Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Towards the Causes of Male Infertility Among Urology Outpatients in Abuja Hospitals

Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Towards the Causes of Male Infertility Among Urology Outpatients in Abuja Hospitals | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Towards the Causes of Male Infertility Among Urology Outpatients in Abuja Hospitals Titilola T. Obilade, Peter O. Koleoso, Oluchi A. Eke, Faizat F. Adeniran, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5902036/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Infertility is a pressing concern globally, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where cultural preferences for high fertility exacerbate its impact. While both gender (female and male) factors contribute to infertility, male infertility is often overlooked despite accounting for a significant portion of cases. In Sub-Saharan Africa, infertility prevalence varies widely, with notable percentage (40% – 50%) reported in Nigeria. Cultural norms often place emphasis on male offspring, adding pressure on couples facing infertility. Despite its profound psychosocial impact, infertility care, especially for men, is limited in developing countries like Nigeria. This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices towards the causes of male infertility amongst urology outpatients in Wuse District Hospital (WDH) and Asokoro District Hospital (ADH), Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: A quantitative study was carried out amongst urology outpatients in ADH and WDH. Pre-tested questionnaires were distributed to 200 male urology outpatients. The study was analyzed by summary statistics and a test of association (Chi-square test) was carried out with SPSS 20. Results: Respondents demonstrated a modest understanding of the factors that contribute to male infertility (130 (67.40%)), with only a small percentage exhibiting good knowledge (15 (7.8%)). Low sperm count and the impact of sexually transmitted infections were widely recognized, misconceptions regarding supernatural causes like witchcraft persisted among a significant proportion of respondents (58(30.40%)). Attitudes towards male infertility varied, with a notable proportion expressing openness and reduced stigma surrounding the condition. The majority of respondents advocated for joint investigation of infertility issues within couples, indicating a shared responsibility approach. Practices related to seeking help for male infertility revealed a preference for spiritual interventions over medical treatments, reflecting the strong influence of religion in Nigeria. Conclusions: The study’s outcomes reflect the complexity of beliefs and practices surrounding male infertility in the study population, emphasizing the necessity of culturally competent healthcare practices and focused educational initiatives to dispel misconceptions and promote reproductive health literacy. Male Infertility Urology Knowledge Attitudes Beliefs Practices Outpatient 1.0 Introduction A serious health concern for both men and women is infertility. It is a great concern within cultures with a preference for high fertility, like Sub-Saharan Africa’s. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines infertility, a disorder of the reproductive system, as the inability to conceive after engaging in regular, unprotected sexual activity for a minimum of a year [ 1 ]. Infertility could be either primary, where the individual has never achieved pregnancy or secondary, where following at least one successful conception, one is unable to achieve pregnancy. Both male and female factors can contribute to infertility. However, lifestyle choices including smoking, binge drinking, and being obese have been linked to increased risks of infertility for both men and women [ 2 ]. The inability of a fertile female to conceive after a year of consistent, unprotected sexual activity without any gynaecologic issues is then specifically defined as male infertility. Forty to fifty percent of cases of infertility are caused by it [ 3 ]. Male infertility could result from problems with semen ejection or aberrations in sperm number, morphology, or motility [ 1 ]. It is commonly accepted that around 70 million couples globally experience infertility, with couples of reproductive age accounting for up to 15%. Infertility affects 8–12% of couples worldwide, with males accounting for up to half of the cases and at least 2% of all men exhibiting subnormal sperm parameters [ 4 ]. In Sub-Saharan Africa, it affects between 30 and 50 percent of couples. There are significant differences in prevalence, ranging from 9% in Gambia to 21.2% in northwest Ethiopia, 11.8% among Ghanaian women, 15.8% among Ghanaian males, and between 20 and 30% in Nigeria [ 4 – 9 ]. More than half of the 780 couples that visited the reproductive health clinic of the Women's Health and Action Research Centre in Nigeria in 2002 had various cases of infertility [ 10 ]. Approximately 40% of all gynaecological consultations in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria, were related to infertility, whereas 42.4% of cases in the southwest were attributed to the male factor. Male factor infertility was found to be 40.8% prevalent in Kano and 55–93% prevalent in Enugu, Eastern Nigeria [ 11 – 15 ]. Within many African cultures, a marriage is deemed successful when the couple demonstrates the ability to get pregnant and birth children [ 16 ]. There is a preference for high fertility, particularly for the continuation of family name/bloodline. It is for this reason that there is a preference for male-sex offspring. The borne offspring are also a source of power, pride, and joy for their parents and serve as their parents' insurance in their older age. The male factor in infertility is often neglected, despite accounting for almost half of sterility [ 4 ]. The role of men in reproduction has not received enough consideration. It is believed that the male sexual organ can be compared to a mechanical device that is either working or not, implying that males have a far more primitive role in reproduction. Majority of the blame is shouldered by the woman, despite her fertility status as her role in reproduction is much more observable. As society quickly assumes fault in women, infertility care services are much less available for men, especially in developing countries like Nigeria [ 17 , 18 ]. In addition, infertility is a dilemma with the ability to cause instability within individuals and their relationships [ 19 ]. It can seriously impair the impacted people's overall wellbeing, including psychosocial effects at the household level and society at large. Stigmatization, social exclusion, verbal, and physical abuse from a spouse or in-laws are some of the effects that have been described [ 20 ]. These could result in permanent disability or even death of affected persons or their loved ones. It can also lead to divorce in infertile couples, exacerbating the mental stress of the affected spouse [ 21 ]. Inaccurate knowledge, negative attitudes, beliefs and practices towards the causes of male fertility only serve to perpetuate the problem and hinder access to early interventions. In this research, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, beliefs and practices around the causes of male infertility amongst urology outpatients at Asokoro and Wuse District Hospitals, Abuja, Nigeria. Abuja is the political capital of Nigeria and being the capital, people from different demographics can be found there. According to WHO, approximately 1 in 6 persons worldwide are affected by infertility in their lifetime [ 2 ]. Male variables are found in 20–70% of instances of infertility, according to recent meta-analysis research. These results are far more comprehensive than those that have been previously published. However, for a variety of reasons, including cultural limitations, variation in collecting data and a lack of rigorous statistical procedures, the broad range of male infertility in meta-analysis studies may not accurately represent the incidence of this issue globally [ 22 ]. Infertility was formerly attributed primarily to the female factor but male factor infertility is now commonly recognised to be equally important as female factor infertility [ 23 ]. However, due to scientific advancements, sperm generation and fertilization are now significantly understood. It is only the male gamete that contains the Y chromosome [ 24 ]. There has been underreporting of male infertility in many countries due to patriarchal preferences [ 25 ]. A study conducted in Grenada among college students showed that female students had a more correct knowledge about infertility. All Greek college students had a conspicuous deficiency in fundamental understanding on the reasons for infertility. It was generally believed that women were more likely than males to become infertile for a variety of reasons that are equally dangerous to both sexes. Additionally, the Grenadian study discovered that stigmas associated with male infertility were higher than those associated with female infertility [ 26 ]. A different research was carried out at a university in southern Nigeria to evaluate 146 university employees' attitudes and degree of awareness regarding male infertility. Over 90% of the participants possessed post-graduate or university degrees. In assessing “Knowledge,” a score of “1” was given for a right response, and “0” for a wrong one. They regarded a total score of between 1 and 5 as poor knowledge, 6–10 as fair, and 11–14 as good. According to the survey, over 68% of participants knew a lot about infertility. Roughly 90% of respondents were aware that men were a contributing factor to infertility. Infertility was better perceived by people with post-secondary and university education than by those with only a secondary education. It was discovered that around 11.6% of the respondents continued to have false beliefs on the reasons for infertility [ 3 ]. Infertile males in Nigeria typically have a low feeling of self-worth, self-fulfilment and often taunted by his peers in society [ 27 ]. According to current data, women are more severely impacted by infertility than males are [ 28 ]. In many Middle Eastern countries, women may get frightened and irritated since they are frequently held responsible for infertility [ 24 ]. They could experience economic hardship, social stigma, community exclusion, divorce, bereavement, terror, marital anguish, domestic abuse, or polygamy. They could even receive life-threatening medical treatments [ 24 , 29 ]. Economic hardship, social exclusion, loss of social standing, domestic abuse, and ostracised marriages are all possible outcomes for infertile women. Men may unintentionally participate in behaviours that hinder their ability to have biological children if they lack awareness of the variables linked to male infertility [ 30 ]. Furthermore, male patients have less opportunity to learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatments of male infertility since males are less likely than women to seek medical assessment, whether due to societal pressures, fear, cultural standards, or a lack of health insurance [ 31 ]. Less than half of respondents in a cross-sectional survey carried out in Gambia (2019) to evaluate respondents' perceptions and understanding of male infertility did not know what infertility actually meant. More than 80% correctly identified low sperm count, reproductive organ damage, gonorrhea and lifestyle choices could cause infertility. Overall, 67% and 73% of those surveyed said they knew a lot about infertility and thought it was real. However, despite the high educational level of respondents, some cultural beliefs such as witchcraft being a cause of infertility and infertility being unpreventable persisted. In the study, knowledge and perceptions towards infertility was sub-optimal [ 32 ]. In 2021, men residing in both urban and rural areas of the Gambia's west coast region participated in a similar research. Men in marriages with reproductive issues were included in the research, whether or not an official diagnosis had been established. They broadly attributed infertility to women and believed its causes to be different spiritual and bodily factors. Furthermore, they believed that infertility was God’s will and a punishment for one’s transgressions in previous life. The spiritual factors were perceived to affect women more often as they believed that women had 'weaker' minds and bodies, which made them more susceptible to spiritual attacks. Interestingly, despite largely attributing infertility to the female factor, the males knew very little about the physical factors that may contribute to female infertility. Other reasons for infertility that were brought up have to do with the women's prior actions, such as female circumcision, delayed marriage, playing sports, etc. The biomedical knowledge of men was generally poor with impotence and poor sperm quality being generally believed to be causes of infertility. However, men with greater levels of education were aware of how lifestyle choices and hormones affect male infertility. The study's findings were very different from comparable research done in the Gambia twenty years earlier, which claimed that infertility was exclusively a female cause. This disparity may reflect advancements in the dissemination of biological information regarding male reproductive health and fertility treatment services [ 33 ]. An electronic-based survey was carried out in Canada (2016) to examine the awareness of men on the causes of infertility. The survey involved Canadian males aged between 18–50 years. Responses were obtained from 701 men. The purpose of the study was to evaluate men's understanding of their own fertility, including risk factors and infertility-related health problems. Only little more than half of the modifiable risk factors for infertility (such as obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, etc) could be accurately identified by participants, despite the fact that over 90% of men thought they knew something about their fertility. However, these respondents were able to identify almost fifty percent of the fixed risk factors responsible for infertility in male. Some of these included genetic aberrations, cancer therapy and age over 45 years [ 30 ]. The teaching and non-teaching staff of a tertiary institution in southern Nigeria participated in a cross-sectional survey and the results showed that a significant percentage of the respondents believed that infertility requires treatment for both male and female partners. Additionally, over 93% of respondents believed that both partners should share the blame and be investigated and treated medically. The respondents from the study had tertiary or post graduate education. While demographic traits did not significantly correlate with attitudes or understanding about the causes of infertility, the survey did find a significant correlation between educational status and perception of infertility, as well as between perception of infertility and attitudes towards it. This suggests that people with higher levels of education tend to possess a better knowledge of factors responsible for infertility [ 3 ]. A study on beliefs and realities of infertility within the Lebanese population was conducted in Lebanon in 2020 over a period of six months and it targeted the general Lebanese population. The findings revealed that 52.7% of the respondents held the belief that women were responsible for couples’ infertility, while only 3% thought men were to blame. A little more than half (52.5%) believed that infertility was a sickness, whereas the vast majority (93.9%) believed that infertility should be treated medically and that medical therapy for fertility was socially acceptable [ 34 ]. A study was conducted on male attitudes towards infertility in Europe by Male Reproductive Health Initiative (MRHI) from November 2020 through December 2021. Of the 1,171 males who answered the survey, the majority (86%) were from Europe. 34% of respondents felt badly or conflicted about their infertility, but 59% of males, regardless of global region expressed positively about it [ 35 ]. 