A pilot study of the potential role of ChatGPT in stated-calorie diet planning

A pilot study of the potential role of ChatGPT in stated-calorie diet planning | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A pilot study of the potential role of ChatGPT in stated-calorie diet planning Serkan Aslan, Saniye Sözlü This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162040/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Developments in artificial intelligence encourage society to seek advice from artificial intelligence regarding nutrition recommendations, as in other health issues. There are not enough studies in this field. We hypothesized that ChatGPT would plan meals and daily diet within the specified calories with high accuracy.This study used ChatGPT version 3.5, freely available to the public. ChatGPT was instructed to generate daily diet plans with 1500, 2000, and 2500 calories as well as recipes with 300, 500, and 700 calories (four distinct recipe prompts were utilized for each calorie group). The calories of the resulting recipes and diet plans were calculated using nutrition databases and compared with the actual value. Only prompt-2 in the 500 calories group showed a significant change (p 0.05). Among the diet plans provided by ChatGPT, there was no significant difference between the values of the 2500-calorie group and the actual calorie values in the control group (p > 0.05). ChatGPT provides excellent convenience in providing the desired diet plans and recipes with just a few lines of prompt. In this study, the calorie values of the diet plans and recipes provided by ChatGPT have demonstrated significant potential with their closeness to actual values. Further studies are needed to evaluate the reliability of ChatGPT in terms of nutritional science and the consumability of the recipes it provides. Health sciences/Health care/Weight management Health sciences/Health care/Nutrition artificial intelligence chatGPT nutrition diet calorie Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction The beginning of artificial intelligence technology dates back to the 1940s; however, it is difficult to give an exact date. The story Runaround, written by Isaac Asimov, a science fiction writer, inspired generations of scientists in the fields of robotics, artificial intelligence, and computer science. In this story, he also detailed the laws that robots with artificial intelligence must obey under the name of “Three Laws of Robotics” [ 1 ]. The general population can easily access and profit from the many valuable characteristics of artificial intelligence technology today. Today, the first chatbot that comes to mind in artificial intelligence is ChatGPT [ 2 ]. ChatGPT is not that old. OpenAI was first unveiled in 2018 as a language model that produced a text that resembled that of a human using deep learning techniques. However, it has made significant progress in a short time and has evolved into its current form [ 3 ]. The original public version of ChatGPT is based on GPT-3.5, an LLM (Large Language Model) with over 175 billion parameters [ 4 ]. ChatGPT has the potential to significantly contribute to public health, as in many other areas. It is thought that it may play an essential role in preventing non-communicable diseases [ 5 ]. In addition, ChatGPT has promising potential in providing accurate nutritional information [ 6 ]. However, it has some limitations and disadvantages. Some of these include limited accuracy, bias, data limitations, a lack of context, limited participation, and lack of direct interaction with healthcare professionals [ 7 ]. Considering all these developments and artificial intelligence features, can ChatGPT take on the role of a dietician? We hypothesized that ChatGPT would plan meals and daily diet within the specified calories with high accuracy. In this research, we aim to determine whether ChatGPT performs one of the most important tasks of dietitians, calorie calculation and personalized diet program planning, accurately and reliably. 2. Methods Chat GPT’s Free Public version (GPT-3.5) was used. Recipes and a daily diet plan were created with specific prompts (such as the amount of calories and the food we wanted to include in the recipe). Considering that conversation history could affect responses, each prompt was given in a new conversation. The same prompt was given five more times to produce different recipes. The average of the calories of the five different recipes obtained was calculated. This study examined three different points in a person’s daily diet where they were most likely to consult ChatGPT. These were; 1. Without giving any details, a person asks for a recipe. 2. A person asks for a recipe by mentioning a particular dish they want. 3. A person wants a diet plan with a specified number of calories. Calorie values of the recipes obtained from ChatGPT were calculated using the BEBIS program used by dietitians and nutrition science researchers. BEBIS uses the German Nutrient Database (BLS) database [ 8 ]. The USDA database was used for nutrients not included in the database [ 9 ]. 2.1. Meal Recipe and Daily Diet Plan Prompts The daily calorie requirement for healthy adults is estimated to be 1,600 to 2,600 calories per day, depending on age and activity level [ 10 ]. Considering this data, 1500, 2000, and 2500 calorie values were used in the daily diet planning commands. ChatGPT was also asked to provide recipes with 300, 500, and 700 calories in the study. This is because these calorie values are in the appropriate range to be requested for a snack or main meal. Before each chat, the prompt “Answer my questions as a dietitian“ was given. The second prompt is about recipes or diet plans. After the dietitian prompt, the first prompt was, “Can you give me a 300-calorie meal recipe?” However, since some vegetables are given in cup sizes after this prompt, which would create an obstacle in calorie calculation, we asked our new prompt (Please do not use cups, only grams.) to indicate their weight. Each prompt was repeated five times, and the answers were recorded. The prompts and conversation links are given in Table 1 below. Table 1 Prompts and ChatGPT Conversation Links Calorie Groups Prompt Groups Prompts ChatGPT conversation link 300 Calorie Meal Recipe Prompts Prompt-1 I need a 300-calorie meal recipe. