Inter-eye comparison of ocular biometry, topography, and ocular aberrations in patients with unilateral high myopia

Inter-eye comparison of ocular biometry, topography, and ocular aberrations in patients with unilateral high myopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Inter-eye comparison of ocular biometry, topography, and ocular aberrations in patients with unilateral high myopia Mohit Pushpwan, Rahul Negi, Saloni Sinha, Ananya Nibandhe, Anubha Rathi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385211/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose To compare the optical and biometric properties of the highly myopic eye and less myopic eye of individuals with unilateral high myopia, and study the correlation of ocular biometry, topography, corneal, and internal aberrations in these eyes. Methods This retrospective analysis was conducted on 32 patients with unilateral high myopia. Biometric parameters, corneal topography, and wavefront aberrations were recorded in both eyes. Paired t-tests and MANOVA were used to compare parameters and analyse associations amongst ocular measurements. Results In unilateral high myopia, eyes with high myopia had significantly higher levels of internal aberrations than fellow less myopic eyes of the same individual ( p < 0.001). Corneal aberrations were similar between the eyes, except for a higher corneal trefoil 2 in high myopes (p = 0.043). The other biometric parameters did not differ significantly. In highly myopic eyes, the degree of internal aberrations showed a positive correlation with axial length, whereas total aberrations showed a marginal correlation with lens thickness and spherical equivalent. In less myopic eyes, specific aberrations correlated more with mean keratometry and spherical equivalent. Conclusion This study revealed that highly myopic eyes are associated with significantly more internal higher-order aberrations with axial length playing a dominant role in their development. In contrast, corneal curvature more strongly influences aberrations in less myopic eyes. These findings highlight the structural and optical complexities of high myopia and underscore the need for targeted interventions to enhance visual quality. Further longitudinal studies are essential to understand myopia progression and optimize corrective strategies. aberrations biometry high myopia anisomyopia unilateral high myopia biomechanics Introduction Myopia, also known as near-sightedness, is a prevalent vision disorder characterized by blurred distance vision and clear near vision. Axial myopia occurs when the eye's axial length is disproportionately long compared to its optical power. The global prevalence of myopia has increased at an alarming rate, posing a significant public health challenge. Current estimates suggest that roughly 30% of the world's population is myopic, with projections indicating this number could reach to 50% by 2050.[ 1 ] This increase is associated with several factors, including increased near-work activities, reduced time spent outdoors, and changes in visual environments. Individuals with high myopia, defined as a spherical equivalent of -6.00 diopters (D) or greater, are particularly susceptible to conditions such as retinal detachment, glaucoma, and myopic maculopathy. [ 2 , 3 ] The prevalence of anisometropia varies within the spectrum of myopia, with rates ranging from 0.6–4.3% in the general pediatric population and from 7–14%. [4] In school-aged children, the prevalence is reported to be around 13.2%. Anisometropia is more common in myopic individuals, with a higher prevalence in those with at least one myopic eye. [ 5 , 6 ] A less common but clinically significant form of anisometropia is unilateral high myopia, in which one eye exhibits a high degree of myopia, whereas the other eye has significantly lower myopia or even emmetropia. Children with unilateral high myopia are at risk of developing amblyopia, or "lazy eye," in the more myopic eye because the brain suppresses the blurred image from that eye. [ 7 , 8 ] The precise mechanisms driving the asymmetric development of refractive error in unilateral high myopia remain incompletely understood. Potential contributing factors include unequal visual input during critical periods of visual development, genetic factors influencing ocular development asymmetrically, and subtle variations in environmental exposure between the two eyes.[ 9 ] Extensive research has explored the optical and biometric characteristics of myopic eyes, revealing significant differences in axial length, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth, and lens power compared with emmetropic eyes. Studies comparing highly myopic eyes to those with low or moderate myopia have demonstrated greater axial elongation, deeper anterior chambers, and thinner lenses in the highly myopic group. [ 10 , 11 ] One such study found no significant interocular differences in individual Zernike terms, third, fourth, and fifth-order aberrations, or total higher-order aberrations.[ 12 ] When mechanical factors play a primary role in anisometropic eye development, we can observe variations in the biomechanical characteristics between the two eyes, including differences in corneal thickness, corneal hysteresis (CH), or intraocular pressure (IOP).Research has demonstrated that the thickness of the cornea is comparable between the eyes of individuals with anisometropia.[ 13 ] Nevertheless, certain investigations have indicated that in anisometropic patients, the eye with greater myopia tends to exhibit slightly lower corneal hysteresis (CH) values, indicating a potential decrease in the cornea's mechanical resilience. However, there is a gap in the research focusing on the comparative analysis of optical and biometric parameters between the two eyes of the same individuals with unilateral high myopia. A comprehensive understanding of these differences is crucial for optimizing refractive correction, managing potential complications, and gaining insight into the mechanisms underlying asymmetric ocular development. This could provide unique insights into the pathogenesis of myopia progression and its control. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating the optical and biometric differences between high myopic and less myopic eyes in individuals with unilateral high myopia. Furthermore, we will explore the correlation between aberrations, corneal metrics, and biometric parameters in both eyes. Using a unilateral high myopia model to understand myopia progression may be the way forward. Methodology This is a retrospective electronic medical records-based analysis of 32 consecutive patients with unilateral high myopia, defined as having a cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction of ≤ -6.00 D in one eye and low myopia (0.50D to -5.99D) in the fellow eye, seen at refractive surgery services of L V Prasad Eye Institute between the year 2020 to 2023. The study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) (LEC-BHR-R-159). Patients with a history of corneal pathologies (e.g., keratoconus), cataracts, glaucoma, or other significant ocular diseases that could affect biometry, topography, or aberration measurements were excluded from the study. The data collection process was systematic, to ensure accuracy and completeness. The following parameters were extracted for each eye. Ocular biometry measurements were performed using noncontact biometers. Corneal topography and other related matrices (keratometry readings, pachymetry, corneal biomechanical index, and IOP) were obtained using the Scheimpflug topography system Pentacam (Oculus Pentacam AXL, Pentacam.com) and Oculus Corvis ST. Corneal and internal aberration measurements were performed using ray-tracing aberrometry (Tracey Hoya i Trace, traceytechnologies.com). Data analysis Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 21) and Microsoft Excel 2021. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, were computed to characterize the distributions of ocular parameters. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data distributions. Data were subsequently transformed using base-10 logarithmic transformation (log10) to mitigate deviations from normality. To evaluate the relationships between ocular parameters in the more and less myopic eyes, paired t-tests were performed. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was employed to identify significant correlations between corneal and biometric parameters and ocular aberrations to explore the complex interplay among the various ocular parameters. