Succinimide solo and mixed with benzoic acid formulations as novel substitutes for pesticides against sucking pests on Cucumis sativus L. in greenhouses

Succinimide solo and mixed with benzoic acid formulations as novel substitutes for pesticides against sucking pests on Cucumis sativus L. in greenhouses | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Succinimide solo and mixed with benzoic acid formulations as novel substitutes for pesticides against sucking pests on Cucumis sativus L. in greenhouses Magdi A. Eskander, Raghda, M. Hassan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7274461/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted 17 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Insecticides present several challenges, including negative impacts on human health, environmental pollution and the appearance of pesticide-resistant strains of the pests. Therefore, there is an increasing need to explore alternative pest control strategies. Succinimide an organic compound used in pharmaceutical drugs, benzoic acid and its salts are used as microbiological preservatives in a variety of processed foods and drinks. The aim of this work was to formulate succinimide, benzoic acid and its mixture in a suitable formulation form and determine their toxicity against spider mite Tetranychus urticae and whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The desirable compounds were formulated and passed to specified tests. The toxicity of them assessed against individuals of mites T. urticae and adults of B. tabaci under laboratory conditions. Two separated experiments were conducted in greenhouse to determine the insecticidal efficacy on eggs and individuals of T. urticae and B. tabaci nymphs and adults infested cucumber plants. The results revealed that all tested formulated organic compounds showed excellent ovicidal effect against T. urticae eggs and nymphs of B. tabaci at 4000 ppm. However, they showed good insecticidal effect against individuals of T. urticae and adults of B. tabaci . Additionally, all studied insect stages showed that succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) was as effective as succinimide (SP) or marginally more effective than benzoic acid (EC). From these results, such formulations could be used as safety alternatives for controlling two- spotted spider mite (eggs and individuals) and whitefly (nymphs and adults) on cucumber plants in greenhouse after completing the other needed trials in future. Tetranychus urticae Bemisia tabaci succinimide benzoic acid formulation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) is one of the most significant vegetable crops grown worldwide. In Egypt, it holds a prominent place among vegetable crops Abdelatef, et al., 2022 . Numerous significant insect pests infest cucumber plants Awadalla, et al., 2020 . The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae is one of important pests on cucumber; it causes several damages to growth plant, resulting reduction in the quality and quantity of the production Clark, et al., 1994 . Also, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn) (Hemiptera): Aleyrodidae is considered a harmful insect that causes severe damage to cucumber plants Basu, 1995 . It damages plants by feeding directly on them and by serving as a vector for the spread of numerous plant viruses that drastically reduce yields Yadav, et al., 2022 . By sucking on the leaves, white flies deplete the plant's nutrients and cause physiological problems. Insect honey dew excretions on leaf lamina encourage the establishment of black sooty mold, which obstructs photosynthetic processes and thus reduces yield. The harm that is directly obvious is the fading and distortion of the leaves Janssen, 1989. Food security, ecological safety, and the environment are all negatively impacted by the use of chemical pesticides Philippe, et al., 2021 . Additionally, the over and persistent use of insecticides has caused whiteflies to become resistant Wang, et al., 2020 . Nevertheless, whiteflies have become highly resistant to the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and imidacloprid Naveen, et al., 2017 , because due to worries about their potential impacts on pollinators. The European Union banned the outdoor use of three neonicotinoids in 2018: clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam EU, 2018a; EU, 2018b and EU, 2018c. Succinimides have been found to be important components of treatment plans Liu, et al., 2021 . The fundamental nucleus of succinimides is pyrrolidine-2, 5-dione, and a five-member heterocyclic ring with two carbonyl groups attached as functional groups and nitrogen as the heteroatom. Potential therapeutic compounds can be created by modifying this fundamental skeleton to create derivatives with different aryl or alkyl groups that are substituted with carbon or nitrogen Sarfraz, et al., 2017 . This study's primary objective was to develop and assess the toxicity of two synthetic organic compounds as safe substitutes for chemical pesticides in the management of sucking pests (whiteflies and mites) on cucumber plants grown in greenhouses. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Tested chemical Succinimide as organic compound with the formula: (CH 2 ) 2 (CO) 2 NH, benzoic acid: (C 7 H 6 O 2 ) as a white crystalline solid. Surfactants: Span 80, Tween 80, Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), polyethylene glycol dioleate (PEG 600 DO), and triton 100X. Solvents: acetone, xylene, ethanol, and dimethyl formamide (DMF) were provided by EL-Gomhoria Co., Cairo, Egypt. 2.2. Physicochemical characteristics of the tested materials. 2.2.1. Solubility: It was determined according to method of Nelson and Fiero 1954 . 2.2.2. Free acidity or alkalinity: it was measured by the methods outlined in the WHO recommendation 1979 . 2.3. Locally prepared succinimide as 90% soluble powder (SP) formulation: Succinimide was prepared as soluble powder formulations due to its physicochemical characteristics. Many trials were carried using different weights of the active ingredient (a.i) and different weights of surfactants, and all specific physicochemical characteristics were measured to determine which formulas passed the reported tests and were suitable for application and production. 2.4. Locally prepared benzoic acid as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation: According to the measured physicochemical characteristics of benzoic acid, it prepared as emulsifiable concentrate. Several trials conducted using different weights of benzoic acid dissolving in different weights of solvent or mixture of solvents then adding the different weights of surface active agent and mixing well until stable formulation was achieved. The prepared formulations were subjected to an emulsion stability test according to method of CIPAC 2002 . To define the successful prepared formulation that will be suitable for using in pest control under field conditions and production. 2.5. Preparation of succinimide and benzoic acid mixture as oil in water emulsion (EW) formulation: Due to the physicochemical properties of succinimide and benzoic acid, they could be prepared in one formulation as oil/water (o/w) emulsion. Several trials conducted using different ratios from liquid phase and oil phase, using the method reported by Salvica, et al., 2012 . The emulsion stability and other physicochemical properties were measured according the methods reported by CIPAC 2002 . for each prepared formulation, before and after accelerated storage at 54 ± 2 ° C for 14 days to define the best one for using in pest control and production. 2.6. Physico-chemical properties of locally prepared benzoic acid as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation and succinimide, benzoic acid mixture as oil in water emulsion (EW) formulation: 2.6.1. Viscosity: Using a Brookfield viscometer model DVII + Pro, the measurement was made using centipoises according to ASTM 2005. 2.6.2. Surface tension: independent in method of ASTM 2001 , it was ascertained by employing a Du-Nouy tensiometer for solutions containing 0.5% (W/V) surfactant. 2.6.3. Emulsion stability test was conducted by using the method described by FAO/WH PH: it measured by Cole-Parmer PH conductivity meter 1484-44 using the method reported by Dobrat and Martijn 1995 . 2.6.4. Foam: It was measured using the method that outlined by CIPAC 2002 . 2.6.5. Free acidity or alkalinity: It was performed as mentioned earlier. 2.7. Physico-chemical characteristics of locally prepared succinimide as 90% soluble powder (SP) formulation: Solubility, Foam, PH, and free acidity/ alkalinity were determined as mentioned before. 2.7. Physico-chemical properties of newly prepared formulations spray solution at (0.5%): 2.7.1. Surface tension, Viscosity, and pH were determined as mentioned before. 2.7.2. Electrical Conductivity and Salinity: The Cole-Parmer PH/Conductivity meter 1484-44 was utilized to determine it, with µmhos serving as the unit of measurement for electrical conductivity Dobrat and Martijn 1995 . 2.8. Bioassay: 2.8.1.Tested insects: Two- spotted spider mite, T. urticae , and whitefly B. tabaci were reared in Bioassay Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory (CAPL) Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki-Giza, Egypt, for many generations on Acalypha marginata at 26 ± 2 ºC, 55 ± 5% R.H., and with a photoperiod of 14:10 hr (light:dark) to keep the culture. 2.8.2. Determination of the toxicity against: Spider mite T. urticae : Toxicity of the formulated organic materials, succinimide, benzoic acid, and their mixture were conducted by using the leaf-dip technique according to method of Mead, 2012 . with some modifications against adults of T. urticae as follow: leaf disks (2.5 cm in diameter) of A. marginata plants dipped in five concentrations (3000, 1500, 750, 375, and 187.5 ppm) for each tested formulation for 10 seconds, and then dried on filter paper, after that put into a tiny plastic vial that measured 40 mm in diameter by 37 mm in height. Twenty individuals of mite were transferred to treated leaf disks, each concentration and control have three replicates. The mortality was estimated after 48 hr of treatment. Whitefly B. tabaci : Toxicity of the formulated organic materials, succinimide, benzoic acid, and their mixture were determined by using the leaf-dip technique with some modifications against adults of B. tabaci under laboratory conditions. Cotton plant leaves were washed, dried and cut into discs (35 mm in diameter), these leaves discs separately dipped in spray solutions for 10 sec in serial concentrations: 2400, 1200, 600, 300, and 150 ppm of each prepared formulation. The leaf discs were put in the base of a tiny, suitable-sized plastic vial with their ataxia surface facing down on agar. As a control, additional leaf discs were immersed in distilled water. Using a mouth aspirator, twenty adults of B. tabaci (mixed sex) were added and put into a tiny plastic vial that measured 40 mm in diameter by 37 mm in height. Each treatment had three replicates, and there were additional three replicates for control group Houndete , et al. , 2010a. After 24 hr of incubation, mortality was measured. When an insect showed symptoms of movement, it was deemed alive. Abbott's algorithm was used to adjust the mortality statistics Abbot, 1925 . Corrected percentage mortality = T- C × 100 100- C Where, T is No. of dead insects adult in treated replicates, and is No. of dead insects adult in control replicates. The LDP-Line statistical computer program was used to estimate the regression lines' slopes, LC 50 and LC 90 values, and 95% confidence limits Houndete , et al. , 2010b ., Shadmany and Muhamad 2015. 