Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study

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V Murlimanju" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "M. Praveen Shenoy" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Sheetal D Ullal" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background This study aimed to examine the knowledge, attitude, and perception of body donation among Phase-1 medical students at our institution. The objectives were to assist teachers in providing insight into the perception of this among students. Methods This was a cross-sectional, institution-based, time-bound study comprising 29 validated questions regarding comprehensive aspects of body donation. There were 396 medical students in Phase-1 from admissions for two consecutive years. Results Most students (94.4%) were aware of the source of cadavers in the dissection hall, which were either donated or unclaimed bodies from the hospital. However, 38.9% of them were unaware of the guidelines for body donation, and 79% were ignorant of the documents required to pledge. However, 84.3% were aware that it was mandatory to sign a pledge form. The time frame to procure the dead body to the department of anatomy of the institution was not known to 79% of the participants, and 93.2% of the participants opined that corpses from other neighboring states could be accepted. Opinions regarding the acceptance of donated bodies afflicted with long COVID were supported by 218 (55.1%), not supported by 47 (11.9%), and neutral by 131 (33.1%) participants in this study. Conclusion Specific knowledge gaps were encountered, including the timeframe, logistics, and legal issues in procuring the body. Since medical students play an important role in this societal motivation, it is suggested that a scientific session be planned in the curriculum of Phase-1 regarding the protocol of body donation. Apart from providing insights, this study also accomplishes the United Nations’ sustainable development goal-4 in offering quality medical education. This study, apart from providing insights, also accomplishes the United Nation’s sustainable development goal-4 in offering quality medical education. 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F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175620.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] B. V Murlimanju https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-8296 1 , M. Praveen Shenoy 1 , Sheetal D Ullal 2 , Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5577-495X 1 B. V Murlimanju https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-8296 1 , M. Praveen Shenoy 1 , Sheetal D Ullal 2 , Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5577-495X 1 PUBLISHED 15 Apr 2026 Author details Author details 1 Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India 2 Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India B. V Murlimanju Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing M. Praveen Shenoy Roles: Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Visualization Sheetal D Ullal Roles: Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Manipal Academy of Higher Education gateway. Abstract Background This study aimed to examine the knowledge, attitude, and perception of body donation among Phase-1 medical students at our institution. The objectives were to assist teachers in providing insight into the perception of this among students. Methods This was a cross-sectional, institution-based, time-bound study comprising 29 validated questions regarding comprehensive aspects of body donation. There were 396 medical students in Phase-1 from admissions for two consecutive years. Results Most students (94.4%) were aware of the source of cadavers in the dissection hall, which were either donated or unclaimed bodies from the hospital. However, 38.9% of them were unaware of the guidelines for body donation, and 79% were ignorant of the documents required to pledge. However, 84.3% were aware that it was mandatory to sign a pledge form. The time frame to procure the dead body to the department of anatomy of the institution was not known to 79% of the participants, and 93.2% of the participants opined that corpses from other neighboring states could be accepted. Opinions regarding the acceptance of donated bodies afflicted with long COVID were supported by 218 (55.1%), not supported by 47 (11.9%), and neutral by 131 (33.1%) participants in this study. Conclusion Specific knowledge gaps were encountered, including the timeframe, logistics, and legal issues in procuring the body. Since medical students play an important role in this societal motivation, it is suggested that a scientific session be planned in the curriculum of Phase-1 regarding the protocol of body donation. Apart from providing insights, this study also accomplishes the United Nations’ sustainable development goal-4 in offering quality medical education. This study, apart from providing insights, also accomplishes the United Nation’s sustainable development goal-4 in offering quality medical education. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Altruism, Cadaver, Human Body, Medical Education, Sustainable Development Goals Corresponding Author(s) Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2026 Murlimanju BV et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Murlimanju BV, Shenoy MP, Ullal SD and Vadgaonkar R. Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175620.3 ) First published: 29 Jan 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175620.1 ) Latest published: 15 Apr 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175620.3 ) Revised Amendments from Version 2 The new version of the article is revised by deleting the redundant information from the discussion part. The discussion is trimmed accordingly as per the reviewer’s suggestion. Discussion is explained with respect to the data obtained. The recently published articles are cited with references emphasizing the importance of cadaver and body donation in anatomy education. Cochran’s formula is explained in detail in the methodology. The repetition of words is scanned and deleted. The whole manuscript was re-read by the authors and any grammar and punctuation is corrected. The new version of the article is revised by deleting the redundant information from the discussion part. The discussion is trimmed accordingly as per the reviewer’s suggestion. Discussion is explained with respect to the data obtained. The recently published articles are cited with references emphasizing the importance of cadaver and body donation in anatomy education. Cochran’s formula is explained in detail in the methodology. The repetition of words is scanned and deleted. The whole manuscript was re-read by the authors and any grammar and punctuation is corrected. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Rohith Motappa READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction Presently in India, there is dearth of cadavers and there exists a need for them, to meet with the increase in the number of medical and allied health professional institutes in recent times. Significant challenges are posed due to the limited number of cadavers. The scarcity of cadavers, because of logistical difficulty in procuring, has significantly paved the way to the gradual shift in the mode of teaching to various alternatives. However, advanced multimedia technologies are unfeasible in alleviating such shortcomings due to their higher cost and maintenance in many developing countries. It is known that the practice of teaching and scientific research by cadaveric dissection has been critical, indispensable and is deeply embedded in the tradition of medical education of all disciplines. The manual cadaveric dissection aids medical students to understand the topographic localization of structures and develop a spatial and tactile appreciation of the human body, which cannot be achieved through technologically mediated learning. This forms the key cornerstone in imparting the anatomy education, although computer-based multimedia programs like e-learning modules, three dimensional animations, dissection videos, synthetic cadavers and virtual reality have gained popularity. Apart from undergraduate medical education and scientific research, cadavers are also used to practice surgical skills and develop new techniques. Donated bodies are used for various cadaveric workshops for postgraduates, paramedics, superspecialists, and skill training. Surgically oriented departments such as obstetrics and gynecology, orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, general surgery, oral-maxillofacial surgery, and many more require cadavers, as they conduct live workshops to improve surgery-based skills. In most medical colleges, there are well-organized anatomy museums that showcase dissected and well-mounted human bodies that educate common people. Dissection oriented competitions are often conducted among medical students to hone their surgical skills and motivate passion in this field. Anatomical fraternity across the globe approves cadaveric dissection as a supreme teaching tool in medical education and health sciences. Voluntary donated bodies and unclaimed bodies received from hospitals were the main sources of cadavers. The first voluntary body donation documented in India was in 1956 from the Late Shri Pandurang Sridhar Apte, which was donated to B. J. Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Voluntary body donations play a pivotal role in curbing the shortcomings of cadaver procurement. However, the attitude and perception of body donation vary widely among individuals and communities according to their demographic profile and cultural acceptance. It is suggested that keeping an open mind and a positive outlook are essential when it comes to making this decision. This mindset helps individuals be pre-informed and make compassionate decisions that would contribute to a broader cultural shift in acceptance and altruism in the medical field, which is a highly valued acknowledgement and an ultimate contribution to society. This will eventually contribute to the genesis of newer and better regimes for diagnosis and patient management by students. This fulfills the donor’s ultimate altruistic move, which is considered as a ‘noble deed for a noble cause.’ Acknowledging body donation as a gracious act towards medical science is still a matter of concern, as many are ignorant of its potential significance. Body donation awareness among the general population in India is relatively low. For instance, only 32.1% of the population in Maharashtra were aware of body donation programs. 