Correlation of Prostate Volume with Age, Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen, and Symptom Severity in Men with Prostatic Enlargement in DELSUTH, Oghara

Correlation of Prostate Volume with Age, Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen, and Symptom Severity in Men with Prostatic Enlargement in DELSUTH, Oghara | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Correlation of Prostate Volume with Age, Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen, and Symptom Severity in Men with Prostatic Enlargement in DELSUTH, Oghara Raymond Omoefe Agboge, Ifeanyichukwu Anita Nwajei, Joyce Ekeme Ikubor, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9589496/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in ageing men. Prostate volume (PV), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and symptom severity assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) are central to evaluation, yet their interrelationships remain inconsistent across populations. Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between prostate volume, age, serum PSA, and symptom severity among men with prostatic enlargement. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 72 men aged ≥ 40 years presenting with LUTS at DELSUTH, Oghara. PV was measured using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), PSA obtained from records, and symptom severity assessed using IPSS. Pearson’s correlation and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Results: Mean age was 67.3 ± 10.5 years. Mean PV was 106.7 ± 71.2 mL, PSA 8.1 ± 7.7 ng/mL, and IPSS 23.3 ± 5.4. PV correlated significantly with age (r = 0.366, p = 0.002) and IPSS (r = 0.393, p = 0.001), but not with PSA (r = 0.128, p = 0.284). PSA showed weak correlation with IPSS (r = 0.256, p = 0.030). Regression analysis identified age and IPSS as independent predictors of PV. Conclusion: Prostate volume is more strongly associated with symptom severity and age than PSA. TRUS-derived PV remains a more reliable clinical indicator than PSA in symptomatic men. Prostate volume Prostate-specific antigen Lower urinary tract symptoms Benign prostatic hyperplasia International Prostate Symptom Score Transrectal ultrasonography Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most prevalent urological conditions affecting ageing men worldwide and represents a leading cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), 1,2 occur commonly in men over 40 year 3 , 4 . with significant implications for quality of life and healthcare utilization. The global burden of BPH continues to rise due to increasing life expectancy, particularly in developing countries where access to early diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be limited and late presentation is common 5 . BPH is an age-related non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland which is common in the elderly and predominantly arises from the peripheral zone of the prostate gland 6 . CAP is also age-related; however, it is a malignant condition of the prostate gland arising from the transitional zone and may present with LUTS as well as low back pain due to metastasis to the spine. 7 , 8 Pathophysiologically, BPH is characterized by progressive stromal and epithelial proliferation within the transition zone of the prostate, resulting in glandular enlargement and varying degrees of bladder outlet obstruction 9 . This process is strongly age-dependent, with histological evidence of BPH observed in approximately 50% of men by the age of 60 and up to 90% by the ninth decade 10 . However, the relationship between anatomical enlargement and clinical symptomatology remains complex and often inconsistent. Assessment of men with suspected prostatic enlargement typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, biochemical markers, and imaging. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used due to its accessibility, but its specificity is limited, as levels may be elevated in benign conditions such as BPH, prostatitis, and even after instrumentation 11 , 12 . PSA is a very important biomarker employed in studying diseases of the prostate gland. Normal PSA levels range from 0–4.0ng/ml, thus a PSA level greater than 4ng/ml is generally considered to be suspicious of prostate cancer. As the level increases to 10.0ng/ml and above, the probability of neoplastic changes increases dramatically; 13 However, not all men with prostate cancer have elevated PSA. 14 PSA has low specificity in detecting prostate cancer because increased concentrations have been found in patients with BPH, CAP, prostatitis and even from digital rectal examination. 15 , 16 Hence, biopsy with histology of the prostate is considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of CAP. Consequently, PSA alone is an imperfect surrogate marker for prostate size or symptom severity. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) remains the gold standard imaging modality for accurate estimation of prostate volume (PV), providing reliable measurements that correlate with histological findings 17 . In parallel, symptom severity is commonly quantified using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), a validated tool that captures both obstructive and irritative urinary symptoms 18 . Within this framework, age is conceptualized as a primary biological driver of prostatic enlargement, prostate volume represents the structural manifestation of disease progression, PSA reflects prostatic epithelial activity but is influenced by multiple confounding factors, and symptom severity as measured by IPSS represents the clinical outcome. This integrated perspective suggests that while prostate enlargement may contribute to worsening symptoms, biochemical markers such as PSA may not reliably reflect either anatomical size or clinical severity. Despite the widespread use of these parameters and extensive research, the relationships between prostate volume, PSA, and symptom severity remain inconsistent across populations. While some researchers have demonstrated significant correlations between PSA and PV 19,20 others report weak or non-significant associations 21 . Similarly, the relationship between PV and symptom severity is variable, reflecting the multifactorial nature of LUTS, which may be influenced by bladder dysfunction, detrusor overactivity, and patient perception of symptoms 22 . In sub-Saharan Africa, data on these interrelationships remain limited, particularly in Nigeria, where late presentation and resource constraints may influence disease patterns 23 . Understanding these relationships in local populations is essential for optimizing diagnostic and management strategies. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the correlation between prostate volume, age, serum PSA, and symptom severity among men with prostatic enlargement in DELSUTH, Oghara, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted in the Radiology Department of Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara, Nigeria, over a six-month period The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between prostate volume, age, serum PSA, and symptom severity among men with prostatic enlargement. The study population comprised adult male patients aged 40 years and above presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of prostatic enlargement. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling technique. Inclusion criteria included men aged ≥ 40 years with clinical features of LUTS who provided informed consent. Exclusion criteria included patients with urinary tract infection, known prostate malignancy, anal pathology contraindicating TRUS, recent urethral instrumentation, or significant systemic illness. Prostate volume was measured using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) with a standardized protocol. Measurements of length (L), width (W), and height (H) were obtained, and prostate volume calculated using the ellipsoid formula: PV = L × W × H × 0.52 Corresponding line diagram of the transverse (axial) and longitudinal (sagittal) views of an enlarged prostate gland, with points AB for length, ED and EF for width and height respectively. Serum PSA values were retrieved from patient medical records, ensuring tests were performed prior to any manipulation that could artificially elevate levels. Symptom severity was assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), which categorizes symptoms into mild (0–7), moderate (8–19), and severe (20–35). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess relationships between variables. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of prostate volume. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethical approval was obtained from the DELSUTH Ethics Committee. RESULTS Demographic Characteristics Mean age: 67.3 ± 10.5 years Majority: 67–76 years age group Clinical Parameters Mean prostate volume (PV): 106.7 ± 71.2 mL Mean PSA: 8.1 ± 7.7 ng/mL Mean IPSS: 23.3 ± 5.4 Majority (76.4%) had severe symptoms Table 1 Frequency distribution of PSA values among men of different age groups Age group PSA (ng/mL) n/total (%) p value 0–4 4.1–10 10.1–20 > 20 46–56 10/12 (83.3) 1/12 (8.3) 1/12 (8.3) 0 0.033* 57–66 9/20 (45.0) 7/20 (35.0) 2/20 (10.0) 2/20 (10.0) 0.143 67–76 10/27 (37.0) 6/27 (22.2) 9/27 (33.3) 2/27 (7.4) 0.762 77–86 1/10 (10.0) 1/10 (10.0) 7/10 (70.0) 1/10 (10.0) 0.006 87–96 1/3 (33.3) 2/3 (66.7) 0 0 0.386 Total 31/72 (43.1) 17/72 (23.6) 19/72 (26.4) 5/72 (6.9) PSA = prostate specific antigen *Statistically significant Table 2 PSA values among men of the different age groups Age group (years) Number PSA (ng/mL) Group Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Range 46–56 52.0 ± 3.3 a 12 3.7 ± 2.7 a,c 1.4–11.8 57–66 61.6 ± 3.2 b 20 6.5 ± 6.6 a,b 0.8–24.0 67–76 70.5 ± 2.6 c 27 9.8 ± 9.3 a,b 0.9–44.0 77–86 81.0 ± 2.4 d 10 13.3 ± 6.8 b 0.2–23.9 87–96 91.0 ± 1.7 e 3 4.6 ± 3.8 a,b 0.9–8.4 Total 67.3 ± 10.5 72 8.1 ± 7.7 0.2–44.0 p value 0.000* 0.020* PSA=prostate-specific antigen, *statistically significant Tables 3 and 4 show the PV of the study population and the frequency distribution of the PV levels among men of the different age groups. The values of PV varied widely among the different age groups. Overall, 1(1.4%) had PV 31–40.9 mL³, 13 (18.1%) had PV of range 41–50.9 mL³, 29 (40.3%) had PV of between 51–100.9 mL³ and 29 (40.3%) had PV > 100 mL³. Only 1 (0.5%) individual in the age group 57–66 had PV 100 mL³ and 87–96 age group 3 (100%) with PV > 100 mL³. Table 3 Frequency distribution of PV among the different age groups Age group (Years) PV (mL³) n/total (%) p value 100 46–56 0 4/12 (33.3) 7/12 (58.3) 1/12 (8.3) 0.033* 57–66 1/20 (5.0) 4/20 (20.0) 8/20 (40.0) 7/20 (35.0) 0.527 67–76 0 4/27 (14.8) 9/27 (33.3) 14/27 (51.9) 0.448 77–86 0 1/10 (10.0) 5/10 (50.0) 4/10 (40.0) 0.918 87–96 0 0 0 3/3 (100) 0.246 Total 1/72 (1.4) 13/72 (18.1) 29/72 (40.3) 29/72 (40.3) PV = Prostate Volume *Statistically significant Table 4 Prostate volume levels among men of the different age groups Age group (years) Number PV (mL³) Group Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Range 46–56 52.0 ± 3.3 a 12 59.6 ± 18.0 a 42.2–109.2 57–66 61.6 ± 3.2 b 20 101.6 ± 86.6 a 40.0–427.5 67–76 70.5 ± 2.6 c 27 111.5 ± 51.7 a,b 42.1–264.7 77–86 81.0 ± 2.4 d 10 125.3 ± 83.4 a,b 48.9–297.0 87–96 91.0 ± 1.7 e 3 223.0 ± 71.1 b 159.3–299.6 Total 67.3 ± 10.5 72 106.7 ± 71.2 40.0–427.5 p value 0.000* 0.004* PV=Prostate Volume *statistically significant Tables 5 and 6 show the combined frequencies and mean values of PV and PSA levels among men of the different age groups. The age group 67–76 years had 27 patients which is the highest number of patients in this study. (Table 7) The lowest mean PV and PSA values (59.6 ± 18.0 mL³ and 3.7 ± 2.7ng/mL respectively) were recorded in the youngest age group (46–56), while the highest mean PV (223.0 ± 71.1 mL³) was seen in the oldest age group (87–96). The highest mean PSA level of 13.3 ± 6.8 ng/mL was recorded in the age group of 77–86 years.