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results Thirty-two patients (13 females and 19 males) with unilateral high myopia were included in this study. The median age of the participants was 26 years (interquartile range: 24–27. The mean spherical equivalent for the high myopic eyes was − 13.33 ± 6.71 diopters while the less myopic eyes had a mean spherical equivalent of -5.91 ± 1.61 D; p < 0.01. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly worse in eyes with high myopia, with a mean logMAR of 0.37, compared to 0.05 in the less myopic eyes ( p < 0.01). Analysis of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) revealed a mean total HOA of 0.62 ± 0.70 µm in the high myopic eyes and 0.42 ± 0.44 µm in the less myopic eyes; ( p = 0.193). The ocular biometry, corneal topography, and wavefront aberrometry of eyes with high myopia and low myopia are compared in Table 1 . Table 1 Comparison of ocular biometry, corneal topography, and aberrometry of high myopic and less myopic eyes Parameter More Myopic Less Myopic Mean Difference 95% CI Lower 95% CI Upper P Value (N = 32) (N = 32) Mean Keratometry (D) 44.30 ± 1.669 44.16 ± 1.695 0.137 -0.717 0.992 0.749 Anterior Chamber Depth (mm) 3.21 ± 0.239 3.20 ± 0.227 0.009 -0.11 0.127 0.884 Thinnest Corneal Thickness (µm) 513.39 ± 27.688 512.32 ± 25.243 1.065 -12.396 14.526 0.875 Spherical Equivalent (D) -13.33 ± 6.714 -5.91 ± 1.613 -7.419 -9.9 -4.938 < 0.01 Axial Length (AL) (mm) 28.69 ± 1.311 25.38 ± 0.715 3.306 2.769 3.843 < 0.01 Lens Thickness (LT) (mm) 3.56 ± 0.141 3.52 ± 0.148 0.042 -0.032 0.116 0.259 White-to-White Diameter (mm) 11.89 ± 0.489 11.92 ± 0.524 -0.032 -0.29 0.225 0.803 Total Higher Order Aberration (µm) 0.62 ± 0.696 0.42 ± 0.442 0.202 -0.105 0.106 0.193 Inter-eye comparison of optical, biometric, and biomechanical properties of the high myopic eye with the less myopic fellow eye using paired sample t-test is shown in Tables 2 , 3 , and 4 . Table 2 Inter-eye comparison of corneal biomechanics, IOP, Axial length, Pachymetry, and Spherical equivalent Pair Parameters Mean Difference Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean t p-value Correlation (r) 1 CBIMM - CBILM -0.003 0.13 0.02 -0.13 0.89 0.86 2 IOPMM - IOPLM 0.252 1.13 0.22 1.11 0.27 0.87 3 ALMM - ALLM 3.438 1.19 0.23 14.40 < 0.001 0.44 4 SEMM - SELM -8.875 3.25 0.65 -13.63 < 0.001 0.34 5 HIGHPACHY LOWPACHY 1.093 8.73 1.54 0.70 0.48 0.95 CBI, corneal biomechanical index; IOP: Intraocular pressure; AL: Axial length; SE: Spherical equivalent; MM, more myopes; LM: Less myopes. Table 3 Inter-eye comparison of optical parameters in more and less myopic eyes Paired Differences (HM-LM) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% CI Lower 95% CI Upper t Sig. (2-tailed) Internal coma 1 0.57 0.77 0.14 0.30 0.85 4.24 < 0.001 Internal coma 2 0.63 0.54 0.10 0.44 0.83 6.62 < 0.001 Internal trefoil 1 0.72 0.66 0.12 0.49 0.97 6.24 < 0.001 Internal trefoil 2 0.68 0.66 0.12 0.44 0.92 5.87 < 0.001 Internal tetrafoil 1 0.56 0.79 0.14 0.28 0.85 4.06 < 0.001 Internal tetrafoil 2 0.67 0.73 0.13 0.42 0.94 5.26 < 0.001 Corneal coma 1 0.19 0.62 0.11 -0.02 0.42 1.82 0.079 Corneal coma 2 0.04 0.73 0.13 -0.22 0.31 0.38 0.708 Corneal trefoil 1 0.26 0.87 0.15 -0.05 0.58 1.71 0.097 Corneal trefoil 2 0.26 0.72 0.13 0.01 0.53 2.11 0.043 Corneal tetrafoil 1 -0.01 0.57 0.10 -0.23 0.19 -0.18 0.856 Corneal tetrafoil 2 0.05 0.81 0.14 -0.23 0.35 0.40 0.692 Total coma 1 0.66 0.57 0.10 0.46 0.87 6.57 < 0.001 Total coma 2 0.72 0.97 0.17 0.37 1.07 4.20 < 0.001 Total trefoil 1 0.55 0.59 0.10 0.34 0.77 5.25 < 0.001 Total trefoil 2 0.65 0.71 0.13 0.39 0.90 5.12 < 0.001 Total tetrafoil 1 0.66 0.74 0.13 0.39 0.92 4.98 < 0.001 Total tetrafoil 2 0.75 0.72 0.13 0.49 1.01 5.85 < 0.001 High order aberrations 0.61 0.40 0.07 0.46 0.75 8.64 < 0.001 Table 4 Inter-eye comparison of biometric parameters in more and less myopic eyes High myope - Less myope Paired Differences t Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper 1 Axial length 3.30 1.17 0.20 2.88 3.7 15.91 < 0.001 2 Anterior chamber depth 0.008 0.08 0.015 -0.02 0.03 0.54 0.59 3 Pachymetry 1.09 8.73 1.54 -2.05 4.24 0.70 0.48 4 Mean keratometry 0.12 0.41 0.07 -0.01 0.27 1.77 0.08 5 Spherical Equivalent -8.08 4.26 0.75 -9.61 -6.54 -10.72 < 0.001 The analysis revealed significantly higher internal aberrations in the highly myopic eyes than in the less myopic eyes. Internal coma, trefoil, and tetrafoil aberrations were significantly greater in the eyes with high myopia ( p < 0.001). However, corneal aberrations, including coma, trefoil, and tetrafoil, did not show significant differences between eyes with high myopia and those with less myopia, except for corneal trefoil 2 ( p = 0.043). The total higher-order aberrations (HOA) were also significantly higher in eyes with high myopia ( p < 0.001). The axial length was significantly greater in high myopic eyes than in less myopic eyes ( p < 0.001), confirming their high myopic status. Other biometric parameters, biomechanics, and IOP, including anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, central corneal thickness, and mean keratometry, did not show significant differences ( p > 0.05). Refractive error analysis demonstrated a significantly higher myopic spherical equivalent in eyes with high myopia ( p < 0.001), further supporting the distinction between the two groups. The correlation of corneal and biometric parameters with aberrations in the high myopic eye and less myopic eye is depicted in Tables 5 and 6 . Table 5 Correlation of corneal and biometric parameters with aberrations in high myopic eye Category (high myopic eye) Variable F-value p-value Partial η² Axial Length Internal coma 2 Internal tetrafoil 2 Corneal Coma 2 6.60 7.50 6.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.23 0.19 Total Tetrafoil 2 5.41 0.02 0.17 Corneal Trefoil 1 3.85 0.06 0.13 Lens Thickness Total Coma 2 4.02 0.05 0.13 Total Trefoil 2 3.82 0.06 0.13 Spherical Equivalent Total Trefoil 2 10.35 0.004 0.29 Total HOA 3.63 0.06 0.12 Other Parameters Anterior Chamber Depth Corneal Pachymetry Mean Keratometry Table 6 Correlation of corneal and biometric parameters with aberrations in less myopic eye Category (less myopic eye) Variable F-value p-value Partial η² Mean Keratometry Internal tetrafoil 2 Total Tetrafoil 2 5.400 4.621 0.029 0.041 0.178 0.156 Spherical Equivalent Total Tetrafoil 2 8.372 0.008 0.251 Anterior Chamber Depth Total Tetrafoil 2 3.368 0.078 0.119 Axial Length No significant effect Lens Thickness No significant effect Corneal Pachymetry No significant effect Data availability statement The data supporting this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. In highly myopic eyes, the degree of internal aberrations showed a positive correlation with axial length, whereas total aberrations showed a marginal correlation with lens thickness and spherical equivalent. In less myopic eyes, the presence of specific aberrations correlated with mean keratometry and spherical equivalent. Discussion This study provides an inter-eye comparison of ocular biometric and optical properties of high- and less-myopic eyes of individuals with unilateral high myopia, along with a correlation between corneal topography, ocular biometry, and ocular aberrations, which are insightful and reveal significant inter-eye disparities that contribute to a deeper understanding of this condition. These findings underscore the complexity of myopic anisometropia, suggesting that it involves axial elongation and a cascade of optical changes that may degrade visual quality in the more myopic eye. The demographic data indicated a young cohort (median age 26 years), consistent with the understanding that myopia, particularly high myopia, often develops and progresses during childhood and adolescence before stabilizing in early adulthood.