Effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging on extending the postharvest life of Gypsophila paniculata l. ‘Bristol Fairy’ flowers

Effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging on extending the postharvest life of Gypsophila paniculata l. ‘Bristol Fairy’ flowers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging on extending the postharvest life of Gypsophila paniculata l. ‘Bristol Fairy’ flowers Asrar Mohamad, Taghreed Eissa, Evon Khella, Magdy Barsoom, Mohamed Ahmed, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5161163/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Gypsophila flowers hold significant economic value in the floriculture sector, used in cut flowers, decorations, and potted plants. Their lifespan is crucial for assessing quality, market value, and customer satisfaction. In the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons, this study was conducted in the Laboratory of Postharvest and Handling of Manufacturing Engineering and Food Packaging Res. Dept., Food Technology, Res. Inst., ARC at Giza and Post-Harvest Lab. of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Dept., Hort. Res. Inst.; Giza, Egypt to investigate the impacts of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on several aspects of postharvest quality such as longevity, water loss, and water uptake on the quality characteristics of cut Gypsophila paniculata L. ‘Bristol Fairy’ flowers during storage. The following compositions of gases were examined: passive-MAP (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 , and 21% O 2 ), MAP1 (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 ), MAP2 (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 ), MAP3 (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 ) and control (Unpacked cut flowers). The findings demonstrated that MAP2 and polyethylene bags significantly enhanced water absorption, fresh weight, carbohydrates production, and appearance quality. The average storage life of gypsophila flowers under passive MAP was 19.07 days, with the longest being 29.42 days with MAP2 and polyethylene bags. Biological sciences/Ecology Biological sciences/Plant sciences active packaging cold storage high carbon dioxide gypsophila modified atmosphere packages storage relative fresh weight water uptake 1. Introduction Gypsophila paniculata , L. "Bristol Fairy" belongs to the Caryophyllaceae family also known as baby's breath, and is a plant found on gypsum-rich substrates. Its light, airy mosses of small white to pink flowers make it a valuable cut flower in floristry. Often known as perennial gypsophila, popular as cut flowers, Gypsophila blooms are typically used as filler in bouquets, arrangements, and bridal bouquets. Gypsophila, annual and perennial flowering plants globally, are ideal for misty borders, beds, edges, rock gardens, and filling shrubbery with delicate blooms. In the international market, Gypsophila is one of the top ten cut flowers. In addition, all value involves tinting, drying, and packing dried flowers for decorative floral crafts. The demand for dried flowers has increased due to changes in human lifestyles. Dried flowers have shown a surge in demand in the past decade due to lifestyle changes, making them durable and in high demand year-round (Khenizy et al ., 2014 and Gadde Jyothi et al ., 2023). Cut flowers face challenges like discoloration, browning, wilting, and senescence, impacting market value. To preserve quality and freshness, reducing postharvest losses and increasing vase life is crucial, as poor management accounts for 25% of cut flower losses (Poonsri, 2017; Arumta et al .2019; Naveena and Thamaraiselvi 2020; Darras 2021; Poonsri, 2021a; Faust and Dole 2021 and Moradinezhad et al .,2023). Dry transportation can cause water stress due to stem vascular blockage and air bubbles, reducing vase life. However, dry handling offers advantages like better space utilization and lower costs due to reduced labor and water usage, satisfying consumer demands for longer vase life. The modified atmosphere package (MAP) significantly enhances the quality and the vase life of cut flowers by minimizing potential biochemical changes (Aros et al ., 2017; Burana,2018 and Shafique et al. 2021). MAP technology prolongs the postharvest life of some cut flowers like carnation, anthurium, tulips, and lilies by altering gas composition in packages, a crucial tool for maintaining quality. The final atmosphere packaging is influenced by various factors such as temperature and product weight. Proper storage and packaging choices are crucial for maintaining quality and preventing undesirable postharvest physicochemical changes. Refrigeration is crucial for flower storage due to its ability to reduce water loss, senescence, and infections, extend flower shelf life, increase CO 2 and decrease the O 2 atmosphere, and reduce ethylene production (Guadalupe et al.,2015; Dorostkar et al. 2022 and Hatibarua et al., 2022). Hence, the novelty of this investigation lies in the use of modified atmosphere packaging technology (MAP) for an increased shelf life of gypsophila cut flowers during storage at 4°C. Due to their economic significance, this research focused on the postharvest life of Gypsophila flowers. 2. Materials and methods To achieve the goal of this study, this research was conducted during the two successive seasons of 2022 and 2023) in the Laboratory of Postharvest and Handling of Manufacturing Engineering and Food Packaging Res. Dept., Food Technology, Res. Inst., ARC at Giza, Egypt, and Post-Harvest Laboratory of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst.; Giza, Egypt to study the effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging on the postharvest quality of cut Gypsophila flowers. 2.1 Plant Material G ypsophila blossoms used in this study were purchased from a nearby commercial farm called Floramix. Flowers were picked in the early morning, flowers were harvested (just 15% of the blossoms were open). Flowers were wrapped directly in groups and transported quickly to the laboratory for 1 hour. Once in the laboratory, the stems were pre-cooled by putting them in cold water for 30 minutes at 5 o C to remove the effect of high field heat. Stem bases were recut underwater to prevent air embolism. Cut flower stems were adjusted to the same length (80cm) and shape. The experiment involved injury-free stems and was conducted in an ambient lab at 18±2°C, 50–55% RH, and 24 hours of fluorescent lamp lighting. 2.2 Experimental Design and Treatments Gypsophila cut flowers were divided into five groups, and each group was given a distinct gas composition (Table 1). Cut flowers are susceptible to dehydration when conveyance (particularly for neighborhood markets). Therefore, they are shipped in sealed containers. These circumstances provide a passively modified environment. Because of this, we chose to include passive-MAP and control in the current study so that it could be compared to other therapies. A vacuum pump was used to remove the air from the 20 x 30 cm low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags with a thickness of 0.06 mm. The bags were then sealed. For every treatment, twenty-eight cut flowers and three replications were taken into account. After injecting the identified gaseous compounds (active MAP), the bags were sealed and kept in a cold environment at 85 ± 5% relative humidity and 2 ± 1°C for twenty days. Subsequently, the blooms were opened and arranged in a 1000 ml glass with 500 ml of distilled water as a holding solution. After that, the flowers were stored at room temperature (20°C) for 20 days. The vase life was assessed using days 0 through 20. Table 1. Gas composition treatments were applied to Gypsophila cut flowers for 20 days of cold storage at 2 ± 1°C. Treatments Explanation (Control) Unpacked cut flowers Passive-MAP (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1 (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2 (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 2.3 Measurements 2.3.1 Vase Life The number of days until the flowers started to wilt was used to calculate the vase life of cut gypsophila flowers. To evaluate the storage life, the gypsophila inflorescences were stored under normal atmosphere conditions (control) and those wrapped in active and passive MAP were unpacked and placed in vases filled with distilled water at room temperature (20 0 C and 60 % RH). Days 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 were used to evaluate the vase life. The gypsophila cut flowers were visually inspected every day by a panel of 5 professionals with knowledge of flowers and the observation results were compared with the freshly gypsophila cut flowers (reference). 2.3.2 Open Cut Flowers The percentage of open-cut flowers was recorded during the shelf-life periods. 2.3.3 Fresh Weight Increase Percentage The fresh weight percentage of gypsophila cut flowers was obtained by dividing the initial weight and multiplying by 100, It was measured daily until the final day using a digital scale with a 0.001 g accuracy according to Sairam et al . (2002). 2.3.4 Water Uptake (g) The study recorded the daily weights of vase solutions without cut flowers, evaluating their vase life until the final day of the (Moradinezhad et al .,2023). 2.3.5 Water Loss (g) The experiment calculated water loss by comparing the fresh weight of the cut flower with the solution's weight at the end of the experiment. 2.3.6 Water Balance (g) At the end of longevity, the water balance was obtained by the difference between water uptake and water loss. 2.3.7 Weight Loss Percentage The following equation was used to estimate the weight loss percentage: Weight loss % = [(Initial weight - the weight of flowers at sampling date)/Initial weight of flowers] x 100. 2.3.8 The Total Life The total life of cut flowers was determined by storing them until they were completely withered, according to Faragher et al ., (1984) study. 2.3.9 Appearance Quality The apparent quality of the cut gypsophila flower was assessed using the Leibe and Schiele (2003) method. The study evaluated the quality of fresh flowers, with flowers of maximum quality scoring 100 points and those of lower quality scoring fewer points. The cut flower evaluation system consists of evaluating flower shape (maximum 30 points), flower color (maximum 25 points), flower position relative to stem (maximum 25 points), and the freshness of the stem or the stiffness of the stem (maximum 20 points). The apparent quality of the flowers was assessed every two days until they reached a minimum score, and the remaining traits were assessed every two days until they completely dried. 2.3.10 Chlorophyll Content The method described by Moran (1982) was utilized to determine the total chlorophyll in the leaves. 2.3.11 Total Carbohydrates Percentage According to the methods described by Dubois et al . (1956), total carbohydrates (%) in the flowers were determined colorimetrically. 2.3.12 Statistical Analysis The experiment used a factorial layout in a complete randomized design with two factors. Cold storage was the first factor (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 days) at 2°C, and modified atmosphere packing at six groups as mentioned in Table (1) was the second factor. Using MSTAT statistical software (1985), the data was analyzed for variance in a randomized complete design (R.C.D.) experiment. According to Snedecor and Cochran (1980), the Least Significant Differences (LSD) Test was used to compare treatment means at a 5% significance level. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on vase life Based on the findings presented in Table 2, the outcomes showed that the different MAP treatments significantly impacted the gypsophila cut flowers' vase life. The gypsophila cut flowers stored at (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 ) had the most extended vase life, and MAP2 showed the most extended vase life. Also, an increase in vase life was shown by MAP1 and MAP3 treatments. Passive-MAP and control treatments gave the lowest vase life, with MAP2 treatment. Also, the flower vase life was decreased with increasing cold storage duration. Our study discovered that at 85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 , the vase life of gypsophila-cut flowers was prolonged due to reduced oxidation, respiration rates, and ethylene production under high CO 2 and low O 2 conditions. Vase life is crucial for the flower industry, as it determines the attractiveness and value of cut flowers. Obtained data proved that gypsophila-cut flowers increased under MAP, possibly due to reduced respiration rates, ethylene production, and oxidation. Also, the vase life of gypsophila-cut flowers was prolonged under high CO 2 and low O 2 conditions. These findings were in agreement with the findings of Kitamura and Ueno (2015) and Aros et al. (2017) as they found that a modified atmosphere extended the postharvest life of ornamentals and effectively delayed senescence. Also, Kitamura et al . (2017) mentioned that MAP techniques have been used to extend the shelf life of edible flowers like gypsophila, preserving their physiochemical properties under challenging conditions and extended shelf life. The storage and transportation environments significantly affect the quality and vase life of cut flowers. It has been demonstrated that cutting and transporting cut flowers at cooler temperatures improves quality and extends vase life. Furthermore, it has been found that preventing transpiration from the inflorescence is a useful way to increase the vase life of cut flowers. All of these results were in agreement with the findings of Roh et al. (2019). Also, Poonsri (2021b) found that CO 2 reduced the respiration rate in Dendrobium cut flowers due to its inhibitory effect on phosphofructokinase in the glycolytic pathway. Higher water uptake in Gypsophila cut flowers has been linked to extended vase life, as reported in previous studies. Also, he revealed that controlled atmospheres can extend the shelf life of cut Dendrobium orchids, preserving their anthocyanin content and reducing degradation. The optimal conditions of 5% CO 2 and 2% O 2 increased storage life and quality, offering market expansion opportunities. Also, flowers stored in MAP exhibit lower weight loss, delayed petal senescence, reduced respiration rates, and enhanced overall quality, leading to an extended storage life ranging from 9 to 15 days depending on the type of plastic film used Table 2 . Effect of storage period, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on vase life (day) of Gypsophila paniculata L. “‘Bristol Fairy’” cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) (A) Storage period in days (B) 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 14.10 12.30 8.50 5.20 3.20 8.66 17.20 15.10 10.60 8.40 5.10 11.28 Passive-MAP 18.30 14.50 11.30 7.40 4.20 11.14 19.10 16.50 14.30 9.40 7.30 13.32 MAP1 23.30 17.50 14.80 11.10 7.30 14.80 25.60 20.50 16.70 10.10 8.50 16.28 MAP2 27.50 22.90 18.30 15.20 11.20 19.02 28.10 24.90 19.30 16.10 12.30 20.14 MAP3 25.30 18.20 16.60 10.10 8.60 15.76 26.40 23.70 20.60 14.20 9.60 18.90 Mean 21.70 17.08 13.90 9.80 6.90 23.28 20.14 16.30 11.64 8.56 CD (P=0.05) A= 1.112 B= 1.112 A×B= 2.487 CD (P=0.05) A= 1.168 B= 1.168 A×B= 2. 593 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.2. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on open-cut flowers The findings displayed in (Table 3) demonstrated that the duration of gypsophila cut flower storage for 0 day increased the open rate more than storing them for 5,10,15 and 20 days at 2°C in two seasons. Our study found that high CO 2 and low O 2 treatments delayed the senescence and drying of cut gypsophila flowers, while other treatments were faster. MAP2 (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 ) led to delayed petal opening. According to the results in Table 3, all MAP treatments significantly affected cut flowers open of the gypsophila. Also, in MAP1, MAP2, and MAP3 treatments a decrease in cut flowers open was observed compared to other treatments. The passive-MAP(78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) and control treatments showed the highest cut flowers open compared to MAP2 in two seasons . Obtained data in the present study show beneficial positive effect of different MAP treatments on delayed senescence and drying of cut gypsophila flowers under high CO 2 and low O 2 treatments, these results were in agreement with those previously obtained by Ahammed and Li (2022) as they found that ethylene, a plant hormone, impacts various physiological processes, particularly ripening and senescence. The enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACC) and ACC oxidase catalyze the reaction from S-adenosylmethionine to ACC and ACC to ethylene. Carbon dioxide inhibits ethylene production by occupying ethylene binding sites. Also, Moradinezhad et al. (2018) declared that high carbon dioxide generally inhibits ethylene biosynthesis in tissue, depending on the internal ACC level, and the optimal CO2 to O2 ratio is needed to suppress ethylene's effect. According to a study on cut N. tazetta flowers, the MAP treatment had a lower floral respiration rate than the AVG and control treatments (Moradinezhad, 2023) .This finding aligns with Moradinezhad and Dorostkars (2021) findings. Nakayama et al. (2023) declared that horticultural crops, including ornamental flowers, respond differently to low-oxygen conditions linked to modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The storage of cut carnation flowers in a sealed bag led to a decrease in oxygen concentration and a slowed opening of the flowers. Table 3 . Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions of Gypsophila paniculata L. “ ‘ Bristol Fairy’” (%) cut flowers open during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) (A) Storage period in days (B) 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 15.70 56.80 69.20 78.10 89.20 61.80 15.60 59.3 70.20 79.50 90.20 62.96 Passive-MAP 15.30 53.20 67.10 75.40 84.10 59.02 15.50 56.8 68.20 73.50 86.10 60.02 MAP1 15.10 41.22 55.10 57.10 68.12 47.33 15.20 43.27 54.50 67.80 69.30 50.01 MAP2 15.22 38.70 53.10 56.20 62.30 45.10 15.10 39.21 52.40 54.60 60.10 44.28 MAP3 15.55 42.80 54.20 58.10 67.90 47.71 15.10 46.87 56.70 69.60 62.40 50.13 Mean 15.37 46.54 59.74 64.98 74.32 15.30 49.09 60.40 69.00 73.62 CD (P=0.05) A= 2.875 B= 2.875 A×B= 6.429 CD (P=0.05) A= 2.795 B= 2.795 A×B= 6.251 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.3. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on fresh weight increase percentage Data concerning the impact of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on fresh weight percentage are displayed in (Table 4) these data showed that all MAP treatments recorded better fresh weight compared to passive-MAP and the control. At each season the highest fresh weight was obtained by MAP2 treatment. Generally, all treatments gave a higher fresh weight than the passive MAP and control. It can be observed from (Table 4) that the best storage period was 0 day compared with cut flowers stored for 20 days at 2°C, in two seasons. Similarly, in our study, flower weight and water uptake of cut gypsophila flowers were significantly increased after pretreatment with MAP2 (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 ) which may be due to the high carbon dioxide which reduced the microorganisms population. Also, MAP effectively reduced fresh weight loss, ethylene production, respiration rate, protease activity, and protein degradation. These results are in agreement with Panja et al. 2018 who reported that cut flowers' weight increases due to water absorption through vessels. Also, these outcomes coincided with the findings of Aros et al ., (2017) who reported that MAP's ability to maintain flower quality and extend vase life indicates a potentially positive effect on water uptake by reducing dehydration and maintaining hydration levels. Also, there are many researches focusing on water uptake dynamics under MAP conditions that could provide valuable insights into the mechanism behind the improved postharvest performance of flowers Poonsri ( 2021b) they found that MAP treatment of Dendrobium orchids delayed weight loss, retained anthocyanin content, and reduced fresh weight loss, respiration rate, and protein degradation. Table 4 . Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on fresh weight increase percentage of Gypsophila paniculata L. “‘Bristol Fairy’” cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) (A) Storage period in days (B) 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 9.20 8.00 5.30 4.90 3.90 6.26 11.20 9.70 7.90 6.50 5.80 8.22 Passive-MAP 19.20 15.30 14.80 11.80 8.70 13.96 19.90 17.50 16.90 13.50 10.60 15.68 MAP1 24.10 19.30 18.80 15.80 14.80 18.56 21.10 20.40 19.80 19.50 17.90 19.74 MAP2 25.70 21.30 20.40 17.80 16.20 20.28 29.30 26.70 24.80 23.50 22.70 25.40 MAP3 21.30 18.80 17.80 15.80 14.30 17.60 25.00 24.80 23.10 21.40 20.10 22.88 Mean 19.90 16.54 15.42 13.22 11.58 21.30 19.82 18.50 16.88 15.42 CD (P=0.05) A=1.176 B= 1.176 A×B= 2.629 CD (P=0.05) A= 1.382 B= 1.382 A×B= 3.092 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.4. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on water uptake Data in Table (5) reveals that significant differences in water uptake by Gypsophila cut flowers, are influenced by the treatment. Initially, water uptake increased, with the highest in MAP2 treatment, followed by MAP1 treatment, and lowest in passive-MAP and control. Our results declared that water uptake of cut gypsophila flowers were observed after pretreatment with (90% N 2 , 5% CO 2 , and 5% O 2 .), possibly due to reduced microorganism populations. These outcomes coincided with the findings of Aros et al .,2017 who reported that MAP's ability to maintain flower quality and extend vase life indicates a potentially positive effect on water uptake by reducing dehydration and maintaining hydration levels. Also, there are many research focusing on water uptake dynamics under MAP conditions that could provide valuable insights into the mechanism behind the improved postharvest performance of flowers (Zeybekoğlu et al. ,2019 and Poonsri,2021b) they found that MAP treatment of Dendrobium orchids delayed weight loss, retained anthocyanin content, and reduced fresh weight loss, respiration rate, and protein degradation. Table 5 . Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on water uptake (g) of Gypsophila paniculata L. “ ‘ Bristol Fairy’” cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) (A) Storage period in days (B) 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 39.14 29.10 27.20 23.30 16.9 27.13 45.6 39.50 38.40 35.10 33.50 38.42 Passive-MAP 35.20 27.10 25.10 22.10 17.66 25.43 45.70 37.20 32.7 32.60 26.90 35.02 MAP1 55.28 52.10 45.20 35.20 32.2 44.00 65.78 57.80 49.20 48.50 45.20 53.30 MAP2 65.23 59.10 52.50 45.10 36.7 51.73 75.28 69.20 56.2 51.10 43.60 59.08 MAP3 56.14 54.80 48.50 38.70 33.7 46.37 66.18 59.70 47.4 48.70 36.50 51.70 Mean 50.20 44.44 39.70 32.88 27.43 59.71 52.68 44.78 43.20 37.14 CD (P=0.05) A=2.741 B= 2.741 A×B= 6.129 CD (P=0.05) A= 3.013 B= 3.013 A×B= 6.719 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.5. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on water loss Data listed in Table (6) show that the effects of all modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and storage period on water loss were significant in gypsophila cut flowers. Our study showed increased water loss in gypsophila cut flowers stored for 20 days at 2°C compared to 0-day storage, with the lowest water loss achieved when stored for 0 day and MAP2 (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ). Results presented in Table (6) show the significant differences in amounts of water loss by the gypsophila cut flowers, dependent on the treatments. These results may be due to MAP treatments which help in preventing dehydration, which lead to wilting, shriveling, and loss of freshness. In summary, MAP can effectively reduce water loss in products, thereby enhancing their shelf life and maintaining their quality and freshness throughout storage as MAP can slow down the rate of water loss from products by regulating the relative humidity inside the packaging. These results were in agreement with the findings of Aros et al .