Navigating Paradigmatic Boundaries: A Critical Analysis of Rural Development Models in Iran's Spatial Planning Projects

This study critically analyzes the prevailing paradigmatic model in rural development, specifically examining spatial planning projects in Iran. It underscores the necessity of comprehending the intellectual foundations that inform these initiatives, particularly in developing countries where such analyses are often deficient. Employing a mixed-method approach, we evaluated nine spatial planning projects funded by the Planning and Budget Organization in Iran from 2007 to 2019. Our methodology included qualitative content analysis of relevant documents and in-depth interviews with project promoters and academics. We found that the boundaries of rural development models extend beyond conventional perceptions, with projects often comprising a combination of different exogenous, endogenous, and neo-endogenous aspects that may sometimes conflict with one another. This integration reveals broad abstract and practical features of rural development models that have received insufficient attention thus far. Additionally, centralized and ideological planning systems in developing countries such as Iran complicate this situation and diminish the impact of individual and local advocacy initiatives. This study emphasizes the necessity of establishing a coherent paradigmatic model to enhance the effectiveness of rural development projects. This research aims to facilitate the reintegration of rural areas into their natural development cycles by addressing gaps in planning and policy formulation.