Multi-Scale Performance Evaluation of M30 Concrete Incorporating Nano-TiO₂, Nano-SiO₂, and Glass Fibers: A 90-Day Experimental and Machine Learning Study

Multi-Scale Performance Evaluation of M30 Concrete Incorporating Nano-TiO₂, Nano-SiO₂, and Glass Fibers: A 90-Day Experimental and Machine Learning Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Multi-Scale Performance Evaluation of M30 Concrete Incorporating Nano-TiO₂, Nano-SiO₂, and Glass Fibers: A 90-Day Experimental and Machine Learning Study Ayush Pandey, Shubham Rai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357536/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores the enhancement of concrete performance through the integration of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), nano-silicon dioxide (SiO₂), and alkali-resistant glass fibers. These materials were introduced to simultaneously improve the concrete matrix at nano- and macro-scales by partially replacing cement and incorporating discrete reinforcement. The experimental program evaluated mechanical and durability properties at 7, 14, 28, and 90 days of curing. Compressive strength was tested using cube specimens, while tensile and flexural strengths were measured using standard cylindrical and beam specimens, respectively, in accordance with IS codes. Durability assessments included water absorption, sorptivity, RCPT, and UPV, conducted following relevant ASTM standards. SEM and XRD analyses were carried out at 90 days to examine microstructural developments. The results indicated significant improvement in all evaluated parameters. The ternary-modified concrete exhibited notable gains in compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths by day 90, while durability indicators showed reduced water absorption, chloride permeability, and increased ultrasonic pulse velocity. Microstructural analysis confirmed a denser matrix and enhanced C–S–H formation. To support the experimental findings, machine learning models using Random Forest and XGBoost algorithms were developed to predict key performance indicators based on mix composition and curing age. These models achieved R² values above 0.90, demonstrating high predictive reliability. Overall, this research confirms that the combined application of TiO₂, SiO₂, and glass fibers offers a comprehensive, scalable solution for developing high-performance, durable concrete. The integration of experimental and machine learning approaches offers a forward-looking strategy for sustainable infrastructure development. Nano-TiO₂ Nano-SiO₂ Glass Fiber Concrete Durability Compressive Strength Machine Learning SEM XGBoost Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7357536","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":512647128,"identity":"0f10d748-b8bd-492e-bb48-777c089fa68f","order_by":0,"name":"Ayush Pandey","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayush","middleName":"","lastName":"Pandey","suffix":""},{"id":512647129,"identity":"fbab6320-22ce-4b4f-8c1c-4905edd856e9","order_by":1,"name":"Shubham Rai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shubham","middleName":"","lastName":"Rai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-12 15:53:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357536/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357536/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93222309,"identity":"5e780ab2-2953-4613-a1b2-508d1b15e74e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-10 11:08:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":866483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ref45085researchpap.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7357536/v1_covered_276be3bc-70f9-41f7-8dd7-c4b58dd407f5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMulti-Scale Performance Evaluation of M30 Concrete Incorporating Nano-TiO₂, Nano-SiO₂, and Glass Fibers: A 90-Day Experimental and Machine Learning Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nano-TiO₂, Nano-SiO₂, Glass Fiber, Concrete, Durability, Compressive Strength, Machine Learning, SEM, XGBoost","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357536/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357536/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the enhancement of concrete performance through the integration of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), nano-silicon dioxide (SiO₂), and alkali-resistant glass fibers. These materials were introduced to simultaneously improve the concrete matrix at nano- and macro-scales by partially replacing cement and incorporating discrete reinforcement. The experimental program evaluated mechanical and durability properties at 7, 14, 28, and 90 days of curing. Compressive strength was tested using cube specimens, while tensile and flexural strengths were measured using standard cylindrical and beam specimens, respectively, in accordance with IS codes. Durability assessments included water absorption, sorptivity, RCPT, and UPV, conducted following relevant ASTM standards. SEM and XRD analyses were carried out at 90 days to examine microstructural developments. The results indicated significant improvement in all evaluated parameters. 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