(Table 8) PV and PSA values varied widely over the different age groups. Table 5 Combined Frequency distribution of PV and PSA among men of different age groups Age group PV (mL³) n/total (%) p value PSA (ng/mL) n/total (%) p value 100 0–4 4.1–10 10.1–20 > 20 46–56 0 4/12 (33.3) 7/12 (58.3) 1/12 (8.3) 0.033* 10/12 (83.3) 1/12 (8.3) 1/12 (8.3) 0 0.033* 57–66 1/20 (5.0) 4/20 (20.0) 8/20 (40.0) 7/20 (35.0) 0.527 9/20 (45.0) 7/20 (35.0) 2/20 (10.0) 2/20 (10.0) 0.143 67–76 0 4/27 (14.8) 9/27 (33.3) 14/27 (51.9) 0.448 10/27 (37.0) 6/27 (22.2) 9/27 (33.3) 2/27 (7.4) 0.762 77–86 0 1/10 (10.0) 5/10 (50.0) 4/10 (40.0) 0.918 1/10 (10.0) 1/10 (10.0) 7/10 (70.0) 1/10 (10.0) 0.006 87–96 0 0 0 3/3 (100) 0.246 1/3 (33.3) 2/3 (66.7) 0 0 0.386 Total 1/72 (1.4) 13/72 (18.1) 29/72 (40.3) 29/72 (40.3) 31/72 (43.1) 17/72 (23.6) 19/72 (26.4) 5/72 (6.9) PV = Means followed by the same alphabets are statistically similar (the age group) while means followed by different alphabets are statistically different. PV=prostate volume, PSA=prostate specific antigen, *statistically significant Table 6 Combined Mean Prostate volume and PSA levels among men of the different age groups Age group (years) Number PV (mL³) PSA (ng/mL) Group Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range 46–56 52.0 ± 3.3 a 12 59.6 ± 18.0 a 42.2–109.2 3.7 ± 2.7 a,c 1.4–11.8 57–66 61.6 ± 3.2 b 20 101.6 ± 86.6 a 40.0–427.5 6.5 ± 6.6 a,b 0.8–24.0 67–76 70.5 ± 2.6 c 27 111.5 ± 51.7 a,b 42.1–264.7 9.8 ± 9.3 a,b 0.9–44.0 77–86 81.0 ± 2.4 d 10 125.3 ± 83.4 a,b 48.9–297.0 13.3 ± 6.8 b 0.2–23.9 87–96 91.0 ± 1.7 e 3 223.0 ± 71.1 b 159.3–299.6 4.6 ± 3.8 a,b 0.9–8.4 p value 0.000* 0.004* 0.020* NB : Means followed by the same alphabets are statistically similar while means followed by different alphabets are statistically different. PV=prostate volume, PSA=prostate-specific antigen, *statistically significant Table 7 illustrates the percentage differences of PV and PSA. PV percentage differences in the 87–96 years age group (63.8%) was higher than those found in the 67–76 and 77–86 years age groups (58.4% and 60.5%, respectively) while the percentage difference of PSA in the 87–96 years age group (65.6%) was lower than those found in the 67–76 and 77–86 years age groups (100.2% and 103.3%, respectively). Table 7 Percentage differences in mean PV and mean PSA in consecutive age groups, as compared to the reference points of the 46–56 years age groups Age group (years) PV PSA % difference p value* % difference p value* 46–56 RP = 59.6 ± 18.0 n/a RP = 3.7 ± 2.7 n/a 57–66 64.5% 0.997 84.8% 0.000 67–76 58.4% 1.000 100.2% 0.000 77–86 60.5% 1.000 103.3% 0.000 87–96 63.8% 1.000 65.6% 0.318 * p values for the differences of mean PV and mean PSA in consecutive age groups as compared to reference point. PV=prostate volume, PSA=prostate-specific antigen, RP=reference point, n/a = not applicable. *Statistically significant Table 8 and Figs. 2 to 4 illustrate the correlation between age and PV, age and PSA and PSA and PV. Statistically significant but weak positive correlations were found between age and PV (Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.366, p = 0.002), age and PSA (Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.313, p = 0.007). However, a statistically non-significant and very weak positive correlation was found between PV and PSA (Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.128, p = 0.284). Table 8 Correlation matrices of Age with PV and PSA Age PV (ml³) PSA ng/mL Age Pearson Correlation 1 0.366 0.313 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.002 * 0.007 * N 72 72 72 PV (ml³) Pearson Correlation 0.366 1 0.128 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.002 * 0.284 N 72 72 72 PSA ng/mL Pearson Correlation 0.313 0.128 1 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.007 * 0.284 N 72 72 72 PV = prostate volume, PSA = prostate specific antigen *Statistically significant Table 9 and Figs. 11 and 12 illustrate the correlations between IPSS and PV, IPSS and PSA. A statistically significant but weak positive correlation was found between IPSS and PV (Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.393, p = 0.001) and IPSS and PSA (Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.256, p = 0.030). Table 9 Correlation matrices of IPSS with PV and PSA IPSS PV (ml³) PSA ng/mL IPSS Pearson Correlation 1 0.393 0.256 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.001 * 0.030 * N 72 72 72 PV (ml³) Pearson Correlation 0.393 1 0.128 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.001 * 0.284 N 72 72 72 PSA ng/mL Pearson Correlation 0.256 0.128 1 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.030 * 0.284 N 72 72 72 IPSS = International prostate symptoms score, PV = prostate volume, PSA = prostate specific antigen * Statistically significant Table 10 Correlation Analysis Variables Correlation (r) p-value Interpretation Age vs PV 0.366 0.002 Significant Age vs PSA 0.313 0.007 Significant PV vs PSA 0.128 0.284 Not significant PV vs IPSS 0.393 0.001 Significant PSA vs IPSS 0.256 0.030 Weak significant Significant correlation: PV vs Age, PV vs IPSS. Table 11 Multiple linear regression analysis Variable β Coefficient Standard Error (SE) 95% Confidence Interval p-value Interpretation Age 0.366 0.112 0.145–0.587 0.002 Significant predictor IPSS 0.393 0.105 0.184–0.602 0.001 Significant predictor PSA 0.128 0.118 -0.105–0.361 0.284 Not significant Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of prostate volume. Age, IPSS, and PSA were entered into the model. The analysis demonstrated that age (β = 0.366, p = 0.002) and IPSS (β = 0.393, p = 0.001) were statistically significant independent predictors of prostate volume. In contrast, PSA (β = 0.128, p = 0.284) did not show a statistically significant association with prostate volume. The model indicates that increasing age and higher symptom severity are independently associated with increased prostate volume, while PSA does not independently predict prostate size in this cohort. DISCUSSION This study provides important insight into the interrelationship between prostate volume, age, serum PSA, and symptom severity in a cohort of Nigerian men with clinically significant prostatic enlargement. The findings demonstrate that prostate volume correlates significantly with age and symptom severity, while its relationship with PSA is weak and not statistically significant, reinforcing the complexity of prostatic disease and its evaluation. The observed mean age of 67.3 years aligns closely with previous studies by Ahmed et al 24 (62.5 years) and Udeh et al 25 (65.6 ± 9.84 years) respectively, Nigerian and African studies, supporting the well-established concept that BPH is predominantly a disease of ageing men 1 , 23 . Age-related hormonal changes, particularly alterations in androgen–estrogen balance and increased dihydrotestosterone activity, contribute to progressive stromal and epithelial proliferation within the prostate 26 . The moderate correlation observed between age and prostate volume in this study further supports the biological model of BPH as a cumulative, time-dependent process. The relatively large mean prostate volume observed in this cohort (106.7 mL) is notably higher than the findings by some Nigerian authors 27 , 24 , 25 , 28 and likely reflects late presentation and referral bias inherent in tertiary hospital settings. Studies in developed populations often report smaller mean volumes, likely due to earlier detection and intervention 29 . This highlights a key regional difference and underscores the importance of contextualizing prostate disease within healthcare access and health-seeking behavior. Geographical and dietary variations have also been attributed as responsible for this difference in PV as has been postulated in a study carried out among different ethnic groups of a Caucasian population. Much lower values of mean PV have been documented among the Caucasians. 28 , 30 PV of 31.7 ± 16.1cc was recorded in Korea by Sung and co workers 28 while 30.3 ± 9.8 and 49.0 ± 26.9cm3 were obtained from studies in Europe and America. 30 Geographical and racial differences; greater health awareness and early presentation to the clinic by men with symptoms of enlarged prostate in the Caucasian studies may account for these lower mean values of PV. The same variance was seen in the PSA pattern between negroid and non-negrioid studies. 45, 66–69. This study also demonstrated that as the patients advance in age, the increase in PV becomes statistically significant. 31 – 32 This present study demonstrated significant correlation between age and PV (Table 5 , 6 and Fig. 2 ) which implies that as a patient advance in age, the prostate gland increases in volume and size. This is in agreement with studies carried out in Nigeria by Badmus 27 in Ile-Ife and Ofoha 32 in Jos. in South – Western and North-Central region respectively. Furthermore, similar studies outside the shores of Nigeria have corroborated this finding of statistically significant correlation between PV and age; 33,34,35 The study of Ida Bagus and collaegues 34 in Indonesia on the evaluation of 1,638 patients with BPH also showed the increase in prostate gland volume with advancing age (r = 0.12, P < 00001). Conversely, a few studies demonstrated that age did not significantly correlate with PV. 36,37 Chang and co-workers 36 studied 223 subjects with mean age of 71.4years (range 42 to 89) in Taiwan, Barcelona. This disparity may be attributed to early presentation of patients to clinic in the Western world, racial, environmental, dietary factors and sample size differences. Another major finding of this study is the absence of a significant correlation between prostate volume and PSA. At variance to this, are Nigerian studies and a study done in Japan 25 . 