1 This unawareness quotient cannot be denied because most medical colleges face cadaver shortages, which are further worsened by the increase in the number of medical and paramedical courses. Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in promoting body donation; however, their knowledge and attitude need to be increased. There are specific knowledge gaps in the guidelines of body donation among students, which range from ethical and legal frameworks to post-donation processes, communication, and psychological concerns. For instance, in Italy, only 14.9% of health sciences students are aware of the relevant legal aspects of body donation. 2 To overcome cadaver shortages and maintain the quality of medical education, research, and surgical training, the appositeness and significance of body donation should be emphasized in society. One of the prime knowledge gaps identified in the body donation protocol is insufficient educational exposure, and there is a need for a more structured platform to deal with ethical procedural and emotional aspects. This can be achieved by conducting body donation camps, public meetings, active involvement of youth and non-government organizations, and electronic media such as radio, television, social media, and newspapers. In literature, studies on knowledge, attitude, and perception of body donation expose several significant gaps, which should be addressed to improve body donation numbers and educational outcomes. This is because the deficient body donor numbers indirectly compromise the quality of medical training, as they block the opportunity for student exposure to perform the dissection. Donated bodies are used in biomedical research to enable health scholars to learn new techniques throughout their careers. As donated bodies provide realistic training in surgical anatomy fields and enhance medical education, they form an important component in accomplishing sustainable development goal-4 (SDG-4). This goal focuses on quality education and ensures a lifelong learning opportunity, which promotes research and innovation. Overall, this goal instills respect, empathy, and ethical responsibility in medical scholars aligning health literacy with the values of human-centered education. Awareness of body donation among undergraduate students navigates through social responsibility to promote altruism and has a positive impact on the community by increasing donor registrations and sustaining the critical need of the hour. 3 Generating public awareness campaigns for body donation by undergraduate fraternity involves a balanced mix of education, engagement, and empathy. Medical students should be knowledgeable about body donation because it significantly enhances their anatomical education, fosters ethical training and interdisciplinary learning, and encourages collaboration towards professional development. Additionally, their advocacy towards this noble gesture and the regular conduct of awareness campaigns can bridge the gap in cadaver shortage and dispel myths regarding cultural taboos and religious cults. 3 In the present study, MBBS students are included as study participants because they are engaged in extensive cadaveric dissection, unlike the students of dental and other allied health professional courses. Allied health-professional students are usually taught by the prosected specimens and on digital platforms. According to the National Medical Council of India, the MBBS curriculum incorporates AETCOM module 1.5, which is concerned with cadaveric dissection and body donation. MBBS students are future clinicians who play a vital role in serving the patient community. Therefore, focusing on MBBS students is justified because of their much-needed medical educational competencies, professionalism and the need for adequate cadaveric knowledge. However, the available literature is scant and does not reveal enough information regarding the knowledge and perception of body donation among medical students from a sample Indian population. Based on this rationale, the present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude, and perception of body donation among Phase 1 medical students at our institution, and to provide educators with insights into students’ perspectives on body donation, thereby aiding in the development of more empathetic and informed approaches. Methods Participants This was a cross-sectional institution-based time-bound study, which included 396 students in Phase 1, Bachelor of Medicine, and Bachelor of Surgery from admissions of two consecutive years. The sample size was calculated based on the universal sampling technique. The sample size of 396 is justified as the gold standard, according to the use of Cochran’s formula, that is applicable for a questionnaire-based survey or a cross-sectional study. n 0 = Z 2 p ( 1 − p ) / e 2 n 0 = initial sample size (before any adjustments for finite populations) Z = z-value (1.96 for 95% confidence) p = estimated population proportion (0.5 for unknown) E = margin of error. The inclusion criteria included MBBS students admitted to our institution for the academic years 2024 and 2025. Students of both genders are included in the present study, although their personal demographic details were kept confidential. The exclusion criteria for the present study included students under the age of eighteen, students who declined, senior batches who were admitted before 2024, and dental and other health professional courses. All the participants in this study provided written informed consent, which was included in the beginning of the questionnaire. The choice of being a part of the study was completely self-decision. This study is from a well-established medical institution, the ‘Institute of Eminence,’ which is the pioneer in India’s public-private partnership model for healthcare and medical education. Ethical statement The authors of this manuscript state that ethical approval was obtained prior to the commencement of the study. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India, Reg. No. ECR/541/IND/KA/2014/RR-20 (Approval number: IEC KMC MLR 05/2024/283, Dated 23/05/2024). The protocol of this study was archived in the https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.n92ld6kwng5b/v1 . Procedure A total of 29 validated questions ( Table 1 ) on the concepts of knowledge, attitude, and perception of body donation were administered electronically via Google Forms, and the responses were collected. The questionnaire was divided into six separate sections that included awareness, cadaveric dissection, guidelines, logistics, associated comorbidities, and incentivization ( Table 1 ). The electronic form began with a brief description of the criteria for participation with respect to the goals of this study. The choice to participate in the study was optional and was not compulsory. The liberty of skipping any section of the questionnaire and freedom to withdraw as participants at any point was considered. Prior to the study, each participant agreed to be a part of this questionnaire-based study and handed written informed consent. They also affirmed to publish the information data, provided the anonymity of their identity was maintained. Participants who were below eighteen years were considered as minors and thereby were excluded from this study. The name, gender, religion, and other personal student-related details were excluded and anonymity was maintained. Table 1. Questions administered through electronic form in this study. No. Question/Opinion Answer/Option Section A – Awareness of concept of body donation 1 Are you aware of body donation? yes/no 2 If yes, knowledge about the body donation was obtained from medical school/family/relatives/friends/celebrities/newspaper/television/journals/social media/others 3 If the answer to the above question was others, please specify it yes/no 4 Can a person of age less than 18 years have the right to donate the body? 5 Are you aware of the concept of whole-body donation? 6 Willingness to donate to your body later in life? 7 Will you educate your family members or relatives for body donation? 8 Do you have any members in the family who have pledged to the body for donation? 9 Are you interested in conducting body donation awareness programs? Section B – Body donation and cadaveric dissection 10 What is the source of cadavers in anatomy dissection hall? donated bodies/unclaimed bodies/both/not aware 11 Are u aware of cadaver shortage in medical colleges? yes/no Section C – Guidelines for the body donation 12 Are you aware of guidelines of body donation? yes/no 13 Are you aware of pledging self-body for donation? 14 Signing a pledge form for voluntary body donation is mandatory/non mandatory 15 Are you aware of the requirement of documents needed for pledging? yes/no 16 If yes, what documents are required? Aadhar card/birth certificate/voters ID/driving license/passport/employer ID/vaccination card/details of comorbidities 17 The time frame to procure the donated body is 6 hours/12 hours/24 hours/48 hours 18 The time frame to procure the unclaimed body is 19 Can Autopsied bodies be accepted? yes/no Section D – Logistics of body donation 20 Do you know about authorities/agencies who could be approached for the body donation? yes/no 21 Can a body from another state accepted? 22 Transport expenses of the body from another district must be borne by the institute yes/no/depends on the institutional guidelines Section E – Incentives for body donation 23 Is it a good idea to incentivize the donor? yes/ no/neutral 24 Is it a good idea to issue a ‘donor card’? strongly agree/agree/neutral/disagree/strongly agree Section F – Donor with comorbidities 25 Can people living with HIV donate body? yes/no 26 Can Individuals infected with hepatitis-B donate their body? 27 Opinion regarding acceptance of a body of a COVID-19 death? 