2.8.3. Greenhouse Experiment s: Insecticidal potency on B. tabaci. The insecticidal efficacy of the prepared formulations against nymph and adults of whitefly B. tabaci under greenhouse conditions on cucumber plants growing in pots was conducted in greenhouse of the Institute according to EL-Sisi , et al. , 2019. Five pots every one planted with two cucumber seedlings used with each concentration and five pots as control, sprayed with the prepared formulations at 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm using a hand sprayer has one nozzle. Whitefly stages population were counting before and after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of application by direct counting for adults and by collecting 10 leaves from each treatment and transferred in paper bags to laboratory and inspect them under binocular. Reductions percentages were calculated according to Henderson and Tilton 1955 . Insecticidal potency on T. urticae . Efficacy of prepared formulations on egg hatchability and individuals of the two- spotted spider mite T. urticae was determined. In separate trials on cucumber plants growing in pot and infested artificially after 15 days of transplanting using some infested egg plants leaves and permit to the population of mite to adaptation and production nearly 15 days to reach the appropriate scale. The above concentrations were used for each prepared formulation. Five pots were served for treatment and others were served as a control. Before and after spraying 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, ten leaves of each concentration collected and transferred in paper bags to laboratory and inspection the population of eggs and individuals. Reductions percentages were calculated as described above Henderson and Tilton 1955 . 2.8.4. Phytotoxicity : The adverse impacts on plants were determined by recording any burning, curl, and yellowish occurred in leaves of treated plants up to 7 days after treatment. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Characteristics: To formulate any ingredient a.i, must measure the physicochemical characteristics to determine the suitable formulation type. Table (1) illustrates the physicochemical properties of both tested materials. The obtained results revealed that succinimide and benzoic acid displayed acidic property and its acidity values were: 28.43 and 47.90 respectively, also both of them showed solubility in acetone, ethanol, and DMF, while they were insoluble in xylene. Succinimide displayed good solubility in water. So, it could be formulated as soluble powder (SP) formulation, but benzoic acid was insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvent, so it will be prepared as emulsifiable concentrate (EC). Table 1 Physico- chemical characteristics of the tested materials. Compound Solubility % (w/v) Free acidity as % H 2 SO 4 Water Xylene Acetone Ethanol DMF Succinimide Sol N.S* Sol Sol Sol 28.43 Benzoic acid N.S* N.S* Sol Sol Sol 47.90 N.S*: non- soluble From the finding data, succinimide formulated as SP and data illustrated in table (2) revealed the physicochemical properties for the prepared (SP) formulation before and after accelerated storage at 52 ± 2 0 C for 14 days. The obtained results indicated that, the prepared formulation displayed clear solubility in water before and after storage, however no foam formed with soft water but slightly foam formed with hard water 2 ml before storage and 3 ml after storage. It displayed acidic property with values: 0.44 and 0.45 before and after storage, respectively. Slightly decrease in pH value, was noted (4.51) before storage decreased to 4.48 after storage. Table 2 Physico-chemical properties of the prepared (SP) formulations before and after accelerated storage Formulation Before storage After storage Solubility Foam pH Free acidity as H 2 SO 4 Solubility Foam pH Free acidity as H 2 SO 4 S. W H. W S. W H. W S. W H. W S. W H. W Succinimide (SP) Sol Sol 0 2 4.51 0.44 Sol Sol 0 3 4.48 0.45 S.W.: Soft water, H.W.: Hard water Due to the physicochemical characteristics of benzoic acid (Table 1 ), it prepared as EC formulation using organic solvents and blends of emulsifying agents. On the other hand, the mixture of benzoic acid and succinimide were prepared as oil in water emulsion (EW) by mixing the aqueous phase with oil phase and stirring to get homogenous emulsion. Due to data illustrated in Table (3), the physicochemical properties of the prepared EC and EW formulations displayed excellent emulsion stability which no oily or cream separation formed before and after accelerated storage, however both formulations revealed acidic property and their values were: 10.53 and 2.53 for benzoic acid (EC) and the mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid decreased after storage to values:10.33 and 2.43, respectively. In contrarily, the pH values showed increased after storage from 3.3 and 3.51 to 3.4 and 3.55 for EC and EW formulations, respectively. While, their viscosity values showed slightly increase from 1.49 and 3.1 before storage to 1.51 and 3.3 centipoise after storage. On the other hand, their surface tension values revealed slightly decrease after storage from 27.45 and 25.56 before storage to 27.22 and 25.32 dyne/cm after storage, respectively. Table 3 Physico- chemical properties of the prepared (EC and EW) formulations before and after accelerated storage Formulation Before storage After storage Emulsion stability (ml cream sep.) Surface tension viscosity pH Free acidity as H 2 SO 4 Emulsion stability (ml cream sep.) Surface tension viscosity pH Free acidity as H 2 SO 4 S. W H. W S. W H. W Benzoic acid (EC) 0 0 27.45 1.49 3.3 10.53 0 0 27.22 1.51 3.4 10.33 Succinimide + benzoic acid (EW) 0 0 25.56 3.1 3.51 2.53 0 0 25.32 3.3 3.55 2.43 S.W.: Soft water, H.W.: Hard water Data in Table (4) indicated the physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations (SP), (EC), and (EW) at the field dilution rate 0.5%. All prepared formulations (spray solution) revealed good viscosity comparing with water viscosity, where benzoic acid (EC) displayed the highest value 1.36 centipoise, followed by succinimide (SP) 1.27 centipoise and mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) (1.14 centipoise). These formulations caused lowering the droplet size of spray solution. This finding is in accordance with that obtained by Dorr, et al., 2015 who stated that the physicochemical properties of the spray solution, as well as the size of the droplets, are influenced by the formulation type. Variations in these variables may have an impact on droplet bounce, active component adhesion to leaves, and target coverage, among other things. Spray drift is also influenced by the droplet size spectra, which result from the interaction between the spray nozzle and the spray solution; the likelihood of drift rises with decreasing droplet size Hilz and Vermeer 2013 . However, succinimide (SP) displayed the highest conductivity value (342 µmhos) and salinity (0.2%), followed by benzoic acid (177.9 µmhos) and salinity (0.1%), and the mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) (151.4 µmhos) and salinity (0.1%). These results increased the biological efficacy for the tested formulations against the target, that are in agreement with that obtained by Molin and Hirase 2004 , who stated that lowering pH with raising electrical conductivity is an essential extra feature since the former would make the treated plant more attractive to the spray solution, which would increase penetration and deposition on the tested surface and, eventually, effectiveness. Benzoic acid (EC) displayed the highest surface tension (31.12 dyne/cm), followed by mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) (30.16 dyne/cm) and succinimide (SP) (26.32 dyne/cm). All prepared formulations displayed lower pH values: 3.3, 3.51, and 4.52 for EC, EW, and SP formulations, respectively. Table 4 Physico-chemical characteristics of spray solution of the prepared formulations at (0.5%). Formulation Viscosity (centipoises) pH Surface tension (Dyne/cm) Conductivity (µ mhos) Salinity % Succinimide (SP) 1.27 4.52 26.32 342 0.2 Benzoic acid (EC) 1.36 3.3 31.12 177.9 0.1 Succinimide + benzoic acid (EW) 1.14 3.51 30.16 151.4 0.1 3.2. Bioassay studies: 3.2.1. Toxicity of prepared formulation against T. urticae Laboratory experiment carried out to determine the toxicity of the prepared formulations: Succinimide (SP), benzoic acid (EC) and succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) against two spotted spider mite T. urticae individuals and results illustrated in table (5) and figure (1) revealed that, succinimide (SP) formulation displayed the greatest toxicity effect against tested mite followed by the succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) formulation and benzoic acid (EC) where the LC 50 values were: 1086.47, 1206.21 and 1584.05ppm respectively. Table 5 LC 50 , LC 90 , Toxicity index and slope for the prepared formulations against individuals of T. urticae under laboratory conditions. Material Parameters LC 50 (mg/l) Confidence limit 95% (mg/l) LC 90 (mg/l) Toxicity index Slope ± S.E. Succinimide (SP) Benzoic acid (EC) Succinimide + benzoic acid (EW) 1086.47 1584.05 1206.21 921.324- 1302.52 1293.755- 2036.91 1017.852- 1461.876 6142.0288 11638.4461 7025.9942 100 68.588 90.072 1.7036 ± 0.1574 1.4797 ± 0.1562 1.6747 ± 0.1580 1 = Succinimide (SP), 2 = benzoic acid (EC), 3 = succinimide + benzoic acid (EW) Figure 1 . Toxicity lines for tested prepared formulations against T. urticae. 3.2.2. Toxicity of the prepared formulations against adults of B. tabaci . Separate laboratory experiment conducted to determine the toxicity of locally prepared formulations. Succinimide (SP), benzoic acid (EC), and mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) after prepared and passed successfully of all specified tests. Their toxicity against adults of whitefly B. tabaci determined and the results obtained in table (6) and figure (2) revealed that, succinimide (SP) displayed the highest toxicity against adults of B. tabaci with lowest LC 50 value 744.267 ppm, followed by succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) displayed with LC 50 value 815.308 ppm, while benzoic acid displayed the lowest toxicity with highest LC 50 value 1114.58 ppm that means decreasing the LC 50 value for any product increasing in toxicity against the treated target. On the other hand, Figure (2) shows the slopes of toxicity lines for tested formulations where, there are positive relation between the toxicity and the slope value, that’s indicating clearly with succinimide (SP) was displayed the highest toxicity and the highest slope value, while there is negative relation between the LC 50 values and slope values (Table 6 ). These findings are in agreement with that obtained with Al- Shehri, et al., 2022 , where they stated that the succinimide compounds MSJ2 and MSJ10 shown exceptional activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), with respective inhibition values of 91.90 and 93.20% against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the corresponding inhibitory potentials against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were 97.30 and 91.36%. With respective IC 50 values of 32 and 28.04 µM, the compounds MSJ9 and MSJ10 demonstrated strong α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials of 87.63 and 89.37%. Table 6 LC 50 , LC 90 , Toxicity index and slope for the prepared formulations against adults of B. tabaci under laboratory conditions. Material Parameters LC 50 (mg/l) Confidence limit 95% (mg/l) LC 90 (mg/l) Toxicity index Slope ± S.E. Succinimide (SP) Benzoic acid (EC) Succinimide + benzoic acid (EW) 744.27 1114.58 815.31 643.84- 866.05 703.97–953.55 944.37–1350.61 3311.82 5796.30 3690.39 100 66.775 91.287 1.98 ± 0.17 1.79 ± 0.16 1.95 ± 0.16 1 (S) = Succinimide (SP), 2(B) = benzoic acid (EC), 3(SB) = succinimide + benzoic acid (EW) Figure 2 . Toxicity lines for tested prepared formulations against B. tabaci . 