Data‑Driven Estimation of Economic Losses from Bovine Cryptosporidiosis: A Case Study in Denizli Province, Turkey

Data‑Driven Estimation of Economic Losses from Bovine Cryptosporidiosis: A Case Study in Denizli Province, Turkey | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Data‑Driven Estimation of Economic Losses from Bovine Cryptosporidiosis: A Case Study in Denizli Province, Turkey mehmet Acıöz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7080697/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the financial impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis as well as the costs per breeding enterprise in Denizli Province of Turkey. The retrospective data on bovine cryptosporidiosis were obtained from records in Turkey’s Livestock Information System for 2024. The direct and indirect economic losses were estimated as $359,450 in 2021, $831,075 in 2022, and $883,925 in 2023. The loss per calf due to bovine cryptosporidiosis was estimated as $7.59. In conclusion, there were significant economic losses due to bovine cryptosporidiosis in Denizli. Background : Bovine cryptosporidiosis is a globally prevalent parasitic disease causing substantial economic losses in livestock production. This study provides the first comprehensive economic assessment of cryptosporidiosis impacts in Denizli Province, Turkey, an important livestock region. Methods : We conducted a retrospective analysis of official records from Turkey's Livestock Information System (2021-2023). Economic losses were calculated through both direct (mortality) and indirect (treatment costs, productivity losses) methods, using a standardized formula incorporating district-specific calf mortality data (35% attributable mortality rate) and current market values ($500 per calf). Statistical analysis was performed on 11,854 recorded calf deaths across 19 districts. Results : The three-year economic impact totaled $2,074,450, with annual losses increasing from $359,450 (2021) to $883,925 (2023). Spatial analysis revealed significant district-level variation, with mortality rates ranging from 0.012% (Merkezefendi) to 0.135% (Babadağ). Temporal patterns showed peak mortality in March (1,269 deaths) and lowest incidence in July (640 deaths). The disease burden averaged $7.59 per affected calf, with substantial variation between enterprises. Conclusions : Our findings demonstrate that cryptosporidiosis represents a significant and growing economic challenge for Turkish livestock producers. The spatial-temporal patterns identified suggest environmental and management factors may influence disease spread. These results provide policymakers with evidence-based data to prioritize control measures and highlight the need for regular economic monitoring of parasitic diseases in livestock systems. Bovine Cryptosporidiosis Economic Losses Denizli Calves Livestock Introduction According to the report published by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) the world population is estimated to reach 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 10.4 billion in 2100. Despite the increasing population, the world's resources are quite limited. The increase of population requires corresponding increase in the production of animal protein thus each protein loss is to crucial for humanity [ 1 ]. Parasitosis, which can be fatal in both animals and humans, can also manifest as chronic or subclinical infections [ 2 ]. Since chronic or subclinical parasitosis often presents with no clinical symptoms, it can be overlooked by breeders and clinicians, therefore resulting in yield losses. These losses include reduction in carcass fecundity, milk yield, fleece, increased treatment costs, and the disposal of inedible internal organs [ 3 ]. In previous studies carried out throughout the world; economic losses due to parasitosis have been reported as $ 27.9 million in New Zealand [ 4 ], €0.8–1.2 billion in dairy cattle throughout Europe, €157–477 million in beef sheep in Europe [ 5 ], €96 million in Germany [ 6 ]. One of the economic losses led by parasitosis is also Cryptosporidiosis. This is an infectious disease of zoonotic character caused by protozoa of Cryptosporidium spp . that leads to disorders in the digestive and respiratory systems The disease can affect various animal species, including bovines, sheep, goats, horses, cats, dogs, reptiles, and fish, as well as humans. Since this disease localizes in the microvilli epithelium of intestines it causes diarrhea through tissue erosion the host. Oocysts released into the external environment are resistant to environmental conditions, which significantly determines the epidemiology of the disease [ 7 ]. Calves are lost due to diarrhea are at a rate of 75% [ 8 ]. Cryptosporidiosis alone is responsible for 27.5% of calf diarrhea cases in cattle [ 9 ]. Cryptosporidiosis is accepted as an endemic disease in cattle world wide and is one of the major neonatal causes of enteritis in calves globally [ 10 ]. Cryptosporidiosis was the primary agent diagnosed in enteritis cases of calves in the United Kingdom between 2007 and 2011 [ 11 ]. Despite the developing infrastructure, breeding and education activities in Turkey, bovine cryptosporidiosis is still an important problem [ 12 ]. Denizli Province is located in the western region of Turkey where livestock industry is an indispensable part of economical activities. The aim of this study was to estimate the financial impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis in Denizli province of Turkey. The data obtained in the study will not only encourage farmers and authorized institutions to take protective measures against this parasitosis, but also will contribute to public health. Materials and Methods In this study, the nineteen districts of Denizli province were considered as a research area. Denizli province is located between the coordinates 28° 30’ and 29° 30’ E and 37° 12’ and 38° 12’ N. This city has 271,999 cattle, 560,125 sheep and 168,427 goats. In this study data obtained from the annual livestock slaughter records in Turkey’s Livestock Information System of 2024 was used. The data analyzed in this study was taken from the official records of the Livestock Information System affiliated with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry between 2021 and 2023. Both direct and indirectestimation methods were used to determine the economic losses incurred due to bovine cryptosporidiosis The following formula was used to calculate the losses: Direct economic loss (DEL): DEL = Number of calves died on cryptosporidiosis × mortality rate × current calf value Mortality rate: 35% [13]. Monetary value of a calf in 2023 was estimated as $500 according to Indirect economic loss (IEL): IEL = Animal losses + Treatment costs + Live weight loss AL: TC: LWL: The costs attributed to bovine cryptosporidiosis for each livestock enterprise were calculated. The distribution of calf deaths by district and by month was analyzed. The calculated prices were determined based on the current exchange rate of US dollar. Since our study is retrospective, no ethical committee approval or patient consent was required. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results In Denizli province, a total of 11,854 calf deaths were reported in 2021, 2022, and 2023. Total economic loss attributed to bovine cryptosporidiosis was estimated as $2,074,450, being $359,450 in 2021, $831,075 in 2022, and $883,925 in 2023 (Table 1). The loss per calf associated with bovine cryptosporidiosis was estimated to be $7.59. Detailed monthly distribution of calf deaths is provided in Table 2. Regarding the monthly distribution of calf deaths, the lowest number of deaths was reported in July, with 640 deaths, while the highest number was reported in March, with 1,269 deaths. When examining calf deaths across the districts of Denizli, the highest proportion of deaths was recorded in the Merkezefendi district at 0.041%, and the lowest proportion was recorded in the Babadağ district at 0.135% (Table 3). Discussion Although measures such as preventing feed contamination, reducing parasite loads in the farm environment, and implementing good nutritional practices including the provision of high-quality colostrum are effective in controlling the spread of cryptosporidiosis, their application in our region is challenging [ 14 ]. The high cost of cryptosporidiosis in cattle, along with factors such as labor expenses and the educational level of farmers, limits the implementation of protective measures. Despite numerous studies to date, no vaccine has been developed against this parasite [ 15 – 17 ]. In a study inScotland bovine cryptosporidiosis has been reported to cause a minimum economic loss of £34 per calf [ 18 ]. One study by Bennett and Ijpelaar (2005) reported an average cost of €67.20 per adult animal [ 19 ]. In a study conducted by Rocha Valdez et al. (2019) with a population of 510 dairy calves in Mexico, the costs were found to be higher [ 20 ]. These authors reported a loss of $ 341 per diarrheic calf. Significant economic losses per calf were observed in the aforementioned studies. In our study, the loss per calf was determined to be $ 7.59. We believe that the lower finding in our study compared to the above studies may be attributed to differences in the records examined and local calf prices in this study. To determine the long-term effects of bovine cryptosporidiosis, it would be beneficial to track animals infected with this parasite throughout their lives and investigate the economic impacts more comprehensively. A study conducted in Great Britain, which also considered long-term effects such as milk loss and fertility issues, revealed an average cost of €67.20 per animal associated with bovine cryptosporidiosis [ 19 ]. It has been reported that while economic losses due to cryptosporidiosis in the early days of calves are significant, more accurate assessments require studies extending for at least 6 months or longer [ 21 ]. Conclusion Bovine cryptosporidiosis continues to cause economic losses in Denizli. This study updates the data on the costs associated with this parasitosis and highlights the resulting economic impacts. The economic losses caused by incomplete and incorrect data lead to a range of issues that are not fully understood. This study provides producers with an opportunity to better understand and evaluate the losses associated with bovine cryptosporidiosis by utilizing mathematical parameters. Within the framework of the One Health Concept, this study offers valuable information. Declarations Acknowledgements We thank to Ministery of Agriculture and Forestery for making the data available for this study Author contributions M.A. designed the study; M.A. collected the data; M.A. and M.A. interpreted results and wrote the manuscript. M.A have read, reviewed and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding The research received no funding. Data availability The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate We had no conflict of interest to declare during the study. Since this study used retrospective data, no approval from the ethics committee was necessary. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests References UNFPA. United Nations Population Fund. United Nations, New York; 2024. Gündoğ SÖ, Çelik F, Şimşek S. Evaluation of parasitic diseases in patients brought to Fırat University Animal Hospital. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2021;45(4):268-73. doi:10.4274/tpd.galenos.2021.88126 İnceboz T, Eren H. Zoonotic parasites. In: Veterinary Public Health in All Aspects. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri Publishing House; 2023. p. 169–72. Fitzpatrick JL. Global food security: The impact of veterinary parasites and parasitologists. Vet Parasitol. 2013;195(3-4):233–48. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.005 Mavrot F. Livestock Nematode Infection in a Changing World: Investigating the European Situation [PhD thesis]. Zurich: University of Zurich; 2016. p. 70–130. Fanke J, Charlier J, Steppin T, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Vercruysse J, Demeler J. Economic assessment of Ostertagia ostertagi and Fasciola hepatica infections in dairy cattle herds in Germany using Paracalc®. Vet Parasitol. 2017;240:1–37. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.023 Thomson S, Hamilton CA, Hope JC, Katzer F, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, et al. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: Impact, host-parasite interaction, and control strategies. Vet Res. 2017;48(1):17. doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0417-6 Bartels CJ, Holzhauer M, Jorritsma R, Swart WA, Lam TJ. Prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and abnormal feces of young Dutch dairy calves. Prev Vet Med. 2010;93(2-3):162–9. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.020 de la Fuente R, García A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Luzón M, Cid D, García S, et al. Proportional morbidity rates of enteropathogens among diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain. Prev Vet Med. 1998;36(2):145–52. doi:10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00077-4 Cho YI, Yoon KJ. An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. J Vet Sci. 2014;15(1):1–17. doi:10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.1 Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC). Veterinary Investigation Diagnosis Analysis (VIDA) Report. 2014. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/veterinary-investigation-diagnosis-analysis-vida-report-2014. Acıöz M. Parasitological evaluation of samples sent from the Isparta region to the Konya Veterinary Control Institute Directorate. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg. 2018;29(1):36–9. doi:10.35864/evmd.512907 Hu S, Wan M, Huang W, Wang W, Liang R, Su D, et al. Age and episode-associated occurrence of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in a birth-cohort of dairy calves. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(5):e1289–301. doi:10.1111/tbed.14507 Birdane FM. Cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. Kocatepe Vet Derg. 2017;10(2):91–8. Chen Y, Qin H, Huang J, Li J, Zhang L. The global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitology. 2022;149(11):1442–56. doi:10.1017/S0031182022001196 Maier GU, Breitenbuecher J, Gomez JP, Samah F, Fausak E, Van Noord M. Vaccination for the prevention of neonatal calf diarrhea in cow-calf operations: A scoping review. Vet Anim Sci. 2022;15:100238. doi:10.1016/j.vas.2022.100238 Shaw HJ, Innes EA, Morrison LJ, Katzer F, Wells B. Long-term production effects of clinical cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves. Int J Parasitol. 2020;50(5):371–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.002 Gunn GJ, Stott AW. A comparison of economic losses due to calf enteritis and calf pneumonia in Scottish beef herds. Epidemiol Santé Anim. 1997;31-32:31–2. Bennett R, Ijpelaar J. Updated estimates of the costs associated with thirty-four endemic livestock diseases in Great Britain: A note. J Agric Econ. 2005;56(1):135–44. doi:10.1111/j.1477-9552.2005.tb00126.x Rocha Valdez J, Gonzalez-Avalo R, Avila-Cisnero R, Peña Revuelta B, Reyes-Romero A. Economic impact of mortality and morbidity due to diseases in dairy heifers. Abanico Vet. 2019;9:1–7. doi:10.21929/abavet2019.920 Roblin M, Canniere E, Barbier A, Daandels Y, Dellevoet-Groenewegen M, Pinto P, et al. Study of the economic impact of cryptosporidiosis in calves after implementing good practices to manage the disease on dairy farms in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Curr Res Parasitol Vector-Borne Dis. 2023;4:100149. doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100149 Tables Table 1. Economic Losses Due to Calf Deaths (2021–2023) Year Number of Calf Deaths Deaths Due to Cryptosporidiosis (35%) Current Calf Value (per calf) Loss (TRY) 2021 2054 719 500 359450 2022 4749 1662 500 831075 2023 5051 1768 500 883925 Total 11854 2074450 Legend: This table summarizes the annual economic losses due to calf deaths associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in 2021–2023. Losses were calculated by multiplying the estimated number of deaths attributed to cryptosporidiosis (35% of total deaths) by the average calf market value per year (TRY 500). Table 2. Monthly Distribution of Calf Deaths (2021–2023) Month 2021 2022 2023 Overall Total January 238 364 239 841 February 230 349 440 1019 March 232 503 534 1269 April 170 107 379 656 May 91 637 511 1239 June 310 324 426 1060 July 6 181 453 640 August 46 668 273 987 September 197 383 532 1112 October 83 283 486 852 November 90 505 386 981 December 361 445 392 1198 Total 2054 4749 5051 11854 Legend: This table displays the distribution of calf deaths by month across three consecutive years (2021–2023), showing seasonal trends in mortality. The total number of deaths for each month and each year is presented. Table 3. Distribution of Calf Mortality Rates by District District Number of Calf Deaths Number of Calves Born Mortality Rate ACIPAYAM 2221 53736 0.041 BABADAĞ 158 1172 0.135 BAKLAN 120 7216 0.017 BEKİLLİ 114 1200 0.095 BEYAĞAÇ 169 4556 0.037 BOZKURT 449 8696 0.052 BULDAN 326 11984 0.027 ÇAL 948 9124 0.104 ÇAMELİ 532 18268 0.029 ÇARDAK 648 10092 0.064 ÇİVRİL 2234 51640 0.043 GÜNEY 271 4132 0.066 HONAZ 476 8860 0.054 KALE 703 7216 0.097 MERKEZEFENDİ 290 24028 0.012 PAMUKKALE 435 17288 0.025 SARAYKÖY 587 9500 0.062 SERİNHİSAR 141 3296 0.043 TAVAS 1032 21168 0.049 Overall Total 11854 273172 0.043 Legend: Calf mortality rates by district for the years 2021–2023. The mortality rate was calculated as the proportion of deaths to total calves born in each district. The highest mortality rate was observed in Babadağ (13.5%) and the lowest in Merkezefendi (1.2%). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7080697","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":486807803,"identity":"4dd4bf37-92f8-429c-83a1-4085f64f08cb","order_by":0,"name":"mehmet Acıöz","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgjFxsDA+BjMYmZuIEJLAlgLszEDgwGQYiRSC8giabAWBgJadNt7j274+MNOno+9/Vl1QcWfaP52oJYfFdtwajE7cy7t5oyEZMM2ngNpt2ecMcidcZixgbHnzG3cWm7kmN3mSWBOYJNIOHabt80gtwGohZmxDY+W+2/Mbv9JqAdqSWwrBmmZT1DLDR6z2wwJh4FaktmYQVo2ENRyJsfsZk/acaBfjjFL85wxzt0I1HIQr1+OnzG78cOmWl6+vf3hZ54Kudx55w8ffPCjArcW7OAAiepHwSgYBaNgFKABAKehV2quYT3IAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"mehmet","middleName":"","lastName":"Acıöz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-09 06:53:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7080697/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7080697/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101138744,"identity":"533f30c2-6d91-4c8e-b5c0-46e53b35356a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-26 