28 Can people affected by chronic skin disease donate their body? 29 Can a long-standing COVID-19 person donate their body? yes/ no/neutral Results It was observed that 391 participants (98.7%) were aware of body donation. Figure 1 shows the pattern of the source of information received regarding body donation. Medical schools (249, 63.7%) had the maximum awareness of this concept, with minor contributions from family, friends, and multimedia. In our study participants, 276 (69.7%) were aware that a minor who was less than 18 years of age had no right for body donation, and 152 (88.4%) were aware of whole-body donation. Voluntary willingness to donate to their own body in old age was shown by 220 (55.6%) students, and 145 (84.3%) showed interest in motivating their family members and relatives to donate. Forty participants (10.1%) already had a family member who pledged for body donation. One hundred and five participants (65%) expressed their willingness to conduct body donation awareness programs. Figure 1. Pattern of source of information received about body donation among the participants (n = 396). According to 87 (21.9%) students, the source of cadavers in the anatomy department was donated bodies, and the majority (287, 72.5%) were aware that they may be from either donated or unclaimed bodies from the hospitals. Twenty-two (5.6%) patients in the study group were unaware of the source of cadavers in the dissection hall. A critical concern regarding the shortage of cadavers in medical college teaching was reported by 320 students (80.8%). The opinions of the participants regarding the guidelines for body donation are tabulated in Table 2 . Table 2. Opinion of participants regarding the guidelines for body donation (n = 396). Question Opinion Number Percentage Are you aware of guidelines of body donation? Yes 242 61.10% No 154 38.90% Are you aware of pledging self-body for donation? Yes 279 70.50% No 117 29.50% Signing a pledge form for voluntary body donation is mandatory 334 84.30% Not mandatory 62 15.70% Are you aware of the requirement of documents needed for pledging? Yes 83 21% No 313 79% If yes, what documents are required? Aadhar card 363 91.70% Birth certificate 265 66.90% Voter ID 69 17.40% Driving license 65 16.40% Passport 65 16.40% Employer ID 37 9.30% Vaccination card 209 52.80% Details of comorbidities 241 60.90% Are you aware of the time limitations in procuring a dead body? Yes 83 21.00% No 313 79% The time frame to procure the donated body is 6 hours 33 8.30% 12 hours 12 3% 24 hours 140 35.40% 48 hours 211 53.30% The time frame to procure the unclaimed body is 6 hours 63 16% 12 hours 125 31.60% 24 hours 70 17.70% 48 hours 138 34.70% Can autopsied bodies be accepted? Yes 254 64.10% No 142 35.90% Only ninety-nine of the study participants (25%) had knowledge of organizations, who could be approached and concerned with dos and don’ts of body donations. The majority of participants (369, 93.2%) opined that the corpse could be accepted from other neighboring states. Two hundred and twenty-three (56.3%) expressed that the institute must take the responsibility of expenditure of transporting the cadaver from the neighboring state, and 13 (3.3%) participants denied this. However, 160 (40.4%) patients opted that this depended on the guidelines of the respective institutions. Figure 2 represents the frequency of opinion among the participants regarding the time frame to procure the body to the department of anatomy. Figure 2. Frequency of opinions regarding the time frame to procure the donated body (n = 396). The concept of body donation incentivization was supported by 122 (30.8%) participants, and 111 (28%) did not agree. However, 163 (41.2%) participants were neutral about the donor’s rewards Figure 3 . The frequency of opinions regarding issuing a donor card is schematically represented in Figure 4 . Figure 3. Frequency of opinions regarding the incentivization of the body donor (n = 396). Figure 4. Frequency of opinions regarding issuing a donor card among the participants of this study (n = 396). Among our participants, 182 (46%), 183 (46.2%), 231 (58.3%), and 198 (50%) opined that people living with HIV, hepatitis B, chronic skin diseases, and death due to COVID-19 could donate their bodies, respectively. Opinions regarding the acceptance of donated bodies afflicted with long COVID were supported by 218 (55.1%), not supported by 47 (11.9%), and neutral by 131 (33.1%) participants in this study. Discussion Body donation or bequeathal is the informed and voluntary act of giving away one’s own body after death for medical education and research without any expectations or rewards. A direct hands-on experience with the human body holds an upper hand for medical and surgical training. Far from becoming obsolete due to legislative insufficiency and financial constraints, dissection has retained its significance alongside scientific advancements, reinforcing its crucial role in medical training. It is of utmost importance to model a competent professional with an innate foundation of anatomy and medical-related perceptions. The anatomists at the Royal College of Surgeons highlighted the need for basic anatomical knowledge that could prevent serious complications in clinical medicine. 4 It boosts the confidence and competence of a medical professional towards preventing potential risks to patient safety. Lapses made during surgical procedures, faulty diagnoses, or even incorrect treatment regimens led to gaps in anatomical knowledge, emphasizing the critical need for robust and comprehensive anatomical teaching in medical education, which is achieved only by direct exposure to human cadavers. For medical and paramedical scholars, cadaveric dissection remains the best method for teaching the human body, as it works on the sensory, graphical, kinesthetic, and psychological aspects. The medical curriculum under the new competency-based medical education for Phase-1 medical students has developed a special module that emphasizes the importance of cadavers and related issues. Body donations are essential for dissection-based anatomy teaching, but there are various factors that could impact the willingness of individuals to donate their bodies, which in turn affects the availability of cadavers for medical education. These factors include ancestry, ethnicity, demographic characteristics, awareness, age, gender, education level, occupation, income, religious beliefs, marital status, and number of dependents. A survey conducted in China, on the usage of cadavers in teaching anatomy, found that the cadaver resources of most medical schools are associated with geographic location, academic ranking, and local support for body donation policies. 5 Despite body donation being the preferred and major source for cadavers, the percentage of the general population willing to donate the body is meagre. Boulware et al. 6 found that in African Americans, older individuals with lower education, lack of insurance, unemployment, coexisting medical conditions, and religious concerns were the reasons for scant donations. In Rwanda, despite the good knowledge scores, 66.7% of students were unwilling to donate their bodies, highlighting the influence of cultural factors. 7 It was reported that there is a notable gap between the awareness of body donation and actual registration of donors. For instance, in a study among Indian medical students and professionals, 46.3% had a positive attitude towards body donation, but none had filled out a pledge form. 8 Similarly, in Poland, only 24% of students were willing to register as donors despite being aware of body donation and its benefits. 9 Educating medical scholars about body donation is an important practice, as it not only represents a potential donor population, but also plays a key role in promoting public awareness as future healthcare educators. In a pilot Italian study by Ciliberti et al. 10 it was observed that despite approving cadaver dissection as an important part of their training, the medical students were still unaware of the in-depth knowledge of this noble practice, suggesting a significant cognitive gap. Due to the sudden surge in the requirement of cadavers and to legalize the process of procurement, various laws were passed by governments concerning obtaining bodies for anatomical dissections, which were later disseminated through various anatomical acts. Anatomical dissection of cadavers requires clearly laid rules that direct and limit their legal boundaries, thereby framing them from a bioethical perspective. To begin, the British government passed ‘the Murder Act of 1752,’ which is one of the earliest references regarding the law concerning cadaveric procurement that permitted the public dissections of executed prisoners. It also became quite effective in reducing the dreadful crimes of body snatching and provided a baseline to build on ethical issues regarding the same. In contrast, there were loopholes leading to its failure, such as who should be designated to conduct dissections and the need for a licensed governing body. 11 In India, to fulfill the cadaveric demand of a medical institute, the Anatomical Act was formulated and implemented in various states, which underwent multiple revisions with different versions and published in the respective state government gazette. The ‘Bombay Anatomy Act-1949’ 12 which was formatted from Coroners Act of 1871 and is now presently referred as ‘The Maharashtra Anatomy Act,’ was the first legal anatomical act in India. This Act legally permitted the supply of unclaimed bodies to hospitals and medical colleges. This act highlights the ethical concerns of both unclaimed and voluntary donated bodies and is adopted uniformly in all states of India. This act authorizes physicians, surgeons, anatomists, and medical students to implement dissections on voluntarily donated bodies for scientific studies. As per this Bombay Anatomy Act, unclaimed bodies can be collected by the Department of Anatomy if the death occurs in a hospital of the same state or in a public place within the periphery of that medical college, provided within 48 hours of death and no claimant has been declared by the police. Most of the participants in the present study (369, 93.2%) opted that their bodies could be accepted from other neighboring states. This opinion is incorrect, and the reason for this is that the students are ignorant of the interstate guidelines involved in the logistics of body transfers. However, the Anatomy Act in India is state-specific, and the acceptance of bodies from another state might rely on the guidelines of the receiving state. 