38 which found significant positive correlation between PV and PSA. Furthermore, Mosli and colleagues 39 in Saudi demonstrated that the relationship of PV with PSA varied widely over different age groups and different races as their findings showed that the PV and PSA in the men was not similar to that of the white men. The variations in the above studies on PV and PSA may be explained by the differences in geographical locations and race in some of the studies. While PSA has traditionally been considered a surrogate marker for prostate size, its clinical utility in this regard has increasingly been questioned¹⁸. PSA production is influenced by multiple factors beyond glandular volume, including inflammation, microvascular permeability, and subclinical malignancy¹⁹. The wide variability of PSA observed in this study further weakens its reliability as a proxy for anatomical enlargement. Conversely, the significant correlation between prostate volume and symptom severity provides clinically meaningful insight. This is similar to finding in other studies. 77 Although the strength of the association was modest, it suggests that increasing gland size contributes to worsening bladder outlet obstruction and LUTS. However, the relatively low coefficient of determination indicates that a substantial proportion of symptom variability is explained by factors other than prostate size. These include detrusor overactivity, bladder compliance, and neural regulation of micturition²⁰. In a study done by Lim et al, it was demonstrated that each unit increase of serum PSA only influenced 1.89% of change in symptom score, hence it cannot accurately grade the symptomatic severity in BPH patients which is also seen in other causes of prostate enlargement. 40 This however, is in contrast with the observation made by Ucer 41 in a study on 1408 subjects using TRUS in Manisa, Turkey and discovered that there was no significant correlation between IPSS and PSA. The weak correlation between PSA and symptom severity in this index study, further reinforces the limited clinical role of PSA in assessing disease burden. While PSA may have prognostic value in certain contexts, particularly in predicting disease progression, it does not reliably reflect symptom severity²¹. Importantly, the findings from the multivariate regression analysis provide important insight into the independent determinants of prostate volume. While univariate correlations suggested relationships between several variables, regression analysis clarified that age and symptom severity (IPSS) are the true independent predictors of prostate volume , whereas PSA loses statistical significance after adjustment. The independent effect of age on prostate volume reinforces the well-established role of ageing as a key driver of prostatic enlargement through cumulative hormonal and cellular changes. Similarly, the independent association between IPSS and prostate volume suggests that anatomical enlargement contributes meaningfully to symptom burden, likely through mechanisms of bladder outlet obstruction. In contrast, the lack of an independent association between PSA and prostate volume highlights the limitations of PSA as a surrogate marker for gland size. Although PSA may correlate weakly with prostate volume in unadjusted analyses, its variability due to inflammation, subclinical pathology, and individual biological differences reduces its predictive reliability when other factors are considered. This finding strengthens the argument for prioritizing imaging-based assessment over biochemical markers in symptomatic patients. Taken together, these findings suggest a hierarchy of clinical relevance, with prostate volume and symptom assessment providing more meaningful information than PSA alone. This has important implications in resource-limited settings, where over-reliance on PSA may lead to misinterpretation and unnecessary interventions. Furthermore, the relatively weak correlations observed across all variables highlight the multifactorial nature of LUTS and prostatic disease. Future studies incorporating additional parameters such as intravesical prostatic protrusion, bladder wall thickness, and urodynamic studies may provide a more comprehensive understanding. CONCLUSION Prostate volume demonstrates significant association with age and symptom severity but not with serum PSA levels. These findings suggest that TRUS-derived prostate volume is a more reliable indicator of clinical disease burden than PSA in men with prostatic enlargement. A comprehensive assessment integrating imaging and symptom evaluation is essential for optimal clinical decision-making. Abbreviations BPH …………………..Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia CI………………………..Confidence Interval IPSS……………………..International Prostate Symptom Score LUTS…………………….Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms PSA……………………… Prostate-Specific Antigen PV…………………………Prostate Volume SE………………………….Standard Error SPSS………………………Statistical Package for the Social Sciences TRUS………………………Transrectal Ultrasonography Declarations Funding The authors received no external funding for this study. Author Contribution A.R conceived the study, designed the methodology, collected and analysed the data, N.I.A drafted and organised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the staff of the Radiology and Urology Departments of Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara, as well as the Supervisors and Professors from DELSUTH and UBTH Radiology Departments , for their support during the study Data Availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Roehrborn CG (2008) Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Impot Res 20:S11–S18 Suppl 3(SUPPL. 3 Gratzke C, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, Drake MJ, Madersbacher S, Mamoulakis C et al (2015) EAU Guidelines on the Assessment of Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms including Benign Prostatic Obstruction. Eur Urol 67(6):1099–1109 Olapade-Olaopa EO, Owoaje ET, Kola L, Ladipo MM, Adebusoye L, Adedeji TG (2014) Knowledge and Perception of Nigerian Men 40 years and above Regarding Prostate Cancer. 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Niger J Surg Res 4(1):34–44 Bosch JLHR, Hop WCJ, Kirkels WJ, Schröder FH (1995) The International Prostate Symptom Score in a community-based sample of men between 55 and 74 years of age: prevalence and correlation of symptoms with age, prostate volume, flow rate and residual urine volume. Br J Urol 75(5):622–630 Carson C, Rittmaster R (2003) The role of dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. ;61(4 SUPPL. 1):2–7 Ahmed Mohammed A, Bello, Hussaini YM, Hafees OA, Ahmed T, Lawal, Mohammed JI et al (2014) Determination of prostate volume and characteristics by transrectal ultrasuond among patients with lower urinary symtoms in Zaria,Nigeria. chennai Med Tour 4:31–35 Udeh E, Dakum N, Amu O, Ramyl V (2009) Correlation between Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Volume in Nigerian Men with Biopsy Proven Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: (A prospective study). J Urol 7(2):1–5 Ian M, Thompson,Donna K, Pauler PJ, Goodman CM, Tangen M, Scott Lucia HL, Parnes et al (2006) Abstract. Prevalence of Prostate Cancer among Men with a Prostate-Specific Antigen Level ≤ 4.0 ng per Milliliter Ian. N Engl J Med 355:11–20 Badmus TA, Asaleye CM, Badmus SA, Takire AO, Ibrahim MH, Arowolo OA (2012) Benign prostate hyperplasia;Average volume in southwestern Nigerians and correlation with arthropometrics. Niger Postgrad Med J 19:15–17 Sung BP, Jae KK, Sung HC, Han NN, Eun KJ, Kyoung SC (2000) Prostate Volume Measurement Using Height Obtained by Transaxial and Midsagittl Scanning: Comparison with Specimen Volume Following Radical Prostatectomy. Korean J Radiol. ;110–113 Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E (1987) Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Serum Marker for Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate. N Engl J Med 317(15):909–916 Roehrborn CG, Boye P, Gould AL, Waldsteicher J (1999) Serum prostate specific antigen as a predictor of prosta te volume. Urology 53:581–589 Sj X, Teng XXXJB (2002) XD. T. Characteristic pattern of human prostate growth with age. Asian J Androl 4:269–271 Ofoha CG, Shu SI, Akpayak IC, Dakum NK, Ramyil VM (2013) Relationship between prostate volume and IPSS in African men with prostate disease. Jos J Med 9(1):16–19 Zhang SJ, Qian HN, Zhan-Li., Zhao Y, Sun K, Wang HQ et al (2013) Relationship between age and prostates size. Asian J Androl 15:116–120 Putra IBO, Hamid ARA, Mochtar CA, Umbas R (2016) Relationship of age, prostate specific antigen and prostate volume in Indonesia men with benign prostate hyperplasia. prostate Int 4(2):43–48 Stepan V, Tomas K, Jan-Erik D, Mauro D, Chister D (2003) Relationship of Age,Prostate Volume, Serum Prostate Specific Antigen, Symptoms Score and Uroflowmetry in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Scand J uro neppro 37:322–328 Chang YL, Alex TLL, Kuang-Kuo C, Yen-Hwa C, Hawarrd HHW, Junne-Yih K et al (2006) Correlation between Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Volume in Taiwanese Men with Biopsy Proven Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Urol 176:196–199 Morote J, Encabo G, Lopez M, de Torres IM (2000) Prediction of prostate volume based on total and free serum prostate- specific antigens:is it reliable? Eur Urol 38:91–95 Taiji T, Naoya M, Mahbubur R, Martin MC (2007) Change in international prostate symptom score,prostate specific antigen and prostate volume in patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia followed longitudinally. Int J Urol 14:321–324 Mosli HAAMT (2012) The relationship between prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen and age in Saudi men with benign Prostatic conditions. Afr J Urol 16:117123 Lim CF, Buchan NC (2014) Measurement of serum PSA as a predictor of symptom scored on the IPSS for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Z Med J 127:17–24 Ucer I, Muezzinoglu T, Celen I, Temeltas G (2017) The effect on sensitivities of PSA and PSA-age volume score of IPSS and nocturia in predicting positive prostate biopsy findings. Afr J Urol 23:116–119 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files APPENDIXIV.