3.3. Greenhouse experiments: 3.3.1. Insecticidal effect of formulated organic compound against mite individuals: Synthesized organic compounds: succinimide, benzoic acid and succinimide with benzoic acid mixture formulated in appropriate were conducted for the insecticidal potency against individual of T. urticae infested cucumber plants in greenhouse. The results obtained in Table (7) revealed that, succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) showed the highest reduction percentage in mite individuals (numbers/leaf of cucumber treated plants) in comparison with untreated cucumber plants after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Treatments of succinimide (SP) and benzoic acid indicated % reductions values: 93.02, 91.86 and 86.80% after 7days of spraying for concentration, 4000 ppm. While, % reduction was 56.62, 55.9 and 50.77% after 1st day of spraying for same concentration. Table 7 The insecticidal potency of formulated organic compounds against individuals of T. urticae infested Cucumis sativus plants in greenhouse. Materials Conc. (ppm) % of Reduction 1st day 3rd day 5th day 7th day Succinimide (SP) 4000 2000 1000 55.9 47.04 37.33 82.56 69.90 56.53 87.55 75.44 62.69 91.86 81.86 66.72 Benzoic acid (EC) 4000 2000 1000 50.77 43.71 32.23 77.60 62.22 50.10 81.72 66.59 58.05 86.80 73.43 63.13 Succinimide + benzoic acid (EW) 4000 2000 1000 56.62 49.32 40.81 86.64 69.64 51.87 90.13 73.75 62.21 93.02 80.30 67.36 3.3.2. Ovicidal effect of prepared formulations against T. urticae : The ovicidal effect of formulated synthetized organic compound against two spotted spider mite T. urticae eggs on cucumber plants in greenhouse was determined and results are illustrated in Table (8). All tested compounds displayed excellent ovicidal potency against mite eggs. Succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) displayed the highest ovicidal action with the highest concentration, 4000 ppm after 1st day of spraying, followed by succinimide (SP) and benzoic acid (EC) and their reduction percentages of eggs/leaf were: 60.91, 58.24 and 56.11%, respectively. However, their reduction percentages were: 99.37, 98.52 and 95.83% respectively, after 7th day of spraying. Table 8 The ovicidal potency of formulated organic compound against T. urticae eggs on Cucumis sativus plants in greenhouse. Materials Conc. (ppm) % of Reduction (eggs stage) 1st day 3rd day 5th day 7th day Succinimide (SP) 4000 2000 1000 58.24 50.51 40.22 93.33 79.81 58.09 97.48 81.86 67.04 98.52 90.67 76.11 Benzoic acid (EC) 4000 2000 1000 56.11 45.32 38.52 88.67 76.71 54.18 92.72 80.11 62.88 95.83 85.04 73.84 Succinimide + benzoic acid (EW) 4000 2000 1000 60.91 48.25 43.64 95.67 79.89 57.08 97.44 82.82 67.2 99.37 91.89 76.06 3.3.3. Insecticidal potency of formulated organic compound against adults of B. tabaci Table 9 The insecticidal effect of formulated compounds against nymphs of B. tabaci infested cucumber plants in greenhouse. Treatments Conc. (ppm) Pre-treat. Count No./leaf Initial effect Residual effect No./ leaf after Mean % R No./ leaf % R 3 days 5 days 7 days Succinimide (SP) 4000 2000 1000 198 196 203 40 48 64 77.85 73.15 65.43 15 38 51 8 34 49 5 31 44 9.3 34.3 48.0 94.59 79.88 72.83 Benzoic acid (EC) 4000 2000 1000 213 189 205 54 66 78 72.20 61.71 58.28 35 56 68 28 46 66 26 45 72 29.7 49.0 68.7 84.00 70.21 61.52 Succinimide+ Benzoic acid (EW) 4000 2000 1000 194 209 211 41 57 69 76.68 70.09 64.14 16 47 61 9 39 57 7 36 62 10.7 40.7 60.0 93.67 77.65 67.33 Control - 216 197 188 184 192 188 Insecticidal action of formulated synthesized organic compound against nymphs of whitefly B. tabaci infested cucumber plants in greenhouse was evaluated by spraying cucumber plants infested with B. tabaci . The results are illustrated in Table (9), where they revealed that, all tested formulations displayed good initial and residual effect against nymph stage of B. tabaci . Succinimide (SP) revealed the highest initial and residual effect comparing with other tested formulations and its values were: 77.85 and 94.59% of reduction in population of nymphs/leaf with the highest tested concentration (4000 ppm), followed by mixture of succinimide and benzoic acid (EW) which displayed 72.20 and 84.0% reduction in nymph number/leaf. Benzoic acid (EC) gave 76.68 and 93.67% at the same concentration. On the other hand, the lowest tested concentration (1000ppm) revealed good insecticidal activity with all the tested formulations with initial and residual effect as a reduction in infestation, where succinimide (SP) was the best formulation followed by mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) and benzoic acid (EC 3.3.4. Insecticidal effect of formulated synthesized organic compounds against adults of B. tabaci Data illustrated in Table (10) obtained clearly that all prepared formulations displayed excellent insecticidal potency against adults of whitefly B. tabaci after 24 hr (initial effect) or after 7th day of treatment. Succinimide (SP) at 4000 ppm displayed the highest initial effect 79.66% reduction in number of adults/leafs, also revealed the highest residual effect 92.09%, followed by the mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) which display initial effect 78.23% and residual effect 90.29%. Benzoic acid (EC) gave moderate initial effect, 67.41and 84.95% residual effect at the same concentration. Furthermore, the lowest concentration used (1000 ppm) showed good efficacy against adults of whitefly, where succinimide (SP) displayed the best reduction in adults’ number/leaf with initial and residual effect followed by mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) and benzoic acid (EC) alone. 3.4. Phytotoxicity: Benzoic acid formulated as EC when sprayed at 4000 ppm on cucumber plants caused severe phytotoxic effect in form of burning on cucumber plants leaves. While, the other tested concentrations of this formulation did not cause any phytotoxic effect on the treated plants. On the other hand, no any phytotoxic symptoms obtained on the treated cucumber plants with succinimide (SP) and succinimide + benzoic acid mixture (EW). Table 10 Insecticidal potency of formulated synthesized organic compounds against adults of B. tabaci infested cucumber plants in greenhouse. Treatments Conc. (ppm) Pre-treat. Count No./leaf Initial effect Residual effect No./ leaf after Mean % R No./ leaf % R 3 days 5 days 7 days Succinimide (SP) 4000 2000 1000 98 104 101 19 26 31 79.66 73.77 67.80 10 15 24 6 11 19 5 10 17 7.00 12.00 20.00 92.09 87.23 78.08 Benzoic acid (EC) 4000 2000 1000 103 99 102 32 43 57 67.41 54.44 41.38 15 25 32 14 23 29 13 22 28 14.00 23.33 29.66 84.95 73.91 67.81 Succinimide+ Benzoic acid (EW) 4000 2000 1000 106 112 105 22 31 36 78.23 70.96 64.03 11 18 24 9 17 23 8 16 19 9.30 17.00 22.00 90.29 83.20 76.81 Control - 107 102 97 95 98 96.66 - 3.5. Mode of action of the tested organic compounds: Benzoic acid can only cross the cell membrane when it is undissociated. The uncharged acid enters the cell with a comparatively low pH, and the molecules stay inside the cell. The cell's internal pH drops, and metabolic processes are slowed down. Additional impacts were reduced membrane permeability for phosphates, organic acids, and amino acids causing the electron transport system to decouple oxidative phosphorylation and substrate transport. Also, the citric acid cycle is seen to be inhibited EU 2012. Derivatives of succinimide show superior inhibition of α-glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Al- Shehri, et al., 2022 . 4. Conclusion Synthesized organic compounds: succinimide, benzoic acid and their mixture used as a.i to control sucking pests (two spotted spider mite T. urticae and whitefly B. tabaci ) on cucumber plants in greenhouse. Their physicochemical properties were measured, and then prepared in suitable formulation form independent on such characteristics. The prepared formulations passed successfully from the specified tests that confirm their suitability for application and production. Toxicity of the prepared formulations was evaluated against adults of whitefly and individuals of mites under laboratory conditions. The results showed that all the prepared formulations displayed high toxicity against adults of whitefly and individuals of mites. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate and confirm the insecticidal potency of formulated compounds against two-spotted spider mites (individuals and eggs) and whitefly (adults and nymphs). The obtained results reported that the mixture formulation (EW) showed insecticidal effect on tested insect stages compared with succinimide (SP), that due to the two mode of action of succinimide and benzoic acid in its formula, followed by benzoic acid (EC). Also, all prepared formulations showed toxic effect on eggs of mites T. urticae better than individuals and toxicity against nymphs of whitefly B. tabaci better than adults. Declarations Funding : This research was conducted without external financial support or funding. All expenses associated with this study were covered by the authors themselves. The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to funding sources for this research. Data availability: Data will be made available on request. Conflicts of interes Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Credit authorship contribution statement. M. A. Eskander: Formulate the tested materials, characteristics, investigations, and writing- review & editing writing - original draft. Raghda, M. Hassan : Methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing- original draft. References Abbot WSA (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 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J Pesticides Phytomedicine (Belgrade) 27(1):77–81. 10.2298/PIF1201077G Sarfraz M, Sultana N, Rashid U, Akram MS, Sadiq A, Tariq MI (2017) Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of 2, 3-dihydroquinazolin-4 (1H)-one derivatives as inhibitors of cholinesterase. 