1.1 Beliefs About The Causes Of Male Infertility Men were not regarded as being as crucial to the treatment of infertility as women, according to a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2020 at consenting hospitals and infertility centres in Mumbai, India. Through semi-structured interviews, primary data from 150 men from various socioeconomic backgrounds receiving infertility therapy was gathered. The study's results led to the proposal of a belief and practice hypothesis, which concluded that believed causes of male infertility included late marriage, poor luck, lifestyle, medical conditions, and destiny [ 36 ]. In a different research carried out in 2011, 447 respondents who were with patients at two tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan, were questioned one-on-one to evaluate their knowledge, perceptions, and misconceptions about infertility. The findings demonstrated that there was still widespread belief in supernatural forces and demonic forces as the cause of infertility, particularly among those with less education [ 37 ]. Additionally, in a cross-sectional study conducted at a hospital in Karachi, Pakistan in 2019, the goal was to gauge public knowledge of infertility and its causes. An interview-administered questionnaire was used to gather data from participants who were adults (those over the age of 18) using the convenience sample approach. The Cardiff Fertility Knowledge Scale (CFKS) served as the basis for the questionnaire, which evaluated respondents' knowledge of many factors that contribute to infertility, including smoking, leading a healthy lifestyle, using contraceptives, and genital tract infections. In addition, they discovered the correlation between mean knowledge scores and sociodemographic factors. About 50.3% of respondents did not think that infertility is caused by an equal number of males and females. Of the participants, over 65.6% thought that using a contraceptive device was a contributing factor to infertility. Furthermore, 55.9% of the participants thought that a man getting an erection was a sign of fertility [ 38 ]. A different research comprising many qualitative investigations was carried out in 1997 with the goal of investigating sociocultural problems related to infertility in Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria. In order to find out how informed people in the community's rural and urban areas felt about infertility, 25 focus groups were conducted. According to the findings, participants in focus groups brought up a number of conventional theories on the origins of infertility [ 39 ]. The goal of a cross-sectional study carried out in 2019 was to use a standardised questionnaire to gather information from 272 participants in two parallel groups - Jakarta and Sumba, which represented the urban and rural populations, respectively. The study was about infertility knowledge, myths, and attitudes as well as willingness to accept infertility therapies. All of the participants were over-18-year-old outpatients who visited the medical facilities between February and June of 2017. The results demonstrated that the rural population's belief in supernatural explanations for infertility was striking. In all groups, there was a widespread misunderstanding regarding the role of contraception as an infertility risk factor. Infertility was considered an illness by half of the responders in both categories. While only 55.4% of respondents in Sumba agreed and 33.1% said that only females should be probed for infertility, 93.4% of respondents in Jakarta agreed that both males and females should be looked into. In Sumba, 41.3% of respondents said infertility was a valid excuse for polygamy, while 34.7% blamed the maternal side for being childless [ 40 ]. 1.2 Practice Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility According to a study on the subject, cigarette smoke contains over 7000 chemicals, including highly carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds, which can decline sperm counts in both fertile and infertile males [ 41 ]. Another study conducted in South Africa found that occupational and environmental factors such as excessive heat exposure, endocrine disruptors, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation could cause reduction in sperm count, mobility, morphology, viability and antioxidant. In the study, exposure to ionizing radiation (such as radiographic testing and radiotherapy for cancer) and non-ionizing radiation (such as cell phones, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) could make the human testes more susceptible to radiation induced damages due to the high sensitivity of the organ. This could lead to the arrest of spermatogenesis and an influx of reactive oxygen species [ 42 ]. According to a different study carried out in southern Nigeria to determine possible triggers for male infertility, it has been linked to unconventional treatment (native medicine), mild to excessive alcohol intake, and prior exposure to sexually transmitted infections. Infertility was more common in men who reported experiencing recurrent bouts of testicular discomfort, genital ulcers, painful urination, and penile discharges [ 11 ]. Additionally, 40.8% of the 500 males who were sent to the laboratory from the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital's reproductive clinics had male factor infertility. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida species, Streptococcus species, and the mixed growth of S. aureus and E. coli were among the organisms that were isolated. Asthenospermia, teratospermia, and decreased male reproductive cells density were all significantly influenced by seminal fluid infection. The most common cause of seminal fluid infection, S. aureus, has long been regarded as non-harmful by majority of physicians. They considered it as just a minor contamination and so, can be ignored [ 44 ]. Spermatozoa numbers were frequently reduced and their ability to reproduce was suppressed as a result of these seminal fluid infections [ 43 , 44 ]. The danger of heavy metals (including cadmium, lead, and chromium) in herbal sex enhancement products was estimated by a 2019 study carried out in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The heavy metal concentrations in all of the herbal sex enhancers used in the study were in the following ranges: Cobalt (0.025–0.075), Lead (0.032–0593), Chromium (0.016–0.49) and Cadmium (0.0011–0.048)mg/kg. The use of several herbal sex enhancement supplements may be harmful following chronic exposure. The metals found in these samples indicated that these herbal sex enhancement pills can increase the burden of heavy metals in the bodies of the exposed population, which could have negative public health effects, such as male infertility [ 45 ]. 2.0 Methodology 2.1 Objectives of the Study The study's main goal was to evaluate urology outpatients' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices about the causes of infertility in men at ADH and WDH in Abuja, Nigeria. The specific objectives include: 1. to determine the present level of awareness among urology outpatients in ADH and WDH on the causes of infertility in men; 2. to determine the attitudes of urology outpatients in ADH and WDH towards the causes for infertility in men; 3. to determine urology outpatient’s beliefs in ADH and WDH about their perceived causes of infertility in men; 4. to explore practices of urology outpatients in ADH and WDH towards their perceived causes of infertility in men. 2.2 Study Area The study was conducted in the Asokoro and Wuse District Hospitals during October and November of 2023. Asokoro District Hospital is a tertiary medical centre located in Abuja, Nigeria. It is a 250-bed hospital that serves an estimated 500,000 people annually with promotional, preventive, curative and rehabilitative treatments. The hospital, one of three certified tertiary health facilities in the Federal Territory, is located at geo-coordinates Latitude 9.0464 N* and Longitude 7.5223 *E. The hospital has various clinical departments which includes; Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Internal medicine (which includes Cardiology, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Neurology, and Nephrology) and Surgery (which includes General surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Pediatric surgery, and Urology). In addition to its involvement in health research activities, Asokoro District Hospital is also a designated Centre for the training of medical undergraduates (MBBS), nursing students, house officers, youth corps members and resident doctors. Wuse District Hospital, is tertiary healthcare facility situated in Abuja, Nigeria. It is a 200-bed hospital and serves an estimated 350,000 people annually with promotional, preventative, curative, and rehabilitative treatments. The hospital, one of three certified tertiary health facilities in the Federal Territory, is located at geo-coordinates Latitude 9.06351 N* and Longitude 7.4689 *E. The hospital has various clinical departments which includes Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Internal medicine (which includes Cardiology, Endocrinology and Nephrology) and Surgery (which includes General surgery, Plastic surgery, Orthopedic surgery and Urology). In addition to its involvement in health research activities, Wuse District Hospital is also a designated Centre for the training of medical undergraduates (MBBS), nursing students, house officers, youth corps members and resident doctors. 2.3 Study Design And Sample Size Determination The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours of urology outpatients in ADH and WDH about the causes of infertility in men. The study included willing and consenting males attending the urology outpatient clinics at ADH and WDH. The following are the criteria for participating in the study: Inclusion Criterion : Must be 18 years of age or older; Exclusion Criterion : Mentally incapacitated outpatients. The Leslie Fisher Formula was used to determine the sample size: $$\:n=\frac{{z}^{2}p(1-p)}{{d}^{2}}$$ , where; n = minimum sample size; z = standard normal deviation; p = prevalence of the problem is up to 50% = 0.5; [ 46 ] Using the hypothesis testing method, Nigeria’s prevalence of infertility in men is approximately 50% = 0.50; d = Precision level that is desired is 7.3% = 0.073; $$\:n=\frac{{1.96}^{2}\left(0.5\right)(1-0.5)}{{0.073}^{2}}$$ , $$\:n=180$$ . Required sample size factoring percentage of non-response = 180/0.90 $$\:n=200$$ 2.4 Sampling Techniques for the Study This study used a convenience sampling approach. Every urology outpatient that fit our criteria was approached for study participation. 2.5 Ethics Clearance and Participation Consent The Nile University of Nigeria Health Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for the study. The study was fully explained to all possible participants, and informed consent was requested and obtained. They were informed that participation was optional and confidentiality would be ensured. No rewards were offered in exchange for participation. 2.6 Collection of Data A tested and standardized questionnaire that was self- administered was employed for this study. The questionnaires were pre-tested by a group of 15 male patients attending the urology clinic who were later excluded from the study. This was carried out to identify unclear issues and eliminate any ambiguities in the questionnaire, for proper understanding among prospective respondents. Following the pre-test, questionnaires were distributed to 200 patients divided between ADH and WDH between October 2023 and November 2023. 2.7 Study Instruments 2.7.1 Quantitative Study This study made use of a pre-tested, structured, self-administered questionnaire that was modified from other research [ 32 , 37 , 47 ]. The questionnaire comprised of 5 sections according to specific research objectives. Section A - This section included seven enquiries pertaining to the respondents' sociodemographic traits. Section B – With nine questions, the respondents' understanding of the reasons behind male infertility was evaluated in this section. Section C - This section assessed attitudes of the respondents towards the causes of male infertility with five questions. Section D - This section had seven questions to determine the beliefs the respondents have on the causes of male infertility. Section E - This section had six questions to determine the respondents practices towards the causes of male infertility. 2.8 Analysis of the Data The data was analysed using version 20 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. A test for association (Chi-square test) between categorical variables at 5% significance level was carried out. Correct answers received one point for knowledge, while wrong and unknown answers received zero points. The lowest possible score was zero, and the highest was 17. Each participant received a score, and their knowledge grades were determined by adding together all of their scores. Knowledge was ranked as poor (0–6), moderate (7–12) and good (13–17). Attitude scores were calculated for each participant with percentages calculated thereafter. A percentage score ≤ 50% denoted a poor attitude and a score > 50% denoted a good attitude. 3.0 Results 3.1 Descriptive Analysis Table 1 Distribution Of Respondents By The Sociodemographic Characteristics Variable Frequency (f) Percentage (%) NR Mean SD Age (Years) ≤ 30 35 18.10 NR = 7 47.26 15.721 31–40 33 17.10 41–50 38 19.70 ≥ 51 87 45.10 Total 193 100.0 Marital Status Single 42 21.80 NR = 7 Married 143 74.10 Cohabitating 0 0.00 Divorced 2 1.00 Widowed 3 1.60 Separate 3 1.60 Total 193 100.0 Religion Christianity 141 73.10 NR = 7 Islam 51 26.40 Traditional 1 0.50 Total 193 100.0 Educational Status No formal 4 2.10 NR = 7 Complete Primary School 1 0.50 Incomplete Primary School 5 2.60 Incomplete Secondary School 7 3.60 Complete Secondary School 34 17.60 Incomplete Tertiary School 29 15.00 Complete Tertiary School 113 58.50 Total 193 100.0 Ethnicity Igbo 56 29.20 NR = 8 Hausa 18 9.40 Yoruba 25 13.00 Others 93 48.40 Total 192 100.0 Occupational Status Student 18 9.30 NR = 7 Unemployed 6 3.10 Self Employed 57 29.50 Employed 71 36.80 Retired Others 37 4 19.20 2.10 Total 193 100.0 Biological Children Yes 139 72.00 NR = 7 No 54 28.00 Total 193 100.0 No of Children (If yes) None 53 27.50 NR = 7 2.91 2.575 ≤ 3 54 28.00 4–6 60 30.10 > 6 26 13.50 Total 193 100.0 SD = Standard Deviation, NR = No Response The Table 1 above provides a distribution of respondents based on various socioeconomic characteristics. The respondents’ age varied from below 30 to over 50 years, with mean age and standard deviation as 47.26 years and 15.721, respectively. Majority was married with a percentage of 74.10%. In terms of religion, the majority identified as Christians (73.10%). Educational status shows a diverse range, with the highest percentage having completed tertiary education (58.50%). The ethnicity of respondents was predominantly Igbo (29.20%), followed by Yoruba (13.00%), Hausa (9.40%), and others. Occupational status varied, with the highest percentage being employed (36.80%), followed by self-employed individuals (29.50%). Most respondents had biological children (72.00%), with the number of children ranging from none to over six, and a mean of 2.91 children and a standard deviation of 2.575. Table 2 Respondents’ Knowledge Of Male Infertility Causes Knowledge Frequency(f) N = 193 Percentage (%) NR After how many months of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse can a man be diagnosed as infertile? NR = 7 0–1 months 17 8.80 2–6 months 20 10.40 7–12 months 22 11.40 > 12 months 38 19.70 I don’t know 96 49.70 Male infertility is inherited NR = 7 True 44 22.80 False 108 56.00 I don’t know 41 21.20 Low sperm count causes infertility NR = 7 True 173 89.64 False 7 3.62 I don’t know 13 6.74 Infertility is caused by infections contracted by sexual contact NR = 7 True 136 70.50 False 26 13.50 I don’t know 31 16.00 Damage to sexual organs can cause infertility NR = 7 True 172 89.10 False 6 3.10 I don’t know 15 7.80 Tight underwear for men causes infertility NR = 7 True 99 51.30 False 51 26.40 I don’t know 43 22.30 Constant heat around sexual organs causes infertility NR = 7 True 126 65.30 False 26 13.50 I don’t know 41 21.20 Alcohol NR = 7 Yes 127 65.80 No 61 31.60 I don’t know 5 2.60 Cigarettes NR = 7 Yes 109 56.50 No 77 39.90 I don’t know 7 3.60 Recreational drugs (cocaine, morphine, marijuana) NR = 7 Yes 139 72.00 No 48 24.90 I don’t know 6 3.10 Testosterone replacement therapy NR = 7 Yes 97 50.30 No 72 37.30 I don’t know 24 12.40 Herbal teas/concoctions (Mai shayi/ special teas) NR = 7 Yes 83 43.00 No 96 49.70 I don’t know 14 7.30 Viagra NR = 7 Yes 93 48.20 No 81 42.00 I don’t know 19 9.80 Long term use of steroids NR = 7 Yes 128 66.30 No 44 22.80 I don’t know 21 10.90 Chemotherapy NR = 7 Yes 105 54.40 No 63 32.60 I don’t know 25 13.00 African fan palm (Muruchi/Dubbe/Agbon Oludu/ kemelutu) NR = 7 Yes 57 29.50 No 109 16.50 I don’t know 27 14.00 Stress can lead to infertility NR = 7 True 97 50.20 False 48 24.90 I don’t know 48 24.90 NR = No Response; N = Number of Respondents Table 2 shows that a significant amount of 155 respondents (80.30%) do not know how long it will take for a man to be diagnosed as infertile after regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. Low sperm count correctly identified to be a cause of infertility by 173 respondents (≈ 90%). Damage to sexual organs was also identified to be a possible cause of infertility by 172 respondents (≈ 90%). One hundred and thirty-six respondents (70.50%) recognized that infertility can be caused by sexually transmitted infections. Up to 127 respondents (65.80%) consider alcohol consumption to be a possible cause of infertility. Table 3 Knowledge Grade Of Respondents Knowledge Level (Score) Frequency Percentage (%) Poor knowledge (0–6) 48 24.90 Moderate knowledge (7–12) 130 67.40 Good Knowledge (13–17) 15 7.80 Table 3 shows that the level of knowledge amongst the respondents was mostly moderate, with 130 respondents (67.40%) obtaining knowledge scores between 7 and 12. Only 15 respondents exhibited good knowledge, while 48 respondents exhibited poor knowledge. Attitudes Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility Table 4 Respondents Attitudes Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility Attitudes D F (%) N F (%) A F (%) NR Mean (± SD) Male infertility is a disease 60 (31.2) 27 (14.1) 105 (54.7) NR = 8 2.23 ± 0.899 It is shameful for a man to be infertile 84 (43.7) 28 (14.6) 80 (41.7) NR = 8 1.98 ± 0.926 If a couple is infertile, the man should be investigated first 70 (36.5) 43 (22.4) 79 (41.1) NR = 8 2.04 ± 0.881 If a couple is infertile, the woman should be investigated first 74 (38.7) 60 (31.4) 57 (29.9) NR = 9 1.91 ± 0.825 If a couple is infertile, they should be investigated together 14 (7.3) 10 (5.2) 168 (87.5) NR = 8 2.80 ± 0.553 D = Disagree; N = Neutral; A = Agree; NR = No Response; SD = Standard Deviation Table 4 shows respondents attitudes towards male infertility, using a Likert scale. The majority view it as a disease, with 54.7% agreeing. However, a larger fraction of the respondents (43.7%) disagree about the perceived shame associated with it. With regards to the way infertility among a couple should be investigated, 87.50% agree that the couple should be investigated together, rather than individually. Table 5 Attitude Score Of Respondents ATTITUDE SCORE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Positive attitude (Score > 50%) 127 66.1 Negative attitude (Score ≤ 50%) 65 33.9 Total 192 100.0 The attitude scores of the respondents towards male infertility are shown in Table 5 . Majority of the respondents (66.1%) had positive attitudes (score > 50%) towards male infertility. Only 65 (33.9%) respondents had negative attitudes (score < 50%) towards male infertility. Beliefs Relating To The Reasons For Male Fertility Problems Table 6 Respondents’ Beliefs On The Reasons for Male Fertility Problems Beliefs D F (%) N F (%) A F (%) NR Mean (± SD) Witchcraft can cause infertility. 