11 There is a requirement for a unified Anatomy Act in India to centralize the process of body donation at a national level. Their suggestions can prevent disparities across states in India and ensure uniformity in the procurement of bodies from other states. The general population should be made aware of the legal issues of voluntary body donation that could deter a willful donor. Specific programs are designed to allow medical professionals to promote better public recognition and awareness of whole-body donation. However, Bolcato et al. 2 noted that 14.9% of respondents had poor knowledge of this new Italian law. In the present study, 38.9% of participants were not aware of the guidelines of body donation, which is a higher frequency than the findings of Bolcato et al. 2 In the present study, 70.5% of participants were aware of pledging the self-body for donation and 84.3% stated that signing a pledge form for voluntary body donation is mandatory. Brenner et al. 13 updated in his work that only 18 European countries are governed by national regulations, with notable variations in the legal and ethical frameworks governing the donation. The criticality of informed consent, body donation protocol, eligibility criteria, and handling of the body to the final disposition of the remains are the most fundamental requirements. In France, the centrality of donors’ consent in written form is often referred to as a gift document. The gift document includes all personal details, eligibility criteria, logistics, legal and financial aspects, and the final disposition of the remains with their signatures. Despite significant variation in the guidelines for body donation across different countries and continents, there are some best practices that can still be identified. Sink et al. 14 revealed that there are significant differences in thoughts about body donation based on religious differences and the background of anatomy education programs. A lower frequency of interest in body donation was observed among Catholic students as compared to agnostic and atheist students. Despite supporting body donation, the registration rates among Slovenian students were low, which calls for raising the bar for ethical awareness and motivating body donation. In a study conducted by chiropractic students at Macquarie University, religion was reported to play an important role towards the opinion of body donation. In the study by Sink et al. 14 33.1% of students were interested in donating their own bodies later in life. It was reported that students with a prior anatomical background were inclined towards organ donation rather than body donation due to concerns regarding handling of pre and post dissection. 14 In the present study, the ethnicity and religion of the students were not taken into consideration. As these anatomical acts are enacted in different states, nations, and countries, unclaimed bodies can be legally procured by medical institutes and used for dissection and learning. It is now mandatory for any medical teaching institute to acquire legal approval for anatomical acts by a government authority to permit the dissection of a dead body for teaching or research intent; otherwise, it would be considered an illegal offence. Currently, body donation programs are organized in the United States, and they are the source of cadavers in American medical schools. Like the United States, Asian countries have also faced a shortage of cadavers. Saha et al. 8 conducted a study to evaluate the breach between awareness and actual participation in donation and noted that 18% of the participants were against body donation. There are several factors responsible for the denial of donating, and the most important factor is lack of perception. In a study conducted by Rokade and Gaikwad, 1 it was observed that only 32.1% of the general population was aware of body donation compared to 95.8% of healthcare professionals. Medical school students gain knowledge of body donation through the amalgamation of educational programs, institutional practices, and public awareness initiatives. In the present study, 98.7% of students were informed of the concept of body donation. This frequency matches the results of a study by Behera et al. 3 who reported that 96.7% and 93.2% of medical and other health professional course students, respectively, were aware of this concept. The frequency of knowledge of body donation awareness in this study was like the frequency found among Nepalese students. It was reported that 93.5% of medical and nursing Nepalese students were aware that a person can donate the body for educational purposes. 15 In many countries promotion of body donation is being made through community awareness programs, commemoration services for the donor families and incorporating this concept into medical curriculum through educational initiatives. 16 The study by Vadgaonkar et al. 17 reported that Phase-1 medical students were aware of the ethical guidelines of cadaveric dissection, and they acknowledged that cadaver is their first teacher. This suggests that cadaveric dissection emphasizes the importance of body donation, and medical schools have become their source of information. Information on body donation can be published on the website of the institution’s anatomy department. Relatives and family were the sources of information on body donation for 64 (16.4%) participants in this study. It is important to note that few of the students in this study were children of doctors, and they were their source of knowledge. Social media was the source of information on body donation for 35 participants (8.9%). The importance of social media is that it quickly disseminates information and reaches the maximum population. Television, newspapers, and friends were the sources of information for 5.4%, 3.1%, and 1.3% of the participants, respectively. Ten participants in this study (2.5%) received information about body donation from other sources such as Google and other online resources. In the present study, 69.7% of the participants were aware that a minor could not give consent for body donation. Body donation involves informed consenting in several nations; for example, The Human Tissue Act 2004 in the United Kingdom strictly insists on informed consent for organ donation. This suggests that there is an age restriction, and minors cannot give consent for donation. Anatomy acts in India insist on informed consent, and the requirement of witnesses from relatives is mandatory for body donation. However, there are a few exceptions, such as in the Kerala and Delhi states of India. Few studies suggest that there is a scarcity of comprehensive knowledge about the guidelines of body donation 18 and that awareness of the same varies among medical professionals. In the present study, 88.4% of the participants were aware of whole-body donation, and 55.6% expressed the voluntary willingness to donate their own body in old age. This incidence is higher in comparison to the previous study by Behera et al. 3 where this was observed in 34.6% and 56.3% of medical and paramedical students, respectively. Ballala et al. 18 reported that only 22% of the medical professionals were willing to donate their bodies. However, 68% were interested in insisting that the public make the donation. It is suggested that the anatomy department faculty and dissection technicians should undergo programs on soft skills in communication with potential donors in the process of body donation. 19 One hundred and five (65%) of our participants expressed concerns in conducting the body donation awareness programs. Medical students with a positive attitude towards body donation are more likely to influence and promote it within their families and peers. It is suggested that faculty and medical students work together to raise awareness quotients of body donation programs. The best example of an approach by the students to conduct awareness is in an Italian study, where the sets created a graphic medicine project to increase awareness of body donation. 20 Sink et al. 14 reported, that 26.3% of students would recommend and advocate body donation to a family member. In our study, this frequency was higher (84.3%), as 145 participants showed interest in motivating their family members and relatives to donate. Forty participants in this study (10.1%) had a family member who had pledged for body donation. Family members play a significant role in this process. It takes almost two to three years before the dissection is completed, and appropriate disposal of the cadaveric remains. 21 Most of the unwilling participants felt that the donated bodies were misused or abused. Psychological anxiety topped with family pressure was also attributed to this unwillingness. Cahill et al. 22 conducted a survey among medical students to measure their attitudes towards dissection as an aid to education and whole-body donation. It was hypothesized that medical students, given their exposure to the importance of cadaveric dissection, would be more supportive of body donation than the general population. However, they reported that despite students being aware of the benefits of cadaveric dissection, there was a dip in the percentage of the idea of donating their own body, and they were also unlikely to motivate their families for the same. According to 72.5% of our students, the source of cadavers in the department of anatomy was donated or unclaimed bodies from hospitals. This suggests that they are aware of the source of the cadaver, which they dissect to gain knowledge of human anatomy. The frequency of cadaver source varies across nations. Unclaimed bodies are the main source of cadavers in countries like Turkey (84.8%) and Nigeria (more than 90%); however, North American countries procure cadavers by body donation (80%) 23 of the critical concern regarding the shortage of cadavers in medical college teaching was reported by 80.8% of the students of our study. This frequency is higher than that of 45% of participants by Behera et al. 3 enhancing public awareness and fostering positive attitudes among the students regarding body donation can effectively mitigate the shortage of donated bodies. It is essential to recognize the barriers and impart proper guidance that prevents individuals from filling out the pledge forms despite knowing the importance of donation. A questionnaire-based study, conducted to evaluate the attitudes of Turkish anatomists towards the cause of insufficient cadavers, was attributed to the decreased availability of unclaimed bodies and body donors. 24 It was proposed that there should be an increase in the intake of unclaimed bodies and body donation awareness campaigns to overcome this insufficiency. Since the unclaimed dead bodies received are not sufficient to meet the increased demands, it warrants the body donation movement to be geared up. The religious support and ethnicity of the different sects are critical, as there are innumerable people active in practicing their respective religions. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the reasons behind the unwillingness towards body donation based on religious or cultural beliefs. Medical colleges have their own procedures and policies for body donation, which include inquiry, registration with the department of anatomy, filling the consent form, documentation, and fulfilling requirements such as death certificates and transportation arrangements. Specific guidelines vary between the institutions of different states and nations. There are no specific guidelines for body donation from the National Medical Commission of India. Hence, it is important to consult the chosen medical institution to obtain detailed information regarding body donation. There is no upper age limit, although the legal minimum age for body donation is 18 and above in India. A detailed body donation protocol should be explained to the donor or family members, and they should be informed that the body should be used for dissection, teaching, and anatomical research, and that the remains of the cadaver will be scientifically disposed of later. The body donation procedure begins with registration with the department of anatomy of a medical institution or a recognized body donation organization, with signed written informed consent from the donor or their legal heirs or near relatives, and the witnesses. Consent forms are available at medical institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s), or can be downloaded from the official website. If death occurs due to natural causes or in a hospital, and if it is not a medicolegal case, the body can be handed over to the department of anatomy. However, when the death occurs at home or anywhere else, other than a hospital, intimation to the police station can be given. The police can be informed of the medical institution to which the body donation is pledged for official records and future references. A ‘no objection certificate’ should be issued by the police station in case of a medicolegal situation. Established NGO’s working in the field of body donation can act as facilitators between the donor family and the medical college. Transparency and clear communication of information need to be maintained between the institution and potential donors and their nearby relatives right from the receipt of an initial inquiry until the final disposal of the remains. This includes the procedure of obtaining information at the time of death, transporting the body to the medical institution, and the documents required to be submitted. Details of the documents required in the process must be iterated to the donor and family personnel, such as the death certificate, which is issued by a registered medical practitioner stating the cause of death. An interesting finding was noted in the present study, in which only 21% of the participants were aware of the details of the documents required for pledging. We suggest that a timely sensitization regarding the documentation involved in the process of body donation should be offered to young medical scholars, which would motivate them to create awareness in their families and the public. It should be noted that the mandatory requirements of body consent include a duly self-filled and signed form appended by the witnesses’ signatures along with the death certificate. Adhar card and other relevant identity proofs of the deceased and consenting family members to be deposited. In a few developed nations like France, the death certificate should also rule out any medico-legal issues and potential communicable diseases of the donor. 25 The participants of this study opined that, birth certificate (66.9%), voter identity cards (17.4%), driver’s licenses (16.4%), passports (16.4%), and employer identity cards (9.3%). However, these methods have not been universally mandated. The focus of the requirement of the driving license document is on organ donation rather than body donation. Vaccination cards (52.8%) and details of comorbidities (60.9%) were also suggested by our participants. These may be relevant in this post covid era as few institutions may necessitate COVID vaccination certificates. The transfer and preservation of the body donated to medical colleges is a crucial part of the body donation ecosystem, which is often underfunded or overlooked. Logistics, such as timely transportation of the body from the place of death, resources, and infrastructure of the medical institution in handling the body after receiving are the often-underrated barriers to body donation. In this context, every medical institution should ensure the maintenance of the best infrastructure required for body preservation, and train anatomy technicians for embalming. Due to these factors, some institutions may be unable to accept the body, even if people are willing to donate. The distance of the medical college from the place of death, maintenance of the timeframe, lack of trained staff, and specialized mortuary vehicles are some of the logistic challenges faced. On many occasions, the donor’s family does not have access to such services, and a short time frame can be logistically confusing. They can also be financially unaffordable and emotionally difficult during grief. In this context, strengthening the logistical infrastructure is vital and making body donation accessible, without which the generous wish of the donor may go unfulfilled. Medical colleges can have an effective transport system by collaborating with private ambulance services, NGOs that work with health logistics, and funeral transport companies. The body must be transported to the designated medical institution as soon as possible, preferably during the working hours. In this study, 8.3% and 3% of the participants opined that the body could be transported to the department of anatomy within 6 h and 12 h of death of the donor, respectively. However, 35.4% opined that the time frame was 24 hours, and 53.3% said that it was up to 48 hours. The same participants opined that the time frame was 6 hours (16%), 12 hours (31.6%), 24 hours (17.7%), and 48 hours (34.7%) for receiving an unclaimed body from the police. According to the literature, the preferred timeframe is within six hours and in case of delay, the body may need to be kept in the cold storage or morgue of a nearby hospital. The post-mortem changes start appearing within two hours and post-mortem fixation occurs by 9 to18 hours, which suggests that the body should be transported to the department of anatomy as early as possible for embalming and preventing decomposition. 26 On some occasions, partial embalming is arranged by the relatives themselves to facilitate the last rights or tributes, arrival of foreign relatives to pay the last respects, or for some other religious purpose. It has been described that the time frame is flexible, but it is as per the guidelines of organ and tissue donation. Among the students in the present study, 64.1% opined that autopsied bodies could be accepted for dissection by the Department of Anatomy. However, the remaining 35.9% were correct, as the autopsied bodies could not be accepted universally. However, this depends on institutional policies and ethical guidelines. Students’ perceptions of body donation are influenced by several factors that could have altered the interpretation of the study findings. Only 25% of the participants in this study had knowledge of organizations who could be approached and concerned with dos and don’ts of body donation. Most of the students (75%, 297) were not aware of the organization of body donation. The probable reason could be attributed to the concept of body donation not being a part of the school curriculum and hence remaining a sensitive topic for young people. In India, the process of body donation is governed by the Anatomy Act, which supervises the supply of bodies to medical and other health professional colleges. Body donations in North America, Australia, and New Zealand are governed by university-based programs, which offer memorial services to donors and their families. These programs oversee the entire process, starting from body donor registration until the procuration of the body. In the United States, a relatively recent development to enhance body donation is the creation of certain organizations. These are ‘for-profit willed body companies,’ also known as body brokers. 12 These organizations cover all the needs of the donor family from advertisements, cremation charges, and other fees incurred, followed by distributing and charging the bodies or body parts nationally and internationally, which generate substantial profits. Champney et al. 12 have reviewed the evolution and legal and economic aspects of willed body programs and provided an ethical framework for their use. In Australia, there are also few body donation programs that are considered central mortuaries, and they oversee supplying bodies. 16 The transport expenditure of the body should be borne by the institution to respect the dignity of the donor. 21 In this study, 56.3% of students expressed that institutes should take the responsibility of expenditure of transporting the cadaver from the neighboring state and 40.4% opted that this depends on the guidelines of the respective institution. However, according to many institutions, the possible costs incurred by the donor’s family can be compensated by the medical college by accepting the settlement if the death occurs within a kilometer’s radius from the institution and if the body is procured during working hours. Presently, in India, most medical colleges are not taking the responsibility of paying the transportation charges of procuring bodies from neighboring states and districts due to litigation and logistics issues. Death due to natural causes, such as old age and non-communicable diseases, are accepted for donation. Unnatural deaths in which inquests have been carried out, with extensive burns, suicide, homicide, and other medicolegal cases, are not ideal for body donation. The bodies that are severely damaged in road traffic accidents, unnatural death, or an inflicted body due to infections such as active tuberculosis, hepatitis B, HIV, and COVID-19 should not be accepted by the medical institute, as they carry the potential risk of health hazards to the staff, faculty, and medical students handling them. Individuals with active skin lesions, infections, or malignancies should undergo thorough screening and risk factor analysis for organ or whole-body donation, to ensure the safety and success of the procedure. Hence, it is essential to take the details of the donor or body and check whether they are eligible for donation. Among our participants, 46%, 46.2%, 58.3%, and 50% opined that people living with HIV, hepatitis B, chronic skin diseases, and death due to COVID-19 could still donate their bodies, respectively. Opinions regarding the acceptance of donated bodies afflicted with a long COVID were supported by 55.1% of the participants. However, there are opinions that these bodies cannot be accepted in India. The main concern with the body of a person living with HIV is the potential risk of transmission of the infection to the staff, who is the first point of contact. However, this risk can be decreased under stringent aseptic precautions and specific protocols. However, there are no clear rules on the practice of body donation by HIV-infected individuals and hepatitis-B in India, although this concept defers organ donation. Despite the prevalence of life-threatening viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and SARS-CoV-2, there are studies being reported only for COVID-19, where the individual’s post-recovery can be qualified for whole-body and organ donation. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, body donation programs were cancelled because of concerns about the communicability of SARS-CoV-2, which led to the decreased procurement of bodies. 27 The bodies were not accepted, keeping the safety of students and health care workers, as there was no screening available to rule out COVID infection in the dead person. Initially, there was no approved vaccine available, which was a concern in the institutions on the safety of use of cadavers for dissection. 28 However, there were studies suggestive of embalming cadavers with formaldehyde that can significantly reduce the presence of viable SARS-CoV-2 RNA and neutralize them. In this context, institutions should implement laborious safety guidelines, which include posthumous RT-PCR testing of the donor and following a thorough embalming protocol. With these safety guidelines, it is possible to utilize COVID-19 positive cadavers for anatomical dissection, teaching, and research. 29 However, acceptance of COVID-19 infected body is subject to institutional policies and the accessibility of safety measures. 27 It which suggests that universally accepted guidelines should be updated and regularly monitored to ensure the safety of COVID-19 body handlers. In India, the ‘Anatomy Act’ regulates procurement of unclaimed bodies for medical teaching and research. Unclaimed bodies are individuals who die in public places and remain unclaimed by their families or relatives for a specified period. If there are no claimants to the body and no objection or suspicion of foul play, the delegated authorities can declare it unclaimed. Once declared unclaimed, the body can be donated to a medical college under the provisions of local anatomy acts for educational purposes. Despite legal assistance, ethical concerns exist regarding the use of unclaimed bodies in terms of consent, dignity, and transparency. Therefore, there is a required drive towards increasing voluntary body donations to reduce dependency on unclaimed bodies. To increase cadaver numbers and maintain the standard of medical education, the importance of body donation should be emphasized to the public. Structured training interventions can improve knowledge and attitudes towards donation; however, they mandate the need for continuous education to maintain knowledge levels. The importance of developing comprehensive curricula for medical scholars has been highlighted globally due to the necessity of structured learning, foundational knowledge, and practical competencies. 30 Research indicates that willingness to donate one’s body is influenced by age, with younger individuals showing a greater inclination toward body donation than older individuals. Likewise, males have a more positive attitude towards body donation than females, and the educated class is more willing to donate than the uneducated class. Matheson et al. 31 reported that there was a difference in opinion regarding the dissection of unclaimed bodies, where 30% of students found the exercise to be ethical and 47% of them considered it unethical and expressed negative attitudes. Over the years, the concept of body donation has evolved with differences in opinions among various nations regarding the procurement of cadavers. The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists suggests that only donated bodies should be used for teaching and medical research. The available literature reveals that anatomists also depend on unclaimed bodies, importing cadavers from the United States, India, or bodies of executed persons. In many countries, body donation is unfeasible because of cultural or religious factors. Developing culturally sensitive educational programs and interventions can address specific barriers related to cultural and religious beliefs in these countries. Regarding the incentivization of the donor, the medical college can issue a donor card or an acknowledgement letter of thanks and appreciation, which can be brought by the family member along with the body of the donor as proof of body bequeathal. In the present study, 64% of participants favored donor card issuance. The donor card also facilitates the donor’s interest and consent, fulfilling the fact that the body will be used as per their last wishes. 25 In few nations, donors or their family members are publicly honored in the events hosted by the NGO’s, government health organizations and other health related missionaries. They are acknowledged and rewarded with certificates of appreciation, memorial plaques, or trees planted with their names and media coverage. However, there is a difference in opinions regarding whether financial incentives can be offered to increase body donation. It is not encouraged because any financial gain or commercial dealings in body donation can create exploitation and trafficking, and it is against the altruistic nature of body donation. Only 30.8% of the participants in this study supported the concept of incentivization of body donors. This suggests that most participants were aware that incentivization has significant ethical implications. While the prohibition is for obvious reasons, incentivization encourages and allows community recognition of body donations. It is recommended that due appreciation be awarded to healthcare professionals and NGO’s, who constantly thrive in the marketing of voluntary whole-body donation and professing it as a noble act. In many countries, voluntary donations have been guarded by ethical and legal concerns and revisited to meet the demands of teaching medicine and scientific research. Focussing on the Belgian context in Europe, Dielis 32 reported on the essential elements of comprehensive legal framework through a comparative analysis involving the Netherlands and the recently adopted regulatory regimes in France (2021–2022) and Ireland (2024). In addition, the analysis is correlated with the relevant international bioethical standards, including specific guidelines to anatomical research and regulatory frameworks applicable to the donation of human bodily material. Body donation campaigns should be appropriately designed to provide broad publicity, acknowledgement, and incentivization to the donor and their families to create and elevate awareness of this altruistic act and to change the mindset of society considering the various barriers cited for no-body donation. The altruistic decision of the donor serves a collective purpose in supporting medical advancements, surgical training, and newer innovations in biomedical research. Their legacy continues to live in every physician they train and every life that physicians go on to impact. These regular awareness programs and outreach camps in the peripheries regarding body donation and inclusion of the same in the high school and pre-university curriculum will be of great advantage in overcoming this situation. Students of the science stream should be well equipped with the awareness and benefits of whole-body donation to motivate them to inform their families and the common public to generate the willingness for body donation. Students should be taught to respect cadavers, the pricelessness of donated bodies, and the sentiments of donors behind body donation. The practice of respecting the cadaver at the beginning of the medical course and the ceremonial cadaveric oath should be emphasized mandatorily. 17 The message should spread about the good and respectful handling of donated bodies in the anatomy laboratory. This can have a positive impact and a sense of social responsibility, which motivates students to consider potential paybacks to medical fraternity. Effective measures to alleviate the shortage of cadavers should be meticulously planned by evoking public awareness, medical exhibitions, integrated debates, opting for a standard procedure with a clear legal framework, working on the idea of cadaver pooling, and an effective humane protocol for body donation. Pre-informing healthcare professionals regarding policy and regulatory guidelines is a prerequisite and of paramount importance. Addressing knowledge gaps through targeted educational interventions, culturally sensitive approaches, and enhanced public awareness campaigns can significantly improve the frequency of body donation and the effectiveness of medical education. Evidence from the recent literature, indicates that the structured educational initiatives, commemorative programs with a multidisciplinary approach play a pivotal role in strengthening the public trust and framing donation as a socially valued practice. 33 By focusing on and addressing these breaches, we can motivate body donation and implement SDG-4 of the United Nations, which insists on quality medical education and research. Conclusion The present study observed specific knowledge gaps in the guidelines for body donation, such as timeframe, logistics, and legal issues in procuring. Since medical students play an important role in this societal motivation, we suggest that a scientific session in the curriculum of Phase-1 regarding the protocol of body donation be incorporated. In this context, it is believed that this study shall sensitize the scientific community for the generous act of body donation, ‘gift that lives forever’. Ethical statement The authors state that every effort was made to follow the institutional and international ethical guidelines and laws pertaining to this study. The authors of this manuscript state that ethical approval was obtained prior to the commencement of the study. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India, Reg. No. ECR/541/IND/KA/2014/RR-20 (Approval number: IEC KMC MLR 05/2024/283, Dated 23/05/2024). The protocol of this study was archived in the https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.n92ld6kwng5b/v1 . Consent to participate Prior to the study, each participant agreed to be a part of this questionnaire-based study and handed written informed consent. They also affirmed to publish the information data, provided the anonymity of their identity was maintained. Data availability Underlying data Repository name: [Dataset on awareness of body donation guidelines]. Figshare link: https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Dataset_on_awareness_of_body_donation_guidelines/31026607?file=60873361 with DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31026607 34 The project contains the following underlying data: [awareness of body donation guidelines] (Raw Data). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Acknowledgements The authors sincerely thank the students of MBBS Phase 1, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India, who participated in this study. References 1. Rokade SA, Gaikawad AP: Body donation in India: social awareness, willingness, and associated factors. Anat. Sci. Educ. 2012; 5 (2): 83–89. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Bolcato V, Belli G, Franzetti C, et al. : Survey on health students’ knowledge and perception on body donation for scientific research, education, and training after specific Italian law no. 10/2020. Ann. 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PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 29. Vymazalová K, Šerý O, Králík P: Substantial decrease in SARS-CoV-2 RNA after fixation of cadavers intended for anatomical dissection. Anat. Sci. Int. 2023; 98 (3): 441–447. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 30. Ogut E, Yildirim FB, Senol Y, et al. : Comprehensive evaluation of the educational impact and effectiveness of specialized study modules in cross-sectional anatomy: a study on student engagement and learning outcomes. BMC. Med. Educ. 2025; 25 (1): 514. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 31. Matheson MA, Gatti JR, Reid LD: Unclaimed bodies in anatomical education: medical student attitudes at one U.S. medical institution. Teach. Learn. Med. 2025; 37 (1): 1–13. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 32. Dielis H: Regulating body donation to science in Belgium: a comparative legal study. Ann. Anat. 2026; 266 :152828. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 33. Ottone NE, Torres-Villar C, Duque-Colorado J, et al. : Advancing ethical standards in anatomical donation: regional insights from South America. Clin. Anat. 2026. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 34. Vadgaonkar R, Murlimanju BV: Dataset on awareness of body donation guidelines. Dataset. figshare. 2026. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 29 Jan 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India 2 Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India B. V Murlimanju Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing M. Praveen Shenoy Roles: Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Visualization Sheetal D Ullal Roles: Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (3) version 3 Revised Published: 15 Apr 2026, 15:133 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175620.3 version 2 Revised Published: 19 Mar 2026, 15:133 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175620.2 version 1 Published: 29 Jan 2026, 15:133 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175620.1 Copyright © 2026 Murlimanju BV et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Murlimanju BV, Shenoy MP, Ullal SD and Vadgaonkar R. Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175620.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 15 Apr 2026 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Usman IM. Reviewer Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198077.r476028 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v3#referee-response-476028 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 15 May 2026 Ibe Michael Usman , University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198077.r476028 Thank you the opportunity to review the work titled “Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study.” The topic is timely and will be interest to the scientific community. However, I have the following concerns to ... Continue reading READ ALL Thank you the opportunity to review the work titled “Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study.” The topic is timely and will be interest to the scientific community. However, I have the following concerns to be addressed The title needs to be modified or improvements to capture what exactly was done in the current study. What does phase 1 mean? title using a more globaly acceptable terms Abstract The background of the study is confusing, knowledge, awareness, attitude differ from each other The abstract should capture the study location or the name of the institution, when the study was done What does the authors mean by two consecutive years? Not clear The conclusion should be in line with the study finding Introduction Grammatical issues in the introduction section need to be addressed The significance of the study has not been properly articulated, hence needs to be worked on Abbreviations such as MBBS, AETCOM… should be written in full first before subsequent use How was the following objective achieved - to provide educators with insights into students’ perspectives on body donation (See last paragraph of the introduction section) since the study was done among students only Method The following sentence is not clear - Bachelor of Medicine, and Bachelor of Surgery from admissions of two consecutive years. Was the study done in two years? Did study use students in two levels? may year 1 and 2... Kindly clarify please to improve readership. Information about study setting is missing. Was the study done in single school? When was the study done? Duration of the study is not clear. How was the study tool designed? Who validated the questionnaire? If this was done by the authors, kindly provide mode more detail including the Cronbach alpha value. Data analysis is missing Result and Discussion The result section is poorly presented…. The result is mostly descriptive. Struggling provide more guidance because lots of information are missing in the method section Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Anatomy and Medical Education I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Usman IM. Reviewer Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198077.r476028 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v3#referee-response-476028 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 19 Mar 2026 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Ogt E. Reviewer Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197213.r469472 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v2#referee-response-469472 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Mar 2026 Ern Ogt , Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey; Akdeniz University Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Antalya, Antalya, Turkey Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197213.r469472 Many points are explained several times and repetitive especially in discussion part. The discussion should be reduced and focused more directly on the main findings rather than general information. Recent studies should be added and discussed especially the importance of ... Continue reading READ ALL Many points are explained several times and repetitive especially in discussion part. The discussion should be reduced and focused more directly on the main findings rather than general information. Recent studies should be added and discussed especially the importance of cadaver and body donation in anatomy education rather than models and 3d applications. It should be mentioned: early structured teaching can also improve students’ ethical awareness and knowledge of donation-related procedures: Ogut E., et al., 2025 - Ref 1. Cochran’s formula are not well explained it should be improved. p values should be written replace for descriptive statistics. Several terms are repeated unnecessarily and English needs editing. Discussion should be written from the study data. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No References 1. Ogut E, Yildirim F, Senol Y, Senol A: Comprehensive evaluation of the educational impact and effectiveness of specialized study modules in cross-sectional anatomy: a study on student engagement and learning outcomes. BMC Medical Education . 2025; 25 (1). Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Medical education I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Ogt E. Reviewer Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197213.r469472 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v2#referee-response-469472 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 29 Jan 2026 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Motappa R. Reviewer Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193622.r453743 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v1#referee-response-453743 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 10 Feb 2026 Rohith Motappa , ESIC Medical College & PGIMSR and Model Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193622.r453743 General Comments The manuscript titled " Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study". addresses an important and socially relevant topic, as body donation plays a crucial role in medical education. Assessing perceptions among MBBS students ... Continue reading READ ALL General Comments The manuscript titled " Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study". addresses an important and socially relevant topic, as body donation plays a crucial role in medical education. Assessing perceptions among MBBS students is important, particularly in the context of ethical awareness and cadaver-based learning. The presentation of the study require improvement to enhance clarity and impact. Major Comments 1. Study Rationale - The introduction provides background on body donation, but the rationale for focusing specifically on MBBS students and not other courses in the selected institution/region should be strengthened. 