70:237–244Bioorganic Chemistry Shadmany M, Omar D, Muhamad R (2015) Biotype and insecticide resistance status of Bemisia tabaci populations from Peninsular Malaysia. J Appl Entomol 139(1–2):67–75 Wang Q, Wang M, Jia Z, Ahmat T, Xie L, Jiang W (2020) Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and expression changes of eighteen cytochrome P450 genes in field populations of Bemisia tabaci from Xinjiang, China. Entomol Res 50:205–211 World Health Organization, WHO (1979) Specification of Pesticides Used in Public Health, 5th Ed. Geneva Yadav RK, Kamala J, Saravan K, Manish K (2022) Evaluation of chilli genotypes and understanding biochemical basis of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) resistance. South Afr J Bot 151:433–444 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 01 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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13:27:15","extension":"html","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":217259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7274461/v1/6df0c2fd12c2e5ad1b4c3f99.html"},{"id":96295414,"identity":"96909351-56d0-4417-a86c-727af30f393c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 13:27:15","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":97060,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eToxicity lines for tested prepared formulations against \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT. urticae.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 = Succinimide (SP), 2 = benzoic acid (EC), 3 = succinimide + benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7274461/v1/86ae9bcdb5cc92f02a768b66.jpeg"},{"id":96295416,"identity":"5aedf763-e25c-430f-8e9a-ed7c0a2af74d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 13:27:15","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eToxicity lines for tested prepared formulations against \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 (S) = Succinimide (SP), 2(B) = benzoic acid (EC), 3(SB) = succinimide + benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7274461/v1/bbe5255e49d0869816e8a375.png"},{"id":105755901,"identity":"27edc9d0-bc01-4d6e-907b-e98a543d2175","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 16:32:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3213572,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7274461/v1/2b315edd-d406-4c1f-bf7b-54643fc92299.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Succinimide solo and mixed with benzoic acid formulations as novel substitutes for pesticides against sucking pests on Cucumis sativus L. in greenhouses","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCucumber (\u003cem\u003eCucumis sativus\u003c/em\u003e) is one of the most significant vegetable crops grown worldwide. In Egypt, it holds a prominent place among vegetable crops Abdelatef, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e. Numerous significant insect pests infest cucumber plants Awadalla, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e. The two-spotted spider mite, \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e is one of important pests on cucumber; it causes several damages to growth plant, resulting reduction in the quality and quantity of the production Clark, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e. Also, whitefly, \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e (Genn) (Hemiptera): Aleyrodidae is considered a harmful insect that causes severe damage to cucumber plants Basu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e. It damages plants by feeding directly on them and by serving as a vector for the spread of numerous plant viruses that drastically reduce yields Yadav, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e. By sucking on the leaves, white flies deplete the plant's nutrients and cause physiological problems. Insect honey dew excretions on leaf lamina encourage the establishment of black sooty mold, which obstructs photosynthetic processes and thus reduces yield. The harm that is directly obvious is the fading and distortion of the leaves \u003cb\u003eJanssen, 1989.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFood security, ecological safety, and the environment are all negatively impacted by the use of chemical pesticides Philippe, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e. Additionally, the over and persistent use of insecticides has caused whiteflies to become resistant Wang, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e. Nevertheless, whiteflies have become highly resistant to the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and imidacloprid Naveen, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, because due to worries about their potential impacts on pollinators. The European Union banned the outdoor use of three neonicotinoids in 2018: clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam \u003cb\u003eEU, 2018a; EU, 2018b and EU, 2018c.\u003c/b\u003e Succinimides have been found to be important components of treatment plans Liu, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e. The fundamental nucleus of succinimides is pyrrolidine-2, 5-dione, and a five-member heterocyclic ring with two carbonyl groups attached as functional groups and nitrogen as the heteroatom. Potential therapeutic compounds can be created by modifying this fundamental skeleton to create derivatives with different aryl or alkyl groups that are substituted with carbon or nitrogen Sarfraz, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e. This study's primary objective was to develop and assess the toxicity of two synthetic organic compounds as safe substitutes for chemical pesticides in the management of sucking pests (whiteflies and mites) on cucumber plants grown in greenhouses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Tested chemical\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuccinimide as organic compound with the formula: (CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (CO)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e NH, benzoic acid: (C\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) as a white crystalline solid. Surfactants: Span 80, Tween 80, Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), polyethylene glycol dioleate (PEG 600 DO), and triton 100X. Solvents: acetone, xylene, ethanol, and dimethyl formamide (DMF) were provided by EL-Gomhoria Co., Cairo, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Physicochemical characteristics of the tested materials.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Solubility: It was determined according to method of Nelson and Fiero \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2.2. Free acidity or alkalinity: it was measured by the methods outlined in the \u003cb\u003eWHO recommendation 1979\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Locally prepared succinimide as 90% soluble powder (SP) formulation:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuccinimide was prepared as soluble powder formulations due to its physicochemical characteristics. Many trials were carried using different weights of the active ingredient (a.i) and different weights of surfactants, and all specific physicochemical characteristics were measured to determine which formulas passed the reported tests and were suitable for application and production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Locally prepared benzoic acid as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the measured physicochemical characteristics of benzoic acid, it prepared as emulsifiable concentrate. Several trials conducted using different weights of benzoic acid dissolving in different weights of solvent or mixture of solvents then adding the different weights of surface active agent and mixing well until stable formulation was achieved. The prepared formulations were subjected to an emulsion stability test according to method of CIPAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e. To define the successful prepared formulation that will be suitable for using in pest control under field conditions and production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5. Preparation of succinimide and benzoic acid mixture as oil in water emulsion (EW) formulation:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the physicochemical properties of succinimide and benzoic acid, they could be prepared in one formulation as oil/water (o/w) emulsion. Several trials conducted using different ratios from liquid phase and oil phase, using the method reported by Salvica, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e. The emulsion stability and other physicochemical properties were measured according the methods reported by CIPAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e. for each prepared formulation, before and after accelerated storage at 54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC for 14 days to define the best one for using in pest control and production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6. Physico-chemical properties of locally prepared benzoic acid as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation and succinimide, benzoic acid mixture as oil in water emulsion (EW) formulation:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.1. Viscosity: Using a Brookfield viscometer model DVII\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pro, the measurement was made using centipoises according to \u003cb\u003eASTM 2005.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.2. Surface tension: independent in method of \u003cb\u003eASTM 2001\u003c/b\u003e, it was ascertained by employing a Du-Nouy tensiometer for solutions containing 0.5% (W/V) surfactant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.3. Emulsion stability test was conducted by using the method described by \u003cb\u003eFAO/WH\u003c/b\u003ePH: it measured by Cole-Parmer PH conductivity meter 1484-44 using the method reported by Dobrat and Martijn \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.4. Foam: It was measured using the method that outlined by CIPAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.5. Free acidity or alkalinity: It was performed as mentioned earlier.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7. Physico-chemical characteristics of locally prepared succinimide as 90% soluble powder (SP) formulation:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolubility, Foam, PH, and free acidity/ alkalinity were determined as mentioned before.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7. Physico-chemical properties of newly prepared formulations spray solution at (0.5%):\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7.1. Surface tension, Viscosity, and pH were determined as mentioned before.