13:25:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":500171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7080697/v1/1c163e5a-b0ec-4e08-8ac6-1d920e464ee0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Data‑Driven Estimation of Economic Losses from Bovine Cryptosporidiosis: A Case Study in Denizli Province, Turkey","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the report published by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) the world population is estimated to reach 8.5\u0026nbsp;billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7\u0026nbsp;billion in 2050 and 10.4\u0026nbsp;billion in 2100. Despite the increasing population, the world's resources are quite limited. The increase of population requires corresponding increase in the production of animal protein thus each protein loss is to crucial for humanity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParasitosis, which can be fatal in both animals and humans, can also manifest as chronic or subclinical infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Since chronic or subclinical parasitosis often presents with no clinical symptoms, it can be overlooked by breeders and clinicians, therefore resulting in yield losses. These losses include reduction in carcass fecundity, milk yield, fleece, increased treatment costs, and the disposal of inedible internal organs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn previous studies carried out throughout the world; economic losses due to parasitosis have been reported as \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e27.9\u0026nbsp;million in New Zealand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], \u0026euro;0.8\u0026ndash;1.2\u0026nbsp;billion in dairy cattle throughout Europe, \u0026euro;157\u0026ndash;477\u0026nbsp;million in beef sheep in Europe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], \u0026euro;96\u0026nbsp;million in Germany [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the economic losses led by parasitosis is also Cryptosporidiosis. This is an infectious disease of zoonotic character caused by protozoa of \u003cem\u003eCryptosporidium spp\u003c/em\u003e. that leads to disorders in the digestive and respiratory systems The disease can affect various animal species, including bovines, sheep, goats, horses, cats, dogs, reptiles, and fish, as well as humans. Since this disease localizes in the microvilli epithelium of intestines it causes diarrhea through tissue erosion the host. Oocysts released into the external environment are resistant to environmental conditions, which significantly determines the epidemiology of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalves are lost due to diarrhea are at a rate of 75% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Cryptosporidiosis alone is responsible for 27.5% of calf diarrhea cases in cattle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Cryptosporidiosis is accepted as an endemic disease in cattle world wide and is one of the major neonatal causes of enteritis in calves globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Cryptosporidiosis was the primary agent diagnosed in enteritis cases of calves in the United Kingdom between 2007 and 2011 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the developing infrastructure, breeding and education activities in Turkey, bovine cryptosporidiosis is still an important problem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDenizli Province is located in the western region of Turkey where livestock industry is an indispensable part of economical activities. The aim of this study was to estimate the financial impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis in Denizli province of Turkey. The data obtained in the study will not only encourage farmers and authorized institutions to take protective measures against this parasitosis, but also will contribute to public health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the nineteen districts of Denizli province were considered as a research area. Denizli province is located between the coordinates 28\u0026deg; 30\u0026rsquo; and 29\u0026deg; 30\u0026rsquo; E and 37\u0026deg; 12\u0026rsquo; and 38\u0026deg; 12\u0026rsquo; N. This city has 271,999 cattle, 560,125 sheep and 168,427 goats.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study data obtained from the annual livestock slaughter records in Turkey\u0026rsquo;s Livestock Information System of 2024 was used. The data analyzed in this study was taken from the official records of the Livestock Information System affiliated with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry between 2021 and 2023. Both direct and indirectestimation methods were used to determine the economic losses incurred due to bovine cryptosporidiosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following formula was used to calculate the losses:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDirect economic loss (DEL):\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDEL =\u003c/em\u003e Number of calves died on cryptosporidiosis \u0026times; mortality rate \u0026times; current calf value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMortality rate: 35% [13].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonetary value of a calf in 2023 was estimated as $500 according to Indirect economic loss (IEL):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIEL\u003c/em\u003e = Animal losses + Treatment costs + Live weight loss\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAL: TC: LWL:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe costs attributed to bovine cryptosporidiosis for each livestock enterprise were calculated. The distribution of calf deaths by district and by month was analyzed. The calculated prices were determined based on the current exchange rate of US dollar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince our study is retrospective, no ethical committee approval or patient consent was required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using Microsoft Excel.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Denizli province, a total of 11,854 calf deaths were reported in 2021, 2022, and 2023. Total economic loss attributed to bovine cryptosporidiosis was estimated as $2,074,450, being $359,450 in 2021, $831,075 in 2022, and $883,925 in 2023 (Table 1). The loss per calf associated with bovine cryptosporidiosis was estimated to be $7.59.