[ 14 ] The significant difference in refractive error between the two eyes ( p < 0.01) is the defining characteristic of unilateral high myopia, and our results quantitatively demonstrate the extent of this difference, with a mean spherical equivalent difference of -7.42 D. This substantial anisometropia likely contributed to the observed difference in BCVA, with more myopic eyes exhibiting poor visual acuity. The significantly greater axial length (AL) in high myopic eyes (28.69 ± 1.31 mm vs. 25.38 ± 0.72 mm, p < 0.01) supports the established link between axial elongation and myopia. [15] This elongation, which causes light to focus in front of the retina, is a key driver of myopic refractive error. Our study found a significant 3.306 mm difference in AL between the eyes, confirming axial length as a major factor in anisometropic myopia. This study noted that high myopic eyes had a substantially greater total HOA (0.62 ± 0.70 µm vs. 0.42 ± 0.44 µm, p < 0.01) as compared to low myopic eyes. The substantial increase in certain internal aberrations, such as coma, trefoil, and tetrafoil, strongly implies that more myopic eyes experience deteriorated optical quality that extends beyond simple defocus. Most studies have shown that third, fourth, and coma-like RMS values are higher in myopes than in emmetropes and hyperopes. [ 15 , 16 ] However, other studies found symmetry in HOAs in both eyes in anisometropes. [ 17 , 18 ] This study concluded that AL is the most influential predictor of aberrations in high myopia, showing a significant association between AL and internal coma, internal tetrafoil, corneal coma, and total tetrafoil. This finding aligns with previous studies, which have reported that axial elongation is strongly correlated with an increase in internal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) due to structural changes in the posterior segment and the crystalline lens.[ 19 ] Excessive axial elongation can cause optical distortions and increase spherical aberrations and coma, contributing to reduced visual quality.[ 20 ] Interestingly, while axial length significantly influenced internal aberrations, corneal aberrations were largely unaffected, except for corneal trefoil 2. This supports previous findings that, although total higher-order aberrations increased with the degree of myopia, this increase was not primarily attributed to the cornea. They suggested that internal aberrations play a more significant role in the degraded optical quality of highly myopic eyes. [ 21 , 22 ] Lens thickness showed a marginal association with total coma 2 and total trefoil 2, indicating the possible contribution of lens structure to specific aberrations in more myopic eyes. This finding needs to be validated with a larger sample size and could provide possible answers to the pathogenesis of unilateral high myopia. Furthermore, the spherical equivalent was significantly related to the total trefoil 2, highlighting the impact of refractive error severity on HOAs. However, other biometric parameters, including anterior chamber depth, corneal pachymetry, and mean keratometry, did not show significant associations, suggesting that they are not primary contributors to optical aberrations in highly myopic eyes, which is consistent with prior studies.[ 23 ] In contrast to high myopia, mean keratometry and spherical have emerged as the strongest predictors of aberrations in less myopic eyes. Mean keratometry showed a significant association with total Tetrafoil 2, indicating that corneal curvature influences specific HOAs in less myopia. This agrees with previous research indicating that mild myopic eyes show greater corneal contributions to aberrations than highly myopic eyes.[ 22 ] Similarly, the spherical equivalent demonstrated a significant relationship with the total tetrafoil 2, with a relatively strong effect size, reinforcing the role of refractive status in determining optical aberrations. These findings align with studies suggesting that less myopic eyes have more regular corneal surfaces, leading to a stronger correlation between refractive error and aberrations.[ 22 ] Anterior chamber depth exhibited a marginal association with total tetrafoil 2, implying a potential but weaker influence. However, axial length, lens thickness, and corneal pachymetry did not show significant effects, indicating that they are less relevant for predicting aberrations in less myopic eyes. Earlier studies have reported a steeper corneal curvature and deeper anterior chamber depth in patients with unilateral high myopia, while lens thickness remains relatively unchanged compared to other refractive groups. [ 11 , 24 ] However, we found interocular symmetry in other parameters, such as mean keratometry, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and pachymetry of more myopic eyes and fellow eyes. Similar findings have been reported in another study where axial length and vitreous depth were noted to increase significantly with higher degrees of myopia; parameters such as corneal curvature and lens thickness did not show significant changes.[ 23 ] Specifically, the study reported no significant change in mean corneal curvature values for low myopia ( -6D). Similarly, lens thickness measurements showed no significant differences among the three grades of myopia.[ 23 ] We observed a high degree of interocular symmetry when measuring the corneal biomechanical index. The corneal biomechanical index is positively correlated with central corneal thickness and is reduced in conditions associated with corneal thinning, such as advanced keratoconus and post-LASIK cornea.[ 25 ] In a study of anisometropia in high myopia, Xu et al. found a slight but statistically significant decrease in CH in the more myopic eye than in the partner eye. These decreased CH values in high myopia may be associated with a stretched or weak sclera. Our group of high anisometropes did not exhibit such an association.[ 13 ] Age, blood pressure, sex, corneal thickness, and curvature can all affect how much intraocular pressure is measured. Our results are in line with earlier research on IOP in anisometropia.[ 26 ] There was no association between the degree of anisometropia and interocular difference in IOP, nor were there any discernible differences in IOP between the more and less ametropic eyes. The exact mechanisms that drive the development of unilateral high myopia remain unclear. Genetic predisposition likely plays a role, as evidenced by familial aggregation of the condition.[ 27 ] However, environmental factors, such as near work and limited outdoor exposure, have also been implicated in the progression.[ 28 ] It is plausible that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may lead to asymmetric ocular development, resulting in one eye becoming significantly more myopic than the other. The observed increase in HOAs in eyes with high myopia could be a consequence of altered biomechanical properties of the sclera and choroid associated with axial elongation. [ 29 , 30 ] As the eye elongates, the sclera undergoes remodelling, which might induce asymmetric stresses on the cornea, lens, and internal part of the eye, leading to increased aberrations. The correlation between the axial length and internal aberrations supports this hypothesis. The marginal correlation with lens thickness should also be validated in a study involving a larger group of patients. This study enriches the literature in terms of understanding the anatomical, optical, and biomechanical properties of the two eyes of the same individual with significant inter-eye asymmetry in terms of refractive error. These findings also hold value in clinical decision-making, particularly in refractive surgery, where inter-eye disparity in aberration profiles can affect the quality of image, fusion, and stereopsis post-surgery. Conclusion This study provides compelling evidence that unilateral high myopia is characterized not only by axial elongation but also by significant alterations in the optical quality of the eye, particularly increased internal HOAs. While axial length is the primary driver of refractive error in eyes with high myopia, our findings demonstrate that it also strongly correlates with elevated internal aberrations, likely due to structural changes in the posterior segment and the crystalline lens. In less myopic eyes, corneal curvature (mean keratometry) and spherical equivalent have emerged as the main predictors of aberrations, particularly total tetrafoil 2. This highlights the contribution of the cornea to the optical profile in less myopic eyes compared to highly myopic eyes. Future Directions Our study emphasizes that high myopia involves a complex interplay of axial elongation, lenticular changes, and potentially subtle corneal alterations that collectively contribute to significant degradation in optical quality. This deeper understanding of the optical changes in unilateral high myopia can be used as a learning model to develop targeted interventions aimed at improving visual outcomes for individuals with this condition, potentially focusing on strategies to address lenticular aberrations or prevent myopia progression. Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the causal relationships between axial elongation, aberration development, and myopia progression Future research should examine how various treatment approaches, such as contact lenses or orthokeratology, affect the development of anisometropia and the decrease in HOAs in unilateral high myopia. It would be useful to determine whether amblyopia therapy alters aberration profiles in children longitudinally. Additionally, investigating the genetic foundations of this disorder may provide certain biomarkers that can be used to guide early intervention techniques and predict the likelihood of developing unilateral high myopia. Declarations Data availability statement The data supporting this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Funding statement This research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Conflict of interest disclosure The authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethics approval statement This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the LVPEI, Hyderabad (LEC-BHR-R-159). All procedures were conducted according to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines. Patient consent statement The requirement for informed consent was waived by the [Name of Ethics Committee] due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission to reproduce material from other sources The authors have created all figures and tables in this manuscript and did not require permission. Author contributions A.R. conceived and designed the study, developed the methodology, supervised the project, and reviewed the manuscript. M.P. conceptualized the study, developed the methodology, collected and analyzed the data, created visualizations, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. R.N. contributed to formal analysis and reviewed the manuscript. A. N. Contributed to methodology development and data collection, and S. S. contributed to methodology development and formal analysis. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript. 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Liu Y, Wang L, Xu Y, Pang Z, Mu G. The influence of the choroid on the onset and development of myopia: from perspectives of choroidal thickness and blood flow. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2021;99:730-8. Jonas JB, Bikbov MM, Wang YX, Jonas RA, Panda-Jonas S. Anatomic peculiarities associated with axial elongation of the myopic eye. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12:1317. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6385211","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":451353199,"identity":"ffe69534-3a12-45b9-9467-5548d729d777","order_by":0,"name":"Mohit Pushpwan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LV Prasad Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohit","middleName":"","lastName":"Pushpwan","suffix":""},{"id":451353202,"identity":"50e5ca99-a585-493d-a6ff-c46033b64ea9","order_by":1,"name":"Rahul Negi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"L V Prasad Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rahul","middleName":"","lastName":"Negi","suffix":""},{"id":451353208,"identity":"3aff409e-af61-4ca0-9a75-0fd9ac2c887d","order_by":2,"name":"Saloni Sinha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saloni","middleName":"","lastName":"Sinha","suffix":""},{"id":451353209,"identity":"456b86bc-f095-4cf0-8c87-c6128a45b5d4","order_by":3,"name":"Ananya Nibandhe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ananya","middleName":"","lastName":"Nibandhe","suffix":""},{"id":451353214,"identity":"31bd955a-46d9-42ff-9897-289981603838","order_by":4,"name":"Anubha Rathi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0DM2HCAgZ8dxDMgRYtkM8laDA4T6y6+24efPebdcUfe+DCP2YMPBQxy5v0L8GuRPJdmbsx75pnhtsM85oYzDBiMZW48wK/F4AyDmTRv22HGbYfZ0qR5DBgSZ0gcIKSF/RtIi/3mZqCWP8Rp4QHbkriBmfmYNANIC38DAb+c4SmTnHvmcPKMw8zHDXsMJIwlJPDrYOA7w75N4u2Ow7b97Y1tD378sZGT4CfgMGTABsRAKyQSSNMCBKTYMgpGwSgYBSMCAABpCUOdt1fYvAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anubha","middleName":"","lastName":"Rathi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-06 07:08:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385211/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385211/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91270100,"identity":"93841c9e-3511-4dfc-9485-5a3c681410bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-14 10:01:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1180299,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6385211/v1/2667011e-6810-42e0-bb50-bd0615785526.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Inter-eye comparison of ocular biometry, topography, and ocular aberrations in patients with unilateral high myopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMyopia, also known as near-sightedness, is a prevalent vision disorder characterized by blurred distance vision and clear near vision. Axial myopia occurs when the eye's axial length is disproportionately long compared to its optical power.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global prevalence of myopia has increased at an alarming rate, posing a significant public health challenge. Current estimates suggest that roughly 30% of the world's population is myopic, with projections indicating this number could reach to 50% by 2050.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] This increase is associated with several factors, including increased near-work activities, reduced time spent outdoors, and changes in visual environments. Individuals with high myopia, defined as a spherical equivalent of -6.00 diopters (D) or greater, are particularly susceptible to conditions such as retinal detachment, glaucoma, and myopic maculopathy. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of anisometropia varies within the spectrum of myopia, with rates ranging from 0.6\u0026ndash;4.3% in the general pediatric population and from 7\u0026ndash;14%.\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e In school-aged children, the prevalence is reported to be around 13.2%. Anisometropia is more common in myopic individuals, with a higher prevalence in those with at least one myopic eye. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA less common but clinically significant form of anisometropia is unilateral high myopia, in which one eye exhibits a high degree of myopia, whereas the other eye has significantly lower myopia or even emmetropia. Children with unilateral high myopia are at risk of developing amblyopia, or \"lazy eye,\" in the more myopic eye because the brain suppresses the blurred image from that eye. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe precise mechanisms driving the asymmetric development of refractive error in unilateral high myopia remain incompletely understood. Potential contributing factors include unequal visual input during critical periods of visual development, genetic factors influencing ocular development asymmetrically, and subtle variations in environmental exposure between the two eyes.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensive research has explored the optical and biometric characteristics of myopic eyes, revealing significant differences in axial length, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth, and lens power compared with emmetropic eyes. Studies comparing highly myopic eyes to those with low or moderate myopia have demonstrated greater axial elongation, deeper anterior chambers, and thinner lenses in the highly myopic group. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] One such study found no significant interocular differences in individual Zernike terms, third, fourth, and fifth-order aberrations, or total higher-order aberrations.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen mechanical factors play a primary role in anisometropic eye development, we can observe variations in the biomechanical characteristics between the two eyes, including differences in corneal thickness, corneal hysteresis (CH), or intraocular pressure (IOP).Research has demonstrated that the thickness of the cornea is comparable between the eyes of individuals with anisometropia.