Impact of control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population of Mali

Impact of control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population of Mali | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impact of control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population of Mali Mady Cissoko, Issaka Sagara, Abdoulaye Guindo, Pascal Dembélé, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4934704/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The recent increase in malaria incidence and the reduction of funding for malaria control have highlighted the need to step up efforts in the fight against malaria in Mali. To further refine the malaria control strategy implemented in the country, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population. Malaria and rainfall data were collected for the 75 health districts of Mali for the period from April 2017 to March 2022. The impact of the different control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population was assessed at the health district level using a Generalized Additive Mixed Model adjusted rainfall variability and location. Although coverage rates varied widely between health districts, all interventions showed an improvement in coverage over the study period. The interventions that had the greatest impact on incidence were long-lasting insecticidal net mass distribution (LLIN) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), with a reduction rate around 2‰ for a coverage rate between from 30–79% for and 30–80% for SMC. The main interventions were found to be effective for controlling malaria at the district level. But the country remains far from the pre-elimination level the National Malaria Control Program should reinforce by rapid and free access to diagnostic and treatment through community health workers, optimize stratification to tailor interventions to local context, and develop new strategies reducing the malaria reservoir such as mass drug administration and vaccination. Impact malaria evaluation of interventions geo-epidemiology Mali Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Table 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Table1.docx Table2.docx Supplementary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 01 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 30 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 19 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 18 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4934704","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":353209379,"identity":"3dc33b45-cd81-4edb-b1df-05cbd827a83d","order_by":0,"name":"Mady Cissoko","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACAzBi4GFgfACi+EjRwgym2IjTwgDWwiYBoglq0W0/vE3iR0GdPT/P4WPVvDl2MmwMzA8f3cCjxexMWplkj8HhxJm9bWm3ebclAx3GZmycg0/LgRwzaQaDAwkG53nMgFqYgVp42KTxajn/BqSlzh6kpZh3Wz0RWm6AbWFm3HC2x4yZd9thYrQ8K7YE+6XnWLLk3G3HediYCfnlfPLGGz/+gEIs+eCHt9uq7fnZmx8+xqcFCFgkYCwmHhDJjF85WMkHGIvxB2HVo2AUjIJRMAIBALFlQh2LJk/pAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Malaria Research and Training Centre Ogobara K. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":291040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonthly malaria incidence according to administrative and epidemic years: red line: malaria incidence (cases per 1,000 person-years); blue line: start of administrative year; green line: start of epidemic year.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4934704/v1/218f70e4fcc5365c9fc85d5d.png"},{"id":64651616,"identity":"bb24b042-ddf7-45c1-a9a5-1d62f1aed809","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 05:41:41","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":372391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistrict-level map of malaria incidence for the 5 epidemic 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management for the 5 epidemic years.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4934704/v1/2a812fdfe08b940eaffffc8b.png"},{"id":64651621,"identity":"111dee48-f943-4e9e-8a72-6cbe37c561c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 05:41:41","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":345239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistrict-level map of coverage rates for seasonal malaria chemoprevention for the 5 epidemic years.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4934704/v1/2083504ed035c43c03235337.png"},{"id":64651627,"identity":"c570f536-4df1-4720-ab20-f4b974a27cc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 05:41:41","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":381363,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistrict-level map of coverage rates for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy for the 5 epidemic years.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4934704/v1/64d21edb1f9899ccef6a1111.png"},{"id":64652630,"identity":"561d2aae-a5d3-4008-a58c-f51117edd0c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 05:57:41","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":367412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistrict-level map of coverage rates for long-lasting insecticidal net mass distribution for the 5 epidemic years.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4934704/v1/d4ae049c7b708c89cf8334bd.png"},{"id":64652629,"identity":"94e65cb3-3ceb-4eba-9a5e-491d80eb1e88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 05:57:41","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":357771,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistrict-level map of coverage rates for long-lasting insecticidal net routine distribution for the 5 epidemic years.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4934704/v1/b9a60bc90002aa80f378341e.png"},{"id":64652626,"identity":"2f3c6a67-cf43-4214-afa5-d37c73e77c98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 05:57:41","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":574405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis of the effects of control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population: \u003cem\u003ePanel a\u003c/em\u003e: significant effect of long-lasting insecticidal net mass distribution; \u003cem\u003ePanel b\u003c/em\u003e: non-significant positive effect of long-lasting insecticidal net routine distribution; \u003cem\u003ePanel c\u003c/em\u003e: significant effect of seasonal malaria chemoprevention; \u003cem\u003ePanel d\u003c/em\u003e: significant effect of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy; \u003cem\u003ePanel e\u003c/em\u003e: significant effect of integrated community case management.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4934704/v1/8e5522118a9ac5c5baacb184.png"},{"id":64653905,"identity":"6c8bf62e-69a2-4064-b15d-e87e0d7a4bd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 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general population of Mali","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-epidemiology-and-global-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health](https://www.springer.com/journal/44197)","snPcode":"44197","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44197/3","title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Impact, malaria, evaluation of interventions, geo-epidemiology, Mali","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4934704/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4934704/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe recent increase in malaria incidence and the reduction of funding for malaria control have highlighted the need to step up efforts in the fight against malaria in Mali. To further refine the malaria control strategy implemented in the country, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria and rainfall data were collected for the 75 health districts of Mali for the period from April 2017 to March 2022. The impact of the different control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population was assessed at the health district level using a Generalized Additive Mixed Model adjusted rainfall variability and location.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough coverage rates varied widely between health districts, all interventions showed an improvement in coverage over the study period. The interventions that had the greatest impact on incidence were long-lasting insecticidal net mass distribution (LLIN) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), with a reduction rate around 2\u0026permil; for a coverage rate between from 30\u0026ndash;79% for and 30\u0026ndash;80% for SMC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main interventions were found to be effective for controlling malaria at the district level. But the country remains far from the pre-elimination level the National Malaria Control Program should reinforce by rapid and free access to diagnostic and treatment through community health workers, optimize stratification to tailor interventions to local context, and develop new strategies reducing the malaria reservoir such as mass drug administration and vaccination.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of control interventions on malaria incidence in the general population of Mali","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-17 05:41:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4934704/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-18T10:20:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-01T18:45:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-30T07:29:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"223819354741438665726782917200225446466","date":"2024-08-29T15:11:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"85439274116183569809455374311694580459","date":"2024-08-28T16:38:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-28T08:24:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-19T23:41:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-19T23:38:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","date":"2024-08-18T20:19:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-epidemiology-and-global-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health](https://www.springer.com/journal/44197)","snPcode":"44197","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44197/3","title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"97de31b0-17b8-4123-8059-ec875c320aeb","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-22T07:53:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-17 05:41:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4934704","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4934704","identity":"rs-4934704","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}