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetailed monthly distribution of calf deaths is provided in Table 2. Regarding the monthly distribution of calf deaths, the lowest number of deaths was reported in July, with 640 deaths, while the highest number was reported in March, with 1,269 deaths.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen examining calf deaths across the districts of Denizli, the highest proportion of deaths was recorded in the Merkezefendi district at 0.041%, and the lowest proportion was recorded in the Babadağ district at 0.135% (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough measures such as preventing feed contamination, reducing parasite loads in the farm environment, and implementing good nutritional practices including the provision of high-quality colostrum are effective in controlling the spread of cryptosporidiosis, their application in our region is challenging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The high cost of cryptosporidiosis in cattle, along with factors such as labor expenses and the educational level of farmers, limits the implementation of protective measures. Despite numerous studies to date, no vaccine has been developed against this parasite [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn a study inScotland bovine cryptosporidiosis has been reported to cause a minimum economic loss of \u0026pound;34 per calf [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. One study by Bennett and Ijpelaar (2005) reported an average cost of \u0026euro;67.20 per adult animal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In a study conducted by Rocha Valdez et al. (2019) with a population of 510 dairy calves in Mexico, the costs were found to be higher [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. These authors reported a loss of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e341 per diarrheic calf. Significant economic losses per calf were observed in the aforementioned studies. In our study, the loss per calf was determined to be \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e7.59. We believe that the lower finding in our study compared to the above studies may be attributed to differences in the records examined and local calf prices in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the long-term effects of bovine cryptosporidiosis, it would be beneficial to track animals infected with this parasite throughout their lives and investigate the economic impacts more comprehensively. A study conducted in Great Britain, which also considered long-term effects such as milk loss and fertility issues, revealed an average cost of \u0026euro;67.20 per animal associated with bovine cryptosporidiosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been reported that while economic losses due to cryptosporidiosis in the early days of calves are significant, more accurate assessments require studies extending for at least 6 months or longer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBovine cryptosporidiosis continues to cause economic losses in Denizli. This study updates the data on the costs associated with this parasitosis and highlights the resulting economic impacts. The economic losses caused by incomplete and incorrect data lead to a range of issues that are not fully understood. This study provides producers with an opportunity to better understand and evaluate the losses associated with bovine cryptosporidiosis by utilizing mathematical parameters. Within the framework of the One Health Concept, this study offers valuable information.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank to Ministery of Agriculture and Forestery for making the data available for this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.A. designed the study; M.A. collected the data; M.A. and M.A. interpreted results and wrote the manuscript. M.A have read, reviewed and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research received no funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe had no conflict of interest to declare during the study. Since this study used retrospective data, no approval from the ethics committee was necessary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNFPA. United Nations Population Fund. United Nations, New York; 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG\u0026uuml;ndoğ S\u0026Ouml;, \u0026Ccedil;elik F, Şimşek S. Evaluation of parasitic diseases in patients brought to Fırat University Animal Hospital. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2021;45(4):268-73. doi:10.4274/tpd.galenos.2021.88126\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eİnceboz T, Eren H. Zoonotic parasites. In: Veterinary Public Health in All Aspects. Ankara: T\u0026uuml;rkiye Klinikleri Publishing House; 2023. p. 169\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFitzpatrick JL. Global food security: The impact of veterinary parasites and parasitologists. Vet Parasitol. 2013;195(3-4):233\u0026ndash;48. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMavrot F. Livestock Nematode Infection in a Changing World: Investigating the European Situation [PhD thesis]. Zurich: University of Zurich; 2016. p. 70\u0026ndash;130.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFanke J, Charlier J, Steppin T, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Vercruysse J, Demeler J. Economic assessment of Ostertagia ostertagi and Fasciola hepatica infections in dairy cattle herds in Germany using Paracalc\u0026reg;. Vet Parasitol. 2017;240:1\u0026ndash;37. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThomson S, Hamilton CA, Hope JC, Katzer F, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, et al. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: Impact, host-parasite interaction, and control strategies. Vet Res. 2017;48(1):17. doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0417-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBartels CJ, Holzhauer M, Jorritsma R, Swart WA, Lam TJ. Prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and abnormal feces of young Dutch dairy calves. Prev Vet Med. 2010;93(2-3):162\u0026ndash;9. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ede la Fuente R, Garc\u0026iacute;a A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Luz\u0026oacute;n M, Cid D, Garc\u0026iacute;a S, et al. Proportional morbidity rates of enteropathogens among diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain. Prev Vet Med. 1998;36(2):145\u0026ndash;52. doi:10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00077-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCho YI, Yoon KJ. An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. J Vet Sci. 2014;15(1):1\u0026ndash;17. doi:10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Scotland\u0026rsquo;s Rural College (SRUC). Veterinary Investigation Diagnosis Analysis (VIDA) Report. 2014. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/veterinary-investigation-diagnosis-analysis-vida-report-2014.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcı\u0026ouml;z M. Parasitological evaluation of samples sent from the Isparta region to the Konya Veterinary Control Institute Directorate. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg. 2018;29(1):36\u0026ndash;9. doi:10.35864/evmd.512907\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHu S, Wan M, Huang W, Wang W, Liang R, Su D, et al. Age and episode-associated occurrence of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in a birth-cohort of dairy calves. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(5):e1289\u0026ndash;301. doi:10.1111/tbed.14507\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBirdane FM. Cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. Kocatepe Vet Derg. 2017;10(2):91\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen Y, Qin H, Huang J, Li J, Zhang L. The global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitology. 2022;149(11):1442\u0026ndash;56. doi:10.1017/S0031182022001196\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaier GU, Breitenbuecher J, Gomez JP, Samah F, Fausak E, Van Noord M. Vaccination for the prevention of neonatal calf diarrhea in cow-calf operations: A scoping review. Vet Anim Sci. 2022;15:100238. doi:10.1016/j.vas.2022.100238\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShaw HJ, Innes EA, Morrison LJ, Katzer F, Wells B. Long-term production effects of clinical cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves. Int J Parasitol. 2020;50(5):371\u0026ndash;6. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGunn GJ, Stott AW. A comparison of economic losses due to calf enteritis and calf pneumonia in Scottish beef herds. Epidemiol Sant\u0026eacute; Anim. 1997;31-32:31\u0026ndash;2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBennett R, Ijpelaar J. Updated estimates of the costs associated with thirty-four endemic livestock diseases in Great Britain: A note. J Agric Econ. 2005;56(1):135\u0026ndash;44. doi:10.1111/j.1477-9552.2005.tb00126.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRocha Valdez J, Gonzalez-Avalo R, Avila-Cisnero R, Pe\u0026ntilde;a Revuelta B, Reyes-Romero A. Economic impact of mortality and morbidity due to diseases in dairy heifers. Abanico Vet. 2019;9:1\u0026ndash;7. doi:10.21929/abavet2019.920\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoblin M, Canniere E, Barbier A, Daandels Y, Dellevoet-Groenewegen M, Pinto P, et al. Study of the economic impact of cryptosporidiosis in calves after implementing good practices to manage the disease on dairy farms in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Curr Res Parasitol Vector-Borne Dis. 2023;4:100149. doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100149\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Economic Losses Due to Calf Deaths (2021\u0026ndash;2023)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eYear\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eNumber of Calf Deaths\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eDeaths Due to Cryptosporidiosis (35%)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eCurrent Calf Value (per calf)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eLoss (TRY)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2021\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2054\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e719\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e500\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e359450\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2022\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e4749\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e1662\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e500\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e831075\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2023\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e5051\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e1768\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e500\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e883925\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eTotal\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e11854\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2074450\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: This table summarizes the annual economic losses due to calf deaths associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in 2021\u0026ndash;2023. Losses were calculated by multiplying the estimated number of deaths attributed to cryptosporidiosis (35% of total deaths) by the average calf market value per year (TRY 500).