A systematic review of the effects of cognitive and perceptual factors on X-ray baggage screening performance

An X-ray baggage screener plays a critical role in aviation security. However, evidence about which cognitive and perceptual factors are important for effective threat detection during X-ray baggage screening tasks remains fragmented. This review aimed to (1) scope the existing literature examining cognitive and perceptual factors associated with X-ray baggage screening performance, and (2) systematically synthesise evidence linking these factors to X-ray baggage screening performance outcomes. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a preregistered protocol, searches of six databases (2000–2025) yielded 24 eligible studies (n = 11184 participants) including manipulation and observational designs. Cognitive and perceptual processes appear central to effective X-ray baggage screening, particularly under conditions of uncertainty, time pressure, and low target prevalence. Evidence broadly supports theoretical accounts such as Feature Integration, Schema, and Signal Detection Theory, suggesting that performance relies on attentional feature binding, experience-based knowledge structures, and the ability to discriminate signal from noise. Training and experience were consistently associated with improved detection, including generalisation to novel threats, indicating development of flexible perceptual schemas rather than simple memorisation. However, this relationship is not uniform, with some cognitive assessments (e.g. mental rotation, search speed) showing limited or no improvement with experience, highlighting a tension between learned and potentially stable traits. Furthermore, existing “talent identification” tools testing specific cognitive skills are undermined by circularity issues. Therefore, despite intuitive links between cognitive skills, human factors, and X-ray screening performance, the fragmented and heterogeneous evidence base currently limits definitive conclusions and practical application within the aviation security sector.