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/999928e3-205d-494a-85b5-d1946f09f016 Prompt-2 I need a 300-calorie meal recipe that includes potatoes. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/8c2c7a83-5b83-4ccd-a80d-59525b7ff722 Prompt-3 I need a 300-calorie meal recipe that includes spinach. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/dc9f9e06-5e51-4cf5-b0fd-83702d524dd8 Prompt-4 I need a 300-calorie meal recipe that includes beef. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/712cd95c-d599-4a12-b1ad-74f9a22e4f61 500 Calorie Meal Recipe Prompts Prompt-1 I need a 500-calorie meal recipe. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/41784c13-17e0-4d2e-9dcd-ff81a8dd58b2 Prompt-2 I need a 500-calorie meal recipe that includes potatoes. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/38bac3a8-747d-411d-b169-1cbb3e23d2c1 Prompt-3 I need a 500-calorie meal recipe that includes spinach. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/6e6ad897-8a66-4cb9-9f6d-30842a1e3820 Prompt-4 I need a 500-calorie meal recipe that includes beef. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/945b1841-8e52-4f06-8574-75a1a3046cbb 700 Calorie Meal Recipe Prompts Prompt-1 I need a 700-calorie meal recipe. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/8591c622-0eb0-4eea-8f09-eebb45e577b2 Prompt-2 I need a 700-calorie meal recipe that includes potatoes. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/39de4d43-e2e3-40c6-8049-907dc51420da Prompt-3 I need a 700-calorie meal recipe that includes spinach. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/ae0718e0-eca7-4dca-b599-74e83bbc9ac0 Prompt-4 I need a 700-calorie meal recipe that includes beef. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/7ba025e3-aafc-41a8-990c-0ad9542ee129 Daily Diet Plan Prompts P1500 Can you create a daily diet plan with 1500 calories? Also, please provide recipes for the meals and do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/125ab1e6-f480-4260-a075-f4cb5b0c8650 P2000 Can you create a daily diet plan with 2000 calories? Also, please provide recipes for the meals and do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/e6cec638-253a-42c4-9559-40c03bc6ac65 P2500 Can you create a daily diet plan with 2500 calories? Also, provide recipes for the meals. Please do not use cups, only grams. https://chat.openai.com/share/c1164380-49eb-486e-97df-e453dd60932b In order to obtain the daily diet plan with detailed recipes, the prompt “Can you create a daily diet plan with 1500 calories?” was first used. However, it was seen that the recipe contents obtained in the diet plan were not detailed enough for calorie calculation. Therefore, the prompt “Also, provide recipes for the meals” was given. In addition, the prompt “Please do not use cups, only grams” was given to get precise grammage information. Table 1 - 2.2. Statistical analyses PASW Statistics 18 statistical package program was used to analyze the resulting data. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at P < 0.05. Differences between independent groups were assessed using the Student's t-test and a one-way analysis of variance. Post-hoc multiple comparison tests and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for prompt and control group comparisons. 3. Results 3.1. ChatGPT’s 300, 500, and 700 calorie recipes results The actual calorie values of the control group were compared with four different recipes of 300 and 700 calories requested from ChatGPT (Table 2 and Fig. 1 ). No significant difference was observed between the groups (p > 0.05). When the differences between the prompts and the control group were examined, it was seen that there was a difference between the calorie values of prompt 2 in the control group and only in the 500-calorie group (p 0.05). When the difference rates of the groups were evaluated, it was seen that only all prompts of the 700-calorie group changed by less than 20%, and the highest change was in the 300-calorie group (Fig. 2 ). Table 2 Comparison of calorie values of recipes with different calories in the control grou Calorie Groups Control Prompt-1 Prompt-2 Prompt-3 Prompt-4 p Difference Cal300 Ort.±S.S. 300 ± 0,00 409,7 ± 95,06 271,12 ± 99,17 367,84 ± 119,46 304,36 ± 53,54 0,152 - Med. (Min.-Max.) 300 (300–300) 410,8 (294,6-547) 226 (177–380,3) 384,2 (192,2-519,8) 310,1 (221,1-370,7) Cal500 Ort.±S.S. 500 ± 0,00 483,08 ± 67,54 374,64 ± 69,75 519,8 ± 42,23 537,68 ± 103,87 0,027* Control > Prompt-2 Med. (Min.-Max.) 500 (500–500) 487,1 (416,9–579,6) 391,3 (303,2–472,7) 527,5 (457,1–573,1) 525,8 (430,9-685,1) Cal700 Ort.±S.S. 700 ± 0,00 591,06 ± 206,9 619,18 ± 137,41 623,86 ± 171,87 630,5 ± 167,02 0,626 - Med. (Min.-Max.) 700 (700–700) 507,7 (473,7–959,6) 564,3 (472,2–786,5) 576,3 (463,7–917,1) 559 (458,5–834,8) *p < 0,05; **p < 0,01, Test statistics: One Way ANOVA, Difference: Post Hoc Test Table 2 - 3.2. ChatGPT's 1500, 2000, and 2500-calorie daily diet plans results The calorie values of the 1500, 2000, and 2500 diet plans requested from ChatGPT were compared with the actual calorie values in the control group (Table 2 and Fig. 3 ). The study results showed no significant difference between the calorie values of the 2500 daily diet plan presented to ChatGPT and the actual calorie values in the control group (p > 0.05). However, there was a difference between the 1500 and 2000-calorie groups presented to ChatGPT and the control group (p < 0.05). The calorie values of both 1500 and 2000-calorie diet plans were observed to be lower than the actual calorie values (Table 3 and Fig. 3 .). While less than 20% difference rate was detected in 2000 and 2500 calorie groups compared to the control group, more than 20% difference was detected in 1500. (Fig. 4 .). Table 3 Comparison of the calorie values of the 1500, 2000, and 2500-calorie daily diet plans with the control group Calorie Groups Control Prompts (P1500, P2000,P2500) p Diet1500 Ort.