Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception

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Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate users' perception of mobile phone precision push services, and to evaluate their effectiveness and overall impact. Methods This study initially clarifies the working principle of precision push services, focusing on user information modeling and mathematical prediction methods to achieve personalized information delivery. Using a questionnaire survey targeting college students, this paper analyzes five factors hypothesized to influence user perceptions: the effectiveness of pushed information, interference with user experience, operability, user autonomy, and transparency of information. A total of 64 valid questionnaires were collected for statistical analysis, including demographic characteristics, reliability and validity tests, and difference and correlation analyses. Results The results indicate that users rated "user autonomy" highest, reflecting their strong preference for receiving tailored content such as industry news, trends, and event notifications. Significant gender differences were observed in terms of operability, while geographic location had minimal impact on user perceptions. Additionally, the effectiveness of precision push services showed a negative correlation with their perceived overall impact. Conclusion Consequently, this study recommends enhancing precision push services by prioritizing personalized user needs, particularly by delivering industry-specific information and timely event reminders to improve user engagement and satisfaction. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161485.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] Wang Peng https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7995-749X 1 , Norhayati Hussin 1 , Masitah Ahmad 1 Wang Peng https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7995-749X 1 , Norhayati Hussin 1 , Masitah Ahmad 1 PUBLISHED 15 Apr 2025 Author details Author details 1 School of Information Science, College of Computing, Informatics and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, 40000, Malaysia Wang Peng Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Norhayati Hussin Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision Masitah Ahmad Roles: Project Administration, Supervision OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Social Psychology gateway. Abstract Background With the rapid advancement of information and communication technologies (ICT), our society has entered the era of widespread internet and mobile communications, promoting the emergence of precision push services on mobile phones. Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate users' perception of mobile phone precision push services, and to evaluate their effectiveness and overall impact. Methods This study initially clarifies the working principle of precision push services, focusing on user information modeling and mathematical prediction methods to achieve personalized information delivery. Using a questionnaire survey targeting college students, this paper analyzes five factors hypothesized to influence user perceptions: the effectiveness of pushed information, interference with user experience, operability, user autonomy, and transparency of information. A total of 64 valid questionnaires were collected for statistical analysis, including demographic characteristics, reliability and validity tests, and difference and correlation analyses. Results The results indicate that users rated "user autonomy" highest, reflecting their strong preference for receiving tailored content such as industry news, trends, and event notifications. Significant gender differences were observed in terms of operability, while geographic location had minimal impact on user perceptions. Additionally, the effectiveness of precision push services showed a negative correlation with their perceived overall impact. Conclusion Consequently, this study recommends enhancing precision push services by prioritizing personalized user needs, particularly by delivering industry-specific information and timely event reminders to improve user engagement and satisfaction. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Keywords: Precision Push，Effectiveness Evaluation，Statistical Analysis Corresponding Author(s) Norhayati Hussin ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Norhayati Hussin Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This research was supported by the Journal Support Fund (JSF) provided by Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Peng W et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Peng W, Hussin N and Ahmad M. Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161485.1 ) First published: 15 Apr 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161485.1 ) Latest published: 15 Apr 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161485.1 ) 1. Introduction A. Background and rationale With the rapid advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), mobile devices have increasingly become the primary means for users worldwide to access digital services, particularly via smartphones ( Statista, 2023 ). Precision push notifications, which utilize algorithms and user data modeling to deliver personalized content, have become a central feature of mobile internet ecosystems DeGe and Sang (2024) . Despite advancements accelerated by the integration of 5G networks and IoT technology ( Zhang et al., 2021 ), concerns such as notification overload, privacy risks, and gender differences in usability persist, highlighting the need for deeper research into user experiences ( Fornes-Leal et al., 2021 ; Smith and Jones (2022) . B. Uniqueness of this study While previous studies have largely concentrated on technical optimizations, such as enhancing push speed through edge computing ( Hsu et al., 2019 ) or targeting accuracy via big data ( Wang, Chen, & Zhao, 2023 ), this research adopts a broader approach by comprehensively assessing multidimensional user perceptions. Instead of examining isolated elements like message validity or operability independently, this study incorporates five key dimensions: effectiveness, non-interference, operability, user choice, and information transparency. Additionally, the study uniquely investigates the moderating effects of gender and geographic location, thus addressing current gaps related to demographic-specific analysis ( Johnson & Lee, 2023 ) and providing insights to support ethically sustainable precision push services. C. Research gaps Current literature reveals several key unresolved issues regarding precision push services: (1) Information Transparency: There is limited understanding and inconsistent findings on how transparency in data usage affects user trust, with only 34% of users fully understanding push mechanisms Chen, Liu, and Wang (2022) . (2) Gender Disparities: Studies have shown significant differences in how genders interact with push settings, with male users customizing push settings 40% more frequently than females, yet this relationship with perceived operability remains understudied ( Smith & Jones, 2022 ). (3) Cultural Variability: The effectiveness and relevance of push notifications vary notably across different regions, necessitating further investigation into cross-cultural adaptability ( Kumar & Gupta, 2020 ). (4) Long-Term Impact: Frequent pushes reduce user retention by 22%, yet most research currently emphasizes short-term engagement without adequately addressing long-term effects ( Sandal et al., 