Using unmanned aerial systems for observations of water wave characteristics 

Using unmanned aerial systems for observations of water wave characteristics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Using unmanned aerial systems for observations of water wave characteristics Vivek Bheeroo, Soo Bum Bae, Mu-Jung Lee, Scott A. Socolofsky, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429620/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Experiments in Fluids → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Dominant wave groups within a wavefield play key hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes. Herein, we present a method to detect and measure the parameters of these waves, such as their wavelength, propagation angle and period. Image sequences of the free surface are captured with the use of a commercial unmanned aerial system. A snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition analysis is then applied to the image sequence, and a 2D autocorrelation is performed on the resulting modes. By detecting the mode with the highest correlation peak, it is then possible to infer the wave properties of the dominant wave. The outlined procedure is applied to ocean waves, shorter waves along a river and propagating ship wakes. Our results demonstrate an improvement in the Signal-to-Noise ratio of the peak wave signal to ambient noise over the more widely used Fast Fourier Transform approach. Unmanned aerial systems Dominant waves Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Fast Fourier Transform Autocorrelation Ship wakes Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Experiments in Fluids → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 14 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 05 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 22 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 17 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 17 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 16 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4429620","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":307624444,"identity":"7eaba256-59dd-49ee-80f0-63bfdfc657d8","order_by":0,"name":"Vivek Bheeroo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Texas A\u0026M University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vivek","middleName":"","lastName":"Bheeroo","suffix":""},{"id":307624447,"identity":"5b9b84b1-e40c-498a-a384-a1595d9b2432","order_by":1,"name":"Soo Bum Bae","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Texas A\u0026M University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soo","middleName":"Bum","lastName":"Bae","suffix":""},{"id":307624453,"identity":"d5e5a1ea-81ef-4615-ac6c-23d8b53037bd","order_by":2,"name":"Mu-Jung Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Texas A\u0026M University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mu-Jung","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":307624455,"identity":"759ebe64-dc67-43c2-a7b0-01292f4ad58b","order_by":3,"name":"Scott A. Socolofsky","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Texas A\u0026M University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Scott","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Socolofsky","suffix":""},{"id":307624461,"identity":"bf07583e-c941-42c7-a906-846f6ec2eebc","order_by":4,"name":"Kuang-An Chang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYeEGUD5bIRryVNgmQth0nQItl+9uDngl/n6/innTFg+FB2mLAWaZ68ZOmZfbclJG7nGDDOOEeEFjkJHgNp3p7bEgxALcy8bcRpMf7N23NOQh6k5S8xWqQleMykeX4ckDAAaWEkRotkT46ZNW9DsuTG22kFB3vOpRPWInH8jPFtnj92/HK3kzc++FFmTVgLGDC2QegDRKoHgT8kqB0Fo2AUjIKRBwC+bzYJiSV5JAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Texas A\u0026M University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kuang-An","middleName":"","lastName":"Chang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-16 08:33:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429620/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429620/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03922-w","type":"published","date":"2024-12-04T15:57:32+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70964729,"identity":"81d466f1-9679-46c8-9bbf-c5c8759d64d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 16:14:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2050263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Finalmanuscript0513.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4429620/v1_covered_3717a48a-f975-442d-b84e-dc4f67d0887e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Using unmanned aerial systems for observations of water wave characteristics ","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"experiments-in-fluids","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"exif","sideBox":"Learn more about [Experiments in Fluids](http://link.springer.com/journal/348)","snPcode":"348","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/348/3","title":"Experiments in Fluids","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Unmanned aerial systems, Dominant waves, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, Fast Fourier Transform, Autocorrelation, Ship wakes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429620/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429620/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDominant wave groups within a wavefield play key hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes. Herein, we present a method to detect and measure the parameters of these waves, such as their wavelength, propagation angle and period. Image sequences of the free surface are captured with the use of a commercial unmanned aerial system. A snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition analysis is then applied to the image sequence, and a 2D autocorrelation is performed on the resulting modes. By detecting the mode with the highest correlation peak, it is then possible to infer the wave properties of the dominant wave. The outlined procedure is applied to ocean waves, shorter waves along a river and propagating ship wakes. Our results demonstrate an improvement in the Signal-to-Noise ratio of the peak wave signal to ambient noise over the more widely used Fast Fourier Transform approach.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Using unmanned aerial systems for observations of water wave characteristics ","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-29 18:13:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429620/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-07-17T18:17:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-16T22:07:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-14T23:00:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-05T12:52:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"270910494680795287210450513842340597990","date":"2024-06-12T07:58:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"221738174816476362150864402334924899466","date":"2024-06-04T01:37:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"33729622374122506816970051743062129047","date":"2024-06-03T07:28:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-22T18:11:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-17T11:15:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-17T08:59:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Experiments in Fluids","date":"2024-05-16T08:31:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"experiments-in-fluids","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"exif","sideBox":"Learn more about [Experiments in Fluids](http://link.springer.com/journal/348)","snPcode":"348","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/348/3","title":"Experiments in Fluids","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0690c508-ba71-495d-9be3-b09e6ae2ac22","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-09T16:02:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4429620","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03922-w","journal":{"identity":"experiments-in-fluids","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Experiments in Fluids"},"publishedOn":"2024-12-04 15:57:32","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 4th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-29 18:13:56","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03922-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03922-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4429620","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4429620","identity":"rs-4429620","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}