±S.S. 1500 ± 0,00 1192,28 ± 244,31 0,005** Med. (Min.-Max.) 1500 (1500–1500) 1055,6 (985,4–1499,5) Diet2000 Ort.±S.S. 2000 ± 0,00 1734,02 ± 171,05 0,005** Med. (Min.-Max.) 2000 (2000–2000) 1812,2 (1458,7–1884,8) Diet2500 Ort.±S.S. 2500 ± 0,00 2944,8 ± 539,76 0,095 Med. (Min.-Max.) 2500 (2500–2500) 3218,5 (2215–3502,8) *p < 0,05; **p < 0,01, Test statistic: Mann Whitney U Test Table 3 - 4. Discussion The hypothesis of our study was confirmed especially by the results showing successful performance of ChatGPT in meal planning within the specified calories. In this study, we evaluated how realistic the caloric values ​​of the recipes and daily nutrition plans created by ChatGPT can be. Digital databases such as the USDA database are provided for health professionals and the public to obtain information about foods' nutrients and energy values​​. However, it is emphasized that the USDA database cannot meet the demands of health professionals and the public's daily needs today [ 11 ]. Therefore, the data obtained in this study show the potential of ChatGPT to meet this need. In this research, four different recipes with three different calories (300, 500, and 700 calories) were presented only in prompt-2, which is in the 500-calorie group (I need a 500-calorie meal recipe that includes potatoes. Please do not use cups, only grams.) has been shown to have a significant difference compared to actual calorie values. These results show that ChatGPT has the potential to provide recipes with the desired calories. In a similar study, the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in nutritional advice was measured. The study shows that artificial intelligence provides appropriate components with high precision in meal planning specific to different diseases and healthy groups [ 12 ]. Another study evaluated the suitability of Chat-GPT nutritional advice in non-communicable diseases. As a result, it was revealed that ChatGPT has great potential in providing personalized nutritional advice [ 5 ]. In this study, the daily diet plan requested three different calories (1500, 2000, and 2500 calories); only the results of the 2500-calorie group were found to be consistent with the actual calorie values ​​(p > 0.05). This result shows that the success rate of ChatGPT in creating a daily nutrition plan with a more complex structure decreases compared to creating a meal recipe. Similarly, a study investigated ChatGPT's ability to produce accurate and comprehensive answers to nutrition questions. The researchers emphasized that ChatGPT's nutritional recommendations were insufficient, especially for complex medical conditions, but that ChatGPT could be helpful for health professionals [ 13 ]. Limitations There are certain limitations to our study that need to be mentioned. One significant study restriction is that users who wish to consult ChatGPT regarding nutrition may submit prompts in various forms, and ChatGPT may respond differently to each prompt variation. Conclusion As a result, although the recipes requested from ChatGPT are compatible with calories, dietitian control is still crucial regarding the suitability of the recipes to taste preferences and consumability. Further studies are needed to assess the reliability of ChatGPT's nutritional science aids. Declarations Acknowledgment The authors have no acknowledgments to declare. Sources of support This research did not receive any specific grant from public funding agencies. Author contributions Serkan Aslan: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Data Curation Saniye Sözlü: Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis, Data Curation Author declarations The authors have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced this work. Data availability The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. References M. Haenlein and A. Kaplan, “A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence,” Calif Manage Rev, vol. 61, no. 4, 2019, doi: 10.1177/0008125619864925 . Schulman, J., Zoph, B., Kim, C., Hilton, J., Menick, J., Weng, J., et al., “ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue,” OpenAi Blog , 2022. P. Cahan and B. Treutlein, “A conversation with ChatGPT on the role of computational systems biology in stem cell research,” 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.12.009 . Shen, Y., Heacock, L., Elias, J., Hentel, K.D., Reig, B., Shih, G. et al. “ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models Are Double-edged Swords,” 2023. doi: 10.1148/RADIOL.230163 . I. Papastratis, A. Stergioulas, D. Konstantinidis, P. Daras, and K. Dimitropoulos, “Can ChatGPT provide appropriate meal plans for NCD patients?,” Nutrition, vol. 121, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112291 . M. B. Garcia, “ChatGPT as a Virtual Dietitian: Exploring Its Potential as a Tool for Improving Nutrition Knowledge,” Applied System Innovation , vol. 6, no. 5, 2023, doi: 10.3390/asi6050096 . S. S. Biswas, “Role of Chat GPT in Public Health,” 2023. doi: 10.1007/s10439-023-03172-7 . J. Erhardt, “"Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi (BeBiS)[Nutrition Information System] 7.1 Full Version.,” 2010, Stuttgart: Entwickelt an der Universität Hohenheim . “USDA.” Accessed: Oct. 06, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/ UDSA, “Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025. 