(2017) and Poonsri, (2021a) as they demonstrated that modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) effectively reduced fresh weight loss (FWL) in tulip flowers compared to conventional packaging. MAP's ability to diminish FWL suggests that it can help in minimizing water loss during storage and transportation. Table 6 . Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on water loss (g) of Gypsophila paniculata L. “ ‘ Bristol Fairy’” cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) (A) Storage period in days (B) 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 26.14 28.11 46.10 48.20 59.10 41.53 38.2 48.10 51.10 54.20 68.2 51.96 Passive-MAP 24.20 23.60 39.80 42.10 51.10 36.16 34.2 43.60 49.90 52.70 65.10 49.10 MAP1 18.30 20.90 25.20 27.30 18.43 22.03 28.4 30.90 35.70 37.50 42.50 35.00 MAP2 15.50 18.80 20.30 24.20 15.30 18.82 25.6 28.60 30.70 36.30 40.4 32.32 MAP3 19.30 22.10 23.10 24.10 17.60 21.24 29.4 32.00 33.90 34.80 33.70 32.76 Mean 20.69 22.70 30.90 33.18 32.31 31.16 36.64 40.26 43.10 49.98 A=2.664 B= 2.664 A×B= 5.957 A= 3.049 B= 3.049 A×B= 6.818 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.6 Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on water balance Data recorded in Table (7) indicate that all modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), storage period and their interactions significantly increased water balance in gypsophila cut flowers compared to passive-MAP and control in both seasons. In summary, MAP can positively influence water balance by preventing dehydration and enhancing the vase life of flowers by creating a modified atmosphere that slows down aging processes. The present results were in agreement with those reported by Aros et al .(2017) as they reported that vase life is crucial for cut flower marketability and is influence by water balance, which is determined by transpiration and absorption. When transpiration exceeds absorption, turgor declines and wilting occurs. Treatments like abscisic acid, dark periods, and waxy coatings can extend vase life by maintaining turgor, closing stomata, and improving water balance. However, MAP's effectiveness in reducing fresh weight loss (FWL) implies a potential impact on the water balance by minimizing water loss during storage. MAP's ability to maintain a controlled atmosphere within the packaging may contribute to preserving the water content and hydration levels of the flowers (Poonsri,2021a). Table 7 . Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on water balance (g) of Gypsophila paniculata L. “ ‘ Bristol Fairy’” cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) (A) Storage period in days (B) 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) +13 +0.99 -18.90 -24.90 -42.2 -14.40 +7.4 -12.90 -12.7 -20.70 -28.70 -13.52 Passive-MAP +11 +3.5 -14.70 -20.00 -33.44 -10.73 +11.5 -6.50 -17.2 -20.10 -38.20 -14.10 MAP1 +36.9 +31.2 +20.00 +7.90 13.77 21.95 +37.3 +26.90 +7.5 +7.70 +6.70 +17.22 MAP2 +49.7 +40.3 +32.20 +20.90 21.4 32.90 +49.6 +40.60 +25.5 +14.80 +3.20 +26.74 MAP3 +36.8 +32.7 +25.40 +14.60 16.1 25.12 +36.7 +27.70 +13.5 +13.90 +2.80 +18.92 Mean 29.48 21.74 8.80 -0.30 -4.87 +28.5 +15.16 +3.3 -0.88 -10.84 CD (P=0.05) A=1.644 B= 1.644 A×B= 3.675 CD (P=0.05) A= 1.850 B= 1.850 A×B= 4.137 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.7. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on weight loss percentage Data presented in Table 8 shows an increase in the weight loss percentage of gypsophila plants with the prolongation of the storage period. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) can help reduce weight loss percentage in gypsophila cut flowers, by creating an environment with controlled humidity levels and gas composition. Thus, MAP can impact weight loss percentage: 3.7.1. Reduced dehydration: MAP can slow down the rate of water loss from gypsophila cut flowers by maintaining optimal humidity levels inside the packaging. This helps prevent excessive wilting and shrinkage, leading to a lower weight loss percentage. 3.7.2.Extended shelf life: By minimizing water loss, MAP contributes to prolonging the shelf life of gypsophila cut flowers as maintaining the right moisture balance inside the packaging helps preserve the freshness and appearance of the flowers, resulting in a lower weight loss percentage over time.. These results were in agreement with those of Roh et al. ( 2019)and Poonsri (2021b ).In summary, MAP plays a crucial role in preserving the freshness and quality of cut flowers, thereby significantly increasing their total life and providing opportunities for extended storage and transportation. These findings are in line with those previously obtained by Yahia and Singh (2009) who indicated that the rate of respiration and the generation of ethylene were decreased by higher CO2 and lower O2. Also, according to Andrew et al. (2009), low temperatures in conjunction with passive MAP have the potential to significantly increase the shelf life of cut flowers. Also, the storage life of the experimental gypsophila flowers (control, active, and passive MAP) ended if the flowers lasted less than seven days at room temperature due to the shorter vase life of the freshly cut gypsophila flowers according to Moradinezhad et al. (2018). Table 8 . Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on weight loss percentage of Gypsophila paniculata L. “ ‘ Bristol Fairy’” cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) (A) Storage period in days (B) 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 0.00 8.20 14.4 18.50 20.10 12.24 0.00 9.50 14.9 22.60 26.20 14.64 Passive-MAP 0.00 9.20 11.8 15.70 18.20 10.98 0.00 7.80 10.1 15.20 24.10 11.44 MAP1 0.00 6.50 8.9 11.00 16.20 8.52 0.00 6.70 9.9 12.50 16.60 9.14 MAP2 0.00 5.30 7.6 8.70 10.20 6.36 0.00 5.50 8.6 9.40 12.20 7.14 MAP3 0.00 6.50 8.7 11.90 17.50 8.92 0.00 6.70 9.8 10.70 16.70 8.78 Mean 0.00 7.14 10.28 13.16 16.44 0.00 7.24 10.66 14.08 19.16 CD (P=0.05) A=1.457 B= 1.457 A×B= 3.257 CD (P=0.05) A= 1.425 B= 1.425 A×B= 3.186 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.8. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on the total life The total life of cut flowers refers to the duration they remain viable and presentable after harvest, including vase life, freshness, appearance, and overall quality. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) significantly extends the total life of cut flowers by providing a controlled atmosphere, preserving their freshness and quality, and enabling extended storage and transportation. In the current study, data displayed in (Table 9) pointed out that in all MAP treatments, the total life in cut gypsophila initially increased. According to the findings, gypsophila blossoms under normal atmospheric conditions had a considerably shorter storage life (p < 0.05) than those under passive and active MAP. The gypsophila blossoms packaged in PP had the longest average storage life (days) while using passive MAP. Increased CO 2 and reduced O 2 inside PP packaging may be the cause of this phenomenon. In summary, MAP plays a crucial role in preserving the freshness and quality of cut flowers, thereby significantly increasing their total life and providing opportunities for extended storage and transportation. These findings are in line with those previously obtained by Yahia and Singh (2009) who indicated that the rate of respiration and the generation of ethylene were decreased by higher CO 2 and lower O 2 . Also, according to Andrew et al. (2009) and Poonsri (2020) ,low temperatures in conjunction with passive MAP have the potential to significantly increase the shelf life of cut flowers. Also, The storage life of the experimental gypsophila flowers (control, active, and passive MAP) ended if the flowers lasted less than seven days at room temperature due to the shorter vase life of the freshly cut gypsophila flowers according to Moradinezhad et al.(2023) . Table 9 . Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on the total life of Gypsophila paniculata L. “ ‘ Bristol Fairy’” cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) (A) Storage period in days (B) Season 2 Season 2 (Control) 17.10 18.32 Passive-MAP 18.30 19.84 MAP1 27.70 26.50 MAP2 28.50 30.33 MAP3 27.60 25.94 Mean 23.80 24.20 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.9. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on general appearance (score) Data listed in Table 10 revealed that the general appearance (GA) of gypsophila plants was affected by all MAP treatments. The appearance of flowers is crucial for marketing, with a change in leaf color from green to yellow indicating senescence due to chlorophyll decomposition. The MAP enhances flower quality during shipment, as evidenced by their higher turgidity and appearance compared to control flowers. Gaseous factors like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene impact gypsophila postharvest quality. Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels suppress plant respiration, delay maturation, and maintain harvest quality. Controlled and modified atmosphere packaging are beneficial. Appearance quality is the most important factor in the marketing of flowers and the beauty of flowers is crucial for marketing, as a change in leaf color from green to yellow in cut flowers indicates senescence. The study found that the general appearance (GA) of gypsophila plants was affected by all different MAP treatmentsThese results were in agreement with those of Ho et al ., (2014) ; Kubo, 2015; Shimizu-Yumoto and Ichimura (2016) and Poonsri (2021a). Also, Nakayama et al . (2023) declared that MAP condition maintains flower quality in cut carnation flowers, preserving energy status and longevity after seven days. MAP storage enhances hypoxic signaling and metabolism genes, indicating their role in floral tissue homeostasis. Future research should focus on practical aspects and molecular responses to low-oxygen conditions in ornamental flowers. MAP box improved of flower quality during shipment by controlling atmosphere composition. Poonsri (2021a) declared that MAP can help maintain the water balance within the packaging by controlling the relative humidity and gas composition. Properly regulated MAP can prevent excessive water loss from the flowers, reducing dehydration and maintaining their freshness and turgidity. Also, MAP has been shown to extend the vase life of flowers by creating an optimal atmosphere that slows down senescence processes. The controlled levels of CO2 and O2 in MAP can reduce respiration rates, ethylene production, and water loss, thereby prolonging the vase life of flowers stored in such conditions. In conclusion, MAP plays a crucial role in maintaining the general appearance of products by controlling various factors that affect visual quality, thereby enhancing the overall appeal and marketability of the product. Aros et al .(2017) study highlighted the benefits of MAP in preserving tulip flowers' quality and extending their postharvest life by controlling gas concentrations within the packaging. Table 10. Effect of modified atmosphere packages on general appearance (score) of Gypsophila paniculata L. “‘Bristol Fairy’” cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) Storage period in days 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 100 62.41 50.11 44.74 39.11 59.30 100 65.51 51.11 33.50 23.14 54.65 Passive-MAP 100 66.83 58.23 49.27 43.10 63.50 100 69.81 59.53 40.11 34.55 60.80 MAP1 100 92.50 89.15 76.78 70.09 85.70 100 93.53 87.45 78.47 64.76 84.84 MAP2 100 98.25 93.47 89.29 78.48 91.90 100 97.25 95.26 88.38 79.48 92.07 MAP3 100 93.12 91.09 86.11 81.67 90.40 100 94.77 83.97 72.14 63.59 82.89 Mean 100 82.60 76.40 69.20 62.50 100 84.17 75.46 62.52 53.10 CD (P=0.05) A=2.699 B= 2.699 A×B= 5.699 CD (P=0.05) A= 2.848 B= 2.848 A×B= 6.367 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.10. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on total chlorophyll content Data illustrated in (Table 11) showed a significant reduction in total chlorophyll content in gypsophila cut flower plants during storage, due to chlorophyll degradation and the transformation of chloroplasts to chromoplasts. This is due to the gradual increase in chlorophyll destruction and the extension of gypsophila shelf life without significant changes in chlorophyll content and color parameters. The study also found that all MAP treatments significantly reduced total chlorophyll loss, with MAP2 at (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 ) being the most effective. Untreated gypsophila (control) was more susceptible to chlorophyll and carotenoid loss and yellowing during storage. These results were in agreement with those reported by Ichimura (2016) and Poonsri (2021a). Table 11. Effect of modified atmosphere packages on total chlorophyll content (mg/g) of gypsophila cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) Storage period in days 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 1.28 1.21 1.09 1.05 0.09 0.94 1.26 1.19 1.15 1.07 1.04 1.14 Passive-MAP 1.42 1.33 1.22 1.14 1.11 1.24 1.35 1.27 1.18 1.17 1.09 1.21 MAP1 1.65 1.54 1.44 1.34 1.22 1.44 1.69 1.59 1.49 1.39 1.35 1.50 MAP2 1.98 1.87 1.72 1.51 1.46 1.71 1.79 1.67 1.66 1.59 1.41 1.62 MAP3 1.62 1.53 1.48 1.38 1.25 1.45 1.68 1.62 1.54 1.42 1.22 1.50 Mean 1.59 1.50 1.39 1.28 1.03 1.55 1.47 1.40 1.33 1.22 CD (P=0.05) A= 0.139 B= 0.139 A×B= 0.342 CD (P=0.05) A= 0.152 B= 0.152 A×B= 0.340 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 3.11. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on total carbohydrates percentage Data listed in (Table 12) reveals that the control resulted in the lowest total carbohydrates percentage in gypsophila cut flowers compared to other treatments in both seasons. MAP treatments influenced the total carbohydrates percentage in gypsophila cut flowers during storage. MAP2 treatment at (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 , and 5% O 2 ) showed a unique increasing trend in total carbohydrates percentage until the 15th day over control and passive-MAP, respectively. High carbon dioxide and low oxygen content in MAP preserved total carbohydrates and reduced protein degradation in flower petals. The MAP treatments may enhance flower quality by reducing transpiration and CO 2 diffusion, affecting flower metabolism and total carbohydrates percentage. It may also maintain lower temperatures during shipment. The present results are in agreement with those reported by Moradinezhad et al . (2023) who discovered that the MAP4 treatment (20 CO 2 , and 10% O 2 ) on cut narcissus flowers resulted in a distinctive rising trend in total carbohydrates percentage: through the 12th day. Table 12. Effect of modified atmosphere packages on total carbohydrates percentage of gypsophila cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons. Treatments (MAP) Storage period in days 1 st Season 2 nd Season 0 5 10 15 20 Mean 0 5 10 15 20 Mean (Control) 8.32 6.53 5.78 4.32 3.12 5.61 7.15 5.22 4.12 3.50 3.16 4.63 Passive-MAP 9.30 7.65 6.40 5.30 4.10 6.55 8.12 6.11 5.60 4.90 4.50 5.85 MAP1 10.90 8.65 7.05 6.90 5.90 7.88 11.28 9.09 8.13 7.73 6.30 8.51 MAP2 12.60 10.90 9.77 8.11 7.20 9.72 13.66 12.43 10.40 9.95 8.10 10.91 MAP3 10.68 9.15 8.85 6.68 5.68 8.21 12.84 10.12 9.76 7.18 6.50 9.28 Mean 10.36 8.58 7.57 6.26 5.20 10.61 8.59 7.60 6.65 5.71 CD (P=0.05) A=0.821 B= 0.821 A×B= 1.84 CD (P=0.05) A= 0.840 B= 0.840 A×B= 1.88 Passive-MAP = (78.97 N 2 , 0.03 CO 2 and 21% O 2 ) MAP1= Active MAP (90 N 2 , 5 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP2= Active MAP (85 N 2 , 10 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N 2 , 15 CO 2 and 5% O 2 ) 4. Conclusions In conclusion, Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is a valuable technique for extending the shelf life, preserving quality attributes, and maintaining the appearance of various products. By controlling the gas composition and humidity levels within the packaging, MAP can effectively reduce water loss, slow down respiration rates, inhibit ethylene production, and delay senescence processes. These factors collectively contribute to prolonging the freshness, enhancing the visual appearance, and improving the overall quality of products stored in MAP. MAP serves as a beneficial tool in floral industries, offering a reliable method to optimize storage conditions and ensure product integrity throughout the supply chain. Declarations Author Contributions: Author Contributions: Conceptualization, T.E.E., E.A.Kh., M.A.B ,A.Y.M ., and M.A.A.A.; methodology, T.E.E., E.A.Kh., M.A.A.A. and M.A.B.; software, T.E.E., M.A.A.A. and E.A.Kh.; formal analysis, E.A.Kh., M.A.A.A. and T.E.E..; investigation T.E.E.; resources, T.E.E., M.A.B , M.A.A.A., C.Y. and E.A.Kh.; writing—original draft preparation, T.E.E. and E.A.Kh.; writing—review and editing, T.E.E., C.Y. and M.A.A.A. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript. Also, all authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This work received no external funding. Data Availability Statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Acknowledgments: The authors express gratitude to Prof. Dr. Emam M.S. Nofal, Professor of Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture at the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh University, for his invaluable assistance and guidance throughout the manuscript review process. Conflicts of Interest: All the authors declared that they have no competing interests. References Ahammed, G.J. and Li, X. Elevated carbon dioxide-induced regulation of ethylene in plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2022 ,202, p.105025. Andrew, J.M., Reid, M.S. and Joyce, D.C. 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Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science 2002 , 163(5): 1037–1046. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(02)00278-9. Shafique M.U., Younis A., Asif M., Akram A., Naseem T., Tariq U, Ahsan, M., Khan, N.A. and Nadeem, M. Postharvest impact of packaging material and storage duration on cut Narcissus tazetta. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus 2021 , 20(4): 145–154. DOI: 10.24326/asphc.2021.3.9. Shimizu-Yumoto, H. and Ichimura, K. Effect of storage in packaging with oxygen absorbers on the quality of cut gladiolus ‘Princess Summer Yellow’spikes. Postharvest Biology and Technology 2016 , 111, :191-196. Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran, 1980. Statistical methods 7th Ed Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. Yahia, E.M., Singh, S.P. Tropical fruits. In: Yahia, E.M. (Ed.), Modified and controlled atmosphere for storage, Transportation, and Packaging of Horticultural Commodities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2009, p. 397–432. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5161163","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":366818162,"identity":"ddfe5fac-3246-4d2e-802f-20cb203b07f4","order_by":0,"name":"Asrar Mohamad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Food Technology research institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asrar","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohamad","suffix":""},{"id":366818163,"identity":"622dd5e8-91a9-41cf-a604-a4a2182b2e0a","order_by":1,"name":"Taghreed Eissa","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Horticulture Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taghreed","middleName":"","lastName":"Eissa","suffix":""},{"id":366818164,"identity":"2328db8e-5a3d-4cde-adb3-80d483a3f639","order_by":2,"name":"Evon Khella","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Horticulture Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Evon","middleName":"","lastName":"Khella","suffix":""},{"id":366818165,"identity":"3663bbbe-2904-422c-a969-08f862b7e9d3","order_by":3,"name":"Magdy Barsoom","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Horticulture Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Magdy","middleName":"","lastName":"Barsoom","suffix":""},{"id":366818166,"identity":"dcb8ef1d-110f-46c5-b86b-3d6e35e381c5","order_by":4,"name":"Mohamed Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":366818167,"identity":"d58f5e55-d42b-485a-9fc1-474853685563","order_by":5,"name":"Chunmei Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Floriculture Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chunmei","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-26 22:38:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5161163/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5161163/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70636404,"identity":"779abd6d-c74e-45b9-870b-0d04d5cac2a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-05 06:32:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1346449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5161163/v1/7e8212c3-090a-4d67-b689-4d0567883ead.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging on extending the postharvest life of Gypsophila paniculata l. ‘Bristol Fairy’ flowers","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGypsophila paniculata\u003c/em\u003e, L. \u0026quot;Bristol Fairy\u0026quot; belongs to the Caryophyllaceae family also known as baby\u0026apos;s breath, and is a plant found on gypsum-rich substrates. Its light, airy mosses of small white to pink flowers make it a valuable cut flower in floristry. Often known as perennial gypsophila, popular as cut flowers, Gypsophila blooms are typically used as filler in bouquets, arrangements, and bridal bouquets. Gypsophila, annual and perennial flowering plants globally, are ideal for misty borders, beds, edges, rock gardens, and filling shrubbery with delicate blooms. In the international market, Gypsophila is one of the top ten cut flowers. In addition, all value involves tinting, drying, and packing dried flowers for decorative floral crafts. The demand for dried flowers has increased due to changes in human lifestyles. Dried flowers have shown a surge in demand in the past decade due to lifestyle changes, making them durable and in high demand year-round (Khenizy \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014 and Gadde Jyothi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). Cut flowers face challenges like discoloration, browning, wilting, and senescence, impacting market value. To preserve quality and freshness, reducing postharvest losses and increasing vase life is crucial, as poor management accounts for 25% of cut flower losses (Poonsri, 2017; Arumta \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.2019; Naveena and \u0026nbsp;Thamaraiselvi 2020; Darras 2021; Poonsri, 2021a; Faust and Dole 2021 \u0026nbsp;and Moradinezhad \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.,2023). Dry transportation can cause water stress due to stem vascular blockage and air bubbles, reducing vase life. However, dry handling offers advantages like better space utilization and lower costs due to reduced labor and water usage, satisfying consumer demands for longer vase life. The modified atmosphere package (MAP) significantly enhances the quality and the vase life of cut flowers by minimizing potential biochemical changes (Aros \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., \u0026nbsp;2017; Burana,2018 and Shafique \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2021). MAP technology prolongs the postharvest life of some cut flowers like carnation, anthurium, tulips, and lilies by altering gas composition in packages, a crucial tool for maintaining quality. The final atmosphere packaging is influenced by various factors such as temperature and product weight. Proper storage and packaging choices are crucial for maintaining quality and preventing undesirable postharvest physicochemical changes. Refrigeration is crucial for flower storage due to its ability to reduce water loss, senescence, and infections, extend flower shelf life, increase CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and decrease the O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e atmosphere, and reduce ethylene production (Guadalupe et al.,2015; Dorostkar et al. 2022 and Hatibarua et al., 2022). Hence, the novelty of this investigation lies in the use of modified atmosphere packaging technology (MAP) for an increased shelf life of gypsophila cut flowers during storage at 4\u0026deg;C. Due to their economic significance, this research focused on the postharvest life of Gypsophila flowers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo achieve