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Monthly Distribution of Calf Deaths (2021\u0026ndash;2023)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eMonth\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2021\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2022\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2023\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eOverall Total\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eJanuary\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e238\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e364\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e239\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e841\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eFebruary\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e230\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e349\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e440\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e1019\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eMarch\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e232\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e503\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e534\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e1269\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eApril\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e170\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e107\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e379\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e656\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eMay\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e91\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e637\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e511\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e1239\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eJune\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e310\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e324\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e426\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e1060\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eJuly\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e6\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e181\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e453\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e640\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eAugust\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e46\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e668\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e273\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e987\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eSeptember\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e197\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e383\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e532\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e1112\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eOctober\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e83\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e283\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e486\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e852\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eNovember\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e90\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e505\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e386\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e981\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eDecember\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e361\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e445\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e392\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e1198\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003eTotal\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e2054\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e4749\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e5051\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e11854\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: This table displays the distribution of calf deaths by month across three consecutive years (2021\u0026ndash;2023), showing seasonal trends in mortality. The total number of deaths for each month and each year is presented.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Distribution of Calf Mortality Rates by District\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eDistrict\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eNumber of Calf Deaths\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eNumber of Calves Born\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eMortality Rate\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eACIPAYAM\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e2221\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e53736\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.041\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eBABADAĞ\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e158\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e1172\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.135\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eBAKLAN\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e120\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e7216\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.017\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eBEKİLLİ\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e114\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e1200\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.095\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eBEYAĞA\u0026Ccedil;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e169\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e4556\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.037\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eBOZKURT\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e449\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e8696\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.052\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eBULDAN\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e326\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e11984\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.027\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\u0026Ccedil;AL\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e948\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e9124\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.104\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\u0026Ccedil;AMELİ\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e532\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e18268\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.029\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\u0026Ccedil;ARDAK\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