9th Edition,” Am J Clin Nutr , vol. 34, no. 1, 2020. N. K. Fukagawa, K. McKillop, P. R. Pehrsson, A. Moshfegh, J. Harnly, and J. Finley, “USDA’s FoodData Central: What is it and why is it needed today?,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 115, no. 3, 2022, doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab397 . Stefanidis, K., Tsatsou, D., Konstantinidis, D., Gymnopoulos, L., Daras, P., Wilson-Barnes, S. et al. “PROTEIN AI Advisor: A Knowledge-Based Recommendation Framework Using Expert-Validated Meals for Healthy Diets,” Nutrients, vol. 14, no. 20, 2022, doi: 10.3390/nu14204435 . V. Mishra, F. Jafri, N. Abdul Kareem, R. Aboobacker, and F. Noora, “Evaluation of accuracy and potential harm of ChatGPT in medical nutrition therapy - a case-based approach,” F1000Res , vol. 13, 2024, doi: 10.12688/f1000research.142428.1 . 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6162040","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":435986236,"identity":"23985757-3ce0-4fa2-8e9c-127d1b22b470","order_by":0,"name":"Serkan Aslan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACZjDJB8SGHypAfOYG4rSwAXGxxBkQn5EELR9420BMAlrk23sfG/zcYWfPxn724AbJebXR/O1ALT8qtuHUYnDmuHFi75nkxDaevGSDwm3Hc2ccZmxg7DlzG7cWiTTmA7xtzAlsDDlmBpLbjuU2ALUwM7bh1iI//xnzwb9t9fZs/G/Mf/DOOZY7n5AWhhtszMm8bYcZ2yRyDAx4G2pyNxDSYnAmjdlYtu14YpvEGwNjiWMHcjcCtRzE5xf59mPMkm/bqu35+XMMDD/U1OXOO3/44IMfFXgchgYOg8kDRKsHgjpSFI+CUTAKRsEIAQC8VFay7EXpBAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Erzurum Technical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Serkan","middleName":"","lastName":"Aslan","suffix":""},{"id":435986237,"identity":"c18dfef0-b268-4554-8b13-242875036013","order_by":1,"name":"Saniye Sözlü","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saniye","middleName":"","lastName":"Sözlü","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-05 11:20:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162040/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162040/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80921865,"identity":"32cca125-5306-428a-9852-2e0c6cd8916a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 21:04:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61212,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of calorie values ​​of 300, 500, and 700-calorie recipes created with four different prompts and control groups (Actual calorie value)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6162040/v1/ac4a1883aeca415ea1d59f1d.jpg"},{"id":80921867,"identity":"7ac7dfe1-b84f-4a0f-a8b6-d44678950d32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 21:04:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDifference rates of calorie values ​​of 300, 500, and 700-calorie recipes created with four different prompts and control groups (Actual calorie value)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6162040/v1/59b109c45d16c0e51fff2e7d.jpg"},{"id":80922262,"identity":"2bd36eae-655e-4bb7-b820-e129dd78c45a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 21:12:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of the calorie values of the 1500, 2000, and 2500-calorie daily diet plans with the control groups (Actual calorie value)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6162040/v1/2a397c207b5d4804d9b57295.jpg"},{"id":80921874,"identity":"23740065-cb49-4bd0-8f39-e80f47298224","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 21:04:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDifference rates of calorie values ​​of daily diet plans compared to the control groups (Actual calorie value)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6162040/v1/2d967be8f50c3821b2654b57.jpg"},{"id":80922422,"identity":"1e43e923-f2de-4ef6-902a-cacb9e7955c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 21:20:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":799985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6162040/v1/07f346df-4552-4d22-923f-6392a2f28c69.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e conflict of interest to disclose","formattedTitle":"A pilot study of the potential role of ChatGPT in stated-calorie diet planning","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe beginning of artificial intelligence technology dates back to the 1940s; however, it is difficult to give an exact date. The story Runaround, written by Isaac Asimov, a science fiction writer, inspired generations of scientists in the fields of robotics, artificial intelligence, and computer science. In this story, he also detailed the laws that robots with artificial intelligence must obey under the name of \u0026ldquo;Three Laws of Robotics\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The general population can easily access and profit from the many valuable characteristics of artificial intelligence technology today. Today, the first chatbot that comes to mind in artificial intelligence is ChatGPT [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. ChatGPT is not that old. OpenAI was first unveiled in 2018 as a language model that produced a text that resembled that of a human using deep learning techniques. However, it has made significant progress in a short time and has evolved into its current form [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The original public version of ChatGPT is based on GPT-3.5, an LLM (Large Language Model) with over 175\u0026nbsp;billion parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChatGPT has the potential to significantly contribute to public health, as in many other areas. It is thought that it may play an essential role in preventing non-communicable diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, ChatGPT has promising potential in providing accurate nutritional information [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it has some limitations and disadvantages. Some of these include limited accuracy, bias, data limitations, a lack of context, limited participation, and lack of direct interaction with healthcare professionals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering all these developments and artificial intelligence features, can ChatGPT take on the role of a dietician? We hypothesized that ChatGPT would plan meals and daily diet within the specified calories with high accuracy. In this research, we aim to determine whether ChatGPT performs one of the most important tasks of dietitians, calorie calculation and personalized diet program planning, accurately and reliably.