Effective electrode material for enhancing asymmetric supercapacitors: novel synthesis of organized FeS/SnO2 nanostructure

Effective electrode material for enhancing asymmetric supercapacitors: novel synthesis of organized FeS/SnO2 nanostructure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effective electrode material for enhancing asymmetric supercapacitors: novel synthesis of organized FeS/SnO2 nanostructure Dost Muhammad, Syed Hatim Shah, Muneerah Alomar, Nisar Ali, Mohammad M. Al-Hinaai, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7686646/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract SnO 2 and FeS have gained a lot of attention due to their successful electrochemical developments as supercapacitor electrode materials. However, below-average cyclic stability and conductivity limit SnO 2 advantages. FeS is a good choice for composite electrodes because it simultaneously demonstrates impressive theoretical capacity and durable electrical conductivity. For the electrode material in the supercapacitor, FeS/SnO 2 composites in ratio of (1:1) is created through wet chemical along with hydrothermal process. With specific capacitance of 425 Fg −1 and 113 Fg -1 in three electrode and two electrode set-ups, the composite exhibits a remarkable performance that surpasses that of FeS, and SnO 2 electrodes. At current density of 5 Ag⁻¹, electrode also shows an 92 % capacitance retention over 7000 consecutive charge-discharge cycles. The improved specific capacitance of the composite electrode is assigned to synergistic interaction between Fe +2 and Sn -4, as well as nanoparticles-like morphology of SnO 2 , which provides a porous surface area for FeS nanoplates, enhancing the conductivity process and utilizing the composite electrode in highly effective electrochemical capacitors. More sulfide-based transition metal oxides with improved electrochemical characteristics for energy transformation and preservation can be produced using this economical and efficient synthetic process. Composite electrode specific capacitance retention energy and power density Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7686646","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":534352324,"identity":"dddb2bb8-1347-4121-b0fd-6a89474fd769","order_by":0,"name":"Dost Muhammad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAxAqAUzyGNjIgQUf4NfC2IDQUpBmDBZMIF7Lh8OJDQhLsQO+4+3PHzDmHM7jn3Y68cMbA+b0+WGHHwJtsZPTbcCuRfLMGcMGxm2HiyVu526WnGPAlrvxdpoBUEuysdkB7FoMbuQwgrQkNtzO3SDNY8CTu3F2AkjLgcRtOLWkPwRrmQ+05TePgUS64ez0DwS0JIAdlrjhdu42oC0GCfLSOfhtAfllRuK29MSNQC2WcwwSDDdI5xQcSDDA7RdgiD348HGbdeI8oMNuvPnzX15+dvrmDx8q7ORwaQGDBBSnglUa4FGOAeQbSFE9CkbBKBgFIwEAAFyxblrJDhVMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dost","middleName":"","lastName":"Muhammad","suffix":""},{"id":534352325,"identity":"3360a3f1-9ab6-4cf4-b684-12f2a9933e41","order_by":1,"name":"Syed Hatim Shah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yunnan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"Hatim","lastName":"Shah","suffix":""},{"id":534352326,"identity":"c05630d2-e65d-4c01-b2ee-f95d91d58ce4","order_by":2,"name":"Muneerah Alomar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muneerah","middleName":"","lastName":"Alomar","suffix":""},{"id":534352327,"identity":"c97a1a35-af43-4b1f-a9f7-318fccdaaf4f","order_by":3,"name":"Nisar Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"A'Sharqiyah University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nisar","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":534352328,"identity":"533f6f7e-3282-4d13-bd32-1079af17a65d","order_by":4,"name":"Mohammad M. 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nanostructure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Composite electrode, specific capacitance, retention, energy and power density","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7686646/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7686646/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and FeS have gained a lot of attention due to their successful electrochemical developments as supercapacitor electrode materials. However, below-average cyclic stability and conductivity limit SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e advantages. FeS is a good choice for composite electrodes because it simultaneously demonstrates impressive theoretical capacity and durable electrical conductivity. For the electrode material in the supercapacitor, FeS/SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e composites in ratio of (1:1) is created through wet chemical along with hydrothermal process. With specific capacitance of 425 Fg\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e and 113 Fg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; three electrode and two electrode set-ups, the composite exhibits a remarkable performance that surpasses that of FeS, and SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e electrodes. At current density of 5 Ag⁻¹, electrode also shows an 92 % capacitance retention over 7000 consecutive charge-discharge cycles. The improved specific capacitance of the composite electrode is assigned to synergistic interaction between Fe\u003csup\u003e+2\u003c/sup\u003e and Sn\u003csup\u003e-4,\u003c/sup\u003e as well as nanoparticles-like morphology of SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which provides a porous surface area for FeS nanoplates, enhancing the conductivity process and utilizing the composite electrode in highly effective electrochemical capacitors. More sulfide-based transition metal oxides with improved electrochemical characteristics for energy transformation and preservation can be produced using this economical and efficient synthetic process.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effective electrode material for enhancing asymmetric supercapacitors: novel synthesis of organized FeS/SnO2 nanostructure","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-28 16:31:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7686646/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a24b963-d0b9-4514-be2b-1d08fb7c9ee9","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-05T15:59:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7686646","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-16488-y","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-materials-science-materials-in-electronics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-29 15:57:04","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-28 16:31:19","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10854-025-16488-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-16488-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7686646","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7686646","identity":"rs-7686646","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}