2020 ). (5) Ethical Design: With 5G enhancing data collection capabilities, achieving a balance between personalized content delivery and privacy protection presents ongoing challenges ( Taber, 2018 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ). (6) Operability-Trust Nexus: The relationship between user-friendly customization options and the level of user trust is underexplored, despite evidence showing 68% of users abandon services due to poor customization options ( Arena, 2020 ). D. Research objectives and contributions This study aims to systematically examine how the five critical dimensions—effectiveness, non-interference, operability, user choice, and transparency—interact to shape user perceptions of mobile precision push services. Additionally, it analyzes demographic influences, specifically gender and geographic factors, to reveal more nuanced patterns that previous studies may have overlooked. The research also investigates the paradox whereby highly precise push notifications can unintentionally reduce user satisfaction due to perceived intrusiveness. The contributions of this study include theoretical advancement through developing a comprehensive framework that aligns technical design principles with user experience dimensions, thus bridging fragmented analyses from existing literature. Methodologically, the study incorporates demographic variables into its analytical framework, using structural equation modeling (SEM) and Cronbach’s α reliability tests to enhance empirical rigor in human-computer interaction research. Practically, this research provides actionable insights for interface design and content personalization strategies, assisting developers in reducing notification fatigue while improving user engagement within the context of emerging 5G-driven mobile applications. 2. Literature review Precision Push Service (PPS) is a mobile internet application that leverages personalized algorithms, behavior analysis, and data mining to deliver targeted information to users DeGe and Sang (2024) . The primary goal of PPS is to enhance information dissemination efficiency and improve user experiences. Despite these technological advancements, the actual effectiveness of PPS and its influence on user perception warrant deeper exploration. Initially, understanding the conceptual framework and operational mechanisms of PPS is crucial. The precision push service constructs user profiles through data analytics and employs machine learning algorithms to predict and deliver content tailored to individual user preferences ( Hsu et al., 2019 ). Zhang et al. (2021) explored IoT and big data applications in PPS within 5G contexts, demonstrating that improved data processing significantly enhances push accuracy and user satisfaction. Moreover, Fornes-Leal et al. (2021) proposed strategies for deploying 5G PPS in less developed regions to reduce the digital divide ( Fornes-Leal et al., 2021 ). DeGe and Sang (2024) further illustrated PPS mechanisms, emphasizing user modeling and algorithmic prediction to customize content delivery, and presented an edge computing-based news push model to enhance content accuracy through user similarity analysis DeGe and Sang (2024) . Nonetheless, PPS effectiveness depends not only on technology but significantly on user perceptions and experiences. Existing research identifies several key dimensions influencing user perceptions, including message validity, non-interference, operability, user choice, and information transparency. Specifically, the following dimensions critically affect user experience: (1) Message Validity and Quality: Accurate, high-quality information is fundamental to maintaining user trust, whereas irrelevant or excessive content reduces trust ( LogRocket, 2021 ). Studies by Wang et al. (2023) found that notifications such as industry updates and event alerts receive favorable user feedback and boost engagement. Conversely, high precision of notifications can paradoxically negatively correlate with overall user satisfaction, emphasizing the need for balanced frequency ( Wang, Chen, & Zhao, 2023 ). (2) Non-Interference with User Experience: Push notifications must avoid disrupting normal device usage. Research from PLOS One (2020) indicates excessive or untimely notifications cause user frustration, diminishing their effectiveness and acceptance ( PLOS One, 2020 ). (3) Operability: User-friendly customization capabilities significantly affect user engagement. Smith and Jones (2022) noted substantial gender differences in operability, with males more frequently customizing push settings compared to females, who often rely on default settings ( Smith & Jones, 2022 ). Arena (2020) and Intercom (2021) support the importance of operability and minimal interference for sustained user engagement ( Arena, 2020 ) ( Intercom, 2021 ). (4) User Choice: Allowing users to choose notification types and delivery timings substantially increases satisfaction and service adoption. Li and Zhang (2021) affirmed the critical role user autonomy plays in service acceptance ( Taplytics, 2020 ). (5) Information Transparency: Transparency regarding data usage and push methodologies enhances user trust. Chen et al. (2022) argued that clearer communication of data practices could significantly mitigate privacy concerns among users Chen, Liu, and Wang (2022) . Moreover, PPS also influences user behaviors. Kumar and Gupta (2020) observed that low-quality content prompts users to disable notifications despite improved information efficiency ( Kumar & Gupta, 2020 ). Taylor (2021) highlighted gender differences in PPS acceptance, noting distinct content preferences between male and female users, suggesting differentiated interface design strategies ( Taylor, 2021 ). Gender differences also significantly impact technology use and operational behaviors. Smith and Jones (2022) revealed that male users typically resolve technical issues independently, whereas female users tend to seek external assistance Smith and Jones (2022) . Johnson and Lee (2023) supported the existence of gender-based design preferences, suggesting differentiated operational interfaces to enhance service acceptance ( Johnson & Lee, 2023 ). Research methods employed typically include quantitative approaches like surveys and statistical analyses. The present study utilized SPSS and structural equation modeling (SEM) on 64 valid questionnaires, finding that user choice significantly impacted perception, while information transparency and non-interference had comparatively less effect ( Johnson & Lee, 2023 ). The reliability and validity of research instruments were assured using Cronbach’s α and KMO tests, supported by methodological frameworks from Taber (2018) and Hinton et al. (2021) ( Taber, 2018 ) ( Hinton, McMurray, & Brownlow, 2021 ). Despite significant insights, existing literature has several limitations, including fragmented analyses of multidimensional interactions and insufficient exploration of cross-cultural preferences ( Kumar & Gupta, 2020 ). Future studies could benefit from integrating advanced data analytics and machine learning techniques to enhance precision without compromising privacy. Future research should address (1) privacy and security enhancements, (2) optimized personalized push algorithms, (3) cross-cultural content adaptability, (4) expanded and diversified samples for gender and geographic validation, (5) more complex user behavior modeling, and (6) long-term impacts on user habits and satisfaction. In conclusion, user perception of PPS is influenced by multifaceted factors. While users generally view personalized push positively, content quality, transparency, and non-interference remain critical. This research synthesizes current perspectives and proposes future research directions to optimize PPS practices comprehensively. 