2. Methodology -The study design should be described in greater detail, including sampling technique, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and sample size justification. Institutional ethics committee approval and informed consent should be clearly mentioned. 3. Results Presentation -Use more tables or figures. Percentages should be accompanied by absolute numbers for better clarity. 4. Discussion -Potential reasons for positive or negative perceptions among students should be explored in more depth. 5. Careful language editing is recommended and check on grammatical and typographical errors 6. The conclusion could be more concise and should clearly reflect the study objectives and key findings. The manuscript addresses an important issue and has the potential to contribute meaningfully to medical education literature. However, few revisions are required to improve methodological clarity, depth of discussion, and overall presentation before the manuscript can be considered for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: TB, NCDs I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Motappa R. Reviewer Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193622.r453743 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v1#referee-response-453743 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 11 Feb 2026 RAJANIGANDHA VADGAONKAR , DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, MANIPAL, India 11 Feb 2026 Author Response Dear Reviewer We thank you immensely for your approval and expert comments and opinion. we will address your comments during the revision of the manuscript. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Dear Reviewer We thank you immensely for your approval and expert comments and opinion. we will address your comments during the revision of the manuscript. Dear Reviewer We thank you immensely for your approval and expert comments and opinion. we will address your comments during the revision of the manuscript. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 11 Feb 2026 RAJANIGANDHA VADGAONKAR , DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, MANIPAL, India 11 Feb 2026 Author Response Dear Reviewer We thank you immensely for your approval and expert comments and opinion. we will address your comments during the revision of the manuscript. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Dear Reviewer We thank you immensely for your approval and expert comments and opinion. we will address your comments during the revision of the manuscript. Dear Reviewer We thank you immensely for your approval and expert comments and opinion. we will address your comments during the revision of the manuscript. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 29 Jan 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 3 (revision) 15 Apr 26 read Version 2 (revision) 19 Mar 26 read Version 1 29 Jan 26 read Rohith Motappa , ESIC Medical College & PGIMSR and Model Hospital, Bangalore, India Ern Ogt , Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey; Akdeniz University Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Antalya, Turkey Ibe Michael Usman , University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Usman I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 15 May 2026 | for Version 3 Ibe Michael Usman , University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda 0 Views copyright © 2026 Usman I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Thank you the opportunity to review the work titled “Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study.” The topic is timely and will be interest to the scientific community. However, I have the following concerns to be addressed The title needs to be modified or improvements to capture what exactly was done in the current study. What does phase 1 mean? title using a more globaly acceptable terms Abstract The background of the study is confusing, knowledge, awareness, attitude differ from each other The abstract should capture the study location or the name of the institution, when the study was done What does the authors mean by two consecutive years? Not clear The conclusion should be in line with the study finding Introduction Grammatical issues in the introduction section need to be addressed The significance of the study has not been properly articulated, hence needs to be worked on Abbreviations such as MBBS, AETCOM… should be written in full first before subsequent use How was the following objective achieved - to provide educators with insights into students’ perspectives on body donation (See last paragraph of the introduction section) since the study was done among students only Method The following sentence is not clear - Bachelor of Medicine, and Bachelor of Surgery from admissions of two consecutive years. Was the study done in two years? Did study use students in two levels? may year 1 and 2... Kindly clarify please to improve readership. Information about study setting is missing. Was the study done in single school? When was the study done? Duration of the study is not clear. How was the study tool designed? Who validated the questionnaire? If this was done by the authors, kindly provide mode more detail including the Cronbach alpha value. Data analysis is missing Result and Discussion The result section is poorly presented…. The result is mostly descriptive. Struggling provide more guidance because lots of information are missing in the method section Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Anatomy and Medical Education I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Usman IM. Peer Review Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.198077.r476028) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v3#referee-response-476028 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Ogt E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Mar 2026 | for Version 2 Ern Ogt , Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey; Akdeniz University Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Antalya, Antalya, Turkey 0 Views copyright © 2026 Ogt E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Many points are explained several times and repetitive especially in discussion part. The discussion should be reduced and focused more directly on the main findings rather than general information. Recent studies should be added and discussed especially the importance of cadaver and body donation in anatomy education rather than models and 3d applications. It should be mentioned: early structured teaching can also improve students’ ethical awareness and knowledge of donation-related procedures: Ogut E., et al., 2025 - Ref 1. Cochran’s formula are not well explained it should be improved. p values should be written replace for descriptive statistics. Several terms are repeated unnecessarily and English needs editing. Discussion should be written from the study data. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No References 1. Ogut E, Yildirim F, Senol Y, Senol A: Comprehensive evaluation of the educational impact and effectiveness of specialized study modules in cross-sectional anatomy: a study on student engagement and learning outcomes. BMC Medical Education . 2025; 25 (1). Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Medical education I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Ogt E. Peer Review Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197213.r469472) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v2#referee-response-469472 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Motappa R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Feb 2026 | for Version 1 Rohith Motappa , ESIC Medical College & PGIMSR and Model Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Motappa R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions General Comments The manuscript titled " Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study". addresses an important and socially relevant topic, as body donation plays a crucial role in medical education. Assessing perceptions among MBBS students is important, particularly in the context of ethical awareness and cadaver-based learning. The presentation of the study require improvement to enhance clarity and impact. Major Comments 1. Study Rationale - The introduction provides background on body donation, but the rationale for focusing specifically on MBBS students and not other courses in the selected institution/region should be strengthened. 2. Methodology -The study design should be described in greater detail, including sampling technique, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and sample size justification. Institutional ethics committee approval and informed consent should be clearly mentioned. 3. Results Presentation -Use more tables or figures. Percentages should be accompanied by absolute numbers for better clarity. 4. Discussion -Potential reasons for positive or negative perceptions among students should be explored in more depth. 5. Careful language editing is recommended and check on grammatical and typographical errors 6. The conclusion could be more concise and should clearly reflect the study objectives and key findings. The manuscript addresses an important issue and has the potential to contribute meaningfully to medical education literature. However, few revisions are required to improve methodological clarity, depth of discussion, and overall presentation before the manuscript can be considered for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise TB, NCDs I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 11 Feb 2026 RAJANIGANDHA VADGAONKAR, DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, MANIPAL, India Dear Reviewer We thank you immensely for your approval and expert comments and opinion. we will address your comments during the revision of the manuscript. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Motappa R. Peer Review Report For: Perception of body donation among the Phase-1 medical students, a questionnaire-based study [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193622.r453743) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-133/v1#referee-response-453743 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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