Stability of Surrounding Rock in Roadways with Fractured Rock Mass: Mechanisms and Effects of Layout Optimization

Stability of Surrounding Rock in Roadways with Fractured Rock Mass: Mechanisms and Effects of Layout Optimization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Stability of Surrounding Rock in Roadways with Fractured Rock Mass: Mechanisms and Effects of Layout Optimization Haoran Hao, Bowen Tian, Guichen Li, Yuantian Sun, Yinjian Hang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8109777/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The stability of surrounding rock in coal mine roadways remains a fundamental concern in underground engineering. Rational roadway layout is essential to prevent strength degradation from fracture coalescence and reduce instability risks. Laboratory tests on single-fracture rock specimens, integrated with UDEC Voronoi-based numerical simulations, were conducted to quantify the effects of fracture inclination and confining pressure on crack propagation and failure mechanisms. Validated numerical models of closely spaced roadways were further used to analyze the relationships among the plastic zone, fracture evolution, and roadway spacing. Results indicate that fracture propagation at 30°-60° inclinations is strongly controlled by pre-existing fracture orientation, with crack initiation angles decreasing from 95° to 70° as inclination increases. Higher confining pressures localize crack growth near closed fractures, forming a distinct V-shaped strength distribution. Maintaining roadway spacing greater than five times the roadway radius effectively enhances stability. Elevated in-situ and mining-induced stresses are identified as the main drivers of fracture propagation and plastic zone deepening in the surrounding rock. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing roadway layout and assessing stability in coal mines and similar underground engineering environments. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences Fractured rock mass Surrounding rock stability Roadway layout Spacing optimization Fracture propagation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 24 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8109777","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":550870381,"identity":"45d76a6a-76fa-4e98-a197-61871ce7e349","order_by":0,"name":"Haoran Hao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China University of Mining and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haoran","middleName":"","lastName":"Hao","suffix":""},{"id":550870384,"identity":"ea050ab7-6f66-43f1-b90d-e91f5eb6908f","order_by":1,"name":"Bowen Tian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China University of Mining and 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Surrounding rock stability, Roadway layout, Spacing optimization, Fracture propagation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8109777/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8109777/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe stability of surrounding rock in coal mine roadways remains a fundamental concern in underground engineering. Rational roadway layout is essential to prevent strength degradation from fracture coalescence and reduce instability risks. Laboratory tests on single-fracture rock specimens, integrated with UDEC Voronoi-based numerical simulations, were conducted to quantify the effects of fracture inclination and confining pressure on crack propagation and failure mechanisms. Validated numerical models of closely spaced roadways were further used to analyze the relationships among the plastic zone, fracture evolution, and roadway spacing. Results indicate that fracture propagation at 30\u0026deg;-60\u0026deg; inclinations is strongly controlled by pre-existing fracture orientation, with crack initiation angles decreasing from 95\u0026deg; to 70\u0026deg; as inclination increases. Higher confining pressures localize crack growth near closed fractures, forming a distinct V-shaped strength distribution. Maintaining roadway spacing greater than five times the roadway radius effectively enhances stability. Elevated in-situ and mining-induced stresses are identified as the main drivers of fracture propagation and plastic zone deepening in the surrounding rock. 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