 day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference range\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epValue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHb (g/dL)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.16\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2a\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.71a\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.50b\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0-15.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTEC (\u0026times;106/\u0026micro;L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.73\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80\u0026plusmn;0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0-10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTLC (\u0026times;103/\u0026micro;L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.49\u0026plusmn;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.54\u0026plusmn;0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0-12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil (%)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.9\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.4a\u0026plusmn;2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1 a\u0026plusmn;2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.6 b\u0026plusmn;1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0-45.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte (%)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.9\u0026plusmn;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.9a\u0026plusmn;2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.2b\u0026plusmn;2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6b\u0026plusmn;2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.0-75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil (%)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6a\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1a\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9b\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0-20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.10\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u0026plusmn;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026plusmn;0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026plusmn;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0-7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.75\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.15\u0026plusmn;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.16\u0026plusmn;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u0026plusmn;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0-46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelets*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338.60\u0026plusmn;107.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252.50\u0026plusmn;79.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216.80\u0026plusmn;68.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211.10\u0026plusmn;66.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative parasitaemia (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Hematological parameters of apparently healthy cattle and cattle infected with anaplasmosis in Group II on days 0, 7, and 14 of treatment.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"678\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthy control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 294px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfected animals received treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Group II)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0 day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference range\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHb (g/dL)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.16\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27a\u0026plusmn;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.94ab\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84b\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0-15.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTEC (\u0026times;106/\u0026micro;L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.73\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u0026plusmn;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u0026plusmn;0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.49\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0-10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTLC (\u0026times;103/\u0026micro;L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.48\u0026plusmn;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u0026plusmn;0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.14\u0026plusmn;0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0-12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil (%)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.9\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026plusmn;2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u0026plusmn;2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u0026plusmn;2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0-45.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte (%)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.9\u0026plusmn;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.7\u0026plusmn;2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.2\u0026plusmn;2.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0\u0026plusmn;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.0-75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil (%)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90a\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20ab\u0026plusmn;0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40b\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0-20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.10\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u0026plusmn;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.80\u0026plusmn;0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0-7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.75\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.94a\u0026plusmn;2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.19ab\u0026plusmn;1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.27b\u0026plusmn;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0-46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelets*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338.60\u0026plusmn;107.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.90a\u0026plusmn;35.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.90ab\u0026plusmn;46.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180.80b\u0026plusmn;57.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative parasitaemia (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Significantly different at p\u0026lt;0.05, **Significant at p\u0026lt;0.01 ***Significant at p\u0026lt;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e#Reference range adopted from (Schalm \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1975). Hb=Hemoglobin, TEC=Total erythrocyte count, PCV=Packed cell volume, TLC=Total leukocyte count, SE=Standard error\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Anaplasma, Giemsa stain, Herbal formulation, Oxytetracycline, PCR","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7344099/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7344099/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study investigated conventional and herbal treatments for cattle diagnosed with anaplasmosis. A total of 20 adult cattle, irrespective of sex, were randomly allocated into two equal groups: Group I and Group II (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 per group). An additional 10 apparently healthy cattle were used as controls for comparative evaluation. Clinically, affected animals exhibit loss of appetite, intermittent fever, anemia, muscle weakness, elevated respiratory and heart rates, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, and visible tick infestations. Diagnosis was confirmed via Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears, which revealed dot-like \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma\u003c/em\u003e organisms at the margins of erythrocytes, and further validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the gold standard for detecting carrier animals. Hematological analysis revealed significantly reduced total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, neutrophil count, and platelet levels in the infected cattle compared to the healthy controls. Conversely, the total leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts were markedly elevated in the infected group. Therapeutically, Group I received oxytetracycline, whereas Group II was treated with an herbal formulation, both alongside supportive care. The herbal treatment achieved complete recovery (100%) with no fatalities, whereas oxytetracycline treatment resulted in a 70% recovery rate with three deaths. These findings underscore the efficacy, safety, and practical advantages of herbal therapies for bovine anaplasmosis, particularly in resource-limited and remote regions. The integration of such herbal formulations into cattle health management may promote sustainable parasite control and improve overall herd productivity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative evaluation of oxytetracycline and an herbal formulation in the treatment of bovine anaplasmosis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-16 15:37:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7344099/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T11:50:52+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T01:47:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-14T16:19:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","date":"2025-08-13T01:14:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ed7655bb-b6e4-4172-b364-659968c6fc32","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T16:11:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7344099","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-026-04924-y","journal":{"identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-18 15:59:13","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 18th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-16 15:37:20","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11250-026-04924-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-026-04924-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7344099","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7344099","identity":"rs-7344099","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}