Proximate causes of infertility and embryo mortality in captive zebra finches

Abstract Some species show high rates of reproductive failure, which is puzzling because natural selection works against such failure in every generation. Hatching failure is common in both captive and wild zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ), yet little is known about its proximate causes. Here we analyze data on reproductive performance (fate of >23,000 eggs) based on up to 14 years of breeding of four captive zebra finch populations. We find that virtually all aspects of reproductive performance are negatively affected by inbreeding (mean r = -0.117), by an early-starting, age-related decline (mean r = -0.132), and by poor early-life nutrition (mean r = - 0.058). However, these effects together explain only about 3% of the variance in infertility, offspring mortality, fecundity and fitness. In contrast, individual repeatability of different fitness components varied between 15% and 50%. As expected, we found relatively low heritability in fitness components (median: 7% of phenotypic, and 29% of individually repeatable variation). Yet, some of the heritable variation in fitness appears to be maintained by antagonistic pleiotropy (negative genetic correlations) between male fitness traits and female and offspring fitness traits. The large amount of unexplained variation suggests a potentially important role of local dominance and epistasis, including the possibility of segregating genetic incompatibilities.