A PDCA-Based Management Framework for Second-Life EV Batteries in Grid Applications

Second-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries offer an opportunity to enhance grid flexibility while supporting circular economy goals in the energy sector. This study develops a PDCA-based management framework for the effective deployment of second-life EV batteries in grid applications. The methodology integrates KPI monitoring for lifecycle performance, degradation tracking, and economic assessment, combined with trigger-based dispatch strategies to ensure optimal operation under varying demand and renewable generation conditions. Scenario analysis is applied to evaluate the framework’s adaptability and scalability in emerging energy markets, including Ukraine, using typical load profiles and renewable variability. Results demonstrate the framework's potential to improve the utilization of second-life batteries by reducing degradation rates, enhancing economic viability through improved dispatch strategies, and supporting grid stability through responsive control. The proposed approach facilitates structured integration of second-life batteries into power systems, maximizing their value while minimizing environmental impacts. This work contributes a replicable methodology for system operators and stakeholders aiming to implement second-life battery projects within flexible and sustainable energy systems.