91 (47.60) 42 (22.0) 58 (30.40) NR = 9 1.83 ± 0.868 Early male circumcision can cause infertility. 146 (76.1) 29 (15.1) 17 (8.8) NR = 8 1.33± 0.632 Marrying more than one wife will prevent infertility 146 (76.1) 26 (13.5) 20 (10.4) NR = 8 1.34 ± 0.660 Marrying a virgin female will prevent infertility 154 (80.2) 24 (12.5) 14 (7.3) NR = 8 1.27± 0.587 If a man is not sexually active by age 25, he will become infertile 132 (68.8) 33 (17.1) 27 (14.1) NR = 8 1.45 ± 0.729 Regular testing for sexually transmitted infections will prevent infertility. 48 (25.0) 22 (11.5) 122 (63.5) NR = 8 2.38 ± 0.860 Not all men can impregnate women 29 (15.1) 16 (8.3) 147 (76.6) NR = 8 2.61 ± 0.736 D = Disagree; N = Neutral; A = Agree; NR = No response The study (Table 6 ) reveals a wide range of beliefs among respondents regarding the reasons for male fertility problems. Almost fifty percent of the respondents do not believe that witchcraft can cause male infertility. Over 70% of respondents do not believe early male circumcision can cause infertility. More than seventy percent of respondents disagree with the idea that marrying multiple wives or marrying a virgin female can prevent infertility. The belief that not all men can impregnate women received higher agreement (76.6%), with a mean score of 2.61 ± 0.736. The belief that regular testing for sexually transmitted infections would prevent infertility also garnered higher agreement (63.5%). Practices Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility Table 7 Respondents Practices Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility Practices Frequency (f) Percentage (%) NR 1. Would you take herbal supplements to treat infertility? NR = 8 Yes 120 62.50 No 72 37.50 Total 192 100.0 2. If confirmed as infertile, would you tell your wife/partner? (If yes, skip question 3) NR = 11 Yes 168 88.90 No 21 11.10 Total 189 100.0 3. If “no” in question 2, would you let your wife/partner take the blame? NR = 179 Yes 3 14.30 No 18 85.70 Total 21 100.0 4. If clinically diagnosed with infertility, will you consider any of the options below : Accept it as fate NR = 19 Yes 119 65.70 No 62 34.30 Total 181 100.0 Adoption of a known child NR = 16 Yes 102 55.40 No 82 44.60 Total 184 100.0 Adoption of an unknown child NR = 17 Yes 78 42.60 No 105 57.40 Total 183 100.0 IVF- using sperm of a known person NR = 19 Yes 62 34.30 No 119 65.70 Total 181 100.0 IVF- using sperm of an unknown person NR = 20 Yes 50 27.80 No 130 72.20 Total 180 100.0 Other options (please specify) Nil 5. Would you seek spiritual help for infertility? (If no, skip question 6) NR = 9 Yes 123 64.40 No 68 35.60 Total 191 100.0 6. If “yes” in question 33, which options would you consider? Faith based organizations e.g., churches, mosques NR = 77 Yes 113 91.90 No 10 8.10 Total 128 100.0 Traditional healers NR = 77 Yes 28 22.00 No 100 78.00 Total 128 100.0 Herbalists NR = 77 Yes 27 22.00 No 96 78.00 Total 123 100.0 Other options (please specify) Nil 7. Have you ever been diagnosed as infertile by a medical doctor NR = 22 Yes 12 6.70 No 166 93.30 Total 178 100.0 Table 7 shows respondents' perspectives on infertility, their willingness to take herbal supplements, disclose infertility, and consider adoption. The majority (62.50%) expressed willingness to take herbal supplements, while (37.50%) would not. A significant proportion (88.90%) would inform their partner if infertile. The majority (65.70%) would accept infertility as fate. Over fifty percent considered adopting a known child, while 44.60% would not. Over sixty percent of respondents would not consider IVF whether they knew the donor or not. Most (64.40%) would seek spiritual help, with options including faith-based organizations, traditional healers, and herbalists. A very small (6.70%) fraction of respondents reported ever being diagnosed as infertile by a medical professional doctor. Table 8 Test Of Association Between Sociodemographic And Level Of Respondents’ Knowledge On Causes Of Infertility in Men Variable Knowledge towards the causes of male infertility Frequency (%) X 2 P-Value Good Moderate Poor Educational Level 21.583 0.042 No formal education 0(0.0) 3(2.3) 1(6.7) Complete Primary School 1(2.1) 2(1.5) 2(13.3) Incomplete Primary School 1(2.1) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) Incomplete Secondary School 1(2.1) 5(3.8) 1(6.7) Complete Secondary School 3(6.2) 27(20.8) 4(26.7) Incomplete Tertiary School 8(16.7) 19(14.6) 2(13.3) Complete Tertiary School 34(70.8) 74(56.9) 5(33.3) Total 48(100.0) 130(100.0) 15(100.0) Table 8 contains the results of the test of associations between the educational level and respondents’ knowledge on the causes of infertility in men at 0.05 significance level. Educational status was found to be statistically significant, with respondents who had tertiary education possessing significant higher levels of knowledge (p = 0.042). The study found that age, marital status, religion, ethnicity, and occupational status were insignificant factors, not influencing knowledge levels about infertility causes in men. Table 9 Test Of Association Between Sociodemographic And Attitudes Towards Infertility Causes in Men Variable Attitude towards infertility causes in men Frequency (%) Age (Years) Positive Negative X 2 P value ≤ 30 18(14.2) 17(26.2) 9.376 0.025 31–40 20(15.7) 13(20.0) 41–50 32(25.2) 6(9.20) ≥ 51 57(44.9) 29(44.6) Total 127(100.0) 65(100.0) Marital Status 7.870 0.020 Single 21(16.5) 21(32.3) Married 102(80.3) 40(61.5) Divorced, Widowed and Separated 4 (3.2) 4 (6.2) Total 127(100.0) 65(100.0) Table 9 shows the analyses of associations between sociodemographic variables (age and marital status) and attitudes towards the causes of male infertility. The results revealed significant findings for some factors at 5% significance level. Age emerged as a statistically significant determinant of attitudes (χ² = 9.376, p = 0.025) with those aged over fifty displaying favorable attitudes toward male infertility causes. Married males exhibited statistically significant positive attitudes as well (χ² = 7.870, p = 0.020). Religion, ethnicity, occupational status and educational status showed no significant associations, suggesting that these variables do not significantly shape their attitudes towards the causes of male infertility. Table 10 Test Of Association Between Sociodemographic And Belief On Infertility Causes in Men Variable Beliefs towards infertility causes in men Frequency (%) X 2 P value Educational Status Disagree Neutral Agree No formal education 3(2.3) 1(2.5) 0(0.0) 27.192 0.007 Primary School Completed 1(0.7) 1(2.5) 2(10.0) Primary School Uncompleted 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(5.0) Secondary-School Uncompleted 3(2.3) 3(7.5) 1(5.0) Secondary School Completed 21(15.9) 10(25.0) 3(15.0) Tertiary School Uncompleted 20(15.2) 3(7.5) 6(30.0) Tertiary School Completed 84(63.6) 22(55.0) 7(35.0) Total 132(100.0) 40(100.0) 20(100.0) Table 10 presents an analysis of the association between sociodemographic variable (educational status) and beliefs regarding the etiology of male infertility. Notably, educational status emerged as a statistically significant determinant influencing these beliefs (χ² = 27.192, p = 0.007), underscoring the profound impact of respondents' educational backgrounds on their perceptions the causes of male infertility. Table 11 Test Of Association Between Sociodemographic And Their Practices S/N CROSS TABULATION OF VARIABLES STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE (P-Value) 1 PRACTICE & AGE Statistically Insignificant (0.614) 2 PRACTICE & MARITAL STATUS Statistically Insignificant (0.535) 3 PRACTICE & RELIGION Statistically Insignificant (0.112) 4 PRACTICE & EDUCATIONAL STATUS Statistically Insignificant (0.362) 5 PRACTICE & ETHNICITY Statistically Insignificant (0.954) 6 PRACTICE & OCCUPATIONAL STATUS Statistically Insignificant (0.405) In Table 11 , the association between sociodemographic variables and practices associated with infertility among the respondents were assessed with a Chi-square test. The analysis revealed that age was not significantly associated with infertility-related practices (χ² = 1.806, p = 0.614), suggesting that the diverse age groups in the sample did not exhibit distinct patterns in their approaches to infertility. These findings imply that individuals across different age brackets, marital statuses, religious affiliations, and educational backgrounds tended to share similar perspectives and practices concerning infertility. Despite the non-significant trend in occupational status (χ² = 5.086, p = 0.405), further exploration may be warranted to delve into potential subtle influences that occupational factors might exert on practices related to infertility within specific subsets of the respondents. 4.0 Discussion Our research sought to learn more about the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of urology outpatients at ADH and WDH in Abuja, Nigeria, on the reasons of infertility among men. The study included men from the major ethnic and religious groups at various educational levels in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. To report various categorical variables, a descriptive analysis was carried out. The study's participants were between the ages of 18 and 80, and most of them have tertiary education. The level of knowledge amongst the respondents was mostly moderate, with 130 (67.40%) obtaining scores between 7–12. Only 15 (7.8%) showed a strong understanding of the reasons for male infertility. Additionally, the majority of 127 (66.1%) had a positive outlook on the reasons for male infertility. Only 20 (19.70%) respondents correctly understood that the diagnosis of infertility typically occurs after more than a year of consistent, unprotected sexual activity. This is comparable to a research conducted in Pakistan [ 37 ], in which just 25% of participants accurately defined what infertility meant. As this knowledge will influence the timing of treatment, which should not be delayed or premature, it is important that one has correct knowledge. Beliefs about the hereditary nature of male infertility vary, with a majority considering it false. The awareness of the impact of low sperm count on infertility is high, as is the recognition that sexually transmitted infections could cause infertility. Furthermore, the respondents acknowledged the influence of factors including; damage to sexual organs (172 (89.10%)), tight underwear (99 (51.30%)), and constant heat around sexual organs on male infertility (126 (65.30%)). Majority correctly identified alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and recreational drug use as possible reasons for infertility in men. These outcomes support the findings in previous studies [ 25 , 41 , 48 , 49 ]. Most respondents (84 (43.7%)) disagree with the notion that it is shameful for a man to be infertile. This suggests a relatively open attitude or reduced stigma on the problem of infertility in men. The relatively low endorsement of shame associated with male infertility suggests a potential positive shift in societal attitudes, fostering an environment conducive to open discussions and seeking appropriate medical interventions. This positive shift is also reflected in the attitude score, where 127 (66.1%) obtained a positive attitude scores. Majority of the respondents 168 (87.5%) strongly agreed that the couple should be investigated together, reflecting a collective perspective that emphasizes joint exploration and shared responsibility in addressing fertility concerns. An Indonesian study had similar findings with a greater proportion of respondents agreeing that infertility is a disease and that the couple should be investigated together [ 40 ]. Similar observations were made in a study in South-South Nigeria [ 3 ]. A lower finding (40%) was reported in another study [ 37 ]. Findings from our study showed that 91 (47.4%) respondents disagree with the statement “Witchcraft can cause infertility” with 42 (22%) remaining neutral. Despite having tertiary education, a significant number of respondents still harbor this belief. This is consistent with a research where 40.8% and 31.6% of female and male students respectively, believed voodoo to be a causative factor for male infertility [ 26 ]. That suggests that traditional beliefs one is born into or grows up with persist even with higher education. Surprisingly, this study revealed that up to 76.1% disagree with the notion that marrying more than one wife will prevent infertility and 80.2% disagree that marrying a virgin will prevent infertility. The result is unexpected as it is often believed in sub-Saharan Africa that women who struggle with infertility have a history of promiscuous behaviour or fornication [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. The majority (63.5%) believe regular testing for sexually transmitted infections will prevent infertility. It has been well documented that sexually transmitted infections, especially when poorly treated or untreated, could compromise fertility [ 11 , 12 , 17 , 45 ]. Thus, the prevalence of this belief shows men have better knowledge of possible causes of male infertility and preventive measures. Table 6 illustrates the practices of respondents towards the causes of male infertility. The majority would not consider in vitro fertilization (IVF). Notably, 130 respondents (72.20%) would not consider IVF using the sperm of a person they do not know. Over half of respondents would consider adoption of a “known” child but only 78 (42.60%) would consider adopting an “unknown” child. Perhaps, this is perhaps, a result of fears described by a study carried out in 2015. Nigerians fear that children whose biological parents are unidentified could be children of a criminal or prostitute and if so, the adopted child could turn out the same in future [ 53 ]. Only 123 (64.40%) respondents would seek spiritual help for male infertility, with the majority (60%) opting to turn to faith-based organizations (e.g., mosques). More respondents gave affirmative responses to use of spiritual help, as compared to non-faith-based therapies (e.g., IVF). This explained the strong role of religion in Nigeria. It is strongly believed that power of faith alone can treat infertility. A study in Grenada had similar findings [ 26 ]. The test of association revealed that tertiary educated persons have better knowledge on the causes of infertility. Notably, educational status emerged as a statistically significant determinant influencing these beliefs (χ² = 136.462, p < 0.001), underscoring the profound impact of respondents' educational backgrounds on their perceptions of the causes of male infertility. Age emerged as a statistically significant determinant of attitudes (χ² = 21.821, p = 0.040), highlighting that different age groups among the respondents hold varying perspectives on the causes of male infertility. 