the goal of this study, this research was conducted during the two successive seasons of 2022 and 2023) in the Laboratory of Postharvest and Handling of Manufacturing Engineering and Food Packaging Res. Dept., Food Technology, Res. Inst., ARC at Giza, Egypt, and Post-Harvest Laboratory of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst.; Giza, Egypt to study the effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging on the postharvest quality of cut Gypsophila flowers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1 Plant Material\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eG\u003c/em\u003eypsophila blossoms used in this study were purchased from a nearby commercial farm called Floramix. Flowers were picked in the early morning, flowers were harvested (just 15% of the blossoms were open). Flowers were wrapped directly in groups and transported quickly to the laboratory for 1 hour. Once in the laboratory, the stems were pre-cooled by putting them in cold water for 30 minutes at 5\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to remove the effect of high field heat. Stem bases were recut underwater to prevent air embolism. Cut flower stems were adjusted to the same length (80cm) and shape. The experiment involved injury-free stems and was conducted in an ambient lab at 18\u0026plusmn;2\u0026deg;C, 50\u0026ndash;55% RH, and 24 hours of fluorescent lamp lighting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Experimental Design and Treatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGypsophila cut flowers were divided into five groups, and each group was given a distinct gas composition (Table 1). Cut flowers are susceptible to dehydration when conveyance (particularly for neighborhood markets). Therefore, they are shipped in sealed containers. These circumstances provide a passively modified environment. Because of this, we chose to include passive-MAP and control in the current study so that it could be compared to other therapies. A vacuum pump was used to remove the air from the 20 x 30 cm low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags with a thickness of 0.06 mm. The bags were then sealed. For every treatment, twenty-eight cut flowers and three replications were taken into account. After injecting the identified gaseous compounds (active MAP), the bags were sealed and kept in a cold environment at 85 \u0026plusmn; 5% relative humidity and 2 \u0026plusmn; 1\u0026deg;C for twenty days. Subsequently, the blooms were opened and arranged in a 1000 ml glass with 500 ml of distilled water as a holding solution. After that, the flowers were stored at room temperature (20\u0026deg;C) for 20 days. The vase life was assessed using days 0 through 20.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Gas composition treatments were applied to Gypsophila cut flowers for 20 days of cold storage at 2 \u0026plusmn; 1\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"520\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.6538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.3462%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.6538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.3462%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Unpacked cut flowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.6538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.3462%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(78.97 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.6538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.3462%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.6538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.3462%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.6538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.3462%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3 Measurements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Vase Life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of days until the flowers started to wilt was used to calculate the vase life of cut gypsophila flowers. To evaluate the storage life, the gypsophila inflorescences were stored under normal atmosphere conditions (control) and those wrapped in active and passive MAP were unpacked and placed in vases filled with distilled water at room temperature (20 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC and 60 % RH). Days 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 were used to evaluate the vase life. The gypsophila cut flowers were visually inspected every day by a panel of 5 professionals with knowledge of flowers and the observation results were compared with the freshly gypsophila cut flowers (reference).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Open Cut Flowers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe percentage of open-cut flowers was recorded during the shelf-life periods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Fresh Weight Increase Percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fresh weight percentage of gypsophila cut flowers was obtained by dividing the initial weight and multiplying by 100, It was measured daily until the final day using a digital scale with a 0.001 g accuracy according to Sairam \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Water Uptake (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study recorded the daily weights of vase solutions without cut flowers, evaluating their vase life until the final day of the (Moradinezhad \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.,2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Water Loss (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment calculated water loss by comparing the fresh weight of the cut flower with the solution\u0026apos;s weight at the end of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Water Balance\u0026nbsp;(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the end of longevity, the water balance was obtained by the difference between water uptake and water loss.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.7 Weight Loss Percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following equation was used to estimate the weight loss percentage: Weight loss % = [(Initial weight - the weight of flowers at sampling date)/Initial weight of flowers] x 100.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.8 The Total Life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total life of cut flowers was determined by storing them until they were completely withered, according to Faragher \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (1984) study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.9 Appearance Quality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe apparent quality of the cut gypsophila flower was assessed using the Leibe and Schiele (2003) method. The study evaluated the quality of fresh flowers, with flowers of maximum quality scoring 100 points and those of lower quality scoring fewer points. The cut flower evaluation system consists of evaluating flower shape (maximum 30 points), flower color (maximum 25 points), flower position relative to stem (maximum 25 points), and the freshness of the stem or the stiffness of the stem (maximum 20 points). The apparent quality of the flowers was assessed every two days until they reached a minimum score, and the remaining traits were assessed every two days until they completely dried.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.10 Chlorophyll Content\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe method described by Moran (1982) was utilized to determine the total chlorophyll in the leaves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.11 Total Carbohydrates Percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the methods described by Dubois \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (1956), total carbohydrates (%) in the flowers were determined colorimetrically.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3.12 Statistical Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment used a factorial layout in a complete randomized design with two factors. Cold storage was the first factor (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 days) at 2\u0026deg;C, and modified atmosphere packing at six groups as mentioned in Table (1) was the second factor. \u0026nbsp;Using MSTAT statistical software (1985), the data was analyzed for variance in a randomized complete design (R.C.D.) experiment. According to Snedecor and Cochran (1980), the Least Significant Differences (LSD) Test was used to compare treatment means at a 5% significance level.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1.\u0026nbsp;Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on vase life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the findings presented in Table 2, the outcomes showed that the different MAP treatments significantly impacted the gypsophila cut flowers\u0026apos; vase life. \u0026nbsp;The gypsophila cut flowers stored at (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) had the most extended vase life, and MAP2 showed the most extended vase life. Also, an increase in vase life was shown by MAP1 and MAP3 treatments. Passive-MAP and control treatments gave the lowest vase life, with MAP2 treatment. Also, the flower vase life was decreased with increasing cold storage duration. Our study discovered that at 85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the vase life of gypsophila-cut flowers was prolonged due to reduced oxidation, respiration rates, and ethylene production under high CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and low O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e conditions. Vase life is crucial for the flower industry, as it determines the attractiveness and value of cut flowers. Obtained data proved that gypsophila-cut flowers increased under MAP, possibly due to reduced respiration rates, ethylene production, and oxidation. Also, the vase life of gypsophila-cut flowers was prolonged under high CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and low O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e conditions. These findings were in agreement with the findings of Kitamura and Ueno (2015) and Aros \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2017) as they found that a modified atmosphere extended the postharvest life of ornamentals and effectively delayed senescence. Also, Kitamura \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2017) mentioned that MAP techniques have been used to extend the shelf life of edible flowers like gypsophila, preserving their physiochemical properties under challenging conditions and extended shelf life. The storage and transportation environments significantly affect the quality and vase life of cut flowers. It has been demonstrated that cutting and transporting cut flowers at cooler temperatures improves quality and extends vase life. Furthermore, it has been found that preventing transpiration from the inflorescence is a useful way to increase the vase life of cut flowers. All of these results were in agreement with the findings of Roh \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2019). Also, Poonsri (2021b) found that CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e reduced the respiration rate in Dendrobium cut flowers due to its inhibitory effect on phosphofructokinase in the glycolytic pathway. Higher water uptake in Gypsophila cut flowers has been linked to extended vase life, as reported in previous studies. Also, he revealed that controlled atmospheres can extend the shelf life of cut Dendrobium orchids, preserving their anthocyanin content and reducing degradation. The optimal conditions of 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 2% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e increased storage life and quality, offering market expansion opportunities. Also, flowers stored in MAP exhibit lower weight loss, delayed petal senescence, reduced respiration rates, and enhanced overall quality, leading to an extended storage life ranging from 9 to 15 days depending on the type of plastic film used\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. Effect of storage period, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on vase life (day) of \u003cem\u003eGypsophila paniculata\u003c/em\u003e L. \u0026ldquo;\u0026lsquo;Bristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"731\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 614px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 731px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A= 1.112 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;B= 1.112 \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 2.487 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; CD (P=0.05) A= 1.168 \u0026nbsp;B= 1.168 \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 2. 