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9589496","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":634500791,"identity":"69be877a-1e3e-4a04-91d8-5654eed2e23f","order_by":0,"name":"Raymond Omoefe Agboge","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Delta State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raymond","middleName":"Omoefe","lastName":"Agboge","suffix":""},{"id":634500798,"identity":"8b291a1e-215a-4803-82ec-39cee9c52698","order_by":1,"name":"Ifeanyichukwu Anita Nwajei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNhAhwSAhx3CAuQHEZmwgVosxwwFGIrXAQGID0Vr4pHsMP1hUWKT3HW9s/szDYCO74QDv4Rd4HSZzxlhC4oxE7swzB9ukeRjSjDcc4EuzwKtFIneDhGQbkLyR2MbMw3A4ccMBHjMDAlo2/5D8J5FucP8hyGH/idKyTUKyQSLB4AZjA9BhB0BajB/g15L/zULimIThzDOJbZJzDJKNZx7mMcOng0F+RlrybYmaOnm+44cPf3hTYSfbd7zH+ANePUDALAFngjzBDLSakBZGdEOZCdoyCkbBKBgFIwoAANASSYVCYbxQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Delta State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ifeanyichukwu","middleName":"Anita","lastName":"Nwajei","suffix":""},{"id":634500806,"identity":"0d053297-62e2-440e-9ebf-ced0f930f47a","order_by":2,"name":"Joyce Ekeme Ikubor","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Delta State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joyce","middleName":"Ekeme","lastName":"Ikubor","suffix":""},{"id":634500808,"identity":"256736b1-1571-4a1f-b7a6-34c6e16c7e5d","order_by":3,"name":"Charles Onochie Nwajei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"delta state university teaching hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Charles","middleName":"Onochie","lastName":"Nwajei","suffix":""},{"id":634500811,"identity":"b9240be2-e921-497d-9e46-01448d3ece33","order_by":4,"name":"Ademola Adeyekun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ademola","middleName":"","lastName":"Adeyekun","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-05-01 22:23:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9589496/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9589496/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108754343,"identity":"2604833a-2408-45ad-a505-a106e54e19d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 04:40:02","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":246538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e: A trans-rectal sonogram, transverse (axial) and longitudinal (sagittal) views of an enlarged prostate gland, showing points of measurement for volume (indicated by cursors.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb: \u003c/strong\u003eCorresponding line diagram of the transverse (axial) and longitudinal (sagittal) views of an enlarged prostate gland, with points AB for length, ED and EF for width and height respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9589496/v1/4660b2d3a27826ea1ab6fec7.png"},{"id":108754348,"identity":"435af878-fece-47e2-af43-78736160a3d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 04:40:05","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21064,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePearson's correlation coefficient between age and prostate volume\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9589496/v1/3f66bf66c2faeab16ef68a42.png"},{"id":108754347,"identity":"bbeff6b2-0f86-4f40-8ae6-6f70d301a670","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 04:40:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePearson's correlation coefficient between age and PSA\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9589496/v1/e74bb17c25d700bfc68e9422.png"},{"id":108806321,"identity":"e5bd32a9-49dc-45b8-a218-7dfc089edeff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:28:14","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23241,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePearson's correlation coefficient between PV and PSA\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9589496/v1/d9d3a1fa4febba5bb32781e8.png"},{"id":108754351,"identity":"a2561435-a31a-4446-b29c-b12b87cb9c96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 04:40:10","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plot showing correlation between prostate volume and IPSS score\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9589496/v1/b445908ddcc9e266396cef7a.png"},{"id":108754339,"identity":"6048a3d6-1c9f-4871-8706-54597758ad1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 04:40:01","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plot showing correlation between PSA and IPSS score\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9589496/v1/ae6a1f62959e565da691ef5f.png"},{"id":108810023,"identity":"e4591b7a-ed4b-47e3-a70b-832265ced083","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:56:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1085814,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9589496/v1/a8cc8496-b45c-429f-ad86-7d5138e4f52a.pdf"},{"id":108807176,"identity":"d61ce8ec-4f06-42c4-b7b3-8b382a987a23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:30:15","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17898,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"APPENDIXIV.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9589496/v1/3a429e6241e3147f2f5b0444.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Correlation of Prostate Volume with Age, Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen, and Symptom Severity in Men with Prostatic Enlargement in DELSUTH, Oghara","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most prevalent urological conditions affecting ageing men worldwide and represents a leading cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS),\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c/sup\u003e occur commonly in men over 40 year \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. with significant implications for quality of life and healthcare utilization. The global burden of BPH continues to rise due to increasing life expectancy, particularly in developing countries where access to early diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be limited and late presentation is common\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPH is an age-related non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland which is common in the elderly and predominantly arises from the peripheral zone of the prostate gland \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. CAP is also age-related; however, it is a malignant condition of the prostate gland arising from the transitional zone and may present with LUTS as well as low back pain due to metastasis to the spine.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiologically, BPH is characterized by progressive stromal and epithelial proliferation within the transition zone of the prostate, resulting in glandular enlargement and varying degrees of bladder outlet obstruction\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This process is strongly age-dependent, with histological evidence of BPH observed in approximately 50% of men by the age of 60 and up to 90% by the ninth decade\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the relationship between anatomical enlargement and clinical symptomatology remains complex and often inconsistent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of men with suspected prostatic enlargement typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, biochemical markers, and imaging. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used due to its accessibility, but its specificity is limited, as levels may be elevated in benign conditions such as BPH, prostatitis, and even after instrumentation \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. PSA is a very important biomarker employed in studying diseases of the prostate gland. Normal PSA levels range from 0\u0026ndash;4.0ng/ml, thus a PSA level greater than 4ng/ml is generally considered to be suspicious of prostate cancer. As the level increases to 10.0ng/ml and above, the probability of neoplastic changes increases dramatically;\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e However, not all men with prostate cancer have elevated PSA.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e PSA has low specificity in detecting prostate cancer because increased concentrations have been found in patients with BPH, CAP, prostatitis and even from digital rectal examination.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Hence, biopsy with histology of the prostate is considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of CAP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsequently, PSA alone is an imperfect surrogate marker for prostate size or symptom severity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) remains the gold standard imaging modality for accurate estimation of prostate volume (PV), providing reliable measurements that correlate with histological findings\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In parallel, symptom severity is commonly quantified using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), a validated tool that captures both obstructive and irritative urinary symptoms \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin this framework, age is conceptualized as a primary biological driver of prostatic enlargement, prostate volume represents the structural manifestation of disease progression, PSA reflects prostatic epithelial activity but is influenced by multiple confounding factors, and symptom severity as measured by IPSS represents the clinical outcome. This integrated perspective suggests that while prostate enlargement may contribute to worsening symptoms, biochemical markers such as PSA may not reliably reflect either anatomical size or clinical severity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the widespread use of these parameters and extensive research, the relationships between prostate volume, PSA, and symptom severity remain inconsistent across populations. While some researchers have demonstrated significant correlations between PSA and PV \u003csup\u003e19,20\u003c/sup\u003e others report weak or non-significant associations\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, the relationship between PV and symptom severity is variable, reflecting the multifactorial nature of LUTS, which may be influenced by bladder dysfunction, detrusor overactivity, and patient perception of symptoms\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn sub-Saharan Africa, data on these interrelationships remain limited, particularly in Nigeria, where late presentation and resource constraints may influence disease patterns\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Understanding these relationships in local populations is essential for optimizing diagnostic and management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study therefore aimed to evaluate the correlation between prostate volume, age, serum PSA, and symptom severity among men with prostatic enlargement in DELSUTH, Oghara, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted in the Radiology Department of Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara, Nigeria, over a six-month period\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between prostate volume, age, serum PSA, and symptom severity among men with prostatic enlargement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population comprised adult male patients aged 40 years and above presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of prostatic enlargement. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling technique.