Shake-off in XFEL heated solid density plasma

Shake-off in XFEL heated solid density plasma | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Shake-off in XFEL heated solid density plasma Gareth O. Williams, Lucas Ansia, Patrícia Estrela, Mukhtar Hussain, and 24 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7133804/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In atoms undergoing ionisation, the abrupt change in electron configuration can lead to the ejection of a second bound electron, in a process called shake-off. The spectroscopic signatures of shake-off have been predicted and observed in atoms and solids. Here, we present the first observation of this process in a solid-density plasma heated by an x-ray free electron laser. We show that the shake-off probability of L-shell electrons persists at temperatures up to 10 eV at solid density, and follows that predicted for cold solids. This work shows that shake-off should be included in plasma models for the correct interpretation of emission spectra. Physical sciences/Physics/Plasma physics/Laser-produced plasmas Physical sciences/Physics/Atomic and molecular physics/Atomic and molecular interactions with photons Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7133804","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":490826885,"identity":"b574cfd4-f4d8-4780-90df-99154f38f5e2","order_by":0,"name":"Gareth O. Williams","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gareth","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Williams","suffix":""},{"id":490826886,"identity":"5378fd9d-f565-4934-b42b-7c48a0e5714d","order_by":1,"name":"Lucas Ansia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lucas","middleName":"","lastName":"Ansia","suffix":""},{"id":490826887,"identity":"b33f0b14-024e-4f9f-a377-355429d1537f","order_by":2,"name":"Patrícia Estrela","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patrícia","middleName":"","lastName":"Estrela","suffix":""},{"id":490826888,"identity":"6b4e5333-1df3-4ec0-b0c7-9572e2c6580e","order_by":3,"name":"Mukhtar Hussain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mukhtar","middleName":"","lastName":"Hussain","suffix":""},{"id":490826889,"identity":"10b710bd-d6e9-4254-b1e7-1b7d13698f7b","order_by":4,"name":"Marta Fajardo","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-2365","institution":"Instituto Superior Técnico","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marta","middleName":"","lastName":"Fajardo","suffix":""},{"id":490826890,"identity":"b1cd2878-961f-40a2-97c1-e77948209071","order_by":5,"name":"Mikako Makita","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mikako","middleName":"","lastName":"Makita","suffix":""},{"id":490826891,"identity":"86c944de-ddea-4a02-a4b0-5b47c890cf03","order_by":6,"name":"Thomas Preston","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1228-2263","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thomas","middleName":"","lastName":"Preston","suffix":""},{"id":490826892,"identity":"d81f19bc-9873-4872-886a-aa9bc257ba19","order_by":7,"name":"Motoaki Nakatsutsumi","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0868-4745","institution":"European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Motoaki","middleName":"","lastName":"Nakatsutsumi","suffix":""},{"id":490826893,"identity":"d9cf03f2-d31b-489a-9e5f-155c0d153029","order_by":8,"name":"Johannes Kaa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Johannes","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaa","suffix":""},{"id":490826894,"identity":"7ee0edcd-51b8-4fee-94eb-0969ed0251e5","order_by":9,"name":"Zuzana Konôpková","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zuzana","middleName":"","lastName":"Konôpková","suffix":""},{"id":490826895,"identity":"eb6390de-fe54-424b-a2da-f0c5e57cd710","order_by":10,"name":"Naresh Kujala","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naresh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kujala","suffix":""},{"id":490826896,"identity":"a9024b96-830a-40de-99ed-7d2c44a1ad72","order_by":11,"name":"Karen Appel","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2902-2102","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karen","middleName":"","lastName":"Appel","suffix":""},{"id":490826897,"identity":"dd682cbd-96ce-4cf5-ae91-451e60ee76b7","order_by":12,"name":"Sebastian Göde","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sebastian","middleName":"","lastName":"Göde","suffix":""},{"id":490826898,"identity":"ec2d426d-a410-43c1-a1ca-3bcf35211389","order_by":13,"name":"Valerio Cerantola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Valerio","middleName":"","lastName":"Cerantola","suffix":""},{"id":490826899,"identity":"5663fb9c-b9c4-461c-af7f-f0383e56c24e","order_by":14,"name":"Lennart Wollenweber","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lennart","middleName":"","lastName":"Wollenweber","suffix":""},{"id":490826900,"identity":"7c1df153-6444-4b45-8279-2237f622678c","order_by":15,"name":"Erik Brambrink","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erik","middleName":"","lastName":"Brambrink","suffix":""},{"id":490826901,"identity":"a6265adb-e61d-46ed-ab25-c632591d1332","order_by":16,"name":"Jan-Patrick Schwinkendorf","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jan-Patrick","middleName":"","lastName":"Schwinkendorf","suffix":""},{"id":490826902,"identity":"9593d0af-0ea7-418c-a2d7-f58a6cdf0f46","order_by":17,"name":"Ulf Zastrau","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3575-4449","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ulf","middleName":"","lastName":"Zastrau","suffix":""},{"id":490826903,"identity":"0876f735-6ab3-44a1-9ddb-5db645bc2849","order_by":18,"name":"Jaromir Chalupsky","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-1774","institution":"Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jaromir","middleName":"","lastName":"Chalupsky","suffix":""},{"id":490826904,"identity":"7a8b03c7-4d24-4810-a2a1-5d2356c502d6","order_by":19,"name":"Vera