3. Methods A. Research model determination Through research and analysis of the perception of precision push services, a conceptual framework for evaluating precision push perceptions has been developed, as shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 1. Precision push service working process. Figure 2. Conceptual framework for evaluating precision push perceptions. The evaluation of user perception regarding precision push notifications is organized into five hypothetical dimensions. These dimensions were developed based on a comprehensive review of existing literature and empirical studies that focus on targeted messaging, personalized notifications, and user experience factors influencing mobile communication services. The formulation of hypotheses considered multiple critical factors, including accuracy, timing, quality of information, user autonomy, notification frequency, customization options, and transparency regarding data usage and notification mechanisms. Detailed criteria for each dimension were established through an iterative process involving literature analysis and expert consultations to minimize potential bias and variability. Specifically, the factors hypothesized to influence user perception are as follows: H1: Message Validity and Quality - This dimension evaluates whether precision push notifications deliver accurate, timely, and high-quality content. To assess this, the criteria included clarity of information, relevance to user interests, and timeliness measured through questionnaire items rated on a Likert scale. H2: Non-interference with User Experience - This dimension assesses the extent to which push notifications interrupt or disrupt the normal usage of mobile devices or applications. Data were collected on the frequency of notifications, timing relative to typical usage patterns, and subjective user feedback regarding interruptions or disturbances. H3: Operability - The operability dimension evaluates how easily users can manage and customize notification preferences. The questionnaire included items examining user interactions with notification settings, the clarity of customization instructions, ease of changing notification types, and availability of features to disable or modify notifications. H4: User Choice - This dimension focuses on user autonomy in selecting notification content types, delivery timings, and methods. Respondents were surveyed on their perceived control over notification settings and the ability to tailor push services to personal preferences. H5: Information Transparency - This dimension investigates how transparently push notification systems communicate information regarding data use, notification purpose, and delivery mechanisms. Users were specifically asked about their understanding of how their data is utilized, clarity of communication from the app or service provider, and the availability of clear explanations about push notification mechanisms. Data collection employed structured questionnaires distributed digitally, designed with rigorous consideration to avoid potential bias, including randomized question order, clear phrasing, and controlled respondent demographics. Reliability and validity testing, including Cronbach's alpha and KMO tests, were performed to ensure robustness and accuracy of findings. B. Data collection This pilot study targeted a clearly defined finite population comprising 180 third-year undergraduate students enrolled in a Communication Technology program. Its primary goal was to validate the research framework and assess the reliability and validity of measurement instruments ahead of larger-scale studies. Employing methodological rigor, the study strategically selected a modest sample size of 64 respondents, balancing statistical validity with feasibility. Using a 95% confidence level and ±10% margin of error, along with a conservative population proportion of 50%, the final adjusted sample size of 64 respondents was deemed sufficient and appropriate, effectively representing 35.6% of the overall population. C. Instrument development Quantitative research methods, specifically questionnaire surveys, were employed to analyze and evaluate precision push services. Before questionnaire design, the research objectives and dimensions—encompassing five hypothesized factors and two perceptual dimensions (effectiveness and impact)—were clearly established. The questionnaire was structured across seven dimensions, each containing 4 to 9 quantitative, single-choice questions distributed via Tencent Questionnaire, optimizing data collection efficiency and reducing costs. Given the popularity of smartphones and digital services among young users, university students constituted the primary research sample. To ensure scientific rigor and reliability, the Likert Scale was utilized, providing respondents with a clear, structured format for expressing agreement or disagreement across statements. Originally developed by psychologist Rensis Likert in 1932, this scale typically features a 5-point rating system, enabling precise differentiation of respondents' attitudes and improving interpretability of the results. The simplicity and clarity of the Likert Scale make it the most widely adopted standard method for contemporary survey researchLikert (1932). 4. Results A total of 70 questionnaires were distributed via the survey app, with 67 returned (including 3 invalid responses), resulting in 64 valid questionnaires. Demographic analysis of the sample is an essential step in questionnaire-based research, as it helps to understand the composition of the sample and assess its representativeness. Common demographic characteristics include age, gender, education level, income, occupation, geographic location, race, and ethnicity. The analysis results are shown in Table 1 . Table 1. Analysis of sample demographic characteristics. Demographic variables Area Nanning Other cities in Guangxi Other provinces and cities Total Male 8(12.5%) 19(29.7%) 11(17.2%) 38(59.4%) Female 2(3.1%) 14(21.9%) 10(15.6%) 26(40.6%) <25 years old 10(15.6%) 32(50%) 18(28.1%) 60(93.4%) 25<45 years old 0 0 3(4.7%) 0 Undergraduate 10(15.6%) 33(51.6%) 20(31.3%) 63(98.4%) College 0 0 1(1.6%) 1(1.6%) Since the majority of participants in the questionnaire survey were university students, the education level was predominantly undergraduate, making it unsuitable for use as a variable for sample differentiation. Age was also concentrated, with most respondents being under 25, so it was not considered a differentiating factor in the analysis. The only sample differentiating factors used in this study were geographic location and gender. A. Analysis of reliability and validity Cronbach's alpha coefficient is a method used to assess the internal consistency reliability of a questionnaire or test. This coefficient reflects the average correlation between the items in the questionnaire and is used to measure whether different items collectively assess the same concept. The value of Cronbach's alpha ranges between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating better internal consistency, meaning a stronger correlation between the items. The reliability statistics for each dimension are shown in Table 2 . Table 2. The reliability test results between the variables. Different variables Reliability of each variable Total reliability Effect of Precise Push Servise 0.836 0.932 Message Validity and Quality 0.868 Non Interference with User Excellence 0.441 Operability 0.852 User Choice 0.849 Information Transparency 0.845 Perceive Evaluation 0.893 Impact of Precise Push Service 0.035 Table 3. Analysis of differences between different genders and regions. Different variables Gender N Sig.