e648\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e10092\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.064\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\u0026Ccedil;İVRİL\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e2234\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e51640\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.043\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eG\u0026Uuml;NEY\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e271\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e4132\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.066\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eHONAZ\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e476\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e8860\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.054\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eKALE\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e703\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e7216\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.097\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eMERKEZEFENDİ\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e290\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e24028\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.012\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003ePAMUKKALE\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e435\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e17288\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.025\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eSARAYK\u0026Ouml;Y\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e587\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e9500\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.062\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eSERİNHİSAR\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e141\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e3296\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.043\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eTAVAS\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e1032\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e21168\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.049\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003eOverall Total\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e11854\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e273172\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e0.043\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: Calf mortality rates by district for the years 2021\u0026ndash;2023. The mortality rate was calculated as the proportion of deaths to total calves born in each district. The highest mortality rate was observed in Babadağ (13.5%) and the lowest in Merkezefendi (1.2%).\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bovine Cryptosporidiosis, Economic Losses, Denizli, Calves, Livestock","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7080697/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7080697/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to estimate the financial impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis as well as the costs per breeding enterprise in Denizli Province of Turkey. The retrospective data on bovine cryptosporidiosis were obtained from records in Turkey’s Livestock Information System for 2024. The direct and indirect economic losses were estimated as $359,450 in 2021, $831,075 in 2022, and $883,925 in 2023. The loss per calf due to bovine cryptosporidiosis was estimated as $7.59. In conclusion, there were significant economic losses due to bovine cryptosporidiosis in Denizli.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Bovine cryptosporidiosis is a globally prevalent parasitic disease causing substantial economic losses in livestock production. This study provides the first comprehensive economic assessment of cryptosporidiosis impacts in Denizli Province, Turkey, an important livestock region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: We conducted a retrospective analysis of official records from Turkey's Livestock Information System (2021-2023). Economic losses were calculated through both direct (mortality) and indirect (treatment costs, productivity losses) methods, using a standardized formula incorporating district-specific calf mortality data (35% attributable mortality rate) and current market values ($500 per calf). Statistical analysis was performed on 11,854 recorded calf deaths across 19 districts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: The three-year economic impact totaled $2,074,450, with annual losses increasing from $359,450 (2021) to $883,925 (2023). Spatial analysis revealed significant district-level variation, with mortality rates ranging from 0.012% (Merkezefendi) to 0.135% (Babadağ). Temporal patterns showed peak mortality in March (1,269 deaths) and lowest incidence in July (640 deaths). The disease burden averaged $7.59 per affected calf, with substantial variation between enterprises.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e: Our findings demonstrate that cryptosporidiosis represents a significant and growing economic challenge for Turkish livestock producers. The spatial-temporal patterns identified suggest environmental and management factors may influence disease spread. These results provide policymakers with evidence-based data to prioritize control measures and highlight the need for regular economic monitoring of parasitic diseases in livestock systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Data‑Driven Estimation of Economic Losses from Bovine Cryptosporidiosis: A Case Study in Denizli Province, Turkey","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-18 11:21:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7080697/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"06ec7d05-d8d1-4158-a671-d6d80c2a0760","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-26T13:24:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-18 11:21:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7080697","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7080697","identity":"rs-7080697","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}