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria included men aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40 years with clinical features of LUTS who provided informed consent. Exclusion criteria included patients with urinary tract infection, known prostate malignancy, anal pathology contraindicating TRUS, recent urethral instrumentation, or significant systemic illness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProstate volume was measured using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) with a standardized protocol. Measurements of length (L), width (W), and height (H) were obtained, and prostate volume calculated using the ellipsoid formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;L \u0026times; W \u0026times; H \u0026times; 0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorresponding line diagram of the transverse (axial) and longitudinal (sagittal) views of an enlarged prostate gland, with points AB for length, ED and EF for width and height respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSerum PSA values were retrieved from patient medical records, ensuring tests were performed prior to any manipulation that could artificially elevate levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSymptom severity was assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), which categorizes symptoms into mild (0\u0026ndash;7), moderate (8\u0026ndash;19), and severe (20\u0026ndash;35).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Continuous variables were expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient was used to assess relationships between variables. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of prostate volume. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;was obtained from the DELSUTH Ethics Committee.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDemographic Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean age: 67.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMajority: 67\u0026ndash;76 years age group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eClinical Parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean prostate volume (PV): 106.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.2 mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean PSA: 8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7 ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean IPSS: 23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMajority (76.4%) had severe symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency distribution of PSA values among men of different age groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA (ng/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en/total (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10/12 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/12 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/12 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.033*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/20 (45.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/20 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/20 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/20 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026ndash;76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10/27 (37.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6/27 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/27 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/27 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026ndash;86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/10 (70.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u0026ndash;96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/3 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/3 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31/72 (43.1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17/72 (23.6)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19/72 (26.4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5/72 (6.9)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ePSA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prostate specific antigen\u003cstrong\u003e*Statistically significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA values among men of the different age groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA (ng/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0 \u0026plusmn; 3.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7 \u0026plusmn; 2.7\u003csup\u003ea,c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026ndash;11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.6 \u0026plusmn; 3.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5 \u0026plusmn; 6.6\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026ndash;24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026ndash;76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.5 \u0026plusmn; 2.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8 \u0026plusmn; 9.3\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026ndash;44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026ndash;86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0 \u0026plusmn; 2.4\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3 \u0026plusmn; 6.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u0026ndash;96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.0 \u0026plusmn; 1.7\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6 \u0026plusmn; 3.8\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026ndash;8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.3 \u0026plusmn; 10.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.1 \u0026plusmn; 7.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;44.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.020*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ePSA=prostate-specific antigen, \u003cstrong\u003e*statistically significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e show the PV of the study population and the frequency distribution of the PV levels among men of the different age groups. The values of PV varied widely among the different age groups. Overall, 1(1.4%) had PV 31\u0026ndash;40.9 mL\u0026sup3;, 13 (18.1%) had PV of range 41\u0026ndash;50.9 mL\u0026sup3;, 29 (40.3%) had PV of between 51\u0026ndash;100.9 mL\u0026sup3; and 29 (40.3%) had PV\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100 mL\u0026sup3;. Only 1 (0.5%) individual in the age group 57\u0026ndash;66 had PV \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40mL\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. About one third of all the men 29 (40.3%) had PV of 51\u0026ndash;100.9 mL\u0026sup3;, except the 67\u0026ndash;76 years age group 14 (51.9%) with PV\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100 mL\u0026sup3; and 87\u0026ndash;96 age group 3 (100%) with PV\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100 mL\u0026sup3;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency distribution of PV among the different age groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV (mL\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en/total (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;100.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/12 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/12 (58.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/12 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.033*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/20 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/20 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8/20 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/20 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026ndash;76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/27 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/27 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14/27 (51.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026ndash;86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/10 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/10 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u0026ndash;96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/72 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13/72 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29/72 (40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29/72 (40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ePV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Prostate Volume\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Statistically significant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProstate volume levels among men of the different age groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV (mL\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0 \u0026plusmn; 3.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6 \u0026plusmn; 18.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.2\u0026ndash;109.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.6 \u0026plusmn; 3.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.6 \u0026plusmn; 86.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026ndash;427.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026ndash;76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.5 \u0026plusmn; 2.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.5 \u0026plusmn; 51.7\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u0026ndash;264.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026ndash;86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0 \u0026plusmn; 2.4\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.3 \u0026plusmn; 83.4\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u0026ndash;297.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u0026ndash;96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.0 \u0026plusmn; 1.7\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223.0 \u0026plusmn; 71.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159.3\u0026ndash;299.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.3 \u0026plusmn; 10.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e106.7 \u0026plusmn; 71.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40.0\u0026ndash;427.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ePV=Prostate Volume \u003cstrong\u003e*statistically significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e show the combined frequencies and mean values of PV and PSA levels among men of the different age groups. The age group 67\u0026ndash;76 years had 27 patients which is the highest number of patients in this study. (Table 7) The lowest mean PV and PSA values (59.6 \u0026plusmn; 18.0 mL\u0026sup3; and 3.7 \u0026plusmn; 2.7ng/mL respectively) were recorded in the youngest age group (46\u0026ndash;56), while the highest mean PV (223.0 \u0026plusmn; 71.1 mL\u0026sup3;) was seen in the oldest age group (87\u0026ndash;96). The highest mean PSA level of 13.3 \u0026plusmn; 6.8 ng/mL was recorded in the age group of 77\u0026ndash;86 years.(Table 8) PV and PSA values varied widely over the different age groups.