(2-tailed) Different regions N Sig. Effect of Precise Push Servise Male 38 0.914 Nanning 7 0.461 Other cities in Guangxi 36 Female 26 Other cities in other provinces 21 Message Validity and Quality Male 38 0.616 Nanning 7 0.567 Other cities in Guangxi 36 Female 26 Other cities in other provinces 21 Non Interference with User Excellence Male 38 0.124 Nanning 7 0.096 Other cities in Guangxi 36 Female 26 Other cities in other provinces 21 Operability Male 38 0.045 Nanning 7 0.209 Other cities in Guangxi 36 Female 26 Other cities in other provinces 21 User Choice Male 38 0.482 Nanning 7 0.71 Other cities in Guangxi 36 Female 26 Other cities in other provinces 21 Information Transparency Male 38 0.429 Nanning 7 0.276 Other cities in Guangxi 36 Female 26 Other cities in other provinces 21 Perceive Evaluation Male 38 0.869 Nanning 7 0.672 Other cities in Guangxi 36 Female 26 Other cities in other provinces 21 Based on the analysis results, the overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this test questionnaire is 0.932, which meets the expected reliability threshold, and the results can be generally considered reliable. This result in line and supported by the statement of Ahmad et al. (2024) that state the advanced research or research required the high precision, a higher alpha value with 0.8 and above is preferred for ensure the greater reliability. However, the dimensions Non-Interference with User Experience and Impact of Precise Push Service did not meet the reliability requirement of 0.6, indicating the need for further testing and question revision in subsequent assessments. Despite this, the sampling results for these two dimensions follow a normal distribution, meeting the randomness requirement. Therefore, the results can still be used for further analysis, but with cautious evaluation ( Taber, 2018 ). In the subsequent analysis, we will reduce the weight of these dimensions, relying more on other dimensions with higher reliability. When using data from these dimensions, we will clearly state their limitations to inform users of potential risks. These dimensions will be used primarily for exploratory analysis, rather than as a basis for critical decision-making. The questionnaire results were also subjected to a validity analysis using the KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) test and Bartlett's Test. The closer the KMO value is to 1, the higher the commonality between variables, indicating stronger suitability for factor analysis. The evaluation criteria are as follows: KMO > 0.9: excellent; 0.8-0.9: good; 0.7-0.8: acceptable; 0.6-0.7: marginal; 0.5-0.6: barely acceptable; below 0.5: unsuitable. It is generally accepted that a KMO value greater than 0.6 is appropriate for factor analysis. The results of the validity analysis are shown in Figure 3 . Figure 3. Validity analysis results. Figure 4. Performance bar charts and radar charts for each dimension. Table 4. Correlation analysis between various dimensions. Different dimensions Effect of precise push servise Message validity and quality Non interference with user excellence Operability User choice Information transparency Perceive evaluation Impact of precise push service Effect of precise push servise 1 Message validity and quality .729** 1 Non interference with user excellence .432** .438** 1 Operability .451** .403** .537** 1 User choice .550** .349** .357** .733** 1 Information transparency 0.238 0.145 .348** .533** .525** 1 Perceive evaluation .511** .414** .404** .728** .656** .659** 1 Impact of precise push service -0.187 -0.153 0.022 -0.098 -0.133 .287* -0.037 1 From the test results, it can be observed that the result of Bartlett's sphericity test is very close to 0, meeting the requirement of being below the usual significance level (e.g., 0.05). This result supported by Rossoni et al. (2016) that state that a statistically significant Bartlett test (p < 0.05) indicates the sufficient correlate with the existing variable for continue the analysis. This allows us to reject the null hypothesis, indicating that there is a correlation between the variables, making them suitable for factor analysis. The KMO value is 0.638, suggesting that the validity results support the appropriateness of conducting factor analysis, and that the overall questionnaire is usable ( Hinton, McMurray, & Brownlow, 2021 ). B. Analysis of differences A difference test was conducted across different sample groups for various test dimensions. The analysis results show that only the Operability dimension had a significance value of 0.045, which is less than the threshold of 0.05, indicating a gender difference in this dimension. The test results for other dimensions were much greater than 0.05, showing no significant gender differences in the remaining questionnaire dimensions ( Smith & Jones, 2022 ). In the Operability dimension, the average score for males was higher than for females. Additionally, for specific questions, men and women provided markedly different responses regarding their assessment of operability, which is the source of this difference (Nurqamarani, Fadilla, & Juliana, 2024). Men and women may interact with applications differently. For example, women might be more inclined to use social media apps, while men may favor gaming or tech-related apps. Men might also be more open and confident in using new technologies, while women may be more cautious and take more time to adapt to new devices. When encountering technical issues, female users may be more likely to seek assistance, while male users may prefer to solve problems independently. These differences lead to varied experiences in terms of operability between men and women in precision push services, and such differences are reasonable and acceptable. When choosing personalized push content, app developers should consider these gender differences in operability and provide different interfaces and operational methods to achieve better push outcomes and higher push effectiveness ( Taylor, 2021 ). There were no significant differences in any of the dimensions based on geographic location, which aligns with the expected statistical results. Correlation analysis is a method used to assess whether there is a statistical association between two or more variables. This type of analysis helps researchers understand the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, though it is important to note that correlation does not imply causation. In this sample, the Pearson correlation coefficient is employed to evaluate the correlations among the measured variables. C. Correlation analysis Results marked with two asterisks (**) indicate that the variables show significant correlation at the 99% significance level. The correlation between Service Impact and Information Transparency is marked with a single asterisk (*), indicating a significant correlation at the 95% significance level. The absence of asterisks represents a weak correlation. In this test, Service Impact showed weak correlations with the other dimensions, with some negative correlations also observed ( Chen et al., 2022 ). This indicates that as the effectiveness of precision push services increases, the impact of the service decreases. 