5.0 Conclusion The research has provided a valuable understanding into the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices surrounding the reasons for infertility in men among urology outpatients in Asokoro and Wuse District Hospitals. The knowledge of respondents towards the causes of infertility is below average in this research with a significant number of respondents being unable to identify the correct meaning of infertility. Interestingly, compared to earlier research where respondents expressed unfavorable attitudes toward the causes of infertility in men, most respondents had positive attitudes in this study. Compared to previous studies, the prevalence of misconceptions including beliefs regarding the role of witchcraft in infertility has significantly decreased. Upon exploring the practices, a significant number of respondents stated that they would treat infertility with herbal supplements and accept the diagnosis as their fate if they were to become infertile. Respondents were less receptive to medical interventions such as IVF. It is acceptable if they know the donor than when the donor is not known. 6.0 Recommendations Implementing the following recommendations can contribute to improving knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices towards male infertility in Nigeria. These will ultimately enhance reproductive health outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals and couples. Education and Awareness Campaigns Implement targeted educational campaigns to raise awareness about male infertility, debunk misconceptions, reduce stigmatization and promote accurate knowledge regarding its causes and treatment options. Various platforms such as community workshops, social media, and health education programs should be utilized to reach a wide audience. Cultural Sensitivity Tailor interventions to the socio-cultural context of Nigeria, recognizing the practices and cultural beliefs’ impacts on attitudes towards the causes of male infertility. Engage community leaders, traditional healers, and religious institutions to facilitate open discussions and promote culturally sensitive approaches to addressing infertility issues. Therapy Services and Support Groups Provide therapy services and support groups for people affected by male infertility as well as couples. These platforms can help people deal with infertility challenges through experience sharing, coping mechanisms, and emotional support. Policy Advocacy Advocate for policies that prioritize reproductive health and address the stigma and discrimination associated with infertility. Collaborate with government agencies, non-governmental organizations and advocacy groups to develop and implement policies that support individuals and couples struggling with infertility. Healthcare Provider Training Give medical professionals training to help them become more knowledgeable and proficient communicators when talking to patients about male infertility, debunk myths and reduce stigmatization. Encourage providers to offer comprehensive reproductive health services, including counselling and referrals for fertility evaluation and treatment when necessary. Research and Data Collection Support further research on knowledge, behaviours, beliefs, and practices relating to men’s infertility in Nigeria to continuously update and inform interventions. Collecting data on a larger scale and over time can provide valuable insights into trends and changes in perceptions and behaviours regarding male infertility. Declarations Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate Ethical approval was obtained for the study from Nile University of Nigeria Health Research Ethics Committee with Approval Number: NUNHREC/2023/01/001/18-09-2023. The research was in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedures for Health Research Ethics Committees, Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria. The consents of participants were obtained before participation in the study. Competing Interests There are no competing interests to be declared by the authors. Consent for Publication Not Applicable Clinical Trial Number Not Applicable Funding Not Applicable Author Contribution CRediT Author StatementI write to confirm that the authors (Titilola T. Obilade, Peter O. Koleoso, Oluchi A. Eke, Faizat F. Adeniran, Nabila S. Musa and Sa’adah G. Ibrahim), participated in the intellectual content of this manuscript. We developed the concept, design, analysis and writing of the manuscript. The contributions are as follow:TTO: Conception of the work, design of the work, data analysis and interpretation, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.POK: Design of the work, data analysis and interpretation, drafting the article, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.OAE: Conception of the work, design of the work, interpretation of results, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.FFA: Design of the work, interpretation of results, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.NSM: Design of the work, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.SGI: Conception of the work, design of the work, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.Authors:Prof. Titilola T. Obilade Dr. Peter O. Koleoso Dr. Oluchi A. EkeDr. Faizat F. AdeniranDr. Nabila S. Musa Dr. Sa’adah G. 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Infertility in sub-Saharan Africa: a woman’s issue for how long? a qualitative review of literature. Open J Soc Sci 2016;4(8):96–102. Ojelabi OA, Osamor PE, Owumi BE. Policies and practices of child adoption in Nigeria: a review paper. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2015;6(1):75–81. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files MaleInfertilityData.xlsx Questionnaire.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Mar, 2025 Editor invited by journal 03 Feb, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Jan, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5902036","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":408565068,"identity":"b5c07a68-88f6-4749-acc4-5da7658dc1b1","order_by":0,"name":"Titilola T. Obilade","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nile University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Titilola","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Obilade","suffix":""},{"id":408565069,"identity":"32de951d-bb7c-45a2-b749-6f968a4991a2","order_by":1,"name":"Peter O. Koleoso","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Nile University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Koleoso","suffix":""},{"id":408565070,"identity":"aa4044b8-64c5-4b31-9cd1-975f653ffa86","order_by":2,"name":"Oluchi A. Eke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nile University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluchi","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Eke","suffix":""},{"id":408565071,"identity":"674f7752-1023-42ff-b757-9a5d7415cd55","order_by":3,"name":"Faizat F. Adeniran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nile University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Faizat","middleName":"F.","lastName":"Adeniran","suffix":""},{"id":408565072,"identity":"d39365b7-15cc-44d2-ba15-bcf40c48b71d","order_by":4,"name":"Nabila S. Musa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nile University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nabila","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Musa","suffix":""},{"id":408565073,"identity":"dca030dc-f6db-4a55-9cf4-176310bd13bd","order_by":5,"name":"Sa’adah G. Ibrahim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nile University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sa’adah","middleName":"G.","lastName":"Ibrahim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-25 13:53:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5902036/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5902036/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75145344,"identity":"152d6a6b-4241-41bb-b5ad-9acc6c2019b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-31 06:33:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2938418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5902036/v1/c5ef7aae-be9e-4d09-a45b-db4bc33891e5.pdf"},{"id":75144618,"identity":"d0eb53c9-eedc-4356-b299-fb771fe3ce78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-31 06:17:10","extension":"xlsx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":45510,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"MaleInfertilityData.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5902036/v1/145261c729a49846d8059a37.xlsx"},{"id":75144617,"identity":"77ea7196-e44a-4f3b-8172-2b583a163bef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-31 06:17:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":129239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Questionnaire.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5902036/v1/274a2f52d20cb19504b7ceef.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Towards the Causes of Male Infertility Among Urology Outpatients in Abuja Hospitals\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eA serious health concern for both men and women is infertility. It is a great concern within cultures with a preference for high fertility, like Sub-Saharan Africa\u0026rsquo;s. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines infertility, a disorder of the reproductive system, as the inability to conceive after engaging in regular, unprotected sexual activity for a minimum of a year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Infertility could be either primary, where the individual has never achieved pregnancy or secondary, where following at least one successful conception, one is unable to achieve pregnancy. Both male and female factors can contribute to infertility. However, lifestyle choices including smoking, binge drinking, and being obese have been linked to increased risks of infertility for both men and women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The inability of a fertile female to conceive after a year of consistent, unprotected sexual activity without any gynaecologic issues is then specifically defined as male infertility. Forty to fifty percent of cases of infertility are caused by it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Male infertility could result from problems with semen ejection or aberrations in sperm number, morphology, or motility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is commonly accepted that around 70\u0026nbsp;million couples globally experience infertility, with couples of reproductive age accounting for up to 15%. Infertility affects 8\u0026ndash;12% of couples worldwide, with males accounting for up to half of the cases and at least 2% of all men exhibiting subnormal sperm parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In Sub-Saharan Africa, it affects between 30 and 50 percent of couples. There are significant differences in prevalence, ranging from 9% in Gambia to 21.2% in northwest Ethiopia, 11.8% among Ghanaian women, 15.8% among Ghanaian males, and between 20 and 30% in Nigeria [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. More than half of the 780 couples that visited the reproductive health clinic of the Women's Health and Action Research Centre in Nigeria in 2002 had various cases of infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Approximately 40% of all gynaecological consultations in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria, were related to infertility, whereas 42.4% of cases in the southwest were attributed to the male factor. Male factor infertility was found to be 40.8% prevalent in Kano and 55\u0026ndash;93% prevalent in Enugu, Eastern Nigeria [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13 CR14\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin many African cultures, a marriage is deemed successful when the couple demonstrates the ability to get pregnant and birth children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. There is a preference for high fertility, particularly for the continuation of family name/bloodline. It is for this reason that there is a preference for male-sex offspring. The borne offspring are also a source of power, pride, and joy for their parents and serve as their parents' insurance in their older age. The male factor in infertility is often neglected, despite accounting for almost half of sterility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The role of men in reproduction has not received enough consideration. It is believed that the male sexual organ can be compared to a mechanical device that is either working or not, implying that males have a far more primitive role in reproduction. Majority of the blame is shouldered by the woman, despite her fertility status as her role in reproduction is much more observable. As society quickly assumes fault in women, infertility care services are much less available for men, especially in developing countries like Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, infertility is a dilemma with the ability to cause instability within individuals and their relationships [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. It can seriously impair the impacted people's overall wellbeing, including psychosocial effects at the household level and society at large. Stigmatization, social exclusion, verbal, and physical abuse from a spouse or in-laws are some of the effects that have been described [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. These could result in permanent disability or even death of affected persons or their loved ones. It can also lead to divorce in infertile couples, exacerbating the mental stress of the affected spouse [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Inaccurate knowledge, negative attitudes, beliefs and practices towards the causes of male fertility only serve to perpetuate the problem and hinder access to early interventions. In this research, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, beliefs and practices around the causes of male infertility amongst urology outpatients at Asokoro and Wuse District Hospitals, Abuja, Nigeria. Abuja is the political capital of Nigeria and being the capital, people from different demographics can be found there.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to WHO, approximately 1 in 6 persons worldwide are affected by infertility in their lifetime [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Male variables are found in 20\u0026ndash;70% of instances of infertility, according to recent meta-analysis research. These results are far more comprehensive than those that have been previously published. However, for a variety of reasons, including cultural limitations, variation in collecting data and a lack of rigorous statistical procedures, the broad range of male infertility in meta-analysis studies may not accurately represent the incidence of this issue globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Infertility was formerly attributed primarily to the female factor but male factor infertility is now commonly recognised to be equally important as female factor infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. However, due to scientific advancements, sperm generation and fertilization are now significantly understood. It is only the male gamete that contains the Y chromosome [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. There has been underreporting of male infertility in many countries due to patriarchal preferences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study conducted in Grenada among college students showed that female students had a more correct knowledge about infertility. All Greek college students had a conspicuous deficiency in fundamental understanding on the reasons for infertility. It was generally believed that women were more likely than males to become infertile for a variety of reasons that are equally dangerous to both sexes. Additionally, the Grenadian study discovered that stigmas associated with male infertility were higher than those associated with female infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. A different research was carried out at a university in southern Nigeria to evaluate 146 university employees' attitudes and degree of awareness regarding male infertility. Over 90% of the participants possessed post-graduate or university degrees. In assessing \u0026ldquo;Knowledge,\u0026rdquo; a score of \u0026ldquo;1\u0026rdquo; was given for a right response, and \u0026ldquo;0\u0026rdquo; for a wrong one. They regarded a total score of between 1 and 5 as poor knowledge, 6\u0026ndash;10 as fair, and 11\u0026ndash;14 as good. According to the survey, over 68% of participants knew a lot about infertility. Roughly 90% of respondents were aware that men were a contributing factor to infertility. Infertility was better perceived by people with post-secondary and university education than by those with only a secondary education. It was discovered that around 11.6% of the respondents continued to have false beliefs on the reasons for infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfertile males in Nigeria