Efficacy of Air Leak Test in Preventing Anastomotic Leaks After Rectal Excision: A Retrospective Case-Controlled Study

An intraoperative air leak test (ALT) is commonly used to detect mechanical defects following a bowel anastomosis, although its efficacy is uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ALT for preventing anastomotic leakage (AL) following rectal excision. We reviewed our database for patients with rectal cancers who had undergone curative surgery between January 2012 and January 2018. Patients were grouped according to whether or not an ALT was performed. Propensity score analyses were performed to compare outcomes for groups in a 1:1 case-matched cohort. In total, 1,191 patients underwent rectal excision; 438 (219 in each group) formed the case-matched cohort for analysis. The protective stoma rate was 16.0% and 14.6% in the ALT and the no-ALT groups, respectively ( p  = 0.791). In the ALT group, 2 patients (0.9%) showed a positive result and were treated with rectal tube drainage, resulting in no leakage. There was no significant between-group difference in postoperative AL rate (ALT group: 4.6%, no-ALT group: 4.1%, p  = 1.000). ALT played a minimal role in preventing AL following rectal excision. Further studies are warranted to validate our results and clarify whether AL can be prevented with ALT or alternative methods.