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eChat GPT\u0026rsquo;s Free Public version (GPT-3.5) was used. Recipes and a daily diet plan were created with specific prompts (such as the amount of calories and the food we wanted to include in the recipe). Considering that conversation history could affect responses, each prompt was given in a new conversation. The same prompt was given five more times to produce different recipes. The average of the calories of the five different recipes obtained was calculated. This study examined three different points in a person\u0026rsquo;s daily diet where they were most likely to consult ChatGPT. These were;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Without giving any details, a person asks for a recipe.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. A person asks for a recipe by mentioning a particular dish they want.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. A person wants a diet plan with a specified number of calories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalorie values of the recipes obtained from ChatGPT were calculated using the BEBIS program used by dietitians and nutrition science researchers. BEBIS uses the German Nutrient Database (BLS) database [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The USDA database was used for nutrients not included in the database [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Meal Recipe and Daily Diet Plan Prompts\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe daily calorie requirement for healthy adults is estimated to be 1,600 to 2,600 calories per day, depending on age and activity level [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering this data, 1500, 2000, and 2500 calorie values were used in the daily diet planning commands. ChatGPT was also asked to provide recipes with 300, 500, and 700 calories in the study. This is because these calorie values are in the appropriate range to be requested for a snack or main meal.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore each chat, the prompt \u0026ldquo;Answer my questions as a dietitian\u0026ldquo; was given. The second prompt is about recipes or diet plans. After the dietitian prompt, the first prompt was, \u0026ldquo;Can you give me a 300-calorie meal recipe?\u0026rdquo; However, since some vegetables are given in cup sizes after this prompt, which would create an obstacle in calorie calculation, we asked our new prompt (Please do not use cups, only grams.) to indicate their weight. Each prompt was repeated five times, and the answers were recorded. The prompts and conversation links are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompts and ChatGPT Conversation Links\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalorie Groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChatGPT conversation link\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300 Calorie Meal Recipe Prompts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 300-calorie meal recipe. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/999928e3-205d-494a-85b5-d1946f09f016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 300-calorie meal recipe that includes potatoes. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/8c2c7a83-5b83-4ccd-a80d-59525b7ff722\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 300-calorie meal recipe that includes spinach. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/dc9f9e06-5e51-4cf5-b0fd-83702d524dd8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 300-calorie meal recipe that includes beef. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/712cd95c-d599-4a12-b1ad-74f9a22e4f61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 Calorie Meal Recipe Prompts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 500-calorie meal recipe. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/41784c13-17e0-4d2e-9dcd-ff81a8dd58b2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 500-calorie meal recipe that includes potatoes. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/38bac3a8-747d-411d-b169-1cbb3e23d2c1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 500-calorie meal recipe that includes spinach. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/6e6ad897-8a66-4cb9-9f6d-30842a1e3820\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 500-calorie meal recipe that includes beef. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/945b1841-8e52-4f06-8574-75a1a3046cbb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700 Calorie Meal Recipe Prompts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 700-calorie meal recipe. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/8591c622-0eb0-4eea-8f09-eebb45e577b2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 700-calorie meal recipe that includes potatoes. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/39de4d43-e2e3-40c6-8049-907dc51420da\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 700-calorie meal recipe that includes spinach. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/ae0718e0-eca7-4dca-b599-74e83bbc9ac0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI need a 700-calorie meal recipe that includes beef. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/7ba025e3-aafc-41a8-990c-0ad9542ee129\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily Diet Plan Prompts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan you create a daily diet plan with 1500 calories? Also, please provide recipes for the meals and do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/125ab1e6-f480-4260-a075-f4cb5b0c8650\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan you create a daily diet plan with 2000 calories? Also, please provide recipes for the meals and do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/e6cec638-253a-42c4-9559-40c03bc6ac65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP2500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan you create a daily diet plan with 2500 calories? Also, provide recipes for the meals. Please do not use cups, only grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chat.openai.com/share/c1164380-49eb-486e-97df-e453dd60932b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to obtain the daily diet plan with detailed recipes, the prompt \u0026ldquo;Can you create a daily diet plan with 1500 calories?