typically have a low feeling of self-worth, self-fulfilment and often taunted by his peers in society [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. According to current data, women are more severely impacted by infertility than males are [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In many Middle Eastern countries, women may get frightened and irritated since they are frequently held responsible for infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. They could experience economic hardship, social stigma, community exclusion, divorce, bereavement, terror, marital anguish, domestic abuse, or polygamy. They could even receive life-threatening medical treatments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Economic hardship, social exclusion, loss of social standing, domestic abuse, and ostracised marriages are all possible outcomes for infertile women. Men may unintentionally participate in behaviours that hinder their ability to have biological children if they lack awareness of the variables linked to male infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, male patients have less opportunity to learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatments of male infertility since males are less likely than women to seek medical assessment, whether due to societal pressures, fear, cultural standards, or a lack of health insurance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than half of respondents in a cross-sectional survey carried out in Gambia (2019) to evaluate respondents' perceptions and understanding of male infertility did not know what infertility actually meant. More than 80% correctly identified low sperm count, reproductive organ damage, gonorrhea and lifestyle choices could cause infertility. Overall, 67% and 73% of those surveyed said they knew a lot about infertility and thought it was real. However, despite the high educational level of respondents, some cultural beliefs such as witchcraft being a cause of infertility and infertility being unpreventable persisted. In the study, knowledge and perceptions towards infertility was sub-optimal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2021, men residing in both urban and rural areas of the Gambia's west coast region participated in a similar research. Men in marriages with reproductive issues were included in the research, whether or not an official diagnosis had been established. They broadly attributed infertility to women and believed its causes to be different spiritual and bodily factors. Furthermore, they believed that infertility was God\u0026rsquo;s will and a punishment for one\u0026rsquo;s transgressions in previous life. The spiritual factors were perceived to affect women more often as they believed that women had 'weaker' minds and bodies, which made them more susceptible to spiritual attacks. Interestingly, despite largely attributing infertility to the female factor, the males knew very little about the physical factors that may contribute to female infertility. Other reasons for infertility that were brought up have to do with the women's prior actions, such as female circumcision, delayed marriage, playing sports, etc. The biomedical knowledge of men was generally poor with impotence and poor sperm quality being generally believed to be causes of infertility. However, men with greater levels of education were aware of how lifestyle choices and hormones affect male infertility. The study's findings were very different from comparable research done in the Gambia twenty years earlier, which claimed that infertility was exclusively a female cause. This disparity may reflect advancements in the dissemination of biological information regarding male reproductive health and fertility treatment services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn electronic-based survey was carried out in Canada (2016) to examine the awareness of men on the causes of infertility. The survey involved Canadian males aged between 18\u0026ndash;50 years. Responses were obtained from 701 men. The purpose of the study was to evaluate men's understanding of their own fertility, including risk factors and infertility-related health problems. Only little more than half of the modifiable risk factors for infertility (such as obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, etc) could be accurately identified by participants, despite the fact that over 90% of men thought they knew something about their fertility. However, these respondents were able to identify almost fifty percent of the fixed risk factors responsible for infertility in male. Some of these included genetic aberrations, cancer therapy and age over 45 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The teaching and non-teaching staff of a tertiary institution in southern Nigeria participated in a cross-sectional survey and the results showed that a significant percentage of the respondents believed that infertility requires treatment for both male and female partners. Additionally, over 93% of respondents believed that both partners should share the blame and be investigated and treated medically. The respondents from the study had tertiary or post graduate education. While demographic traits did not significantly correlate with attitudes or understanding about the causes of infertility, the survey did find a significant correlation between educational status and perception of infertility, as well as between perception of infertility and attitudes towards it. This suggests that people with higher levels of education tend to possess a better knowledge of factors responsible for infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study on beliefs and realities of infertility within the Lebanese population was conducted in Lebanon in 2020 over a period of six months and it targeted the general Lebanese population. The findings revealed that 52.7% of the respondents held the belief that women were responsible for couples\u0026rsquo; infertility, while only 3% thought men were to blame. A little more than half (52.5%) believed that infertility was a sickness, whereas the vast majority (93.9%) believed that infertility should be treated medically and that medical therapy for fertility was socially acceptable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study was conducted on male attitudes towards infertility in Europe by Male Reproductive Health Initiative (MRHI) from November 2020 through December 2021. Of the 1,171 males who answered the survey, the majority (86%) were from Europe. 34% of respondents felt badly or conflicted about their infertility, but 59% of males, regardless of global region expressed positively about it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Beliefs About The Causes Of Male Infertility\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen were not regarded as being as crucial to the treatment of infertility as women, according to a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2020 at consenting hospitals and infertility centres in Mumbai, India. Through semi-structured interviews, primary data from 150 men from various socioeconomic backgrounds receiving infertility therapy was gathered. The study's results led to the proposal of a belief and practice hypothesis, which concluded that believed causes of male infertility included late marriage, poor luck, lifestyle, medical conditions, and destiny [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. In a different research carried out in 2011, 447 respondents who were with patients at two tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan, were questioned one-on-one to evaluate their knowledge, perceptions, and misconceptions about infertility. The findings demonstrated that there was still widespread belief in supernatural forces and demonic forces as the cause of infertility, particularly among those with less education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, in a cross-sectional study conducted at a hospital in Karachi, Pakistan in 2019, the goal was to gauge public knowledge of infertility and its causes. An interview-administered questionnaire was used to gather data from participants who were adults (those over the age of 18) using the convenience sample approach. The Cardiff Fertility Knowledge Scale (CFKS) served as the basis for the questionnaire, which evaluated respondents' knowledge of many factors that contribute to infertility, including smoking, leading a healthy lifestyle, using contraceptives, and genital tract infections. In addition, they discovered the correlation between mean knowledge scores and sociodemographic factors. About 50.3% of respondents did not think that infertility is caused by an equal number of males and females. Of the participants, over 65.6% thought that using a contraceptive device was a contributing factor to infertility. Furthermore, 55.9% of the participants thought that a man getting an erection was a sign of fertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. A different research comprising many qualitative investigations was carried out in 1997 with the goal of investigating sociocultural problems related to infertility in Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria. In order to find out how informed people in the community's rural and urban areas felt about infertility, 25 focus groups were conducted. According to the findings, participants in focus groups brought up a number of conventional theories on the origins of infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe goal of a cross-sectional study carried out in 2019 was to use a standardised questionnaire to gather information from 272 participants in two parallel groups - Jakarta and Sumba, which represented the urban and rural populations, respectively. The study was about infertility knowledge, myths, and attitudes as well as willingness to accept infertility therapies. All of the participants were over-18-year-old outpatients who visited the medical facilities between February and June of 2017. The results demonstrated that the rural population's belief in supernatural explanations for infertility was striking. In all groups, there was a widespread misunderstanding regarding the role of contraception as an infertility risk factor. Infertility was considered an illness by half of the responders in both categories. While only 55.4% of respondents in Sumba agreed and 33.1% said that only females should be probed for infertility, 93.4% of respondents in Jakarta agreed that both males and females should be looked into. In Sumba, 41.3% of respondents said infertility was a valid excuse for polygamy, while 34.7% blamed the maternal side for being childless [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.2 Practice Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to a study on the subject, cigarette smoke contains over 7000 chemicals, including highly carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds, which can decline sperm counts in both fertile and infertile males [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study conducted in South Africa found that occupational and environmental factors such as excessive heat exposure, endocrine disruptors, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation could cause reduction in sperm count, mobility, morphology, viability and antioxidant. In the study, exposure to ionizing radiation (such as radiographic testing and radiotherapy for cancer) and non-ionizing radiation (such as cell phones, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) could make the human testes more susceptible to radiation induced damages due to the high sensitivity of the organ. This could lead to the arrest of spermatogenesis and an influx of reactive oxygen species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to a different study carried out in southern Nigeria to determine possible triggers for male infertility, it has been linked to unconventional treatment (native medicine), mild to excessive alcohol intake, and prior exposure to sexually transmitted infections. Infertility was more common in men who reported experiencing recurrent bouts of testicular discomfort, genital ulcers, painful urination, and penile discharges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, 40.8% of the 500 males who were sent to the laboratory from the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital's reproductive clinics had male factor infertility. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida species, Streptococcus species, and the mixed growth of S. aureus and E. coli were among the organisms that were isolated. Asthenospermia, teratospermia, and decreased male reproductive cells density were all significantly influenced by seminal fluid infection. The most common cause of seminal fluid infection, S. aureus, has long been regarded as non-harmful by majority of physicians. They considered it as just a minor contamination and so, can be ignored [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Spermatozoa numbers were frequently reduced and their ability to reproduce was suppressed as a result of these seminal fluid infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe danger of heavy metals (including cadmium, lead, and chromium) in herbal sex enhancement products was estimated by a 2019 study carried out in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The heavy metal concentrations in all of the herbal sex enhancers used in the study were in the following ranges: Cobalt (0.025\u0026ndash;0.075), Lead (0.032\u0026ndash;0593), Chromium (0.016\u0026ndash;0.49) and Cadmium (0.0011\u0026ndash;0.048)mg/kg. The use of several herbal sex enhancement supplements may be harmful following chronic exposure. The metals found in these samples indicated that these herbal sex enhancement pills can increase the burden of heavy metals in the bodies of the exposed population, which could have negative public health effects, such as male infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Objectives of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026apos;s main goal was to evaluate urology outpatients\u0026apos; knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices about the causes of infertility in men at ADH and WDH in Abuja, Nigeria.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe specific objectives include:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. to determine the present level of awareness among urology outpatients in ADH and WDH on the causes of infertility in men;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. to determine the attitudes of urology outpatients in ADH and WDH towards the causes for infertility in men;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. to determine urology outpatient\u0026rsquo;s beliefs in ADH and WDH about their perceived causes of infertility in men;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. to explore practices of urology outpatients in ADH and WDH towards their perceived causes of infertility in men.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in the Asokoro and Wuse District Hospitals during October and November of 2023. Asokoro District Hospital is a tertiary medical centre located in Abuja, Nigeria. It is a 250-bed hospital that serves an estimated 500,000 people annually with promotional, preventive, curative and rehabilitative treatments. The hospital, one of three certified tertiary health facilities in the Federal Territory, is located at geo-coordinates Latitude 9.0464 N* and Longitude 7.5223 *E. The hospital has various clinical departments which includes; Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Internal medicine (which includes Cardiology, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Neurology, and Nephrology) and Surgery (which includes General surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Pediatric surgery, and Urology). In addition to its involvement in health research activities, Asokoro District Hospital is also a designated Centre for the training of medical undergraduates (MBBS), nursing students, house officers, youth corps members and resident doctors.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWuse District Hospital, is tertiary healthcare facility situated in Abuja, Nigeria. It is a 200-bed hospital and serves an estimated 350,000 people annually with promotional, preventative, curative, and rehabilitative treatments. The hospital, one of three certified tertiary health facilities in the Federal Territory, is located at geo-coordinates Latitude 9.06351 N* and Longitude 7.4689 *E. The hospital has various clinical departments which includes Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Internal medicine (which includes Cardiology, Endocrinology and Nephrology) and Surgery (which includes General surgery, Plastic surgery, Orthopedic surgery and Urology). In addition to its involvement in health research activities, Wuse District Hospital is also a designated Centre for the training of medical undergraduates (MBBS), nursing students, house officers, youth corps members and resident doctors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Study Design And Sample Size Determination\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours of urology outpatients in ADH and WDH about the causes of infertility in men. The study included willing and consenting males attending the urology outpatient clinics at ADH and WDH. The following are the criteria for participating in the study:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion Criterion\u003c/strong\u003e: Must be 18 years of age or older;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExclusion Criterion\u003c/strong\u003e: Mentally incapacitated outpatients.