Forecasting extremes of football players' performance in matches. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Forecasting extremes of football players' performance in matches. Michal Nowak, Bartosz Bok, Artur Wilczek, Mariusz Kamola, Łukasz Oleksy This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4071433/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 2 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Based on training history, accurate predictive modelling of an athlete's performance in competition can be a cornerstone for prior optimal planning of exercise mix and intensity. While universal in many sports, such a goal is challenging in football due to the complexity of factors leading to the final score and the complexity of the preceding training process. We developed and tested a range of models, the best of which were to forecast selected play performance indices with an accuracy of 10-20%. Such score applies to models run on raw player location data and aggregating performance indices developed with expert knowledge in the football training domain. Results show that individual player models perform better than collective ones and that more recent training data are better predictors. While we consider the accuracy of the models still of limited reliability, their transparency and present quality make them useful in the daily planning of training activities that impact player performance in the coming match. Additionally, observations of training parameters generated in short-term intervals are more effective and correlated with extreme match results than long-term dates. Specific training parameters may be key in predicting exceptional football player performance, but they may also vary from person to person. Health sciences/Health care/Quality of life Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computer science Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Scientific data Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 2 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 01 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Sep, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4071433","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":361240240,"identity":"53d92225-801a-11ef-91e4-06cc9d20a69f","order_by":0,"name":"Michal Nowak","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgY2BoYCKPMDA4MBkVog6pgZZxClhQFJCzMPMVp025mfPfhhwJDHL5H82Nh2j50xv0QC44ePObi1mB1mMzfsMWAolpyRZpyc8yzZTHJGArPkzG34tPCwSfAYMCRuuJ1gfDjnALONwe0ENmZeAlok/4C1pH8+bHGgnjgt0hBbcoyTGQ4cNiNCC5uZtIyBROLM+W+KDXsOHDeWnP+wGb9fzh9+Jvmmwiaxn+f4ZokfB6oN+3kOH/zwEY8WKJBA5jA2EFQ/CkbBKBgFowA/AAAyv0nLKjURkwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Collegium Medicum. Dr. Wladyslaw Bieganski, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 42-200 Czestochowa","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michal","middleName":"","lastName":"Nowak","suffix":""},{"id":361240248,"identity":"5d827f1a-801a-11ef-91e4-06cc9d20a69f","order_by":1,"name":"Bartosz Bok","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Institute NASK, Warszawa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bartosz","middleName":"","lastName":"Bok","suffix":""},{"id":361240249,"identity":"664b1645-801a-11ef-91e4-06cc9d20a69f","order_by":2,"name":"Artur Wilczek","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Institute NASK, Warszawa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Artur","middleName":"","lastName":"Wilczek","suffix":""},{"id":361240256,"identity":"6e84e811-801a-11ef-91e4-06cc9d20a69f","order_by":3,"name":"Mariusz Kamola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Institute NASK, Warszawa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mariusz","middleName":"","lastName":"Kamola","suffix":""},{"id":361240269,"identity":"7727a705-801a-11ef-91e4-06cc9d20a69f","order_by":4,"name":"Łukasz Oleksy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Łukasz","middleName":"","lastName":"Oleksy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-11 08:17:46","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4071433/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4071433/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78708-5","type":"published","date":"2024-11-09T15:57:50+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68750136,"identity":"7e063388-8a3e-4ab7-9de7-83c73e902e3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 16:10:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":518206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ScientificReportspredykcjaekstremowmeczowych5.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4071433/v2_covered_901a8405-6da7-4fbc-beff-d273f0ca3af3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Forecasting extremes of football players' performance in matches.","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4071433/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4071433/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Based on training history, accurate predictive modelling of an athlete's performance in competition can be a cornerstone for prior optimal planning of exercise mix and intensity. While universal in many sports, such a goal is challenging in football due to the complexity of factors leading to the final score and the complexity of the preceding training process. We developed and tested a range of models, the best of which were to forecast selected play performance indices with an accuracy of 10-20%. Such score applies to models run on raw player location data and aggregating performance indices developed with expert knowledge in the football training domain. Results show that individual player models perform better than collective ones and that more recent training data are better predictors. While we consider the accuracy of the models still of limited reliability, their transparency and present quality make them useful in the daily planning of training activities that impact player performance in the coming match. Additionally, observations of training parameters generated in short-term intervals are more effective and correlated with extreme match results than long-term dates. Specific training parameters may be key in predicting exceptional football player performance, but they may also vary from person to person.","manuscriptTitle":"Forecasting extremes of football players' performance in matches.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-10-01 17:32:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4071433/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-11T06:16:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-10T16:36:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-01T17:03:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"254638365435360592242703545449031931145","date":"2024-09-26T16:30:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"307131713641510443443872025219606796006","date":"2024-09-26T12:29:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-26T08:08:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-25T16:06:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-09-23T19:09:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-07 04:17:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4071433/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-28T05:13:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-27T05:24:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"307131713641510443443872025219606796006","date":"2024-08-07T00:51:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-30T11:14:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-20T15:02:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"254638365435360592242703545449031931145","date":"2024-07-13T10:11:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"164417589899953342480880939915134423745","date":"2024-07-12T07:42:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-10T09:07:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-03T06:57:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-29T13:19:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-27T11:49:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-03-11T07:57:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7e406d99-377d-4050-a92a-a1c21504cf1a","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":38434142,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Quality of life"},{"id":38434147,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computer science"},{"id":38434163,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Scientific data"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-11T16:05:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4071433","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78708-5","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-09 15:57:50","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 9th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-01 17:32:50","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-78708-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78708-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-4071433","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4071433","identity":"rs-4071433","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below.
Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure
cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can
have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy
(via DOI)
is the canonical version.