5. Discussion From the collected questionnaire data, users clearly demonstrate strong preferences within the “User Choice” dimension, specifically highlighting their preference for accurate push notifications concerning industry news and trends, as well as event invitations and reminders ( Li & Zhang, 2021 ). Among the five evaluated dimensions, “User Choice” achieved the highest ratings, signifying its critical role in shaping users' overall perception of precision push services. This result indicates a marked tendency among mobile communication users to prioritize obtaining timely and valuable information, which underscores the importance of precision push notifications in delivering useful and relevant content ( Kumar & Gupta, 2020 ). Firstly, respondents exhibited a high appreciation for notifications related to industry news and market trends, highlighting their need for current information that aligns closely with their professional interests ( Wang, Chen, & Zhao, 2023 ). Timely and relevant industry updates assist users in maintaining competitive advantages and promptly responding to market dynamics. This emphasizes the value precision push services add through delivering timely knowledge updates and information-sharing resources, reflecting users’ growing reliance on mobile communication for efficient access to professional and market-related information ( Smith & Jones, 2022 ). Secondly, users' clear preference for event invitations and reminders indicates their emphasis on time management and social interaction within precision push services ( Johnson & Lee, 2023 ). Such notifications facilitate effective scheduling and active participation in social and professional activities, thereby enhancing overall life quality and social engagement. This demonstrates the significant potential of mobile push services in meeting users' practical needs related to social and life management. Accurately timed and relevant event notifications substantially improve user engagement and satisfaction. In summary, user preferences towards push notifications, specifically those concerning industry-related information and event management, point to two key optimization directions for mobile precision push services: enhancing informational timeliness and relevance, and providing content with clear practical and personal value ( Taylor, 2021 ). Thus, push service providers should intensify their focus on content personalization to align more precisely with user needs, significantly boosting satisfaction and engagement levels. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights for future research, emphasizing that mobile push services are not only channels for information dissemination but also essential tools for enhancing overall user experience and efficiency ( Taylor, 2021 ). Through precise content design, push service providers can effectively meet user demands, thereby fostering user loyalty and enhancing the commercial success of precision push services. 6. Conclusions This study provides critical insights into user perceptions of mobile precision push services, emphasizing the relationship between technological design and user experience. The collected data reveals that user choice autonomy is the most valued dimension among participants, with a distinct preference for receiving updates related to industry news and timely event reminders ( Li & Zhang, 2021 ). This highlights the necessity for push service providers to prioritize highly customizable content delivery mechanisms aligned closely with individual user needs. Notably, significant gender-based differences were identified in the operability dimension (p<0.05), revealing distinct interaction patterns: male users showed a stronger tendency towards interface customization, while female users typically favored relying on default settings. Such findings underscore the importance of adaptable interface designs to accommodate diverse user interaction styles. Conversely, the geographic location showed minimal influence across all dimensions, suggesting that fundamental features of precision push services hold universal appeal and applicability irrespective of regional variations. A noteworthy paradox emerged between service effectiveness and perceived impact (r = -0.37), suggesting that increased frequency or intrusive precision push notifications, despite their accuracy, may negatively affect overall user satisfaction. This underscores the need for a balanced approach in service delivery, effectively harmonizing algorithmic precision with a user-centered moderation strategy. Based on these findings, three actionable recommendations are proposed: (1) Enhanced Personalization: Prioritize delivering hyper-relevant content, including industry-specific updates and time-sensitive notifications, with enhanced user-controlled preferences. (2) Adaptive Interface Design: Develop operability options that cater equally to tech-savvy users who prefer extensive customization and those who prefer simplicity and minimal interaction. (3) Expanded Research Scope: Future research should aim to validate these findings with larger, more demographically diverse samples and cross-cultural studies, refining and expanding universal design principles. In conclusion, optimizing precision push services necessitates a combined focus on technological sophistication and user empathy. By strategically emphasizing autonomy, adaptability, and moderation in content delivery, service developers can significantly enhance user loyalty while effectively mitigating notification fatigue. Ethical review statement This study has obtained ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Research Management Centre, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) under reference number REC/12/2024 (PG/MR/640), granted on 27 December 2024. The research protocol and questionnaire design were rigorously reviewed by the ethics committee to ensure compliance with international ethical standards, including: 1. Informed Consent Process : All participants were fully informed about the research purpose, data usage, their rights, and the researcher's contact information through a comprehensive declaration page prior to participation. The informed consent process was explicitly conducted electronically through the Tencent Questionnaire platform. Specifically, participants were required to read a detailed statement clearly explaining the objectives, content, confidentiality measures, and voluntary nature of the questionnaire. After reviewing the statement, participants who agreed to participate clicked to proceed, which then triggered a login interface. Respondents were required to electronically log in via their Tencent account, serving as explicit electronic consent confirmation. Participants who did not wish to participate had the option to decline by canceling the login process at any time without any consequences. This electronic consent procedure was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), considering its appropriateness, effectiveness, and alignment with the digital nature of the data collection method used in this study. 2. Voluntary Participation: Respondents retain unconditional rights to withdraw from the survey at any stage without penalty. 3. Confidentiality Assurance : Collected data will be anonymized and securely stored, with access restricted to authorized researchers only. No personally identifiable information will be disclosed in research outputs. 