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Leslie Fisher Formula was used to determine the sample size:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:n=\\frac{{z}^{2}p(1-p)}{{d}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e,\u003cp\u003ewhere;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;minimum sample size;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ez\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard normal deviation;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prevalence of the problem is up to 50% = 0.5; [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsing the hypothesis testing method, Nigeria\u0026rsquo;s prevalence of infertility in men is approximately 50% = 0.50;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Precision level that is desired is 7.3% = 0.073;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:n=\\frac{{1.96}^{2}\\left(0.5\\right)(1-0.5)}{{0.073}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e,\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:n=180$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e.\u003cp\u003eRequired sample size factoring percentage of non-response\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180/0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:n=200$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Sampling Techniques for the Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study used a convenience sampling approach. Every urology outpatient that fit our criteria was approached for study participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Ethics Clearance and Participation Consent\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Nile University of Nigeria Health Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for the study. The study was fully explained to all possible participants, and informed consent was requested and obtained. They were informed that participation was optional and confidentiality would be ensured. No rewards were offered in exchange for participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Collection of Data\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA tested and standardized questionnaire that was self- administered was employed for this study. The questionnaires were pre-tested by a group of 15 male patients attending the urology clinic who were later excluded from the study. This was carried out to identify unclear issues and eliminate any ambiguities in the questionnaire, for proper understanding among prospective respondents. Following the pre-test, questionnaires were distributed to 200 patients divided between ADH and WDH between October 2023 and November 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Study Instruments\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.7.1 Quantitative Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study made use of a pre-tested, structured, self-administered questionnaire that was modified from other research [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. The questionnaire comprised of 5 sections according to specific research objectives.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSection A -\u003c/strong\u003e This section included seven enquiries pertaining to the respondents\u0026apos; sociodemographic traits.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSection B \u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e With nine questions, the respondents\u0026apos; understanding of the reasons behind male infertility was evaluated in this section.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSection C -\u003c/strong\u003e This section assessed attitudes of the respondents towards the causes of male infertility with five questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSection D -\u003c/strong\u003e This section had seven questions to determine the beliefs the respondents have on the causes of male infertility.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSection E -\u003c/strong\u003e This section had six questions to determine the respondents practices towards the causes of male infertility.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Analysis of the Data\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data was analysed using version 20 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. A test for association (Chi-square test) between categorical variables at 5% significance level was carried out.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect answers received one point for knowledge, while wrong and unknown answers received zero points. The lowest possible score was zero, and the highest was 17. Each participant received a score, and their knowledge grades were determined by adding together all of their scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge was ranked as poor (0\u0026ndash;6), moderate (7\u0026ndash;12) and good (13\u0026ndash;17). Attitude scores were calculated for each participant with percentages calculated thereafter. A percentage score\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;50% denoted a poor attitude and a score\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50% denoted a good attitude.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Descriptive Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution Of Respondents By The Sociodemographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (Years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.721\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohabitating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete Secondary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete Secondary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete Tertiary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete Tertiary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHausa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupational Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf Employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiological Children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of Children (If yes)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation, NR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No Response\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e above provides a distribution of respondents based on various socioeconomic characteristics. The respondents\u0026rsquo; age varied from below 30 to over 50 years, with mean age and standard deviation as 47.26 years and 15.721, respectively. Majority was married with a percentage of 74.10%. In terms of religion, the majority identified as Christians (73.10%). Educational status shows a diverse range, with the highest percentage having completed tertiary education (58.50%). The ethnicity of respondents was predominantly Igbo (29.20%), followed by Yoruba (13.00%), Hausa (9.40%), and others. Occupational status varied, with the highest percentage being employed (36.80%), followed by self-employed individuals (29.50%). Most respondents had biological children (72.00%), with the number of children ranging from none to over six, and a mean of 2.91 children and a standard deviation of 2.575.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; Knowledge Of Male Infertility Causes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency(f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter how many months of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse can a man be diagnosed as infertile?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;6 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale infertility is inherited\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLow sperm count causes infertility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInfertility is caused by infections contracted by sexual contact\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDamage to sexual organs can cause infertility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTight underwear for men causes infertility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConstant heat around sexual organs causes infertility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCigarettes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRecreational drugs (cocaine, morphine, marijuana)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTestosterone replacement therapy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHerbal teas/concoctions (Mai shayi/ special teas)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eViagra\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLong term use of steroids\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemotherapy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAfrican fan palm (Muruchi/Dubbe/Agbon Oludu/ kemelutu)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStress can lead to infertility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No Response; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of Respondents\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that a significant amount of 155 respondents (80.30%) do not know how long it will take for a man to be diagnosed as infertile after regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. Low sperm count correctly identified to be a cause of infertility by 173 respondents (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;90%). Damage to sexual organs was also identified to be a possible cause of infertility by 172 respondents (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;90%). One hundred and thirty-six respondents (70.50%) recognized that infertility can be caused by sexually transmitted infections. Up to 127 respondents (65.80%) consider alcohol consumption to be a possible cause of infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Grade Of Respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Level (Score)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor knowledge (0\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate knowledge (7\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood Knowledge (13\u0026ndash;17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that the level of knowledge amongst the respondents was mostly moderate, with 130 respondents (67.40%) obtaining knowledge scores between 7 and 12. Only 15 respondents exhibited good knowledge, while 48 respondents exhibited poor knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAttitudes Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents Attitudes Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitudes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale infertility is a disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(31.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(14.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(54.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.899\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is shameful for a man to be infertile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(43.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(14.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(41.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf a couple is infertile, the man should be investigated first\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(36.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(22.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(41.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.881\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf a couple is infertile, the woman should be investigated first\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(38.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(31.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(29.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf a couple is infertile, they should be investigated together\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(7.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(87.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Disagree; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Neutral; A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Agree; NR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No Response; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows respondents attitudes towards male infertility, using a Likert scale. The majority view it as a disease, with 54.7% agreeing. However, a larger fraction of the respondents (43.7%) disagree about the perceived shame associated with it. With regards to the way infertility among a couple should be investigated, 87.50% agree that the couple should be investigated together, rather than individually.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude Score Of Respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eATTITUDE SCORE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFREQUENCY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePERCENTAGE (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Score\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Score\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e192\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe attitude scores of the respondents towards male infertility are shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Majority of the respondents (66.1%) had positive attitudes (score\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50%) towards male infertility. Only 65 (33.9%) respondents had negative attitudes (score\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50%) towards male infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBeliefs Relating To The Reasons For Male Fertility Problems\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; Beliefs On The Reasons for Male Fertility Problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeliefs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitchcraft can cause infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(47.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(22.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(30.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly male circumcision can cause infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(76.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(15.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(8.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarrying more than one wife will prevent infertility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(76.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(13.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarrying a virgin female will prevent infertility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(80.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(7.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf a man is not sexually active by age 25, he will become infertile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(68.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(14.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.729\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular testing for sexually transmitted infections will prevent infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(63.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot all men can impregnate women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(15.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(76.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Disagree; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Neutral; A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Agree; NR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No response\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) reveals a wide range of beliefs among respondents regarding the reasons for male fertility problems. Almost fifty percent of the respondents do not believe that witchcraft can cause male infertility. Over 70% of respondents do not believe early male circumcision can cause infertility. More than seventy percent of respondents disagree with the idea that marrying multiple wives or marrying a virgin female can prevent infertility. The belief that not all men can impregnate women received higher agreement (76.6%), with a mean score of 2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.736. The belief that regular testing for sexually transmitted infections would prevent infertility also garnered higher agreement (63.5%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePractices Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents Practices Towards The Causes Of Male Infertility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Would you take herbal supplements to treat infertility?