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7.2. Electrical Conductivity and Salinity: The Cole-Parmer PH/Conductivity meter 1484-44 was utilized to determine it, with \u0026micro;mhos serving as the unit of measurement for electrical conductivity Dobrat and Martijn \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.8. Bioassay:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8.1.Tested insects: Two- spotted spider mite, \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e, and whitefly \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e were reared in Bioassay Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory (CAPL) Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki-Giza, Egypt, for many generations on Acalypha marginata at 26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u0026ordm;C, 55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% R.H., and with a photoperiod of 14:10 hr (light:dark) to keep the culture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.8.2. Determination of the toxicity against:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpider mite\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eT. urticae\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eToxicity of the formulated organic materials, succinimide, benzoic acid, and their mixture were conducted by using the leaf-dip technique according to method of Mead, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e. with some modifications against adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e as follow: leaf disks (2.5 cm in diameter) of \u003cem\u003eA. marginata\u003c/em\u003e plants dipped in five concentrations (3000, 1500, 750, 375, and 187.5 ppm) for each tested formulation for 10 seconds, and then dried on filter paper, after that put into a tiny plastic vial that measured 40 mm in diameter by 37 mm in height. Twenty individuals of mite were transferred to treated leaf disks, each concentration and control have three replicates. The mortality was estimated after 48 hr of treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhitefly\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eToxicity of the formulated organic materials, succinimide, benzoic acid, and their mixture were determined by using the leaf-dip technique with some modifications against adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e under laboratory conditions. Cotton plant leaves were washed, dried and cut into discs (35 mm in diameter), these leaves discs separately dipped in spray solutions for 10 sec in serial concentrations: 2400, 1200, 600, 300, and 150 ppm of each prepared formulation. The leaf discs were put in the base of a tiny, suitable-sized plastic vial with their ataxia surface facing down on agar. As a control, additional leaf discs were immersed in distilled water. Using a mouth aspirator, twenty adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e (mixed sex) were added and put into a tiny plastic vial that measured 40 mm in diameter by 37 mm in height. Each treatment had three replicates, and there were additional three replicates for control group \u003cb\u003eHoundete\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eet al.\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003e2010a.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter 24 hr of incubation, mortality was measured. When an insect showed symptoms of movement, it was deemed alive. Abbott's algorithm was used to adjust the mortality statistics Abbot, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1925\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrected percentage mortality =\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT- C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100- C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhere, T\u003c/b\u003e is No. of dead insects adult in treated replicates, and is No. of dead insects adult in control replicates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe LDP-Line statistical computer program was used to estimate the regression lines' slopes, LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e values, and 95% confidence limits \u003cb\u003eHoundete\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eet al.\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003e2010b\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003eShadmany and Muhamad 2015.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.8.3. Greenhouse Experiment\u003c/b\u003es:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInsecticidal potency on\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eB. tabaci.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe insecticidal efficacy of the prepared formulations against nymph and adults of whitefly \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e under greenhouse conditions on cucumber plants growing in pots was conducted in greenhouse of the Institute according to \u003cb\u003eEL-Sisi\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eet al.\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003e2019.\u003c/b\u003e Five pots every one planted with two cucumber seedlings used with each concentration and five pots as control, sprayed with the prepared formulations at 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm using a hand sprayer has one nozzle. Whitefly stages population were counting before and after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of application by direct counting for adults and by collecting 10 leaves from each treatment and transferred in paper bags to laboratory and inspect them under binocular. Reductions percentages were calculated according to Henderson and Tilton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInsecticidal potency on\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eT. urticae\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEfficacy of prepared formulations on egg hatchability and individuals of the two- spotted spider mite \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e was determined. In separate trials on cucumber plants growing in pot and infested artificially after 15 days of transplanting using some infested egg plants leaves and permit to the population of mite to adaptation and production nearly 15 days to reach the appropriate scale. The above concentrations were used for each prepared formulation. Five pots were served for treatment and others were served as a control. Before and after spraying 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, ten leaves of each concentration collected and transferred in paper bags to laboratory and inspection the population of eggs and individuals. Reductions percentages were calculated as described above Henderson and Tilton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.8.4. Phytotoxicity\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe adverse impacts on plants were determined by recording any burning, curl, and yellowish occurred in leaves of treated plants up to 7 days after treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Characteristics:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo formulate any ingredient a.i, must measure the physicochemical characteristics to determine the suitable formulation type. Table\u0026nbsp;(1) illustrates the physicochemical properties of both tested materials. The obtained results revealed that succinimide and benzoic acid displayed acidic property and its acidity values were: 28.43 and 47.90 respectively, also both of them showed solubility in acetone, ethanol, and DMF, while they were insoluble in xylene. Succinimide displayed good solubility in water. So, it could be formulated as soluble powder (SP) formulation, but benzoic acid was insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvent, so it will be prepared as emulsifiable concentrate (EC).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysico- chemical characteristics of the tested materials.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolubility % (w/v)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFree acidity as\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eXylene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDMF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuccinimide\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN.S*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN.S*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN.S*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e47.90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eN.S*: non- soluble\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the finding data, succinimide formulated as SP and data illustrated in table (2) revealed the physicochemical properties for the prepared (SP) formulation before and after accelerated storage at 52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC for 14 days. The obtained results indicated that, the prepared formulation displayed clear solubility in water before and after storage, however no foam formed with soft water but slightly foam formed with hard water 2 ml before storage and 3 ml after storage. It displayed acidic property with values: 0.44 and 0.45 before and after storage, respectively. Slightly decrease in pH value, was noted (4.51) before storage decreased to 4.48 after storage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysico-chemical properties of the prepared (SP) formulations before and after accelerated storage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormulation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore storage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter storage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolubility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFoam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFree acidity as H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolubility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFoam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFree acidity as H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide (SP)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eS.W.: Soft water, H.W.: Hard water\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the physicochemical characteristics of benzoic acid (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), it prepared as EC formulation using organic solvents and blends of emulsifying agents. On the other hand, the mixture of benzoic acid and succinimide were prepared as oil in water emulsion (EW) by mixing the aqueous phase with oil phase and stirring to get homogenous emulsion. Due to data illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;(3), the physicochemical properties of the prepared EC and EW formulations displayed excellent emulsion stability which no oily or cream separation formed before and after accelerated storage, however both formulations revealed acidic property and their values were: 10.53 and 2.53 for benzoic acid (EC) and the mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid decreased after storage to values:10.33 and 2.43, respectively. In contrarily, the pH values showed increased after storage from 3.3 and 3.51 to 3.4 and 3.55 for EC and EW formulations, respectively. While, their viscosity values showed slightly increase from 1.49 and 3.1 before storage to 1.51 and 3.3 centipoise after storage. On the other hand, their surface tension values revealed slightly decrease after storage from 27.45 and 25.56 before storage to 27.22 and 25.32 dyne/cm after storage, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysico- chemical properties of the prepared (EC and EW) formulations before and after accelerated storage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormulation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore storage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter storage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmulsion stability\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(ml cream sep.