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] Nevertheless, certain investigations have indicated that in anisometropic patients, the eye with greater myopia tends to exhibit slightly lower corneal hysteresis (CH) values, indicating a potential decrease in the cornea's mechanical resilience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, there is a gap in the research focusing on the comparative analysis of optical and biometric parameters between the two eyes of the same individuals with unilateral high myopia. A comprehensive understanding of these differences is crucial for optimizing refractive correction, managing potential complications, and gaining insight into the mechanisms underlying asymmetric ocular development. This could provide unique insights into the pathogenesis of myopia progression and its control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to address this gap by investigating the optical and biometric differences between high myopic and less myopic eyes in individuals with unilateral high myopia. Furthermore, we will explore the correlation between aberrations, corneal metrics, and biometric parameters in both eyes. Using a unilateral high myopia model to understand myopia progression may be the way forward.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a retrospective electronic medical records-based analysis of 32 consecutive patients with unilateral high myopia, defined as having a cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction of \u0026le; -6.00 D in one eye and low myopia (0.50D to -5.99D) in the fellow eye, seen at refractive surgery services of L V Prasad Eye Institute between the year 2020 to 2023. The study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) (LEC-BHR-R-159).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients with a history of corneal pathologies (e.g., keratoconus), cataracts, glaucoma, or other significant ocular diseases that could affect biometry, topography, or aberration measurements were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collection process was systematic, to ensure accuracy and completeness. The following parameters were extracted for each eye. Ocular biometry measurements were performed using noncontact biometers. Corneal topography and other related matrices (keratometry readings, pachymetry, corneal biomechanical index, and IOP) were obtained using the Scheimpflug topography system Pentacam (Oculus Pentacam AXL, Pentacam.com) and Oculus Corvis ST. Corneal and internal aberration measurements were performed using ray-tracing aberrometry (Tracey Hoya i Trace, traceytechnologies.com).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 21) and Microsoft Excel 2021. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, were computed to characterize the distributions of ocular parameters. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data distributions. Data were subsequently transformed using base-10 logarithmic transformation (log10) to mitigate deviations from normality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the relationships between ocular parameters in the more and less myopic eyes, paired t-tests were performed. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was employed to identify significant correlations between corneal and biometric parameters and ocular aberrations to explore the complex interplay among the various ocular parameters. Significance was defined as p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThirty-two patients (13 females and 19 males) with unilateral high myopia were included in this study. The median age of the participants was 26 years (interquartile range: 24\u0026ndash;27. The mean spherical equivalent for the high myopic eyes was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.71 diopters while the less myopic eyes had a mean spherical equivalent of -5.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.61 D; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly worse in eyes with high myopia, with a mean logMAR of 0.37, compared to 0.05 in the less myopic eyes (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Analysis of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) revealed a mean total HOA of 0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70 \u0026micro;m in the high myopic eyes and 0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44 \u0026micro;m in the less myopic eyes; (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.193). The ocular biometry, corneal topography, and wavefront aberrometry of eyes with high myopia and low myopia are compared in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of ocular biometry, corneal topography, and aberrometry of high myopic and less myopic eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore Myopic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess Myopic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI Lower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI Upper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean Keratometry (D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnterior Chamber Depth (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThinnest Corneal Thickness (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e513.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.526\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpherical Equivalent (D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAxial Length (AL) (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLens Thickness (LT) (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhite-to-White Diameter (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Higher Order Aberration (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInter-eye comparison of optical, biometric, and biomechanical properties of the high myopic eye with the less myopic fellow eye using paired sample t-test is shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInter-eye comparison of corneal biomechanics, IOP, Axial length, Pachymetry, and Spherical equivalent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation (r)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBIMM - CBILM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIOPMM - IOPLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eALMM - ALLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEMM - SELM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIGHPACHY LOWPACHY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eCBI, corneal biomechanical index; IOP: Intraocular pressure; AL: Axial length; SE: Spherical equivalent; MM, more myopes; LM: Less myopes.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInter-eye comparison of optical parameters in more and less myopic eyes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(HM-LM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI Lower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI Upper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal coma 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal coma 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal trefoil 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal trefoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal tetrafoil 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal coma 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal coma 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal trefoil 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal trefoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal tetrafoil 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal coma 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal coma 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal trefoil 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal trefoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal tetrafoil 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh order aberrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInter-eye comparison of biometric parameters in more and less myopic eyes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh myope - Less myope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval of the Difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAxial length\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnterior chamber depth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePachymetry\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean keratometry\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpherical Equivalent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis revealed significantly higher internal aberrations in the highly myopic eyes than in the less myopic eyes. Internal coma, trefoil, and tetrafoil aberrations were significantly greater in the eyes with high myopia (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). However, corneal aberrations, including coma, trefoil, and tetrafoil, did not show significant differences between eyes with high myopia and those with less myopia, except for corneal trefoil 2 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043). The total higher-order aberrations (HOA) were also significantly higher in eyes with high