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e192\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. If confirmed as infertile, would you tell your wife/partner?\u0026nbsp;(If yes, skip question 3)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e189\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. If \u0026ldquo;no\u0026rdquo; in question 2, would you let your wife/partner take the blame?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;179\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. If clinically diagnosed with infertility, will\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyou consider any of the options below\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAccept it as fate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e181\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdoption of a known child\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e184\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdoption of an unknown child\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e183\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIVF- using sperm of a known person\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e181\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIVF- using sperm of an unknown person\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e180\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOther options (please specify)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Would you seek spiritual help for infertility?\u0026nbsp;(If no, skip question 6)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e191\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. If \u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo; in question 33, which options would you consider?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFaith based organizations e.g., churches, mosques\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e128\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraditional healers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e128\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHerbalists\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e123\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOther options (please specify)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Have you ever been diagnosed as infertile by a medical doctor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e178\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows respondents' perspectives on infertility, their willingness to take herbal supplements, disclose infertility, and consider adoption. The majority (62.50%) expressed willingness to take herbal supplements, while (37.50%) would not. A significant proportion (88.90%) would inform their partner if infertile. The majority (65.70%) would accept infertility as fate. Over fifty percent considered adopting a known child, while 44.60% would not. Over sixty percent of respondents would not consider IVF whether they knew the donor or not. Most (64.40%) would seek spiritual help, with options including faith-based organizations, traditional healers, and herbalists. A very small (6.70%) fraction of respondents reported ever being diagnosed as infertile by a medical professional doctor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Of Association Between Sociodemographic And Level Of Respondents\u0026rsquo; Knowledge On Causes Of Infertility in Men\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge towards the causes of male infertility\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete Secondary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete Secondary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete Tertiary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(14.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete Tertiary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(70.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(56.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e130(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e contains the results of the test of associations between the educational level and respondents\u0026rsquo; knowledge on the causes of infertility in men at 0.05 significance level. Educational status was found to be statistically significant, with respondents who had tertiary education possessing significant higher levels of knowledge (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042). The study found that age, marital status, religion, ethnicity, and occupational status were insignificant factors, not influencing knowledge levels about infertility causes in men.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Of Association Between Sociodemographic And Attitudes Towards Infertility Causes in Men\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude towards infertility causes in men\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (Years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(14.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(26.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(15.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(9.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(44.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(44.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e127(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e65(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.020\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(16.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(32.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(80.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced, Widowed and Separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e127(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e65(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows the analyses of associations between sociodemographic variables (age and marital status) and attitudes towards the causes of male infertility. The results revealed significant findings for some factors at 5% significance level. Age emerged as a statistically significant determinant of attitudes (χ\u0026sup2; = 9.376, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025) with those aged over fifty displaying favorable attitudes toward male infertility causes. Married males exhibited statistically significant positive attitudes as well (χ\u0026sup2; = 7.870, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion, ethnicity, occupational status and educational status showed no significant associations, suggesting that these variables do not significantly shape their attitudes towards the causes of male infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Of Association Between Sociodemographic And Belief On Infertility Causes in Men\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeliefs towards infertility causes in men\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary School Completed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary School Uncompleted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary-School Uncompleted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary School Completed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary School Uncompleted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary School Completed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(55.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(35.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e132(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20(100.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e presents an analysis of the association between sociodemographic variable (educational status) and beliefs regarding the etiology of male infertility. Notably, educational status emerged as a statistically significant determinant influencing these beliefs (χ\u0026sup2; = 27.192, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), underscoring the profound impact of respondents' educational backgrounds on their perceptions the causes of male infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Of Association Between Sociodemographic And Their Practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCROSS TABULATION OF VARIABLES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE (P-Value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRACTICE \u0026amp; AGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistically Insignificant (0.614)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRACTICE \u0026amp; MARITAL STATUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistically Insignificant (0.535)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRACTICE \u0026amp; RELIGION\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistically Insignificant (0.112)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRACTICE \u0026amp; EDUCATIONAL STATUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistically Insignificant (0.362)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRACTICE \u0026amp; ETHNICITY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistically Insignificant (0.954)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRACTICE \u0026amp; OCCUPATIONAL STATUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistically Insignificant (0.405)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, the association between sociodemographic variables and practices associated with infertility among the respondents were assessed with a Chi-square test. The analysis revealed that age was not significantly associated with infertility-related practices (χ\u0026sup2; = 1.806, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.614), suggesting that the diverse age groups in the sample did not exhibit distinct patterns in their approaches to infertility. These findings imply that individuals across different age brackets, marital statuses, religious affiliations, and educational backgrounds tended to share similar perspectives and practices concerning infertility. Despite the non-significant trend in occupational status (χ\u0026sup2; = 5.086, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.405), further exploration may be warranted to delve into potential subtle influences that occupational factors might exert on practices related to infertility within specific subsets of the respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur research sought to learn more about the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of urology outpatients at ADH and WDH in Abuja, Nigeria, on the reasons of infertility among men. The study included men from the major ethnic and religious groups at various educational levels in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. To report various categorical variables, a descriptive analysis was carried out. The study's participants were between the ages of 18 and 80, and most of them have tertiary education. The level of knowledge amongst the respondents was mostly moderate, with 130 (67.40%) obtaining scores between 7\u0026ndash;12. Only 15 (7.8%) showed a strong understanding of the reasons for male infertility. Additionally, the majority of 127 (66.1%) had a positive outlook on the reasons for male infertility. Only 20 (19.70%) respondents correctly understood that the diagnosis of infertility typically occurs after more than a year of consistent, unprotected sexual activity. This is comparable to a research conducted in Pakistan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], in which just 25% of participants accurately defined what infertility meant. As this knowledge will influence the timing of treatment, which should not be delayed or premature, it is important that one has correct knowledge. Beliefs about the hereditary nature of male infertility vary, with a majority considering it false. The awareness of the impact of low sperm count on infertility is high, as is the recognition that sexually transmitted infections could cause infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the respondents acknowledged the influence of factors including; damage to sexual organs (172 (89.10%)), tight underwear (99 (51.30%)), and constant heat around sexual organs on male infertility (126 (65.30%)). Majority correctly identified alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and recreational drug use as possible reasons for infertility in men. These outcomes support the findings in previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost respondents (84 (43.7%)) disagree with the notion that it is shameful for a man to be infertile. This suggests a relatively open attitude or reduced stigma on the problem of infertility in men. The relatively low endorsement of shame associated with male infertility suggests a potential positive shift in societal attitudes, fostering an environment conducive to open discussions and seeking appropriate medical interventions. This positive shift is also reflected in the attitude score, where 127 (66.1%) obtained a positive attitude scores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajority of the respondents 168 (87.5%) strongly agreed that the couple should be investigated together, reflecting a collective perspective that emphasizes joint exploration and shared responsibility in addressing fertility concerns. An Indonesian study had similar findings with a greater proportion of respondents agreeing that infertility is a disease and that the couple should be investigated together [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar observations were made in a study in South-South Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. A lower finding (40%) was reported in another study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings from our study showed that 91 (47.4%) respondents disagree with the statement \u0026ldquo;Witchcraft can cause infertility\u0026rdquo; with 42 (22%) remaining neutral. Despite having tertiary education, a significant number of respondents still harbor this belief. This is consistent with a research where 40.8% and 31.6% of female and male students respectively, believed voodoo to be a causative factor for male infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. That suggests that traditional beliefs one is born into or grows up with persist even with higher education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurprisingly, this study revealed that up to 76.1% disagree with the notion that marrying more than one wife will prevent infertility and 80.2% disagree that marrying a virgin will prevent infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result is unexpected as it is often believed in sub-Saharan Africa that women who struggle with infertility have a history of promiscuous behaviour or fornication [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. The majority (63.5%) believe regular testing for sexually transmitted infections will prevent infertility. It has been well documented that sexually transmitted infections, especially when poorly treated or untreated, could compromise fertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the prevalence of this belief shows men have better knowledge of possible causes of male infertility and preventive measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the practices of respondents towards the causes of male infertility. The majority would not consider in vitro fertilization (IVF). Notably, 130 respondents (72.20%) would not consider IVF using the sperm of a person they do not know. Over half of respondents would consider adoption of a \u0026ldquo;known\u0026rdquo; child but only 78 (42.60%) would consider adopting an \u0026ldquo;unknown\u0026rdquo; child. Perhaps, this is perhaps, a result of fears described by a study carried out in 2015. Nigerians fear that children whose biological parents are unidentified could be children of a criminal or prostitute and if so, the adopted child could turn out the same in future [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly 123 (64.40%) respondents would seek spiritual help for male infertility, with the majority (60%) opting to turn to faith-based organizations (e.g., mosques). More respondents gave affirmative responses to use of spiritual help, as compared to non-faith-based therapies (e.g., IVF). This explained the strong role of religion in Nigeria. It is strongly believed that power of faith alone can treat infertility. A study in Grenada had similar findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test of association revealed that tertiary educated persons have better knowledge on the causes of infertility. Notably, educational status emerged as a statistically significant determinant influencing these beliefs (χ\u0026sup2; = 136.462, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), underscoring the profound impact of respondents' educational backgrounds on their perceptions of the causes of male infertility. Age emerged as a statistically significant determinant of attitudes (χ\u0026sup2; = 21.821, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.040), highlighting that different age groups among the respondents hold varying perspectives on the causes of male infertility.