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003etension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eviscosity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFree acidity as H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmulsion stability\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(ml cream sep.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003etension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eviscosity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFree acidity as H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27.45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eS.W.: Soft water, H.W.: Hard water\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData in Table\u0026nbsp;(4) indicated the physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations (SP), (EC), and (EW) at the field dilution rate 0.5%. All prepared formulations (spray solution) revealed good viscosity comparing with water viscosity, where benzoic acid (EC) displayed the highest value 1.36 centipoise, followed by succinimide (SP) 1.27 centipoise and mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) (1.14 centipoise). These formulations caused lowering the droplet size of spray solution. This finding is in accordance with that obtained by Dorr, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e who stated that the physicochemical properties of the spray solution, as well as the size of the droplets, are influenced by the formulation type. Variations in these variables may have an impact on droplet bounce, active component adhesion to leaves, and target coverage, among other things. Spray drift is also influenced by the droplet size spectra, which result from the interaction between the spray nozzle and the spray solution; the likelihood of drift rises with decreasing droplet size Hilz and Vermeer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e. However, succinimide (SP) displayed the highest conductivity value (342 \u0026micro;mhos) and salinity (0.2%), followed by benzoic acid (177.9 \u0026micro;mhos) and salinity (0.1%), and the mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) (151.4 \u0026micro;mhos) and salinity (0.1%). These results increased the biological efficacy for the tested formulations against the target, that are in agreement with that obtained by Molin and Hirase \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, who stated that lowering pH with raising electrical conductivity is an essential extra feature since the former would make the treated plant more attractive to the spray solution, which would increase penetration and deposition on the tested surface and, eventually, effectiveness. Benzoic acid (EC) displayed the highest surface tension (31.12 dyne/cm), followed by mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) (30.16 dyne/cm) and succinimide (SP) (26.32 dyne/cm). All prepared formulations displayed lower pH values: 3.3, 3.51, and 4.52 for EC, EW, and SP formulations, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysico-chemical characteristics of spray solution of the prepared formulations at (0.5%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormulation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViscosity\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(centipoises)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface tension\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Dyne/cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConductivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro; mhos)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalinity\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuccinimide (SP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid (EC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e151.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Bioassay studies:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2.1. Toxicity of prepared formulation against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaboratory experiment carried out to determine the toxicity of the prepared formulations: Succinimide (SP), benzoic acid (EC) and succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) against two spotted spider mite \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e individuals and results illustrated in table (5) and figure (1) revealed that, succinimide (SP) formulation displayed the greatest toxicity effect against tested mite followed by the succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) formulation and benzoic acid (EC) where the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values were: 1086.47, 1206.21 and 1584.05ppm respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e, Toxicity index and slope for the prepared formulations against individuals of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e under laboratory conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConfidence limit 95% (mg/l)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToxicity index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSlope\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;S.E.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide (SP)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1086.47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1584.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1206.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e921.324- 1302.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1293.755- 2036.91\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1017.852- 1461.876\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6142.0288\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11638.4461\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7025.9942\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e68.588\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90.072\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.7036\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1574\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.4797\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1562\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6747\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1580\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1 = Succinimide (SP), 2 = benzoic acid (EC), 3 = succinimide + benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cb\u003eToxicity lines for tested prepared formulations against\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eT. urticae.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Heading\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.2.2. Toxicity of the prepared formulations against adults of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparate laboratory experiment conducted to determine the toxicity of locally prepared formulations. Succinimide (SP), benzoic acid (EC), and mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) after prepared and passed successfully of all specified tests. Their toxicity against adults of whitefly \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e determined and the results obtained in table (6) and figure (2) revealed that, succinimide (SP) displayed the highest toxicity against adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e with lowest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003evalue 744.267 ppm, followed by succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) displayed with LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value 815.308 ppm, while benzoic acid displayed the lowest toxicity with highest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value 1114.58 ppm that means decreasing the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value for any product increasing in toxicity against the treated target.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, Figure (2) shows the slopes of toxicity lines for tested formulations where, there are positive relation between the toxicity and the slope value, that\u0026rsquo;s indicating clearly with succinimide (SP) was displayed the highest toxicity and the highest slope value, while there is negative relation between the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values and slope values (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings are in agreement with that obtained with Al- Shehri, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, where they stated that the succinimide compounds MSJ2 and MSJ10 shown exceptional activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), with respective inhibition values of 91.90 and 93.20% against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the corresponding inhibitory potentials against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were 97.30 and 91.36%. With respective IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of 32 and 28.04 \u0026micro;M, the compounds MSJ9 and MSJ10 demonstrated strong α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials of 87.63 and 89.37%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e, Toxicity index and slope for the prepared formulations against adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e under laboratory conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConfidence limit 95% (mg/l)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToxicity index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSlope\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;S.E.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide (SP)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e744.27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1114.58\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e815.31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e643.84- 866.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e703.97\u0026ndash;953.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e944.37\u0026ndash;1350.61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3311.82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5796.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3690.39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e66.775\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e91.287\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 (S)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Succinimide (SP), 2(B)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid (EC), 3(SB)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;succinimide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cb\u003eToxicity lines for tested prepared formulations against\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Greenhouse experiments:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.1. Insecticidal effect of formulated organic compound against mite individuals:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynthesized organic compounds: succinimide, benzoic acid and succinimide with benzoic acid mixture formulated in appropriate were conducted for the insecticidal potency against individual of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e infested cucumber plants in greenhouse. The results obtained in Table\u0026nbsp;(7) revealed that, succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) showed the highest reduction percentage in mite individuals (numbers/leaf of cucumber treated plants) in comparison with untreated cucumber plants after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Treatments of succinimide (SP) and benzoic acid indicated % reductions values: 93.02, 91.86 and 86.80% after 7days of spraying for concentration, 4000 ppm. While, % reduction was 56.62, 55.9 and 50.77% after 1st day of spraying for same concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe insecticidal potency of formulated organic compounds against individuals of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eT. urticae\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003einfested\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eCucumis sativus\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eplants in greenhouse.