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCombined Frequency distribution of PV and PSA among men of different age groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV (mL\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en/total (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA (ng/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en/total (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;100.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/12 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/12 (58.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/12 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.033*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10/12 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/12 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/12 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.033*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/20 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/20 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8/20 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/20 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/20 (45.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/20 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/20 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/20 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026ndash;76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/27 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/27 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14/27 (51.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10/27 (37.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6/27 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9/27 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/27 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026ndash;86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/10 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/10 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7/10 (70.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u0026ndash;96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/3 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/3 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/72 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13/72 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29/72 (40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29/72 (40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31/72 (43.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17/72 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19/72 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/72 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Means followed by the same alphabets are statistically similar (the age group) while means followed by different alphabets are statistically different.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV=prostate volume, PSA=prostate specific antigen, \u003cstrong\u003e*statistically significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCombined Mean Prostate volume and PSA levels among men of the different age groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV (mL\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA (ng/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0 \u0026plusmn; 3.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6 \u0026plusmn; 18.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.2\u0026ndash;109.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7 \u0026plusmn; 2.7\u003csup\u003ea,c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026ndash;11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.6 \u0026plusmn; 3.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.6 \u0026plusmn; 86.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026ndash;427.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5 \u0026plusmn; 6.6\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026ndash;24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026ndash;76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.5 \u0026plusmn; 2.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.5 \u0026plusmn; 51.7\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u0026ndash;264.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8 \u0026plusmn; 9.3\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026ndash;44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026ndash;86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0 \u0026plusmn; 2.4\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.3 \u0026plusmn; 83.4\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u0026ndash;297.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3 \u0026plusmn; 6.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u0026ndash;96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.0 \u0026plusmn; 1.7\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223.0 \u0026plusmn; 71.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159.3\u0026ndash;299.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6 \u0026plusmn; 3.8\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026ndash;8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.020*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNB\u003c/strong\u003e: Means followed by the same alphabets are statistically similar while means followed by different alphabets are statistically different. PV=prostate volume, PSA=prostate-specific antigen, \u003cstrong\u003e*statistically significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;7 illustrates the percentage differences of PV and PSA. PV percentage differences in the 87\u0026ndash;96 years age group (63.8%) was higher than those found in the 67\u0026ndash;76 and 77\u0026ndash;86 years age groups (58.4% and 60.5%, respectively) while the percentage difference of PSA in the 87\u0026ndash;96 years age group (65.6%) was lower than those found in the 67\u0026ndash;76 and 77\u0026ndash;86 years age groups (100.2% and 103.3%, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage differences in mean PV and mean PSA in consecutive age groups, as compared to the reference points of the 46\u0026ndash;56 years age groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% difference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% difference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;59.6 \u0026plusmn; 18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en/a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.7 \u0026plusmn; 2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en/a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026ndash;76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026ndash;86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u0026ndash;96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e values for the differences of mean PV and mean PSA in consecutive age groups as compared to reference point.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV=prostate volume, PSA=prostate-specific antigen, RP=reference point, n/a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e*Statistically significant\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8 and Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e illustrate the correlation between age and PV, age and PSA and PSA and PV. Statistically significant but weak positive correlations were found between age and PV (Correlation coefficient (r)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.366, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), age and PSA (Correlation coefficient (r)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.313, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007). However, a statistically non-significant and very weak positive correlation was found between PV and PSA (Correlation coefficient (r)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.128, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.284).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation matrices of Age with PV and PSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV (ml\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePV (ml\u0026sup3;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePSA ng/mL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ePV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prostate volume, PSA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prostate specific antigen\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Statistically significant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e and Figs. 11 and 12 illustrate the correlations between IPSS and PV, IPSS and PSA. A statistically significant but weak positive correlation was found between IPSS and PV (Correlation coefficient (r)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.393, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and IPSS and PSA (Correlation coefficient (r)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.256, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation matrices of IPSS with PV and PSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV (ml\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIPSS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.030\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePV (ml\u0026sup3;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePSA ng/mL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.030\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eIPSS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;International prostate symptoms score, PV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prostate volume, PSA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prostate specific antigen\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e* Statistically significant\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation (r)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterpretation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge vs PV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge vs PSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV vs PSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot significant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePV vs IPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA vs IPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeak significant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant correlation: PV vs Age, PV vs IPSS.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta; Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Error (SE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterpretation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u0026ndash;0.587\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant predictor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.184\u0026ndash;0.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant predictor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.105\u0026ndash;0.