myopia (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe axial length was significantly greater in high myopic eyes than in less myopic eyes (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), confirming their high myopic status. Other biometric parameters, biomechanics, and IOP, including anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, central corneal thickness, and mean keratometry, did not show significant differences (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefractive error analysis demonstrated a significantly higher myopic spherical equivalent in eyes with high myopia (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), further supporting the distinction between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation of corneal and biometric parameters with aberrations in the high myopic eye and less myopic eye is depicted in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation of corneal and biometric parameters with aberrations in high myopic eye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(high myopic eye)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial η\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAxial Length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal coma 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal Coma 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal Trefoil 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLens Thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Coma 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Trefoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpherical Equivalent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Trefoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal HOA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior Chamber Depth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal Pachymetry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Keratometry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation of corneal and biometric parameters with aberrations in less myopic eye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(less myopic eye)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial η\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Keratometry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.029\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.041\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpherical Equivalent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior Chamber Depth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Tetrafoil 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAxial Length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLens Thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorneal Pachymetry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eData availability statement\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eThe data supporting this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn highly myopic eyes, the degree of internal aberrations showed a positive correlation with axial length, whereas total aberrations showed a marginal correlation with lens thickness and spherical equivalent. In less myopic eyes, the presence of specific aberrations correlated with mean keratometry and spherical equivalent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides an inter-eye comparison of ocular biometric and optical properties of high- and less-myopic eyes of individuals with unilateral high myopia, along with a correlation between corneal topography, ocular biometry, and ocular aberrations, which are insightful and reveal significant inter-eye disparities that contribute to a deeper understanding of this condition. These findings underscore the complexity of myopic anisometropia, suggesting that it involves axial elongation and a cascade of optical changes that may degrade visual quality in the more myopic eye.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe demographic data indicated a young cohort (median age 26 years), consistent with the understanding that myopia, particularly high myopia, often develops and progresses during childhood and adolescence before stabilizing in early adulthood.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] The significant difference in refractive error between the two eyes (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) is the defining characteristic of unilateral high myopia, and our results quantitatively demonstrate the extent of this difference, with a mean spherical equivalent difference of -7.42 D. This substantial anisometropia likely contributed to the observed difference in BCVA, with more myopic eyes exhibiting poor visual acuity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe significantly greater axial length (AL) in high myopic eyes (28.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31 mm vs. 25.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72 mm, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) supports the established link between axial elongation and myopia.\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e This elongation, which causes light to focus in front of the retina, is a key driver of myopic refractive error. Our study found a significant 3.306 mm difference in AL between the eyes, confirming axial length as a major factor in anisometropic myopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study noted that high myopic eyes had a substantially greater total HOA (0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70 \u0026micro;m vs. 0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44 \u0026micro;m, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) as compared to low myopic eyes. The substantial increase in certain internal aberrations, such as coma, trefoil, and tetrafoil, strongly implies that more myopic eyes experience deteriorated optical quality that extends beyond simple defocus. Most studies have shown that third, fourth, and coma-like RMS values are higher in myopes than in emmetropes and hyperopes. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] However, other studies found symmetry in HOAs in both eyes in anisometropes. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study concluded that AL is the most influential predictor of aberrations in high myopia, showing a significant association between AL and internal coma, internal tetrafoil, corneal coma, and total tetrafoil. This finding aligns with previous studies, which have reported that axial elongation is strongly correlated with an increase in internal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) due to structural changes in the posterior segment and the crystalline lens.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] Excessive axial elongation can cause optical distortions and increase spherical aberrations and coma, contributing to reduced visual quality.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly, while axial length significantly influenced internal aberrations, corneal aberrations were largely unaffected, except for corneal trefoil 2. This supports previous findings that, although total higher-order aberrations increased with the degree of myopia, this increase was not primarily attributed to the cornea. They suggested that internal aberrations play a more significant role in the degraded optical quality of highly myopic eyes. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLens thickness showed a marginal association with total coma 2 and total trefoil 2, indicating the possible contribution of lens structure to specific aberrations in more myopic eyes. This finding needs to be validated with a larger sample size and could provide possible answers to the pathogenesis of unilateral high myopia. Furthermore, the spherical equivalent was significantly related to the total trefoil 2, highlighting the impact of refractive error severity on HOAs. However, other biometric parameters, including anterior chamber depth, corneal pachymetry, and mean keratometry, did not show significant associations, suggesting that they are not primary contributors to optical aberrations in highly myopic eyes, which is consistent with prior studies.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast to high myopia, mean keratometry and spherical have emerged as the strongest predictors of aberrations in less myopic eyes. Mean keratometry showed a significant association with total Tetrafoil 2, indicating that corneal curvature influences specific HOAs in less myopia. This agrees with previous research indicating that mild myopic eyes show greater corneal contributions to aberrations than highly myopic eyes.