A Novel Algorithm for Early Detection and Prevention of Rushing Attack in AODV MANETs

A Novel Algorithm for Early Detection and Prevention of Rushing Attack in AODV MANETs | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Novel Algorithm for Early Detection and Prevention of Rushing Attack in AODV MANETs Teamerat M. Asres, Getaneh A. Zimbele, Tewodros M. Kifle This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7829564/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) attacks can be classified into active and passive attacks. Among active attacks, the rushing attack is one of the basic network layer attacks. In MANET, it early exploits the duplicate suppression mechanism of Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol by quickly forwarding the RREQ packet to neighboring nodes without processing it, to influence a source node to include the rushed node in its route, which leads to data loss when transmitting the data packet to the correct destination node. This Early Rushing Attack Detection and Prevention in AODV MANETs (E-RADP) paper is proposed to fill this gap. To advance the security of our proposed algorithm, threshold value, ratio, and intermediate delay are introduced in rushing attack detection and prevention processes. For the performance analysis, the network simulator NS2.35 is used. The proposed protocol is compared with AODV, Prevention of Multiple Rushing Attacks Using AODV Routing Protocol (PMRA), and Rushing Attack Prevention with modified AODV (MAODV) based on true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative values of normal and malicious nodes, and throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. E-RADP improves the rushing attack detection rate (DR), throughput, and packet loss rate (PLR) of existing protocols. It also improves the end-to-end delay (E2ED) of existing protocols when a rushing node is present in a MANET. Thus, the performance analysis shows that E-RADP is highly secure and faster than existing algorithms. We make the codes, and data for our E-RADP publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15475513 . AODV Intrusion Prevention MANET Ratio RREQ Time Rushing Attack Time Stamp Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7829564","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":538625656,"identity":"6b28b0c4-1b08-44b1-b7e1-edd6beb7b2f1","order_by":0,"name":"Teamerat M. 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MANETs","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"wireless-personal-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wire","sideBox":"Learn more about [Wireless Personal Communications](https://www.springer.com/journal/11277)","snPcode":"11277","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11277/3","title":"Wireless Personal Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"AODV, Intrusion Prevention, MANET, Ratio, RREQ Time, Rushing Attack, Time Stamp ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7829564/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7829564/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) attacks can be classified into active and passive attacks. Among active attacks, the rushing attack is one of the basic network layer attacks. In MANET, it early exploits the duplicate suppression mechanism of Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol by quickly forwarding the RREQ packet to neighboring nodes without processing it, to influence a source node to include the rushed node in its route, which leads to data loss when transmitting the data packet to the correct destination node. This Early Rushing Attack Detection and Prevention in AODV MANETs (E-RADP) paper is proposed to fill this gap.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo advance the security of our proposed algorithm, threshold value, ratio, and intermediate delay are introduced in rushing attack detection and prevention processes. For the performance analysis, the network simulator NS2.35 is used. The proposed protocol is compared with AODV, Prevention of Multiple Rushing Attacks Using AODV Routing Protocol (PMRA), and Rushing Attack Prevention with modified AODV (MAODV) based on true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative values of normal and malicious nodes, and throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. E-RADP improves the rushing attack detection rate (DR), throughput, and packet loss rate (PLR) of existing protocols. It also improves the end-to-end delay (E2ED) of existing protocols when a rushing node is present in a MANET. Thus, the performance analysis shows that E-RADP is highly secure and faster than existing algorithms. We make the codes, and data for our E-RADP publicly available at \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15475513\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5281/zenodo.15475513\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Novel Algorithm for Early Detection and Prevention of Rushing Attack in AODV MANETs","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-04 15:22:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7829564/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"158412884123362194789152568089649064429","date":"2025-10-24T03:32:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-23T07:42:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-23T07:38:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T05:34:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Wireless Personal Communications","date":"2025-10-10T18:19:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"wireless-personal-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wire","sideBox":"Learn more about [Wireless Personal Communications](https://www.springer.com/journal/11277)","snPcode":"11277","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11277/3","title":"Wireless Personal Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"09b76370-c107-4988-9015-2d651d664256","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-04T15:22:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-04 15:22:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7829564","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7829564","identity":"rs-7829564","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}