593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP1= Active MAP (90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2.\u0026nbsp;Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on open-cut flowers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings displayed in (Table 3) demonstrated that the duration of gypsophila cut flower storage for 0 day increased the open rate more than storing them for 5,10,15 and 20 days at 2\u0026deg;C in two seasons. Our study found that high CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and low O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e treatments delayed the senescence and drying of cut gypsophila flowers, while other treatments were faster. MAP2 (80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) led to delayed petal opening. According to the results in Table 3, all MAP treatments significantly affected cut flowers open of the gypsophila. Also, in MAP1, MAP2, and MAP3 treatments a decrease in cut flowers open was observed compared to other treatments. The passive-MAP(78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and control treatments showed the highest cut flowers open compared to MAP2 in two seasons .\u0026nbsp;Obtained data in the present study show beneficial positive effect of different MAP treatments on delayed senescence and drying of cut gypsophila flowers under high CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and low O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e treatments, these results were in agreement with those previously obtained by Ahammed and \u0026nbsp;Li (2022) \u0026nbsp;as they found that ethylene, a plant hormone, impacts various physiological processes, particularly ripening and senescence. The enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACC) and ACC oxidase catalyze the reaction from S-adenosylmethionine to ACC and ACC to ethylene. Carbon dioxide inhibits ethylene production by occupying ethylene binding sites. Also, Moradinezhad et al. (2018) declared that high carbon dioxide generally inhibits ethylene biosynthesis in tissue, depending on the internal ACC level, and the optimal CO2 to O2 ratio is needed to suppress ethylene\u0026apos;s effect. According to a study on cut N. tazetta flowers, the MAP treatment had a lower floral respiration rate than the AVG and control treatments (Moradinezhad, 2023) .This finding aligns with Moradinezhad and \u0026nbsp;Dorostkars (2021) findings. Nakayama \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e(2023) declared that horticultural crops, including ornamental flowers, respond differently to low-oxygen conditions linked to modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The storage of cut carnation flowers in a sealed bag led to a decrease in oxygen concentration and a slowed opening of the flowers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e. Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions of \u003cem\u003eGypsophila paniculata\u003c/em\u003e L. \u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u003c/strong\u003eBristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; (%) cut flowers open during the 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"727\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 547px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Storage period in days (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 304px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 218px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"15\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 727px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A= 2.875 \u0026nbsp;B= 2.875 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 6.429 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;CD (P=0.05) A= 2.795 \u0026nbsp;B= 2.795 \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 6.251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on fresh weight increase percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData concerning the impact of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on fresh weight percentage are displayed in (Table 4) these data showed that all MAP treatments recorded better fresh weight compared to passive-MAP and the control. At each season the highest fresh weight was obtained by MAP2 treatment. Generally, all treatments gave a higher fresh weight than the passive MAP and control. It can be observed from (Table 4) that the best storage period was 0 day compared with cut flowers stored for 20 days at 2\u0026deg;C, in two seasons. Similarly, in our study, flower weight and water uptake of cut gypsophila flowers were significantly increased after pretreatment with MAP2 (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) which may be due to the high carbon dioxide which reduced the microorganisms population. Also, MAP effectively reduced fresh weight loss, ethylene production, respiration rate, protease activity, and protein degradation. These results are in agreement with Panja \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018 who reported that cut flowers\u0026apos; weight increases due to water absorption through vessels. Also, these outcomes coincided with the findings of Aros \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., \u0026nbsp;(2017) who reported that MAP\u0026apos;s ability to maintain flower quality and extend vase life indicates a potentially positive effect on water uptake by reducing dehydration and maintaining hydration levels. Also, there are many researches focusing on water uptake dynamics under MAP conditions that could provide valuable insights into the mechanism behind the improved postharvest performance of flowers Poonsri ( 2021b) \u0026nbsp;they found that MAP treatment of Dendrobium orchids delayed weight loss, retained anthocyanin content, and reduced fresh weight loss, respiration rate, and protein degradation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e. Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on fresh weight increase percentage of \u003cem\u003eGypsophila paniculata\u003c/em\u003e L. \u0026ldquo;\u0026lsquo;Bristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"738\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP) (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 620px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 308px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 426px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A=1.176 \u0026nbsp; B= 1.176 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 2.629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A= 1.382 \u0026nbsp; B= 1.382 \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 3.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on water uptake\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData in Table (5) reveals that significant differences in water uptake by Gypsophila cut flowers, are influenced by the treatment. Initially, water uptake increased, with the highest in MAP2 treatment, followed by MAP1 treatment, and lowest in passive-MAP and control. Our results declared that water uptake of cut gypsophila flowers were observed after pretreatment with (90% N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.), possibly due to reduced microorganism populations. These outcomes coincided with the findings of Aros \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.,2017 who reported that \u0026nbsp;MAP\u0026apos;s ability to maintain flower quality and extend vase life indicates a potentially positive effect on water uptake by reducing dehydration and maintaining hydration levels. Also, there are many research focusing on water uptake dynamics under MAP conditions that could provide valuable insights into the mechanism behind the improved postharvest performance of flowers (Zeybekoğlu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e,2019 and Poonsri,2021b) they found that MAP treatment of Dendrobium orchids delayed weight loss, retained anthocyanin content, and reduced fresh weight loss, respiration rate, and protein degradation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e. Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on water uptake (g) of \u003cem\u003eGypsophila paniculata\u003c/em\u003e L. \u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u003c/strong\u003eBristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"740\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP) (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 622px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 299px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 323px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e47.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e51.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e59.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e52.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e44.78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e43.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e37.14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 417px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A=2.741 \u0026nbsp; B= 2.741 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 6.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 323px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; CD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A= 3.013 \u0026nbsp; B= 3.013 \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 6.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP1= Active MAP (90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEffect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on water loss\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData listed in Table (6) show that the effects of all modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and storage period on water loss were significant in gypsophila cut flowers. Our study showed increased water loss in gypsophila cut flowers stored for 20 days at 2\u0026deg;C compared to 0-day storage, with the lowest water loss achieved when stored for 0 day and MAP2 (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). Results presented in Table (6) show the significant differences in amounts of water loss by the gypsophila cut flowers, dependent on the treatments. These results may be due to MAP treatments \u0026nbsp; which help in preventing dehydration, which lead to wilting, shriveling, and loss of freshness. In summary, MAP can effectively reduce water loss in products, thereby enhancing their shelf life and maintaining their quality and freshness throughout storage \u0026nbsp;as MAP can slow down the rate of water loss from products by regulating the relative humidity inside the packaging. These results were in agreement with the findings of Aros \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.(2017) and Poonsri, (2021a) as they demonstrated that modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) effectively reduced fresh weight loss (FWL) in tulip flowers compared to conventional packaging. MAP\u0026apos;s ability to diminish FWL suggests that it can help in minimizing water loss during storage and transportation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e. Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on water loss (g) of \u003cem\u003eGypsophila paniculata\u003c/em\u003e L. \u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u003c/strong\u003eBristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"737\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP) (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 619px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 298px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21.24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30.90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e32.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA=2.664 \u0026nbsp; B= 2.664 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 5.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A= 3.049 \u0026nbsp; B= 3.049 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 6.818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6 Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on water balance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData recorded in Table (7) indicate that all modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), storage period and their interactions significantly increased water balance in gypsophila cut flowers compared to passive-MAP and control in both seasons. In summary, MAP can positively influence water balance by preventing dehydration and enhancing the vase life of flowers by creating a modified atmosphere that slows down aging processes. The present results were in agreement with those reported by Aros \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.(2017) as they reported that vase life is crucial for cut flower marketability and is influence by water balance, which is determined by transpiration and absorption. When transpiration exceeds absorption, turgor declines and wilting occurs. Treatments like abscisic acid, dark periods, and waxy coatings can extend vase life by maintaining turgor, closing stomata, and improving water balance. However, MAP\u0026apos;s effectiveness in reducing fresh weight loss (FWL) implies a potential impact on the water balance by minimizing water loss during storage. MAP\u0026apos;s ability to maintain a controlled atmosphere within the packaging may contribute to preserving the water content and hydration levels of the flowers (Poonsri,2021a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7\u003c/strong\u003e. Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on water balance (g) of \u003cem\u003eGypsophila paniculata\u003c/em\u003e L. \u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u003c/strong\u003eBristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"758\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP) (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 659px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 345px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 314px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-18.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-24.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-42.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-28.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-33.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-38.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+31.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+37.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+26.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+7.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+17.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+49.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+40.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+32.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+20.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+40.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+14.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+26.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e+32.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+25.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+14.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+36.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+27.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+13.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e+18.92\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8.80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-0.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-4.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+15.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 445px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A=1.644 \u0026nbsp; B= 1.644 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 3.675\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 314px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A= 1.850 \u0026nbsp; B= 1.850 \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 4.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP3 = Active MAP (80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.7. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on weight loss percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData presented in Table 8 shows an increase in the weight loss percentage of gypsophila plants with the prolongation of the storage period. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) can help reduce weight loss percentage in gypsophila cut flowers, by creating an environment with controlled humidity levels and gas composition. Thus, MAP can impact weight loss percentage:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.7.1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eReduced dehydration:\u0026nbsp;MAP can slow down the rate of water loss from gypsophila cut flowers by maintaining optimal humidity levels inside the packaging. This helps prevent excessive wilting and shrinkage, leading to a lower weight loss percentage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.7.2.Extended shelf life: By minimizing water loss, MAP contributes to prolonging the shelf life of gypsophila cut flowers as maintaining the right moisture balance inside the packaging helps preserve the freshness and appearance of the flowers, resulting in a lower weight loss percentage over time.. These results were in agreement with those of Roh et al. ( 2019)and Poonsri (2021b ).In summary, MAP plays a crucial role in preserving the freshness and quality of cut flowers, thereby significantly increasing their total life and providing opportunities for extended storage and transportation. These findings are in line with those previously obtained by Yahia and Singh (2009) who indicated that the rate of respiration and the generation of ethylene were decreased by higher CO2 and lower O2. Also, according to Andrew et al. (2009), low temperatures in conjunction with passive MAP have the potential to significantly increase the shelf life of cut flowers. Also, the storage life of the experimental gypsophila flowers (control, active, and passive MAP) ended if the flowers lasted less than seven days at room temperature due to the shorter vase life of the freshly cut gypsophila flowers according to Moradinezhad et al. (2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8\u003c/strong\u003e. Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on weight loss percentage of\u0026nbsp;Gypsophila paniculata\u0026nbsp;L. \u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u003c/strong\u003eBristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"743\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP) (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 632px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 315px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 426px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A=1.457 \u0026nbsp; B= 1.457 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 3.257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;CD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A= 1.425 \u0026nbsp;B= 1.425 \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 3.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP3 = Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.8. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on the total life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total life of\u0026nbsp;cut flowers refers to the duration they remain viable and presentable after harvest, including vase life, freshness, appearance, and overall quality. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) significantly extends the total life of cut flowers by providing a controlled atmosphere, preserving their freshness and quality, and enabling extended storage and transportation. In the current study, data displayed in (Table 9) pointed out that in all MAP treatments, the total life in cut gypsophila initially increased. According to the findings, gypsophila blossoms under normal atmospheric conditions had a considerably shorter storage life (p \u0026lt; 0.05) than those under passive and active MAP. The gypsophila blossoms packaged in PP had the longest average storage life (days) while using passive MAP. Increased CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and reduced O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e inside PP packaging may be the cause of this phenomenon. In summary, MAP plays a crucial role in preserving the freshness and quality of cut flowers, thereby significantly increasing their total life and providing opportunities for extended storage and transportation. These findings are in line with those previously obtained by Yahia and Singh (2009) who indicated that the rate of respiration and the generation of ethylene were decreased by higher CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and lower O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Also, according to Andrew et al. (2009) and Poonsri (2020) ,low temperatures in conjunction with passive MAP have the potential to significantly increase the shelf life of cut flowers. Also, The storage life of the experimental gypsophila flowers (control, active, and passive MAP) ended if the flowers lasted less than seven days at room temperature due to the shorter vase life of the freshly cut gypsophila flowers according to Moradinezhad et al.(2023) . \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Effect of storage periods, different MAP pretreatments, and their interactions on the total life\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eof\u0026nbsp;Gypsophila paniculata\u0026nbsp;L. \u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u003c/strong\u003eBristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"529\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP) (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Storage period in days (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeason 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeason 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP3 = Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.9. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on general appearance (score)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData listed in Table 10 revealed that the general appearance (GA) of gypsophila plants was affected by all MAP treatments. The appearance of flowers is crucial for marketing, with a change in leaf color from green to yellow indicating senescence due to chlorophyll decomposition. The MAP enhances flower quality during shipment, as evidenced by their higher turgidity and appearance compared to control flowers. Gaseous factors like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene impact gypsophila postharvest quality. Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels suppress plant respiration, delay maturation, and maintain harvest quality. Controlled and modified atmosphere packaging are beneficial. Appearance quality is the most important factor in the marketing of flowers and the beauty of flowers is crucial for marketing, as a change in leaf color from green to yellow in cut flowers indicates senescence. The study found that the general appearance (GA) of gypsophila plants was affected by all different MAP treatmentsThese results were in agreement with those of Ho\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;et al\u003c/em\u003e., (2014) ; Kubo, 2015; Shimizu-Yumoto and Ichimura (2016) and Poonsri (2021a). \u0026nbsp;Also, Nakayama \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2023) declared that MAP condition maintains flower quality in cut carnation flowers, preserving energy status and longevity after seven days. MAP storage enhances hypoxic signaling and metabolism genes, indicating their role in floral tissue homeostasis. Future research should focus on practical aspects and molecular responses to low-oxygen conditions in ornamental flowers. MAP box improved \u0026nbsp;of flower quality during shipment by controlling atmosphere composition. Poonsri (2021a) declared that MAP can help maintain the water balance within the packaging by controlling the relative humidity and gas composition. Properly regulated MAP can prevent excessive water loss from the flowers, reducing dehydration and maintaining their freshness and turgidity. Also, MAP has been shown to extend the vase life of flowers by creating an optimal atmosphere that slows down senescence processes. The controlled levels of CO2 and O2 in MAP can reduce respiration rates, ethylene production, and water loss, thereby prolonging the vase life of flowers stored in such conditions. In conclusion, MAP plays a crucial role in maintaining the general appearance of products by controlling various factors that affect visual quality, thereby enhancing the overall appeal and marketability of the product. \u003cem\u003eAros et al\u003c/em\u003e.(2017) study highlighted \u0026nbsp;the benefits of MAP in preserving tulip flowers\u0026apos; quality and extending their postharvest life by controlling gas concentrations within the packaging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 10. Effect of modified atmosphere packages on general appearance (score) of \u003cem\u003eGypsophila paniculata\u003c/em\u003e L. \u0026ldquo;\u0026lsquo;Bristol Fairy\u0026rsquo;\u0026rdquo; cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"737\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 629px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 314px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 315px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 422px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A=2.699 \u0026nbsp; B= 2.699 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 5.699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 315px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;CD (P=0.05) A= 2.848 \u0026nbsp;B= 2.848 \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 6.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP \u0026nbsp; (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp; 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP3 = Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.10. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on total chlorophyll content\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData illustrated in (Table 11) showed a significant reduction in total chlorophyll content in gypsophila cut flower plants during storage, due to chlorophyll degradation and the transformation of chloroplasts to chromoplasts. This is due to the gradual increase in chlorophyll destruction and the extension of gypsophila shelf life without significant changes in chlorophyll content and color parameters. The study also found that all MAP treatments significantly reduced total chlorophyll loss, with MAP2 at (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) being the most effective. Untreated gypsophila (control) was more susceptible to chlorophyll and carotenoid loss and yellowing during storage. These results were in agreement with those reported by Ichimura (2016) and Poonsri (2021a). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 11. Effect of modified atmosphere packages on total chlorophyll content (mg/g) of gypsophila cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"738\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 620px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 308px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 426px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A= 0.139 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;B= 0.139 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 0.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) \u0026nbsp;A= 0.152 \u0026nbsp;B= 0.152 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 0.340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP3 = Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.11. Effect of storage period, different map pretreatments, and their interactions on total carbohydrates percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData listed in (Table 12) reveals that the control resulted in the lowest total carbohydrates percentage in gypsophila cut flowers compared to other treatments in both seasons. MAP treatments influenced the total carbohydrates percentage in gypsophila cut flowers during storage. MAP2 treatment at (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) showed a unique increasing trend in total carbohydrates percentage until the 15th day over control and passive-MAP, respectively. High carbon dioxide and low oxygen content in MAP preserved total carbohydrates and reduced protein degradation in flower petals. The MAP treatments may enhance flower quality by reducing transpiration and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e diffusion, affecting flower metabolism and total carbohydrates percentage. It may also maintain lower temperatures during shipment. The present results are in agreement with those reported by Moradinezhad \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2023) who discovered that the MAP4 treatment (20 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, \u0026nbsp;and 10% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) on cut narcissus flowers resulted in a distinctive rising trend in total carbohydrates percentage: through the 12th day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 12. Effect of modified atmosphere packages on total carbohydrates percentage of gypsophila cut flowers during 2022 and 2023 seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"738\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MAP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 619px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage period in days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 311px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 308px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 430px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (P=0.05) A=0.821 \u0026nbsp; B= 0.821 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A\u0026times;B= 1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 308px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;CD (P=0.05) A= 0.840 \u0026nbsp;B= 0.840 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A\u0026times;B= 1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePassive-MAP = (78.97 \u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MAP1= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMAP2= Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nbsp;5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MAP3 = Active MAP \u0026nbsp;(80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions ","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is a valuable technique for extending the shelf life, preserving quality attributes, and maintaining the appearance of various products. By controlling the gas composition and humidity levels within the packaging, MAP can effectively reduce water loss, slow down respiration rates, inhibit ethylene production, and delay senescence processes. These factors collectively contribute to prolonging the freshness, enhancing the visual appearance, and improving the overall quality of products stored in MAP. MAP serves as a beneficial tool in floral industries, offering a reliable method to optimize storage conditions and ensure product integrity throughout the supply chain.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions: Conceptualization,\u003c/strong\u003e T.E.E., E.A.Kh., M.A.B\u0026nbsp;,A.Y.M\u003cstrong\u003e.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e and M.A.A.A.; methodology, T.E.E., E.A.Kh., M.A.A.A. and M.A.B.; software, T.E.E., M.A.A.A. and E.A.Kh.; formal analysis, E.A.Kh., M.A.A.A. and T.E.E..; investigation T.E.E.; resources, T.E.E.,\u0026nbsp;M.A.B , M.A.A.A., C.Y. and E.A.Kh.; writing—original draft preparation, T.E.E. and E.A.Kh.; writing—review and editing, T.E.E., C.Y. and M.A.A.A. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript. Also, all authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This work received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors express gratitude to Prof. Dr. Emam M.S. Nofal, Professor of Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture at the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh University, for his invaluable assistance and guidance throughout the manuscript review process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e All the authors declared that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhammed, G.J. and Li, X. 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CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2009, p. 397\u0026ndash;432.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"active packaging, cold storage, high carbon dioxide, gypsophila, modified atmosphere packages storage, relative fresh weight, water uptake","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5161163/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5161163/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGypsophila flowers hold significant economic value in the floriculture sector, used in cut flowers, decorations, and potted plants. Their lifespan is crucial for assessing quality, market value, and customer satisfaction. In the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons, this study was conducted in the Laboratory of Postharvest and Handling of Manufacturing Engineering and Food Packaging Res. Dept., Food Technology, Res. Inst., ARC at Giza and\u0026nbsp; Post-Harvest Lab. of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Dept., Hort. Res. Inst.; Giza, Egypt to investigate the impacts of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on several aspects of postharvest quality such as longevity, water loss, and water uptake on the quality characteristics of cut Gypsophila \u003cem\u003epaniculata\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;L. ‘Bristol Fairy’ flowers during storage. The following compositions of gases were examined: passive-MAP (78.97 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.03 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 21% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), MAP1 (90 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), MAP2 (85 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), MAP3 (80 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 15 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 5% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and control (Unpacked cut flowers). The findings demonstrated that MAP2 and polyethylene bags significantly enhanced water absorption, fresh weight, carbohydrates production, and appearance quality. The average storage life of gypsophila flowers under passive MAP was 19.07 days, with the longest being 29.42 days with MAP2 and polyethylene bags.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging on extending the postharvest life of Gypsophila paniculata l. ‘Bristol Fairy’ flowers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-18 05:59:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5161163/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"77725b5b-21e1-4842-b68a-2eaa1a1af078","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":39030460,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":39030461,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-05T06:24:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-18 05:59:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5161163","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5161163","identity":"rs-5161163","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}