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of Reduction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1st day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7th day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuccinimide (SP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.77\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e77.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e62.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e81.72\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e66.59\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e58.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e86.80\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e73.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e63.13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56.62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49.32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e86.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e69.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51.87\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90.13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e73.75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e62.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e93.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e80.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67.36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.2. Ovicidal effect of prepared formulations against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ovicidal effect of formulated synthetized organic compound against two spotted spider mite \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e eggs on cucumber plants in greenhouse was determined and results are illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;(8). All tested compounds displayed excellent ovicidal potency against mite eggs. Succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) displayed the highest ovicidal action with the highest concentration, 4000 ppm after 1st day of spraying, followed by succinimide (SP) and benzoic acid (EC) and their reduction percentages of eggs/leaf were: 60.91, 58.24 and 56.11%, respectively. However, their reduction percentages were: 99.37, 98.52 and 95.83% respectively, after 7th day of spraying.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe ovicidal potency of formulated organic compound against\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eT. urticae\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eeggs on\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eCucumis sativus\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eplants in greenhouse.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of Reduction\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(eggs stage)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1st day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7th day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuccinimide (SP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56.11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45.32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e88.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e76.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e54.18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e92.72\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e80.11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e62.88\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e95.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e73.84\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60.91\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e95.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e79.89\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e57.08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e97.44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e82.82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e99.37\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e91.89\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e76.06\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.3. Insecticidal potency of formulated organic compound against adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe insecticidal effect of formulated compounds against nymphs of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003einfested cucumber plants in greenhouse.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-treat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo./leaf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidual effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo./ leaf after\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% R\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo./ leaf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% R\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(SP)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e198\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e196\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e203\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e77.85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e73.15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e65.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e94.59\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e79.88\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e72.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e213\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e189\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e205\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e78\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e72.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e58.28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e72\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e68.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e84.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e194\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e209\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e211\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e76.68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70.09\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e64.14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e93.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e77.65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e216\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e197\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e188\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e184\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e192\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e188\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eInsecticidal action of formulated synthesized organic compound against nymphs of whitefly \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e infested cucumber plants in greenhouse was evaluated by spraying cucumber plants infested with \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e. The results are illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;(9), where they revealed that, all tested formulations displayed good initial and residual effect against nymph stage of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e. Succinimide (SP) revealed the highest initial and residual effect comparing with other tested formulations and its values were: 77.85 and 94.59% of reduction in population of nymphs/leaf with the highest tested concentration (4000 ppm), followed by mixture of succinimide and benzoic acid (EW) which displayed 72.20 and 84.0% reduction in nymph number/leaf. Benzoic acid (EC) gave 76.68 and 93.67% at the same concentration. On the other hand, the lowest tested concentration (1000ppm) revealed good insecticidal activity with all the tested formulations with initial and residual effect as a reduction in infestation, where succinimide (SP) was the best formulation followed by mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) and benzoic acid (EC\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.4. Insecticidal effect of formulated synthesized organic compounds against adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;(10) obtained clearly that all prepared formulations displayed excellent insecticidal potency against adults of whitefly \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e after 24 hr (initial effect) or after 7th day of treatment. Succinimide (SP) at 4000 ppm displayed the highest initial effect 79.66% reduction in number of adults/leafs, also revealed the highest residual effect 92.09%, followed by the mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) which display initial effect 78.23% and residual effect 90.29%. Benzoic acid (EC) gave moderate initial effect, 67.41and 84.95% residual effect at the same concentration. Furthermore, the lowest concentration used (1000 ppm) showed good efficacy against adults of whitefly, where succinimide (SP) displayed the best reduction in adults\u0026rsquo; number/leaf with initial and residual effect followed by mixture of succinimide with benzoic acid (EW) and benzoic acid (EC) alone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Phytotoxicity:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid formulated as EC when sprayed at 4000 ppm on cucumber plants caused severe phytotoxic effect in form of burning on cucumber plants leaves. While, the other tested concentrations of this formulation did not cause any phytotoxic effect on the treated plants. On the other hand, no any phytotoxic symptoms obtained on the treated cucumber plants with succinimide (SP) and succinimide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;benzoic acid mixture (EW).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInsecticidal potency of formulated synthesized organic compounds against adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e infested cucumber plants in greenhouse.