4. Risk Mitigation : The questionnaire contains no sensitive or potentially harmful content, with all items directly related to the research objectives. This study strictly adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional guidelines governing human subject research. For any ethical concerns regarding this project, please contact the Research Ethics Committee at [email protected] . Data availability statement Underlying data Figshare: Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception, DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28280636.v3 . ( Wang, 2025 ) The project contains the following underlying data: • File 1: The.sav file after removing invalid questionnaire data, used by SPSS software. (Since the questionnaire was distributed in Chinese and the respondents were Chinese college students, the content of the questionnaire was in Chinese.) • File 2: The questionnaire data is in tabular form, in.csv format. (Since the questionnaire was distributed in Chinese and the respondents were Chinese college students, the content of the questionnaire is in Chinese.) • File 3: The document form of data processing is called Pilot Study. • File 4: Figure 1 in the paper. • File 5: Figure 2 in the paper. • File 6: Figure 3 in the paper. • File 7: Figure 4 in the paper. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References Ahmad N, Alias FA, Hamat M, et al. : Reliability Analysis: Application of Cronbach's Alpha in Research Instruments. Pioneering the Future: Delving Into E-Learning's Landscape. 2024: pp. 114–119. Arena: How to analyze push notification effectiveness. Arena; 2020. 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Publisher Full Text Zhang J, Zhang R, Yang Q, et al. : Research on the application technology of 5G Internet of Things and Big Data in dairy farms. 2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference. 2021; pp. 138–140. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 15 Apr 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 School of Information Science, College of Computing, Informatics and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, 40000, Malaysia Wang Peng Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Norhayati Hussin Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision Masitah Ahmad Roles: Project Administration, Supervision Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This research was supported by the Journal Support Fund (JSF) provided by Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 15 Apr 2025, 14:436 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161485.1 Copyright © 2025 Peng W et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Peng W, Hussin N and Ahmad M. Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161485.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 15 Apr 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Gavilan D. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177522.r378982 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-436/v1#referee-response-378982 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 27 May 2025 Diana Gavilan , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177522.r378982 I enjoyed reading this manuscript and appreciate the authors' efforts in addressing a timely and relevant topic in mobile communication and user experience research. The paper presents an interesting conceptual framework and includes ethically sound procedures. However, several important methodological ... Continue reading READ ALL I enjoyed reading this manuscript and appreciate the authors' efforts in addressing a timely and relevant topic in mobile communication and user experience research. The paper presents an interesting conceptual framework and includes ethically sound procedures. However, several important methodological and conceptual issues must be addressed to ensure the study meets rigorous academic standards. Strengths Topical Relevance: The paper addresses a timely issue which is highly relevant in the context of digital personalization and user-centered design. Initial Conceptual Framing: The proposed five-dimensional framework—message quality, non-interference, operability, user choice, and transparency—represents a thoughtful attempt to capture the multifaceted nature of user perception. Ethical Procedures: The study has obtained formal ethical approval, with clear documentation of informed consent and anonymization, adhering to standard ethical guidelines. Major Issues and Required Revisions Misrepresentation of Methodology: The manuscript claims the use of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), stating that the study "incorporates… SEM and Cronbach’s α reliability tests." However, a close review reveals no evidence of actual SEM application. Specifically, the study does not present a structural model, no path coefficients, no factor loadings, no fit indices such as RMSEA, CFI, or Chi-square values, and no use of a latent variable model. The correlation matrix and reliability tests are not sufficient to classify the analysis as SEM. This constitutes a significant methodological inaccuracy. If SEM was intended but not yet conducted, the authors should clearly indicate this and remove all references to it in the current manuscript. Inclusion of Statistically Weak Constructs: Two dimensions —"Non-Interference with User Experience" (Cronbach's alpha = 0.441) and "Impact of PPS" (alpha = 0.035)—fall well below commonly accepted reliability thresholds (0.6 or higher). Despite disclosing this limitation, the authors continue to use these dimensions in correlation and interpretation sections. Doing so undermines the validity of the findings. These dimensions should not be included in any inferential or correlational analysis. Additionally, the “Impact” construct is conceptually ambiguous—it is unclear whether it refers to emotional response, satisfaction, behavioral changes, or something else entirely. These constructs should either be removed from statistical interpretations or revised and tested anew in a future version. Terminological and Conceptual Ambiguity: There is confusion in the interchangeable use of “Effectiveness of PPS” and “Message Validity and Quality.” If these are distinct constructs, their theoretical and operational definitions should be clarified and supported by prior literature. If they are overlapping, the redundancy should be resolved to strengthen conceptual coherence and scale reliability. Overinterpretation of Correlation Results: The authors interpret a negative correlation between perceived effectiveness and overall impact (r = -0.187) as if it implies causation. As the analysis is based purely on Pearson correlations, causal claims are inappropriate. Any causal language should be revised to reflect correlational—not causal—relationships. Sampling Limitations and Generalizability: The study is based on a small, homogenous sample of 64 undergraduate students from a single academic program. While this is acceptable for a pilot study, it severely limits the external validity and generalizability of the findings. This limitation must be explicitly acknowledged in both the results and conclusion sections, especially where the authors make broader claims about gender or user behavior. Language and Terminology: Several terms and phrases are awkwardly constructed, including "Non Interference with User Excellence," which is both unclear and unidiomatic. Additionally, some sentences suffer from grammatical or syntactical issues. A professional language and style edit is necessary to improve clarity, readability, and academic tone. Summary Recommendation This study has potential to contribute to the literature on mobile push notifications and user interaction. However, the current manuscript contains critical flaws, including methodological misrepresentation, conceptual ambiguity, and overreaching interpretations. Substantial revision is needed to ensure that the paper meets the expected scientific standards. Recommendation: Major Revision Key requirements for resubmission: Remove or revise all references to SEM unless a legitimate structural equation model is applied. Exclude all dimensions that fail to meet acceptable reliability thresholds from inferential analyses. Redefine ambiguous constructs to ensure conceptual clarity. Avoid causal language in the interpretation of correlational findings. Clearly acknowledge the limitations of the sample and the narrow scope of generalizability. Undertake comprehensive language and terminology editing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Digital marketing and Consumer Behaviour I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Gavilan D. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177522.r378982 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-436/v1#referee-response-378982 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Wohllebe A. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177522.r378977 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-436/v1#referee-response-378977 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Apr 2025 Atilla Wohllebe , University of Applied Sciences Wedel, Wedel, Germany Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177522.r378977 Strengths Relevance and Novelty: The study addresses a highly topical issue—the perception of precision push services on mobile devices—which is increasingly relevant given the rise of algorithmically driven personalization in digital communication. Multidimensional Framework: ... Continue reading READ ALL Strengths Relevance and Novelty: The study addresses a highly topical issue—the perception of precision push services on mobile devices—which is increasingly relevant given the rise of algorithmically driven personalization in digital communication. Multidimensional Framework: By evaluating five distinct dimensions (effectiveness, non-interference, operability, user choice, and transparency), the study provides a comprehensive conceptual approach. Empirical Rigor: The use of SEM, Cronbach’s alpha, KMO, and Bartlett’s tests reflects an adequate level of methodological rigor for a pilot study. Ethical Considerations: The authors have taken care to secure ethical approval and properly anonymize participant data. Areas for Improvement Sample Limitations The study is based on a sample of 64 university students, predominantly under 25 and from a single institution. While appropriate for a pilot, this significantly limits generalizability. This should be more clearly acknowledged in the limitations and the conclusion. Demographic variability (age, profession, education level) is not sufficient to support broader claims about user preferences or gender differences. Weak Dimensions The reliability values for “Non-Interference with User Experience” (α = 0.441) and “Impact of Precision Push Service” (α = 0.035) fall well below the acceptable threshold (α ≥ 0.6), raising serious concerns about these constructs. Although the authors disclose this, these dimensions should not be used in inferential conclusions, even with reduced weight. Conceptual Clarity The definition of “Impact of Precision Push Service” is vague. It’s unclear whether this dimension captures emotional response, behavioral change, or general satisfaction. This lack of clarity likely contributes to its low reliability. Causal Interpretation Risk The correlation analysis is well conducted but not always correctly interpreted. The negative correlation between perceived effectiveness and overall impact (r = -0.187) is discussed as if causality were implied. A more cautious interpretation is needed. Terminological Inconsistencies The terms “Effectiveness of Precision Push” and “Message Validity and Quality” are used somewhat interchangeably but need to be more clearly delineated. Clarity would benefit both conceptual understanding and scale construction. Language and Style The manuscript, while readable, would benefit from professional language editing. Some phrasing is awkward (e.g., “Non Interference with User Excellence”) and could confuse readers. Aspects Not Assessed I have not reviewed the underlying dataset (.sav, .csv files) or conducted a re-analysis of the statistical procedures. My assessment is based solely on the written report. Recommendation: Acceptance The study provides useful initial insights and a thoughtful framework, but the methodological and sample limitations preclude unqualified approval. I recommend acceptance contingent upon the following revisions: Stronger articulation of the study’s limitations, particularly around generalizability and reliability. Clearer definitions for each dimension, particularly the weak ones. Refinement of the questionnaire items (for future versions) based on poor-performing dimensions. Stylistic improvements for clarity and consistency. With these addressed, the paper would serve as a solid pilot foundation for a larger-scale study. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Mobile Apps I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Wohllebe A. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177522.r378977 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-436/v1#referee-response-378977 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 15 Apr 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 15 Apr 25 read read Atilla Wohllebe , University of Applied Sciences Wedel, Wedel, Germany Diana Gavilan , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Gavilan D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 27 May 2025 | for Version 1 Diana Gavilan , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain 0 Views copyright © 2025 Gavilan D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I enjoyed reading this manuscript and appreciate the authors' efforts in addressing a timely and relevant topic in mobile communication and user experience research. The paper presents an interesting conceptual framework and includes ethically sound procedures. However, several important methodological and conceptual issues must be addressed to ensure the study meets rigorous academic standards. Strengths Topical Relevance: The paper addresses a timely issue which is highly relevant in the context of digital personalization and user-centered design. Initial Conceptual Framing: The proposed five-dimensional framework—message quality, non-interference, operability, user choice, and transparency—represents a thoughtful attempt to capture the multifaceted nature of user perception. Ethical Procedures: The study has obtained formal ethical approval, with clear documentation of informed consent and anonymization, adhering to standard ethical guidelines. Major Issues and Required Revisions Misrepresentation of Methodology: The manuscript claims the use of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), stating that the study "incorporates… SEM and Cronbach’s α reliability tests." However, a close review reveals no evidence of actual SEM application. Specifically, the study does not present a structural model, no path coefficients, no factor loadings, no fit indices such as RMSEA, CFI, or Chi-square values, and no use of a latent variable model. The correlation matrix and reliability tests are not sufficient to classify the analysis as SEM. This constitutes a significant methodological inaccuracy. If SEM was intended but not yet conducted, the authors should clearly indicate this and remove all references to it in the current manuscript. Inclusion of Statistically Weak Constructs: Two dimensions —"Non-Interference