\u0026rdquo; was first used. However, it was seen that the recipe contents obtained in the diet plan were not detailed enough for calorie calculation. Therefore, the prompt \u0026ldquo;Also, provide recipes for the meals\u0026rdquo; was given. In addition, the prompt \u0026ldquo;Please do not use cups, only grams\u0026rdquo; was given to get precise grammage information.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Statistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePASW Statistics 18 statistical package program was used to analyze the resulting data. Data are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation or median. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Differences between independent groups were assessed using the Student\u0026apos;s \u003cem\u003et-test\u003c/em\u003e and a one-way analysis of variance. \u003cem\u003ePost-hoc\u003c/em\u003e multiple comparison tests and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for prompt and control group comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s 300, 500, and 700 calorie recipes results\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe actual calorie values of the control group were compared with four different recipes of 300 and 700 calories requested from ChatGPT (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). No significant difference was observed between the groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). When the differences between the prompts and the control group were examined, it was seen that there was a difference between the calorie values of prompt 2 in the control group and only in the 500-calorie group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). There was no significant difference compared to the control group, except for Prompt-2 in the 500-calorie group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). When the difference rates of the groups were evaluated, it was seen that only all prompts of the 700-calorie group changed by less than 20%, and the highest change was in the 300-calorie group (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of calorie values of recipes with different calories in the control grou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalorie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCal300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrt.\u0026plusmn;S.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;95,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271,12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;99,17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367,84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53,54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Min.-Max.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(300\u0026ndash;300)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e410,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(294,6-547)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(177\u0026ndash;380,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(192,2-519,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(221,1-370,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCal500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrt.\u0026plusmn;S.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e483,08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;67,54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;69,75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e519,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e537,68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103,87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,027*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompt-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Min.-Max.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(500\u0026ndash;500)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e487,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(416,9\u0026ndash;579,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(303,2\u0026ndash;472,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e527,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(457,1\u0026ndash;573,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e525,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(430,9-685,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCal700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrt.\u0026plusmn;S.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e591,06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;206,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e619,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;137,41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e623,86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;171,87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e630,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;167,02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Min.-Max.