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the spherical equivalent demonstrated a significant relationship with the total tetrafoil 2, with a relatively strong effect size, reinforcing the role of refractive status in determining optical aberrations. These findings align with studies suggesting that less myopic eyes have more regular corneal surfaces, leading to a stronger correlation between refractive error and aberrations.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] Anterior chamber depth exhibited a marginal association with total tetrafoil 2, implying a potential but weaker influence. However, axial length, lens thickness, and corneal pachymetry did not show significant effects, indicating that they are less relevant for predicting aberrations in less myopic eyes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarlier studies have reported a steeper corneal curvature and deeper anterior chamber depth in patients with unilateral high myopia, while lens thickness remains relatively unchanged compared to other refractive groups. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, we found interocular symmetry in other parameters, such as mean keratometry, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and pachymetry of more myopic eyes and fellow eyes. Similar findings have been reported in another study where axial length and vitreous depth were noted to increase significantly with higher degrees of myopia; parameters such as corneal curvature and lens thickness did not show significant changes.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] Specifically, the study reported no significant change in mean corneal curvature values for low myopia (\u0026lt; -3D), moderate myopia, and high myopia (\u0026gt; -6D). Similarly, lens thickness measurements showed no significant differences among the three grades of myopia.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe observed a high degree of interocular symmetry when measuring the corneal biomechanical index. The corneal biomechanical index is positively correlated with central corneal thickness and is reduced in conditions associated with corneal thinning, such as advanced keratoconus and post-LASIK cornea.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study of anisometropia in high myopia, Xu et al. found a slight but statistically significant decrease in CH in the more myopic eye than in the partner eye. These decreased CH values in high myopia may be associated with a stretched or weak sclera. Our group of high anisometropes did not exhibit such an association.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] Age, blood pressure, sex, corneal thickness, and curvature can all affect how much intraocular pressure is measured. Our results are in line with earlier research on IOP in anisometropia.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] There was no association between the degree of anisometropia and interocular difference in IOP, nor were there any discernible differences in IOP between the more and less ametropic eyes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe exact mechanisms that drive the development of unilateral high myopia remain unclear. Genetic predisposition likely plays a role, as evidenced by familial aggregation of the condition.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] However, environmental factors, such as near work and limited outdoor exposure, have also been implicated in the progression.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] It is plausible that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may lead to asymmetric ocular development, resulting in one eye becoming significantly more myopic than the other. The observed increase in HOAs in eyes with high myopia could be a consequence of altered biomechanical properties of the sclera and choroid associated with axial elongation. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] As the eye elongates, the sclera undergoes remodelling, which might induce asymmetric stresses on the cornea, lens, and internal part of the eye, leading to increased aberrations. The correlation between the axial length and internal aberrations supports this hypothesis. The marginal correlation with lens thickness should also be validated in a study involving a larger group of patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study enriches the literature in terms of understanding the anatomical, optical, and biomechanical properties of the two eyes of the same individual with significant inter-eye asymmetry in terms of refractive error. These findings also hold value in clinical decision-making, particularly in refractive surgery, where inter-eye disparity in aberration profiles can affect the quality of image, fusion, and stereopsis post-surgery.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides compelling evidence that unilateral high myopia is characterized not only by axial elongation but also by significant alterations in the optical quality of the eye, particularly increased internal HOAs. While axial length is the primary driver of refractive error in eyes with high myopia, our findings demonstrate that it also strongly correlates with elevated internal aberrations, likely due to structural changes in the posterior segment and the crystalline lens. In less myopic eyes, corneal curvature (mean keratometry) and spherical equivalent have emerged as the main predictors of aberrations, particularly total tetrafoil 2. This highlights the contribution of the cornea to the optical profile in less myopic eyes compared to highly myopic eyes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFuture Directions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study emphasizes that high myopia involves a complex interplay of axial elongation, lenticular changes, and potentially subtle corneal alterations that collectively contribute to significant degradation in optical quality. This deeper understanding of the optical changes in unilateral high myopia can be used as a learning model to develop targeted interventions aimed at improving visual outcomes for individuals with this condition, potentially focusing on strategies to address lenticular aberrations or prevent myopia progression. Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the causal relationships between axial elongation, aberration development, and myopia progression\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture research should examine how various treatment approaches, such as contact lenses or orthokeratology, affect the development of anisometropia and the decrease in HOAs in unilateral high myopia. It would be useful to determine whether amblyopia therapy alters aberration profiles in children longitudinally. Additionally, investigating the genetic foundations of this disorder may provide certain biomarkers that can be used to guide early intervention techniques and predict the likelihood of developing unilateral high myopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest disclosure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the LVPEI, Hyderabad (LEC-BHR-R-159). All procedures were conducted according to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient consent statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe requirement for informed consent was waived by the [Name of Ethics Committee] due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePermission to reproduce material from other sources\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have created all figures and tables in this manuscript and did not require permission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.R. conceived and designed the study, developed the methodology, supervised the project, and reviewed the manuscript. M.P. conceptualized the study, developed the methodology, collected and analyzed the data, created visualizations, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. R.N. contributed to formal analysis and reviewed the manuscript. A. N. Contributed to methodology development and data collection, and S. S. contributed to methodology development and formal analysis. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHolden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Wong TY, Naduvilath TJ, Resnikoff S. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036-42.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMart\u0026iacute;nez-Albert N, Bueno-Gimeno I, Gen\u0026eacute;-Sampedro A. Risk factors for myopia: A review. 