with User Experience" (Cronbach's alpha = 0.441) and "Impact of PPS" (alpha = 0.035)—fall well below commonly accepted reliability thresholds (0.6 or higher). Despite disclosing this limitation, the authors continue to use these dimensions in correlation and interpretation sections. Doing so undermines the validity of the findings. These dimensions should not be included in any inferential or correlational analysis. Additionally, the “Impact” construct is conceptually ambiguous—it is unclear whether it refers to emotional response, satisfaction, behavioral changes, or something else entirely. These constructs should either be removed from statistical interpretations or revised and tested anew in a future version. Terminological and Conceptual Ambiguity: There is confusion in the interchangeable use of “Effectiveness of PPS” and “Message Validity and Quality.” If these are distinct constructs, their theoretical and operational definitions should be clarified and supported by prior literature. If they are overlapping, the redundancy should be resolved to strengthen conceptual coherence and scale reliability. Overinterpretation of Correlation Results: The authors interpret a negative correlation between perceived effectiveness and overall impact (r = -0.187) as if it implies causation. As the analysis is based purely on Pearson correlations, causal claims are inappropriate. Any causal language should be revised to reflect correlational—not causal—relationships. Sampling Limitations and Generalizability: The study is based on a small, homogenous sample of 64 undergraduate students from a single academic program. While this is acceptable for a pilot study, it severely limits the external validity and generalizability of the findings. This limitation must be explicitly acknowledged in both the results and conclusion sections, especially where the authors make broader claims about gender or user behavior. Language and Terminology: Several terms and phrases are awkwardly constructed, including "Non Interference with User Excellence," which is both unclear and unidiomatic. Additionally, some sentences suffer from grammatical or syntactical issues. A professional language and style edit is necessary to improve clarity, readability, and academic tone. Summary Recommendation This study has potential to contribute to the literature on mobile push notifications and user interaction. However, the current manuscript contains critical flaws, including methodological misrepresentation, conceptual ambiguity, and overreaching interpretations. Substantial revision is needed to ensure that the paper meets the expected scientific standards. Recommendation: Major Revision Key requirements for resubmission: Remove or revise all references to SEM unless a legitimate structural equation model is applied. Exclude all dimensions that fail to meet acceptable reliability thresholds from inferential analyses. Redefine ambiguous constructs to ensure conceptual clarity. Avoid causal language in the interpretation of correlational findings. Clearly acknowledge the limitations of the sample and the narrow scope of generalizability. Undertake comprehensive language and terminology editing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Digital marketing and Consumer Behaviour I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Gavilan D. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177522.r378982) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-436/v1#referee-response-378982 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Wohllebe A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Apr 2025 | for Version 1 Atilla Wohllebe , University of Applied Sciences Wedel, Wedel, Germany 0 Views copyright © 2025 Wohllebe A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Strengths Relevance and Novelty: The study addresses a highly topical issue—the perception of precision push services on mobile devices—which is increasingly relevant given the rise of algorithmically driven personalization in digital communication. Multidimensional Framework: By evaluating five distinct dimensions (effectiveness, non-interference, operability, user choice, and transparency), the study provides a comprehensive conceptual approach. Empirical Rigor: The use of SEM, Cronbach’s alpha, KMO, and Bartlett’s tests reflects an adequate level of methodological rigor for a pilot study. Ethical Considerations: The authors have taken care to secure ethical approval and properly anonymize participant data. Areas for Improvement Sample Limitations The study is based on a sample of 64 university students, predominantly under 25 and from a single institution. While appropriate for a pilot, this significantly limits generalizability. This should be more clearly acknowledged in the limitations and the conclusion. Demographic variability (age, profession, education level) is not sufficient to support broader claims about user preferences or gender differences. Weak Dimensions The reliability values for “Non-Interference with User Experience” (α = 0.441) and “Impact of Precision Push Service” (α = 0.035) fall well below the acceptable threshold (α ≥ 0.6), raising serious concerns about these constructs. Although the authors disclose this, these dimensions should not be used in inferential conclusions, even with reduced weight. Conceptual Clarity The definition of “Impact of Precision Push Service” is vague. It’s unclear whether this dimension captures emotional response, behavioral change, or general satisfaction. This lack of clarity likely contributes to its low reliability. Causal Interpretation Risk The correlation analysis is well conducted but not always correctly interpreted. The negative correlation between perceived effectiveness and overall impact (r = -0.187) is discussed as if causality were implied. A more cautious interpretation is needed. Terminological Inconsistencies The terms “Effectiveness of Precision Push” and “Message Validity and Quality” are used somewhat interchangeably but need to be more clearly delineated. Clarity would benefit both conceptual understanding and scale construction. Language and Style The manuscript, while readable, would benefit from professional language editing. Some phrasing is awkward (e.g., “Non Interference with User Excellence”) and could confuse readers. Aspects Not Assessed I have not reviewed the underlying dataset (.sav, .csv files) or conducted a re-analysis of the statistical procedures. My assessment is based solely on the written report. Recommendation: Acceptance The study provides useful initial insights and a thoughtful framework, but the methodological and sample limitations preclude unqualified approval. I recommend acceptance contingent upon the following revisions: Stronger articulation of the study’s limitations, particularly around generalizability and reliability. Clearer definitions for each dimension, particularly the weak ones. Refinement of the questionnaire items (for future versions) based on poor-performing dimensions. Stylistic improvements for clarity and consistency. With these addressed, the paper would serve as a solid pilot foundation for a larger-scale study. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Mobile Apps I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Wohllebe A. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of mobile phone precision push service perception [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :436 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177522.r378977) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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