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-treat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo./leaf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidual effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo./ leaf after\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% R\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo./ leaf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% R\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(SP)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e98\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e104\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e101\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e79.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e73.77\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67.80\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e92.09\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e87.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e78.08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e103\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e99\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e102\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67.41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e54.44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e41.38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e84.95\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e73.91\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuccinimide+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBenzoic acid (EW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e106\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e112\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e105\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e78.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70.96\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e64.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e83.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e76.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e107\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e102\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e97\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e95\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e98\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e96.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec30\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5. Mode of action of the tested organic compounds:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid can only cross the cell membrane when it is undissociated. The uncharged acid enters the cell with a comparatively low pH, and the molecules stay inside the cell. The cell's internal pH drops, and metabolic processes are slowed down. Additional impacts were reduced membrane permeability for phosphates, organic acids, and amino acids causing the electron transport system to decouple oxidative phosphorylation and substrate transport. Also, the citric acid cycle is seen to be inhibited \u003cb\u003eEU 2012.\u003c/b\u003e Derivatives of succinimide show superior inhibition of α-glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Al- Shehri, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynthesized organic compounds: succinimide, benzoic acid and their mixture used as a.i to control sucking pests (two spotted spider mite \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e and whitefly \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e) on cucumber plants in greenhouse. Their physicochemical properties were measured, and then prepared in suitable formulation form independent on such characteristics. The prepared formulations passed successfully from the specified tests that confirm their suitability for application and production. Toxicity of the prepared formulations was evaluated against adults of whitefly and individuals of mites under laboratory conditions. The results showed that all the prepared formulations displayed high toxicity against adults of whitefly and individuals of mites. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate and confirm the insecticidal potency of formulated compounds against two-spotted spider mites (individuals and eggs) and whitefly (adults and nymphs). The obtained results reported that the mixture formulation (EW) showed insecticidal effect on tested insect stages compared with succinimide (SP), that due to the two mode of action of succinimide and benzoic acid in its formula, followed by benzoic acid (EC). Also, all prepared formulations showed toxic effect on eggs of mites \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e better than individuals and toxicity against nymphs of whitefly \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e better than adults.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted without external financial support or funding. All expenses associated with this study were covered by the authors themselves. The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to funding sources for this research.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eConflicts of interes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCredit authorship contribution statement.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM. A. Eskander:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFormulate the tested materials, characteristics, investigations, and writing- review \u0026amp; editing writing - original draft. \u003cstrong\u003eRaghda, M. Hassan\u003c/strong\u003e: Methodology, investigation, formal analysis and writing- original draft.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbbot WSA (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Ent 18(2):265\u0026ndash;267. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265a\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/jee/18.2.265a\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdelatef GM, Selim NMM, Abd-El-Wanis MM (2022) Thiamethoxam efficiency applied with two spray techniques against \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e (Genn.) on cucumber plants production under greenhouse conditions and it is residues in soil, leaves and fruits. J Plant Prot Pathol Mansoura Univ 11(11):559\u0026ndash;556\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl- shehri MO, Mahnasshi HM, Sadiq A, Zafar R (2022) Succinimides derivatives as antioxidant, anticholinesterases, anti-α-amylase, and anti- α -glucosidase: in vitro and in silico- approaches. 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South Afr J Bot 151:433\u0026ndash;444\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Tetranychus urticae, Bemisia tabaci, succinimide, benzoic acid, formulation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7274461/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7274461/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInsecticides present several challenges, including negative impacts on human health, environmental pollution and the appearance of pesticide-resistant strains of the pests. Therefore, there is an increasing need to explore alternative pest control strategies. Succinimide an organic compound used in pharmaceutical drugs, benzoic acid and its salts are used as microbiological preservatives in a variety of processed foods and drinks. The aim of this work was to formulate succinimide, benzoic acid and its mixture in a suitable formulation form and determine their toxicity against spider mite \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e and whitefly \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci.\u003c/em\u003e The desirable compounds were formulated and passed to specified tests. The toxicity of them assessed against individuals of mites \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e and adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e under laboratory conditions. Two separated experiments were conducted in greenhouse to determine the insecticidal efficacy on eggs and individuals of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e nymphs and adults infested cucumber plants. The results revealed that all tested formulated organic compounds showed excellent ovicidal effect against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e eggs and nymphs of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e at 4000 ppm. However, they showed good insecticidal effect against individuals of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e and adults of \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e. Additionally, all studied insect stages showed that succinimide with benzoic acid mixture (EW) was as effective as succinimide (SP) or marginally more effective than benzoic acid (EC). From these results, such formulations could be used as safety alternatives for controlling two- spotted spider mite (eggs and individuals) and whitefly (nymphs and adults) on cucumber plants in greenhouse after completing the other needed trials in future.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Succinimide solo and mixed with benzoic acid formulations as novel substitutes for pesticides against sucking pests on Cucumis sativus L. in greenhouses","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-19 13:27:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7274461/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-05T09:42:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-03T09:19:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T18:19:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-24T19:33:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T21:00:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T20:41:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-18T23:30:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"301495317028711068844675533580742031175","date":"2025-11-16T13:32:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"155333065650077719673561661165442263186","date":"2025-11-13T03:05:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"153793675911562360726246039446279880797","date":"2025-11-12T15:54:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"153966573488898907065752092295438283309","date":"2025-11-11T03:02:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"292963449058621901540951414274376616277","date":"2025-11-10T18:16:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"262505528891931141395035501413958733575","date":"2025-11-10T17:17:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T12:22:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T05:34:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T05:34:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","date":"2025-08-01T22:00:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eba4b607-92df-4c12-9ba4-f2dc52d24fd6","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:29:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7274461","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-026-01793-8","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-25 16:12:37","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 25th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-19 13:27:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s42690-026-01793-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-026-01793-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7274461","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7274461","identity":"rs-7274461","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}