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot significant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of prostate volume. Age, IPSS, and PSA were entered into the model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis demonstrated that \u003cstrong\u003eage (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.366, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eIPSS (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.393, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/strong\u003e were statistically significant independent predictors of prostate volume. In contrast, \u003cstrong\u003ePSA (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.128, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.284)\u003c/strong\u003e did not show a statistically significant association with prostate volume.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe model indicates that increasing age and higher symptom severity are independently associated with increased prostate volume, while PSA does not independently predict prostate size in this cohort.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides important insight into the interrelationship between prostate volume, age, serum PSA, and symptom severity in a cohort of Nigerian men with clinically significant prostatic enlargement. The findings demonstrate that prostate volume correlates significantly with age and symptom severity, while its relationship with PSA is weak and not statistically significant, reinforcing the complexity of prostatic disease and its evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observed mean age of 67.3 years aligns closely with previous studies by Ahmed \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e(62.5 years) and Udeh \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e (65.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.84 years) respectively, Nigerian and African studies, supporting the well-established concept that BPH is predominantly a disease of ageing men\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Age-related hormonal changes, particularly alterations in androgen\u0026ndash;estrogen balance and increased dihydrotestosterone activity, contribute to progressive stromal and epithelial proliferation within the prostate \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The moderate correlation observed between age and prostate volume in this study further supports the biological model of BPH as a cumulative, time-dependent process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relatively large mean prostate volume observed in this cohort (106.7 mL) is notably higher than the findings by some Nigerian authors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and likely reflects late presentation and referral bias inherent in tertiary hospital settings. Studies in developed populations often report smaller mean volumes, likely due to earlier detection and intervention\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This highlights a key regional difference and underscores the importance of contextualizing prostate disease within healthcare access and health-seeking behavior. Geographical and dietary variations have also been attributed as responsible for this difference in PV as has been postulated in a study carried out among different ethnic groups of a Caucasian population. Much lower values of mean PV have been documented among the Caucasians.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV of 31.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.1cc was recorded in Korea by Sung and co workers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e while 30.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.8 and 49.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.9cm3 were obtained from studies in Europe and America.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Geographical and racial differences; greater health awareness and early presentation to the clinic by men with symptoms of enlarged prostate in the Caucasian studies may account for these lower mean values of PV. The same variance was seen in the PSA pattern between negroid and non-negrioid studies. 45, 66\u0026ndash;69.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study also demonstrated that as the patients advance in age, the increase in PV becomes statistically significant.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis present study demonstrated significant correlation between age and PV (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) which implies that as a patient advance in age, the prostate gland increases in volume and size. This is in agreement with studies carried out in Nigeria by Badmus\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in Ile-Ife and Ofoha\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in Jos. in South \u0026ndash; Western and North-Central region respectively. Furthermore, similar studies outside the shores of Nigeria have corroborated this finding of statistically significant correlation between PV and age;\u003csup\u003e33,34,35\u003c/sup\u003e The study of Ida Bagus and collaegues\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in Indonesia on the evaluation of 1,638 patients with BPH also showed the increase in prostate gland volume with advancing age (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;00001). Conversely, a few studies demonstrated that age did not significantly correlate with PV.\u003csup\u003e36,37\u003c/sup\u003e Chang and co-workers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e studied 223 subjects with mean age of 71.4years (range 42 to 89) in Taiwan, Barcelona. This disparity may be attributed to early presentation of patients to clinic in the Western world, racial, environmental, dietary factors and sample size differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother major finding of this study is the absence of a significant correlation between prostate volume and PSA. At variance to this, are Nigerian studies and a study done in Japan\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e which found significant positive correlation between PV and PSA. Furthermore, Mosli and colleagues\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in Saudi demonstrated that the relationship of PV with PSA varied widely over different age groups and different races as their findings showed that the PV and PSA in the men was not similar to that of the white men. The variations in the above studies on PV and PSA may be explained by the differences in geographical locations and race in some of the studies. While PSA has traditionally been considered a surrogate marker for prostate size, its clinical utility in this regard has increasingly been questioned\u0026sup1;⁸. PSA production is influenced by multiple factors beyond glandular volume, including inflammation, microvascular permeability, and subclinical malignancy\u0026sup1;⁹. The wide variability of PSA observed in this study further weakens its reliability as a proxy for anatomical enlargement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversely, the significant correlation between prostate volume and symptom severity provides clinically meaningful insight. This is similar to finding in other studies. 77 Although the strength of the association was modest, it suggests that increasing gland size contributes to worsening bladder outlet obstruction and LUTS. However, the relatively low coefficient of determination indicates that a substantial proportion of symptom variability is explained by factors other than prostate size. These include detrusor overactivity, bladder compliance, and neural regulation of micturition\u0026sup2;⁰. In a study done by Lim et al, it was demonstrated that each unit increase of serum PSA only influenced 1.89% of change in symptom score, hence it cannot accurately grade the symptomatic severity in BPH patients which is also seen in other causes of prostate enlargement.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis however, is in contrast with the observation made by Ucer\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in a study on 1408 subjects using TRUS in Manisa, Turkey and discovered that there was no significant correlation between IPSS and PSA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weak correlation between PSA and symptom severity in this index study, further reinforces the limited clinical role of PSA in assessing disease burden. While PSA may have prognostic value in certain contexts, particularly in predicting disease progression, it does not reliably reflect symptom severity\u0026sup2;\u0026sup1;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, the findings from the multivariate regression analysis provide important insight into the independent determinants of prostate volume. While univariate correlations suggested relationships between several variables, regression analysis clarified that \u003cb\u003eage and symptom severity (IPSS) are the true independent predictors of prostate volume\u003c/b\u003e, whereas PSA loses statistical significance after adjustment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe independent effect of age on prostate volume reinforces the well-established role of ageing as a key driver of prostatic enlargement through cumulative hormonal and cellular changes. Similarly, the independent association between IPSS and prostate volume suggests that anatomical enlargement contributes meaningfully to symptom burden, likely through mechanisms of bladder outlet obstruction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the lack of an independent association between PSA and prostate volume highlights the limitations of PSA as a surrogate marker for gland size. Although PSA may correlate weakly with prostate volume in unadjusted analyses, its variability due to inflammation, subclinical pathology, and individual biological differences reduces its predictive reliability when other factors are considered. This finding strengthens the argument for prioritizing imaging-based assessment over biochemical markers in symptomatic patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaken together, these findings suggest a hierarchy of clinical relevance, with prostate volume and symptom assessment providing more meaningful information than PSA alone. This has important implications in resource-limited settings, where over-reliance on PSA may lead to misinterpretation and unnecessary interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the relatively weak correlations observed across all variables highlight the multifactorial nature of LUTS and prostatic disease. Future studies incorporating additional parameters such as intravesical prostatic protrusion, bladder wall thickness, and urodynamic studies may provide a more comprehensive understanding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eProstate volume demonstrates significant association with age and symptom severity but not with serum PSA levels. These findings suggest that TRUS-derived prostate volume is a more reliable indicator of clinical disease burden than PSA in men with prostatic enlargement. A comprehensive assessment integrating imaging and symptom evaluation is essential for optimal clinical decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBPH …………………..Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI………………………..Confidence Interval\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;IPSS……………………..International Prostate Symptom Score\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;LUTS…………………….Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;PSA……………………… Prostate-Specific Antigen\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;PV…………………………Prostate Volume\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;SE………………………….Standard Error\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;SPSS………………………Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;TRUS………………………Transrectal Ultrasonography\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors received no external funding for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA.R conceived the study, designed the methodology, collected and analysed the data, N.I.A drafted and organised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge the staff of the Radiology and Urology Departments of Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara, as well as the Supervisors and Professors from DELSUTH and UBTH Radiology Departments , for their support during the study\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoehrborn CG (2008) Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Impot Res 20:S11\u0026ndash;S18 Suppl 3(SUPPL. 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGratzke C, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, Drake MJ, Madersbacher S, Mamoulakis C et al (2015) EAU Guidelines on the Assessment of Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms including Benign Prostatic Obstruction. Eur Urol 67(6):1099\u0026ndash;1109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOlapade-Olaopa EO, Owoaje ET, Kola L, Ladipo MM, Adebusoye L, Adedeji TG (2014) Knowledge and Perception of Nigerian Men 40 years and above Regarding Prostate Cancer. J West Afr Coll Surg 4(1):1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang SJ, Qian HN, Zhao Y, Sun K, Wang HQ, Liang GQ et al (2013) Relationship between age and prostate size. Asian J Androl 15(1):116\u0026ndash;120\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpeakman MJ (2001) Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction: what is the available evidence for rational management? Eur Urol 39(Suppl 3):6\u0026ndash;12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEjike CECC (2011) Towards the Prevention and Management of Prostatic Diseases in Nigeria: A Framework. Malays J Med Sci] 18(3):65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeissner KH, Tisell LE (1979) The weight of the human prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 13(2):137\u0026ndash;142\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJain S, Saxena SK (2014) Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer in India. Meta Gene 2:596\u0026ndash;605\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcVary KT (2006) BPH: epidemiology and comorbidities. 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Niger J Surg 23(2):87\u0026ndash;92\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEke N, Sapira M (2002) Prostate cancer in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: features and outcome. Niger J Surg Res 4(1):34\u0026ndash;44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBosch JLHR, Hop WCJ, Kirkels WJ, Schr\u0026ouml;der FH (1995) The International Prostate Symptom Score in a community-based sample of men between 55 and 74 years of age: prevalence and correlation of symptoms with age, prostate volume, flow rate and residual urine volume. Br J Urol 75(5):622\u0026ndash;630\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCarson C, Rittmaster R (2003) The role of dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. ;61(4 SUPPL. 1):2\u0026ndash;7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmed Mohammed A, Bello, Hussaini YM, Hafees OA, Ahmed T, Lawal, Mohammed JI et al (2014) Determination of prostate volume and characteristics by transrectal ultrasuond among patients with lower urinary symtoms in Zaria,Nigeria. chennai Med Tour 4:31\u0026ndash;35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUdeh E, Dakum N, Amu O, Ramyl V (2009) Correlation between Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Volume in Nigerian Men with Biopsy Proven Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: (A prospective study). J Urol 7(2):1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIan M, Thompson,Donna K, Pauler PJ, Goodman CM, Tangen M, Scott Lucia HL, Parnes et al (2006) Abstract. Prevalence of Prostate Cancer among Men with a Prostate-Specific Antigen Level\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4.0 ng per Milliliter Ian. N Engl J Med 355:11\u0026ndash;20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBadmus TA, Asaleye CM, Badmus SA, Takire AO, Ibrahim MH, Arowolo OA (2012) Benign prostate hyperplasia;Average volume in southwestern Nigerians and correlation with arthropometrics. Niger Postgrad Med J 19:15\u0026ndash;17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSung BP, Jae KK, Sung HC, Han NN, Eun KJ, Kyoung SC (2000) Prostate Volume Measurement Using Height Obtained by Transaxial and Midsagittl Scanning: Comparison with Specimen Volume Following Radical Prostatectomy. Korean J Radiol. ;110\u0026ndash;113\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E (1987) Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Serum Marker for Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate. N Engl J Med 317(15):909\u0026ndash;916\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoehrborn CG, Boye P, Gould AL, Waldsteicher J (1999) Serum prostate specific antigen as a predictor of prosta te volume. Urology 53:581\u0026ndash;589\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSj X, Teng XXXJB (2002) XD. T. Characteristic pattern of human prostate growth with age. Asian J Androl 4:269\u0026ndash;271\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOfoha CG, Shu SI, Akpayak IC, Dakum NK, Ramyil VM (2013) Relationship between prostate volume and IPSS in African men with prostate disease. Jos J Med 9(1):16\u0026ndash;19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang SJ, Qian HN, Zhan-Li., Zhao Y, Sun K, Wang HQ et al (2013) Relationship between age and prostates size. Asian J Androl 15:116\u0026ndash;120\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePutra IBO, Hamid ARA, Mochtar CA, Umbas R (2016) Relationship of age, prostate specific antigen and prostate volume in Indonesia men with benign prostate hyperplasia. prostate Int 4(2):43\u0026ndash;48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStepan V, Tomas K, Jan-Erik D, Mauro D, Chister D (2003) Relationship of Age,Prostate Volume, Serum Prostate Specific Antigen, Symptoms Score and Uroflowmetry in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Scand J uro neppro 37:322\u0026ndash;328\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChang YL, Alex TLL, Kuang-Kuo C, Yen-Hwa C, Hawarrd HHW, Junne-Yih K et al (2006) Correlation between Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Volume in Taiwanese Men with Biopsy Proven Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. 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Afr J Urol 23:116\u0026ndash;119\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Prostate volume, Prostate-specific antigen, Lower urinary tract symptoms, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, International Prostate Symptom Score, Transrectal ultrasonography","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9589496/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9589496/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in ageing men. Prostate volume (PV), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and symptom severity assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) are central to evaluation, yet their interrelationships remain inconsistent across populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between prostate volume, age, serum PSA, and symptom severity among men with prostatic enlargement. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 72 men aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40 years presenting with LUTS at DELSUTH, Oghara. PV was measured using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), PSA obtained from records, and symptom severity assessed using IPSS. Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation and multivariate regression analyses were performed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age was 67.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5 years. Mean PV was 106.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.2 mL, PSA 8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7 ng/mL, and IPSS 23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4. PV correlated significantly with age (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.366, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) and IPSS (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.393, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), but not with PSA (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.128, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.284). PSA showed weak correlation with IPSS (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.256, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030). Regression analysis identified age and IPSS as independent predictors of PV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstate volume is more strongly associated with symptom severity and age than PSA. TRUS-derived PV remains a more reliable clinical indicator than PSA in symptomatic men.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Correlation of Prostate Volume with Age, Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen, and Symptom Severity in Men with Prostatic Enlargement in DELSUTH, Oghara","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-08 04:39:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9589496/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7dc564c8-3806-4d0a-a5c1-c72e1df4b0a9","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 8th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T04:32:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T04:31:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"African Journal of Urology","date":"2026-05-01T22:10:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T04:39:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-08 04:39:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9589496","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9589496","identity":"rs-9589496","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}