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5.0 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e The research has provided a valuable understanding into the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices surrounding the reasons for infertility in men among urology outpatients in Asokoro and Wuse District Hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe knowledge of respondents towards the causes of infertility is below average in this research with a significant number of respondents being unable to identify the correct meaning of infertility. Interestingly, compared to earlier research where respondents expressed unfavorable attitudes toward the causes of infertility in men, most respondents had positive attitudes in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to previous studies, the prevalence of misconceptions including beliefs regarding the role of witchcraft in infertility has significantly decreased. Upon exploring the practices, a significant number of respondents stated that they would treat infertility with herbal supplements and accept the diagnosis as their fate if they were to become infertile. Respondents were less receptive to medical interventions such as IVF. It is acceptable if they know the donor than when the donor is not known.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6.0 Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eImplementing the following recommendations can contribute to improving knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices towards male infertility in Nigeria. These will ultimately enhance reproductive health outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals and couples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEducation and Awareness Campaigns\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplement targeted educational campaigns to raise awareness about male infertility, debunk misconceptions, reduce stigmatization and promote accurate knowledge regarding its causes and treatment options. Various platforms such as community workshops, social media, and health education programs should be utilized to reach a wide audience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCultural Sensitivity\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eTailor interventions to the socio-cultural context of Nigeria, recognizing the practices and cultural beliefs\u0026rsquo; impacts on attitudes towards the causes of male infertility. Engage community leaders, traditional healers, and religious institutions to facilitate open discussions and promote culturally sensitive approaches to addressing infertility issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTherapy Services and Support Groups\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eProvide therapy services and support groups for people affected by male infertility as well as couples. These platforms can help people deal with infertility challenges through experience sharing, coping mechanisms, and emotional support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePolicy Advocacy\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvocate for policies that prioritize reproductive health and address the stigma and discrimination associated with infertility. Collaborate with government agencies, non-governmental organizations and advocacy groups to develop and implement policies that support individuals and couples struggling with infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHealthcare Provider Training\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eGive medical professionals training to help them become more knowledgeable and proficient communicators when talking to patients about male infertility, debunk myths and reduce stigmatization. Encourage providers to offer comprehensive reproductive health services, including counselling and referrals for fertility evaluation and treatment when necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eResearch and Data Collection\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport further research on knowledge, behaviours, beliefs, and practices relating to men\u0026rsquo;s infertility in Nigeria to continuously update and inform interventions. Collecting data on a larger scale and over time can provide valuable insights into trends and changes in perceptions and behaviours regarding male infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained for the study from Nile University of Nigeria Health Research Ethics Committee with Approval Number: NUNHREC/2023/01/001/18-09-2023. The research was in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedures for Health Research Ethics Committees, Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria. The consents of participants were obtained before participation in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are no competing interests to be declared by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eClinical Trial Number\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCRediT Author StatementI write to confirm that the authors (Titilola T. Obilade, Peter O. Koleoso, Oluchi A. Eke, Faizat F. Adeniran, Nabila S. Musa and Sa\u0026rsquo;adah G. Ibrahim), participated in the intellectual content of this manuscript. We developed the concept, design, analysis and writing of the manuscript. The contributions are as follow:TTO: Conception of the work, design of the work, data analysis and interpretation, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.POK: Design of the work, data analysis and interpretation, drafting the article, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.OAE: Conception of the work, design of the work, interpretation of results, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.FFA: Design of the work, interpretation of results, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.NSM: Design of the work, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.SGI: Conception of the work, design of the work, revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.Authors:Prof. Titilola T. Obilade Dr. Peter O. Koleoso Dr. Oluchi A. EkeDr. Faizat F. AdeniranDr. Nabila S. Musa Dr. Sa\u0026rsquo;adah G. Ibrahim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets are provided as supplementary files. The data files can also be obtained through this link: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/fyk47fnhfs/1\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). International classification of diseases. 11th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-2018-who-releases-new-international-classification-of-diseases-(icd-11). Accessed: 28th December, 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). Infertility. World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/infertility. Accessed: 28th December 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBassey IE, Isiwele EM, Omotoso A, Ushie ED, Ekwere PD. Knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards male infertility: a cross sectional survey in a tertiary institution in South-Southern Nigeria. Int J Dental and Medical Sciences Research 2018;2(4):22\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTabong PT-N, Adongo PB. Understanding the social meaning of infertility and childbearing: a qualitative study of the perception of childbearing and childlessness in Northern Ghana. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e54429.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParrott FR. \u0026ldquo;At the hospital I learnt the truth\u0026rdquo;: diagnosing male infertility in rural Malawi. Anthropol Med 2014;21(2):174\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHollos M, Whitehouse B. Women in limbo: life course consequences of infertility in a Nigerian community. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2014;17(3):188\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsemota OA, Klatsky P. Access to infertility care in the developing world: the family promotion gap. Semin Reprod Med 2015;33(1):17\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Collaboration Centre for Women and Children Health (2012) Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeelhoed DW, Nayembil D, Asare K, Schagen van LJH, van Roosmalen J. Infertility in rural Ghana. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;79(2):137\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkinloye O, Truter EJ. A review of management of infertility in Nigeria: framing the ethics of a national health policy. Int J Womens Health 2011;3:265\u0026ndash;75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkonofua F, Omo-Aghoja LO, Menakaya U, Onemu SO, Bergstrom S. A case-control study of risk factors for male infertility in Southern Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol 2006;22(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIkechebelu JI, Adinma JIB, Orie EF, Ikegwuonu SO. High prevalence of male infertility in southeastern Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;23(6):657\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIdrisa A, Kawuwa MB, Habu SA, Adebayo AEA. Prolactin levels among infertile women in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;20(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOnwudiegwu U, Bako A. Male contribution to infertility in a Nigerian community. J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;13(2):135\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChukudebelu WO. The male factor in infertility--Nigerian experience. Int J Fertil. 1978;23(3):238\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBamidele R, Pelumi O. Childlessness and its socio-cultural implication on married couples within some selected Yoruba communities South-West Nigeria; Int J of Innovative Social Sciences \u0026amp; Humanities Research 2017;5(1):42\u0026ndash;54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmokpae MA, Uadia PO, Sadiq NM. Contribution of bacterial infection to male infertility in Nigerians. 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Transl Androl Urol 2018;7(Suppl 3):S303\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOluwole EO, Fakayode DO, Olufela EO, Akinsola OJ, Ojo OY. Knowledge and perception of infertility among adult males in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2021;19(2):131\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDierickx S, Oruko KO, Clarke E, Ceesay S, Pacey A, Balen J. Men and infertility in The Gambia: limited biomedical knowledge and awareness discourage male involvement and exacerbate gender-based impacts of infertility. PLoS One 2021;16(11): e0260084.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSahakian J-PKK, El Helou E, Azoury J, Salameh L, Abou Jaoude I, Sleilaty G. Infertility within the Lebanese population: beliefs and realities. Middle East Fertil Soc J 2020;25(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Jonge CJ, Gellatly SA, Vazquez-Levin MH, Barratt CLR, Rautakallio-Hokkanen S. Male attitudes towards infertility: Results from a global questionnaire. 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Male infertility in Nigeria: a neglected reproductive health issue requiring attention. J Basic Clin Reprod Sci 2015;4(2):45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbiona AO. Knowledge And perception of married men towards infertility and its management in Ede North Local Government Osun State, Nigeria. [Nigeria]: University of Ibadan; 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar N, Singh AK. Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of the literature. J Hum Reprod Sci 2015;8(4):191\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbolfotouh MA, Alabdrabalnabi AA, Albacker RB, Al-Jughaiman UA, Hassan SN. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of infertility among Saudi couples. Int J Gen Med 2013;6:563\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePearce TO. She will not be listened to in public: perceptions among the Yoruba of infertility and childlessness in women. 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Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2015;6(1):75\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-urology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"buro","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Urology](http://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/buro/default.aspx","title":"BMC Urology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Male Infertility, Urology, Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, Practices, Outpatient","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5902036/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5902036/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Infertility is a pressing concern globally, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where cultural preferences for high fertility exacerbate its impact. While both gender (female and male) factors contribute to infertility, male infertility is often overlooked despite accounting for a significant portion of cases. In Sub-Saharan Africa, infertility prevalence varies widely, with notable percentage (40% – 50%) reported in Nigeria. Cultural norms often place emphasis on male offspring, adding pressure on couples facing infertility. Despite its profound psychosocial impact, infertility care, especially for men, is limited in developing countries like Nigeria. This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices towards the causes of male infertility amongst urology outpatients in Wuse District Hospital (WDH) and Asokoro District Hospital (ADH), \u0026nbsp;Abuja, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003eA quantitative study was carried out amongst urology outpatients in ADH and WDH. Pre-tested questionnaires were distributed to 200 male urology outpatients. The study was analyzed by summary statistics and a test of association (Chi-square test) was carried out with SPSS 20.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Respondents demonstrated a modest understanding of the factors that contribute to male infertility (130 (67.40%)), with only a small percentage exhibiting good knowledge (15 (7.8%)). Low sperm count and the impact of sexually transmitted infections were widely recognized, misconceptions regarding supernatural causes like witchcraft persisted among a significant proportion of respondents (58(30.40%)). Attitudes towards male infertility varied, with a notable proportion expressing openness and reduced stigma surrounding the condition. The majority of respondents advocated for joint investigation of infertility issues within couples, indicating a shared responsibility approach. Practices related to seeking help for male infertility revealed a preference for spiritual interventions over medical treatments, reflecting the strong influence of religion in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e The study’s outcomes reflect the complexity of beliefs and practices surrounding male infertility in the study population, emphasizing the necessity of culturally competent healthcare practices and focused educational initiatives to dispel misconceptions and promote reproductive health literacy.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Towards the Causes of Male Infertility Among Urology Outpatients in Abuja Hospitals","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-31 06:09:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5902036/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-23T12:22:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"27385476467629013599714317537546072667","date":"2026-04-20T12:04:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"127968961124081823740641088226901733507","date":"2025-03-20T14:17:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-04T16:14:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-02-03T21:16:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-01-29T09:56:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-01-29T09:53:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Urology","date":"2025-01-25T13:48:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-urology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"buro","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Urology](http://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/buro/default.aspx","title":"BMC Urology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"05ea09df-1597-4ddc-b3a4-c663594d97b9","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-31T06:09:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-31 06:09:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5902036","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5902036","identity":"rs-5902036","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}