Hajkova","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vera","middleName":"","lastName":"Hajkova","suffix":""},{"id":490826905,"identity":"b38306aa-7eab-418f-bd3f-f2bda33af5cc","order_by":20,"name":"Tomas Burian","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3982-9978","institution":"Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tomas","middleName":"","lastName":"Burian","suffix":""},{"id":490826906,"identity":"d8825db4-215b-4f89-90b8-bd531eecf261","order_by":21,"name":"Vojtech Vozda","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-1519","institution":"Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vojtech","middleName":"","lastName":"Vozda","suffix":""},{"id":490826907,"identity":"6df878b2-5f94-4f54-935f-e46db2239069","order_by":22,"name":"Libor Juha","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4189-8753","institution":"Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Libor","middleName":"","lastName":"Juha","suffix":""},{"id":490826908,"identity":"9b17f101-17cf-4063-9bfb-a1a4fd7710e7","order_by":23,"name":"Carsten Baehtz","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-511X","institution":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carsten","middleName":"","lastName":"Baehtz","suffix":""},{"id":490826909,"identity":"41b22355-d29f-4be5-bf60-de3f88c273ec","order_by":24,"name":"Hyun-Kyung Chung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Fusion Energ","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hyun-Kyung","middleName":"","lastName":"Chung","suffix":""},{"id":490826910,"identity":"0441bbc1-6f89-4bcb-b82a-1a3e7dcf451c","order_by":25,"name":"Patrik Vagovic","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"European XFEL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patrik","middleName":"","lastName":"Vagovic","suffix":""},{"id":490826911,"identity":"59cf47cf-b1a6-4800-bb78-1f868005da8d","order_by":26,"name":"Howard Scott","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-9134","institution":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Howard","middleName":"","lastName":"Scott","suffix":""},{"id":490826912,"identity":"d9474f78-9baf-4fe3-9ff2-beab8c21868d","order_by":27,"name":"Pedro Velarde","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8615-4905","institution":"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pedro","middleName":"","lastName":"Velarde","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-15 20:15:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7133804/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7133804/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94819444,"identity":"1ab64595-c5ba-43f8-af16-bf305cac79b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 05:40:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":579041,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GWshakeNatComms.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7133804/v1/f4941b58397cd10646b47397.pdf"},{"id":94819443,"identity":"b6eaf309-1695-4658-a311-c73e54392390","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 05:40:54","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS2551838.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7133804/v1/aade30108af3e95558f17840.json"},{"id":94826272,"identity":"a9d24742-0a6f-4e7e-b0b2-dab051dc0404","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 06:51:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":776430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"GWshakeNatComms.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7133804/v1_covered_5b22b47a-0009-48e0-8c1e-3288a3afa5bd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Shake-off in XFEL heated solid density plasma","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7133804/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7133804/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In atoms undergoing ionisation, the abrupt change in electron configuration can lead to the ejection\r\nof a second bound electron, in a process called shake-off. The spectroscopic signatures of shake-off\r\nhave been predicted and observed in atoms and solids. Here, we present the first observation of this\r\nprocess in a solid-density plasma heated by an x-ray free electron laser. We show that the shake-off\r\nprobability of L-shell electrons persists at temperatures up to 10 eV at solid density, and follows\r\nthat predicted for cold solids. This work shows that shake-off should be included in plasma models\r\nfor the correct interpretation of emission spectra.","manuscriptTitle":"Shake-off in XFEL heated solid density plasma","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-31 05:40:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7133804/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"communications-physics","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"commsphys","sideBox":"Learn more about [Communications Physics](http://www.nature.com/commsphys/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Communications Physics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Communications Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"722b97e8-a0a4-4c94-98b4-fb31258da0e4","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":52119066,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Plasma physics/Laser-produced plasmas"},{"id":52119067,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Atomic and molecular physics/Atomic and molecular interactions with photons"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-31T05:40:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-31 05:40:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7133804","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7133804","identity":"rs-7133804","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}