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(700\u0026ndash;700)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e507,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(473,7\u0026ndash;959,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e564,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(472,2\u0026ndash;786,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e576,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(463,7\u0026ndash;917,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(458,5\u0026ndash;834,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05; **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01, Test statistics: One Way ANOVA, Difference: Post Hoc Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. ChatGPT\u0026apos;s 1500, 2000, and 2500-calorie daily diet plans results\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe calorie values of the 1500, 2000, and 2500 diet plans requested from ChatGPT were compared with the actual calorie values in the control group (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The study results showed no significant difference between the calorie values of the 2500 daily diet plan presented to ChatGPT and the actual calorie values in the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, there was a difference between the 1500 and 2000-calorie groups presented to ChatGPT and the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The calorie values of both 1500 and 2000-calorie diet plans were observed to be lower than the actual calorie values (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.). While less than 20% difference rate was detected in 2000 and 2500 calorie groups compared to the control group, more than 20% difference was detected in 1500. (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of the calorie values of the 1500, 2000, and 2500-calorie daily diet plans with the control group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalorie Groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrompts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(P1500, P2000,P2500)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiet1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrt.\u0026plusmn;S.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1192,28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;244,31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,005**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMed. (Min.-Max.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1500 (1500\u0026ndash;1500)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1055,6 (985,4\u0026ndash;1499,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiet2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrt.\u0026plusmn;S.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1734,02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;171,05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,005**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMed. (Min.-Max.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000 (2000\u0026ndash;2000)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1812,2 (1458,7\u0026ndash;1884,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiet2500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrt.\u0026plusmn;S.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2944,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;539,76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMed. (Min.-Max.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500 (2500\u0026ndash;2500)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3218,5 (2215\u0026ndash;3502,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05; **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01, Test statistic: Mann Whitney U Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe hypothesis of our study was confirmed especially by the results showing successful performance of ChatGPT in meal planning within the specified calories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we evaluated how realistic the caloric values ​​of the recipes and daily nutrition plans created by ChatGPT can be. Digital databases such as the USDA database are provided for health professionals and the public to obtain information about foods' nutrients and energy values​​. However, it is emphasized that the USDA database cannot meet the demands of health professionals and the public's daily needs today [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the data obtained in this study show the potential of ChatGPT to meet this need.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research, four different recipes with three different calories (300, 500, and 700 calories) were presented only in prompt-2, which is in the 500-calorie group (I need a 500-calorie meal recipe that includes potatoes. Please do not use cups, only grams.) has been shown to have a significant difference compared to actual calorie values. These results show that ChatGPT has the potential to provide recipes with the desired calories. In a similar study, the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in nutritional advice was measured. The study shows that artificial intelligence provides appropriate components with high precision in meal planning specific to different diseases and healthy groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study evaluated the suitability of Chat-GPT nutritional advice in non-communicable diseases. As a result, it was revealed that ChatGPT has great potential in providing personalized nutritional advice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the daily diet plan requested three different calories (1500, 2000, and 2500 calories); only the results of the 2500-calorie group were found to be consistent with the actual calorie values ​​(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This result shows that the success rate of ChatGPT in creating a daily nutrition plan with a more complex structure decreases compared to creating a meal recipe. Similarly, a study investigated ChatGPT's ability to produce accurate and comprehensive answers to nutrition questions. The researchers emphasized that ChatGPT's nutritional recommendations were insufficient, especially for complex medical conditions, but that ChatGPT could be helpful for health professionals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLimitations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are certain limitations to our study that need to be mentioned. One significant study restriction is that users who wish to consult ChatGPT regarding nutrition may submit prompts in various forms, and ChatGPT may respond differently to each prompt variation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a result, although the recipes requested from ChatGPT are compatible with calories, dietitian control is still crucial regarding the suitability of the recipes to taste preferences and consumability. Further studies are needed to assess the reliability of ChatGPT's nutritional science aids.