Characterization of spatial and temporal changes in water area in Kunming over the past 30 years

Characterization of spatial and temporal changes in water area in Kunming over the past 30 years | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Characterization of spatial and temporal changes in water area in Kunming over the past 30 years John Lee, Jianhua Li, Yilong peng, Bo Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3854132/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Watershed area is an important indicator reflecting the status of water resources and changes in the water environment, and its changes have a significant impact on ecosystem function, hydrological cycle and climate change. This paper analyzes the characteristics and causes of the long time series changes of the watershed area in Kunming City by using PIE-engine remote sensing computing cloud service platform, based on Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images, and adopting NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) index. The results show that the water area of Kunming City has shown a W-shaped trend in the past 30 years, with a dynamic fluctuation of decreasing and then increasing, then decreasing and then increasing. The change of water area in Kunming is mainly influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural factors mainly include climate change, and anthropogenic factors mainly include urban expansion, development and utilization of urban water resources, land use changes, water conservancy project construction and environmental pollution. This paper provides an effective methodology and data support for the monitoring and protection of the watershed area in Kunming by analyzing the characteristics of the change of the watershed area in the past 30 years. Kunming PIE-engine watershed area NDWI Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3854132","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":267559676,"identity":"b41ebe8e-2a1a-4684-bd8c-23e792fc01c1","order_by":0,"name":"John Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yunnan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"John","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":267559677,"identity":"18f55436-ca53-4a36-9979-a19d17035c1a","order_by":1,"name":"Jianhua Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA10lEQVRIie3PsQrCMBCA4UigXQJd4+IzHBSCQsBXuVKIS1HBFxAEXepe8SV8h2C7BF27Kbg6CF06CIq0m9Lq5pBvuQz3c4QQy/pXKOvHDWTvy0RVs5NMlf/lmTqh7KaD1mXI1un5jHLi8TAtJFAkrt7vGhNzGAGiGmwSFW4jcMaEKZU3JSKPBA9KDWCMTyNgM8KZaE5OV8ERNQzNsaB94MG8NclZlYAbU0oA2pOhiV6JAp4t/U4M6Dttf+mujOiWKMFb0Asp74+e5+q0MXnn/LZuWZZlffIEtLtE3NJnCZoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Yunnan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":267559678,"identity":"cb5370b8-57ce-4d3c-a106-a50b97e9c832","order_by":2,"name":"Yilong peng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yilong","middleName":"","lastName":"peng","suffix":""},{"id":267559679,"identity":"1d2b6f49-0451-42e9-a557-8eb1bd35ea0e","order_by":3,"name":"Bo Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bo","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-11 16:44:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3854132/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3854132/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49881454,"identity":"654dc717-6f02-48d2-ae5a-fc5a413bae22","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-19 16:07:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1613623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CharacterizationofspatialandtemporalchangesinwaterareainKunmingoverthepast30years.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3854132/v1_covered_d59bb4ab-449b-4f0a-9043-62e18868ca5e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Characterization of spatial and temporal changes in water area in Kunming over the past 30 years","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Kunming, PIE-engine, watershed area, NDWI","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3854132/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3854132/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWatershed area is an important indicator reflecting the status of water resources and changes in the water environment, and its changes have a significant impact on ecosystem function, hydrological cycle and climate change. This paper analyzes the characteristics and causes of the long time series changes of the watershed area in Kunming City by using PIE-engine remote sensing computing cloud service platform, based on Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images, and adopting NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) index. The results show that the water area of Kunming City has shown a W-shaped trend in the past 30 years, with a dynamic fluctuation of decreasing and then increasing, then decreasing and then increasing. The change of water area in Kunming is mainly influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural factors mainly include climate change, and anthropogenic factors mainly include urban expansion, development and utilization of urban water resources, land use changes, water conservancy project construction and environmental pollution. 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