Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) in Aquatic Environments and Soil-Plant Ecosystems: Transformation, Toxicity, and Environ-Mental Challenge

The ever-increasing use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in industries, medicine, and consumer products has resulted in their uncontrolled release into aquatic environments and soil-plant systems. ENPs may transform and release toxic by-products upon release, raising concerns about their environmental behavior and potential risks. However, accurately measuring ENP concentrations in these ecosystems remains a significant challenge. Recent studies have highlighted the toxic effects of ENPs on various organisms, but assessing the risk in aquatic and soil-plant systems remains a critical issue in nanoecotoxicology. ENPs interact with environmental materials, including organic matter, soil, sludge, and other pollutants, forming complex assemblies that may alter their toxicity and environmental fate. This study examines the interactions of ENPs in aquatic and soil-plant environments, focusing on their transformation, toxicity, and ecological impact. The goal is to identify knowledge gaps and outline directions for future consideration for a better understanding of the environmental risks of ENPs. Additionally, the research addresses the challenges of evaluating nanotoxicity and highlights the need for improved environmental regulations and assessment techniques for engineered nanomaterials.