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Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science. 2016;57:979-88.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWeiss AH. Unilateral high myopia: optical components, associated factors, and visual outcomes. British journal of ophthalmology. 2003;87:1025-31.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHamm LM, Black J, Dai S, Thompson B. Global processing in amblyopia: a review. Frontiers in psychology. 2014;5:583.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTedja MS, Wojciechowski R, Hysi PG, Eriksson N, Furlotte NA, Verhoeven VJ, Iglesias AI, Meester-Smoor MA, Tompson SW, Fan Q, Khawaja AP. Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error. Nature genetics. 2018;50:834-48.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNiu L, Luo X, Chen X, Wang X, Zhou X, Qian Y. Anterior segment characteristics of eyes with anterior chamber depth less than 2.8 mm and axial length greater than 25 mm. Ophthalmology and Therapy. 2023;12:1195-206.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDogan M, Elgin U, Sen E, Tekin K, Yilmazbas P. Comparison of anterior segment parameters and axial lengths of myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic children. International ophthalmology. 2019;39:335-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTian Y, Tarrant JM, Wildsoet CF. Optical and biometric bases of anisomyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science. 2006;47:3677-.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu S, Xu A, Tao A, Wang J, Fan F, Lu F. Corneal biomechanical properties and intraocular pressure in high myopic anisometropia. Eye \u0026amp; contact lens. 2010;36:204-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLanca C, Foo LL, Ang M, Tan CS, Kathrani B, Htoon HM, Tan D, Hoang QV, Brennan N, Saw SM, Sabanayagam C. Rapid myopic progression in childhood is associated with teenage high myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science. 2021;62:17-.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHe JC, Sun P, Held R, Thorn F, Sun X, Gwiazda JE. Wavefront aberrations in eyes of emmetropic and moderately myopic school children and young adults. Vision Research. 2002;42:1063-70.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYazar S, Hewitt AW, Forward H, McKnight CM, Tan A, Mountain JA, Mackey DA. Comparison of monochromatic aberrations in young adults with different visual acuity and refractive errors. Journal of Cataract \u0026amp; Refractive Surgery. 2014;40:441-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOsuagwu UL, Suheimat M, Atchison DA. Peripheral aberrations in adult hyperopes, emmetropes and myopes. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2017;3:151-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTian Y, Tarrant J, Wildsoet CF. Optical and biometric characteristics of anisomyopia in human adults. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2011;31:540-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu Y, Deng J, Zhang B, Xu X, Cheng T, Wang J, Xiong S, Luan M, Zou H, He X, Tang C. Higher-order aberrations and their association with axial elongation in highly myopic children and adolescents. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2023;107:862-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKarimian F, Feizi S, Doozande A. Higher-order aberrations in myopic eyes. Journal of Ophthalmic \u0026amp; Vision Research. 2010;5:3.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePaquin MP, Hamam H, Simonet P. Objective measurement of optical aberrations in myopic eyes. Optometry and Vision Science. 2002;79:285-91.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLlorente L, Barbero S, Cano D, Dorronsoro C, Marcos S. Myopic versus hyperopic eyes: axial length, corneal shape and optical aberrations. J Vis. 2004;4:288-98\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWadhwa B, Karambelkar VH. Ocular biometrics: Study of myopia, using a-Scan and keratometer.\u0026nbsp;Int J Contemp Med Res. 2019;6:58.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIbrahim F, Thulaseedharan S, Unnikrishnan LT, Sasidharan S. A cross-sectional study of corneal topography and ocular parameters in patients with myopia. \u003cem\u003eIndian J Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024;10:325-331.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhao W, Shen Y, Jian W, Shang J, Jhanji V, Aruma A, Zhou X. Comparison of Corneal Biomechanical Properties between Post‐LASIK Ectasia and Primary Keratoconus. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020;2020:5291485.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLee SM, EDWARDS MH. Intraocular pressure in anisometropic children. Optometry and vision science. 2000;77:675-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCai XB, Shen SR, Chen DF, Zhang Q, Jin ZB. An overview of myopia genetics. Experimental eye research. 2019;188:107778.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLanca C. Myopia risk factors. Update 2023. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2024;102.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu Y, Wang L, Xu Y, Pang Z, Mu G. The influence of the choroid on the onset and development of myopia: from perspectives of choroidal thickness and blood flow. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2021;99:730-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJonas JB, Bikbov MM, Wang YX, Jonas RA, Panda-Jonas S. Anatomic peculiarities associated with axial elongation of the myopic eye. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12:1317.\u003cem\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"aberrations, biometry, high myopia, anisomyopia, unilateral high myopia, biomechanics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385211/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385211/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo compare the optical and biometric properties of the highly myopic eye and less myopic eye of individuals with unilateral high myopia, and study the correlation of ocular biometry, topography, corneal, and internal aberrations in these eyes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis retrospective analysis was conducted on 32 patients with unilateral high myopia. Biometric parameters, corneal topography, and wavefront aberrations were recorded in both eyes. Paired t-tests and MANOVA were used to compare parameters and analyse associations amongst ocular measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn unilateral high myopia, eyes with high myopia had significantly higher levels of internal aberrations than fellow less myopic eyes of the same individual (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Corneal aberrations were similar between the eyes, except for a higher corneal trefoil 2 in high myopes (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043). The other biometric parameters did not differ significantly. In highly myopic eyes, the degree of internal aberrations showed a positive correlation with axial length, whereas total aberrations showed a marginal correlation with lens thickness and spherical equivalent. In less myopic eyes, specific aberrations correlated more with mean keratometry and spherical equivalent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that highly myopic eyes are associated with significantly more internal higher-order aberrations with axial length playing a dominant role in their development. In contrast, corneal curvature more strongly influences aberrations in less myopic eyes. These findings highlight the structural and optical complexities of high myopia and underscore the need for targeted interventions to enhance visual quality. Further longitudinal studies are essential to understand myopia progression and optimize corrective strategies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Inter-eye comparison of ocular biometry, topography, and ocular aberrations in patients with unilateral high myopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-05 16:35:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385211/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dc254bde-deda-4f70-8400-25b8083b4715","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-14T09:53:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-05 16:35:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6385211","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6385211","identity":"rs-6385211","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}