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no acknowledgments to declare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSources of support\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from public funding agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSerkan Aslan: Conceptualization, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Data Curation Saniye Sözlü: Writing - review \u0026amp; editing, Formal analysis, Data Curation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. 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Mishra, F. Jafri, N. Abdul Kareem, R. Aboobacker, and F. Noora, \u0026ldquo;Evaluation of accuracy and potential harm of ChatGPT in medical nutrition therapy - a case-based approach,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eF1000Res\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 13, 2024, doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.12688/f1000research.142428.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.12688/f1000research.142428.1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-obesity","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijo","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Obesity](http://www.nature.com/ijo/)","snPcode":"41366","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ijo.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"International Journal of Obesity","twitterHandle":"@intjobesity","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"artificial intelligence, chatGPT, nutrition, diet, calorie","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162040/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162040/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDevelopments in artificial intelligence encourage society to seek advice from artificial intelligence regarding nutrition recommendations, as in other health issues. There are not enough studies in this field. We hypothesized that ChatGPT would plan meals and daily diet within the specified calories with high accuracy.This study used ChatGPT version 3.5, freely available to the public. ChatGPT was instructed to generate daily diet plans with 1500, 2000, and 2500 calories as well as recipes with 300, 500, and 700 calories (four distinct recipe prompts were utilized for each calorie group). The calories of the resulting recipes and diet plans were calculated using nutrition databases and compared with the actual value. Only prompt-2 in the 500 calories group showed a significant change (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), although there was no significant difference in the four distinct recipe prompts in the 300, 500, and 700-calorie groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among the diet plans provided by ChatGPT, there was no significant difference between the values of the 2500-calorie group and the actual calorie values in the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). ChatGPT provides excellent convenience in providing the desired diet plans and recipes with just a few lines of prompt. In this study, the calorie values of the diet plans and recipes provided by ChatGPT have demonstrated significant potential with their closeness to actual values. Further studies are needed to evaluate the reliability of ChatGPT in terms of nutritional science and the consumability of the recipes it provides.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A pilot study of the potential role of ChatGPT in stated-calorie diet planning","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-18 21:04:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162040/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"revise","date":"2025-04-25T16:12:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-04-14T14:49:16+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-04-11T05:31:11+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-03-31T08:49:39+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-03-31T07:02:27+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-30T18:43:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Obesity","date":"2025-03-08T14:32:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-07T11:10:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksFailed","content":"","date":"2025-03-06T13:43:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-05T11:17:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-obesity","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijo","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Obesity](http://www.nature.com/ijo/)","snPcode":"41366","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ijo.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"International Journal of Obesity","twitterHandle":"@intjobesity","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"af02f546-94da-4153-addd-ed442fa1f48b","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":46418467,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Weight management"},{"id":46418468,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Nutrition"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-25T13:35:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-18 21:04:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6162040","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6162040","identity":"rs-6162040","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}